<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8486035224833555469</id><updated>2026-10-24T18:58:10.250+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Tephila </title><subtitle type='html'> Mobilmoney: &#xa;+250 789392956&#xa;paypal : jim0689@gmail.com </subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Dr. Jimi ZACKA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02758734648564924723</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdbzpc-lgNc1xzo5oekixxi0VXRw3q8yx5-fNW6pnTEK6iUDMwhs9OE0l7Rx00znNIxzbZXknaogcZOpiaapqcprOPGsJWBj97L4BVzf-KLHF9HWGEbbBG6ge2GXz9yL0/s220/JIMI+ET+JC_FCBK.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>186</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8486035224833555469.post-8916617709382567666</id><published>2026-10-02T10:29:16.005+02:00</published><updated>2026-10-02T10:34:24.066+02:00</updated><title type='text'>GOD AND HUMAN POWER (Jimi ZACKA)</title><content type='html'>&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript1.2&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;No List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Outline List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Outline List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Outline List 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Contemporary&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Elegant&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Professional&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Balloon Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Theme&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;41&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;42&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;43&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;44&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;45&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;40&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table Light&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfd2jPYkI0MNksvRGkEUU1sq2mkN2WghhdasuuJT3eFiYABjyMMnzZBiUWk56uiFCeU5w7-e8F9k-nJykkwy9GcBw_VfzZ3EZsOtXWwusAhuPk2jGUKPgANVdGAF7OizWVpMXY_IXTUlVApADx6VljmDWlKegVHxXPdUQAGX66EqkEdDAnUvfcgaFwjYdI/s720/IMG_20230102_192306.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;720&quot; data-original-width=&quot;720&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfd2jPYkI0MNksvRGkEUU1sq2mkN2WghhdasuuJT3eFiYABjyMMnzZBiUWk56uiFCeU5w7-e8F9k-nJykkwy9GcBw_VfzZ3EZsOtXWwusAhuPk2jGUKPgANVdGAF7OizWVpMXY_IXTUlVApADx6VljmDWlKegVHxXPdUQAGX66EqkEdDAnUvfcgaFwjYdI/w200-h200/IMG_20230102_192306.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;What does God expect
from man&#39;s power? This question does not often arise when man holds power. The
appropriation of power, in this case, is exclusively undivided. This is
explained by the statements of these authors: Louis de Bonald &lt;i&gt;: &quot;Man
desires power over others more keenly, in proportion as he has less power over
himself,&quot; &lt;/i&gt;and Jon Kalman Stephanson adds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;: &quot;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Power sometimes makes the human being demonic,
which is why men are sometimes the worst plague that exists on earth &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;These statements lead
us to believe that the question of power cannot be understood in isolation from
the biblical view of authority, responsibility, and justice. In fact, power
does not present itself as existing simply for its own sake. The Bible
demonstrates that power is part of a larger relational and moral context, in
which those who hold power are accountable to God and to those He has entrusted
to their care. Thus, the fundamental question is not so much who holds power,
but rather what God will require of those who hold it. This truth suggests that
the question of power cannot be understood in isolation from the biblical view
of authority, responsibility, and justice. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;In the account of King
David, for example, we are shown that his immense political and military power
was not an end in itself, but a means for him to fulfill his responsibilities
to God and his people. When David abuses his power over Bathsheba and Uriah,
the prophet Nathan confronts him and makes him understand that his sinful and
reckless actions are not only reprehensible to Bathsheba and Uriah, but also a
violation of his responsibilities as king. The prophet says to David, &quot; &lt;i&gt;You
are the man&lt;/i&gt; &quot; (2 Samuel 12:7). This episode reveals the basic biblical
truth that even kings are accountable to God.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;A similar truth is
brought to light in the episode where Solomon chooses his gift. When God
invites Solomon to ask for whatever he wishes, the king responds by asking for
wisdom to govern his people and to discern what is right (1 Kings 3:5ff).
Afterward, God commends Solomon for making this request and promises to grant
him wisdom, as well as wealth and honor, if he asks for them as well. This
episode once again reveals biblical faithfulness in power, in that it presents
responsibility as something more than just the ability to make decisions; it is
about knowing what is right.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The biblical account
further presents justice as a fundamental requirement imposed on those who
govern. In Deuteronomy, the king is asked to remain subject to God&#39;s law rather
than to consider himself above it. He must read the law and respect it so that
his heart does not pride itself above his Israelite brethren (Deuteronomy
17:18-20). Authority must therefore not engender a sense of superiority. The
leader remains a member of the community and remains subject to the same divine
order.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The prophets develop
this critique of power with particular demand. Amos denounces a society in
which the powerful enjoy prosperity while justice is neglected and the most
vulnerable are oppressed. His call is uncompromising: &quot;Let justice flow
like waters&quot; (Amos 5:24). The prophetic tradition thus refuses to
dissociate political and social power from questions of justice. Power is
judged according to how it treats those who have little.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The book of Micah
expresses the same theological concern in a concise formulation: &quot; &lt;i&gt;What
does the Lord require of you but to do righteousness, to love goodness, and to
walk humbly with your God&lt;/i&gt; ?&quot; (Micah 6:8). This text places justice,
responsible relationships, and humility at the heart of a faithful life. For
those in authority, humility is of particular importance, as it combats the
temptation to view power as a personal possession.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The New Testament
continues this reorientation of power. Jesus explicitly contrasts the exercise
of authority in the rulers of this world with the form of leadership expected
of his disciples. After describing how rulers exercise authority over others,
he declares, &quot; &lt;i&gt;It will not be so among you&lt;/i&gt; &quot; (Mark 10:42-45;
cf. Matthew 20:25-28). Greatness is associated with service rather than
dominion. Authority is thus redefined in terms of responsibility to others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Jesus himself embodies
this conception of power. His authority is expressed through service, not
self-exaltation. In the Gospel according to John, he washes the feet of his
disciples and then asks them to consider his gesture as an example of how they
should behave towards one another (John 13:1-17). This episode offers a
theological image of authority that does not deny power, but puts it at the
service of others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The question of human
power is therefore also a question of stewardship. To exercise authority is to
receive a responsibility that must be carried out with discernment and
humility. The parable of the faithful servant and the unfaithful illustrates
this principle: the responsibility entrusted to a person also implies an
account of how that responsibility has been exercised (Luke 12:42-48). What is
entrusted cannot be treated as private possession. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ultimately, the way
power is presented in the Bible confronts us with the idea that human power can
be absolute. The idea behind absolute human power is that power itself is an
end in itself; this conception of power is inherently corrupting, as it tricks
those who hold it into thinking that they have the right to determine what is
right and what is evil, for themselves as well as for others. Yet Scripture
reveals that this is not God&#39;s intended way for human power to be exercised.
For example, Pharaoh discovers that political power does not make him
independent of God (Exodus 5), while Nebuchadnezzar learns that human
sovereignty has its limits (Daniel 2:21).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Jimi ZACKA, PhD&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/feeds/8916617709382567666/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/2026/10/god-and-human-power-jimi-zacka.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default/8916617709382567666'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default/8916617709382567666'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/2026/10/god-and-human-power-jimi-zacka.html' title='GOD AND HUMAN POWER (Jimi ZACKA)'/><author><name>Dr. Jimi ZACKA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02758734648564924723</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdbzpc-lgNc1xzo5oekixxi0VXRw3q8yx5-fNW6pnTEK6iUDMwhs9OE0l7Rx00znNIxzbZXknaogcZOpiaapqcprOPGsJWBj97L4BVzf-KLHF9HWGEbbBG6ge2GXz9yL0/s220/JIMI+ET+JC_FCBK.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfd2jPYkI0MNksvRGkEUU1sq2mkN2WghhdasuuJT3eFiYABjyMMnzZBiUWk56uiFCeU5w7-e8F9k-nJykkwy9GcBw_VfzZ3EZsOtXWwusAhuPk2jGUKPgANVdGAF7OizWVpMXY_IXTUlVApADx6VljmDWlKegVHxXPdUQAGX66EqkEdDAnUvfcgaFwjYdI/s72-w200-h200-c/IMG_20230102_192306.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8486035224833555469.post-7981912361591064921</id><published>2026-08-31T00:19:23.961+02:00</published><updated>2026-09-11T13:48:23.815+02:00</updated><title type='text'>LES PROVERBES AFRICAINS COMME  LIEU CONTEXTUEL DE LECTURE DE LA   BIBLE (Jimi ZACKA, PhD)         </title><content type='html'>&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript1.2&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYtwAXILvPLNFYFuKIBG1bd-ZfTLD8YDF6EUpzJ35Sn437YQzf4oSkwexzPqwVwjavvettMB9_ps93ieA7lb24laJ98tz7ecH3QEUVFqq6f_nB8XanQ2UblrNgjzVAIoFn_UT73y8icvpz1YgIslJgrb40qxsI3LFK8yRcJmZ31Nz59ltqoRrGOXx03gYJ/s640/PROVERBES.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;504&quot; data-original-width=&quot;640&quot; height=&quot;252&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYtwAXILvPLNFYFuKIBG1bd-ZfTLD8YDF6EUpzJ35Sn437YQzf4oSkwexzPqwVwjavvettMB9_ps93ieA7lb24laJ98tz7ecH3QEUVFqq6f_nB8XanQ2UblrNgjzVAIoFn_UT73y8icvpz1YgIslJgrb40qxsI3LFK8yRcJmZ31Nz59ltqoRrGOXx03gYJ/s320/PROVERBES.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Introduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Lire la Bible en
Afrique soulève une question herméneutique fondamentale : avec quelles
catégories culturelles le lecteur africain entre-t-il dans le texte biblique ?
La Bible s&#39;est constituée dans des contextes historiques, sociaux et religieux
différents de ceux des sociétés africaines contemporaines. Pourtant, elle est
aujourd&#39;hui lue, interprétée et prêchée dans des communautés africaines dont
les membres abordent les Écritures à partir de leurs propres langues,
traditions, expériences et représentations du monde.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette question n&#39;est
pas nouvelle dans la théologie africaine. John S. Mbiti avait déjà montré
l&#39;importance de prendre au sérieux les catégories religieuses et culturelles
africaines dans la réception de la foi chrétienne.¹ Kwame Bediako, de son côté,
a insisté sur le fait que l&#39;Écriture ne doit pas être séparée de la culture
dans laquelle elle est reçue : la tradition chrétienne ne devient véritablement
africaine que lorsqu&#39;elle entre en dialogue avec les ressources intellectuelles
et religieuses du continent.² Cette perspective invite à dépasser une
conception de la contextualisation qui consisterait simplement à adapter un
contenu théologique élaboré ailleurs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Parmi les ressources
culturelles susceptibles d&#39;entrer dans ce dialogue, les proverbes occupent une
place particulière. Ils condensent une expérience collective et expriment, sous
une forme brève, une certaine compréhension de la personne, de la communauté,
de l&#39;autorité, de la justice, de la parole, du travail et de la responsabilité.
Ils constituent ainsi davantage qu&#39;un matériau folklorique : ils peuvent
devenir une véritable ressource pour l&#39;interprétation biblique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Il ne s&#39;agit cependant
pas d&#39;affirmer que les proverbes africains expliqueraient automatiquement la
Bible. Une telle démarche conduirait à remplacer un réductionnisme par un
autre. Leur fonction est plutôt d&#39;offrir au lecteur africain un lieu à partir
duquel il peut poser certaines questions au texte biblique. Mais le mouvement
doit être réciproque : le texte biblique doit également pouvoir interroger,
corriger ou transformer les représentations véhiculées par les proverbes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;C&#39;est dans ce dialogue
critique que peut se construire une herméneutique biblique véritablement
contextualisée.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le proverbe comme
catégorie herméneutique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Un proverbe n&#39;est pas
simplement une phrase destinée à transmettre une morale. Il est généralement le
résultat d&#39;une expérience accumulée et transmise au sein d&#39;une communauté. Il
donne une interprétation d&#39;une situation humaine et propose, implicitement ou
explicitement, une manière de la comprendre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Cette dimension rejoint
une intuition importante de l&#39;herméneutique africaine : la compréhension de la
Bible ne peut être séparée de l&#39;univers culturel dans lequel le lecteur vit.
David T. Adamo parle ainsi d&#39;une « herméneutique culturelle africaine »,
attentive aux ressources propres aux communautés africaines et à leurs manières
de lire et de comprendre les Écritures.³&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Le proverbe peut alors
devenir un point d&#39;entrée dans le texte biblique. Lorsqu&#39;un lecteur rencontre
des thèmes tels que la sagesse, la famille, l&#39;honneur, la solidarité,
l&#39;autorité, la justice ou la réconciliation, il peut les mettre en relation
avec les catégories de pensée présentes dans son propre environnement culturel. Par exemple,&amp;nbsp; voici quelques proverbes&lt;i&gt; :&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&quot;Un seul doigt ne peut pas ramasser un pou
dans les cheveux &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;s’explique
par l’idée qu’aucun individu ne peut réussir ou vivre sa foi tout seul&quot; et l’écho
biblique&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;fait allusion à &lt;i&gt;« Deux
valent mieux qu&#39;un, parce qu&#39;ils retirent un bon salaire de leur travail. »&lt;/i&gt;
(Ecclésiaste 4:9) et l&#39;idée du corps aux membres solidaires (1 Corinthiens
12:12-20). &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Un autre proverbe dit &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;« La parole est comme l&#39;œuf : si elle
tombe, elle se casse. »&lt;/i&gt;. Ceci s’explique par la valeur d’une parole
prononcée ne se rattrape pas. Elle peut détruire une vie ou briser une relation
de manière définitive. Et par la relecture parallèle de la Bible, on peut
équivaloir ce proverbe&amp;nbsp;: &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;« La
langue aussi est un feu... elle enflamme tout le cours de la vie. »&lt;/i&gt;
(Jacques 3:6) et &lt;i&gt;« Que votre parole soit toujours accompagnée de grâce. »&lt;/i&gt;
(Colossiens 4:6).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette démarche me fait penser également à la proposition de Justin S. Ukpong en faveur d&#39;une herméneutique
d&#39;inculturation. Pour lui, l&#39;interprétation biblique en Afrique doit prendre au
sérieux l&#39;expérience africaine comme lieu de production de sens et non comme
simple contexte périphérique de réception du texte.⁴&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Le proverbe ne fournit
donc pas nécessairement la réponse au texte biblique. Il permet plutôt de faire
émerger des questions que le lecteur n&#39;aurait peut-être pas formulées de la
même manière dans un autre contexte culturel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. Les proverbes
africains et la littérature sapientielle biblique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le rapprochement entre
les proverbes africains et la littérature sapientielle de la Bible constitue
l&#39;un des terrains les plus féconds de cette réflexion. Les livres des
Proverbes, de Job et de Qohélet, ainsi que certains psaumes, accordent une
place importante à l&#39;expérience humaine, à l&#39;observation du monde, au
discernement et à la formation morale.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette proximité peut
expliquer pourquoi la littérature sapientielle biblique trouve, dans de nombreuses
communautés africaines, un terrain particulièrement favorable à la réception.
Les deux traditions accordent une place importante à la transmission de
l&#39;expérience, à l&#39;éducation des générations et à la recherche d&#39;une sagesse
permettant de discerner la conduite à tenir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Il serait cependant
imprudent de transformer cette proximité en identité. Les proverbes africains
et les textes sapientiaux bibliques appartiennent à des histoires, des langues
et des univers religieux différents. La comparaison doit donc faire apparaître
les ressemblances sans effacer les différences.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;C&#39;est précisément ici
que la pensée de Kwame Bediako est utile. Sa réflexion sur le rapport entre
christianisme, culture et identité montre que l&#39;appropriation africaine de la
foi chrétienne ne consiste ni à rejeter l&#39;héritage chrétien reçu, ni à reproduire
mécaniquement les catégories occidentales qui ont accompagné sa transmission.⁵
Le dialogue entre les proverbes africains et la littérature sapientielle
biblique doit suivre la même logique : rechercher les points de rencontre sans
confondre les deux traditions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le proverbe et la
compréhension des relations communautaires&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La dimension
communautaire de nombreux proverbes africains offre une autre piste importante.
Dans plusieurs traditions africaines, la personne est pensée dans un réseau de
relations : famille, clan, voisinage, génération, communauté. Bénézet Bujo a
particulièrement développé cette dimension dans sa réflexion sur l&#39;éthique
africaine, en montrant l&#39;importance de la communauté dans la compréhension de
la personne et de la responsabilité morale.⁶&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette perspective peut
éclairer certains textes bibliques consacrés au prochain, à la fraternité, au
partage, à la solidarité ou à la responsabilité envers les autres. Elle peut
également contribuer à relire les textes du Nouveau Testament qui présentent
l&#39;Église comme un corps constitué de plusieurs membres. Une telle lecture ne
consiste pas à prétendre que l&#39;Église primitive aurait simplement reproduit une
conception africaine de la communauté. Elle permet plutôt au lecteur africain
de percevoir dans certains textes bibliques des dimensions relationnelles
auxquelles son propre univers culturel est particulièrement sensible. Il faut
néanmoins éviter une généralisation abusive. Il n&#39;existe pas une seule «
culture africaine ». Le continent rassemble des peuples, des langues, des
systèmes sociaux et des traditions extrêmement divers. Une recherche sérieuse
sur les proverbes devra donc travailler à partir de corpus déterminés :
proverbes akan, yoruba, igbo, kongo, rwandais, burundais, lingala, swahili, etc.,
plutôt que de parler abstraitement de « la sagesse africaine ».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Cette précision
méthodologique est essentielle. Elle empêche de transformer une réalité
plurielle en une catégorie théologique trop commode.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. Les proverbes et la
théologie de la parole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;La parole occupe une
place considérable dans de nombreuses traditions africaines. Elle peut
transmettre une connaissance, restaurer une relation, réconcilier les personnes
ou provoquer un conflit. Elle engage donc celui qui la prononce et celui qui la
reçoit. Cette conception de la parole ouvre des perspectives intéressantes pour
la lecture de plusieurs textes bibliques : parole prophétique, parole de
sagesse, bénédiction, malédiction, témoignage et parole de Jésus. Le proverbe
peut ici contribuer à faire apparaître une dimension souvent négligée de la
parole biblique : celle-ci n&#39;est pas seulement informative. Elle peut engager,
interpeller et provoquer une décision.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette question rejoint
directement la théologie de la prédication. Dans des sociétés où la parole
demeure fortement liée à l&#39;autorité, à la transmission et à la construction des
relations, quelle responsabilité incombe au prédicateur ? Sa parole se
contente-t-elle de transmettre un contenu religieux ou engage-t-elle réellement
la communauté dans une transformation de ses pratiques et de ses relations ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La réflexion de John S.
Mbiti sur le rapport entre la Bible, la théologie et le christianisme africain
fournit ici un cadre important : l&#39;Écriture n&#39;est pas reçue dans un vide
culturel, mais au sein de sociétés qui possèdent déjà leurs propres catégories
de compréhension du religieux et de la parole.⁷ Le proverbe peut ainsi dépasser
le statut d&#39;illustration utilisée dans un sermon. Il peut devenir une porte
d&#39;entrée dans une réflexion théologique sur la puissance, la responsabilité et
les limites de la parole.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;5. Les proverbes comme
ressource pour contextualiser l&#39;exégèse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;L&#39;intégration des
proverbes dans l&#39;étude biblique peut également contribuer à dépasser une
conception de l&#39;exégèse qui resterait enfermée dans le seul monde du texte. L&#39;exégèse
historique et critique demeure indispensable. Elle permet d&#39;étudier la langue,
la structure, le contexte historique et les conditions de production d&#39;un texte
biblique. Mais elle ne répond pas à elle seule à une autre question : comment
ce texte est-il compris lorsqu&#39;il est reçu par une communauté particulière ? Justin
Ukpong a précisément cherché à développer une herméneutique dans laquelle
l&#39;expérience africaine intervient dans le processus interprétatif. Dans son
approche, le lecteur n&#39;est pas simplement placé à l&#39;extérieur du texte pour
l&#39;observer ; il entre dans un processus de rencontre entre le texte biblique et
son propre contexte.⁸&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Gerald O. West a
développé une perspective complémentaire en insistant sur le dialogue entre les
lectures dites « ordinaires » de la Bible et les lectures critiques produites
dans l&#39;univers académique. Son travail montre que l&#39;expérience des communautés
chrétiennes ne doit pas être considérée comme un matériau inférieur à la lecture
savante.⁹ Dans cette perspective, le proverbe peut constituer une médiation
entre le monde du texte et celui du lecteur. On pourrait alors représenter le
mouvement herméneutique de la manière suivante : &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;texte biblique &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; contexte culturel &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; dialogue critique &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; interpr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;tation contextualis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le mouvement n&#39;est
toutefois pas à sens unique. Le proverbe aide le lecteur à poser certaines
questions au texte biblique ; le texte biblique, à son tour, oblige le lecteur
à examiner ses propres représentations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pour une herméneutique
du dialogue critique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;C&#39;est probablement ici
que se trouve l&#39;enjeu théologique le plus important de la démarche.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Les proverbes africains
peuvent éclairer certains aspects de la Bible, mais la Bible peut également
contester certaines affirmations présentes dans les proverbes. Le rapport entre
les deux traditions doit donc demeurer critique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Un proverbe peut
valoriser une conception particulière de l&#39;autorité ; le texte biblique peut
conduire à interroger cette conception. Un autre peut exprimer une forte
solidarité communautaire ; l&#39;Évangile peut confirmer cette intuition tout en
élargissant le cercle de ceux qui doivent être considérés comme le prochain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La contextualisation ne
consiste donc pas à rechercher dans la culture africaine des équivalents de la
pensée biblique. Elle suppose une confrontation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;C&#39;est là que l&#39;apport
de Bénézet Bujo est particulièrement intéressant. Sa théologie africaine de la
communauté ne cherche pas simplement à présenter les valeurs africaines comme
conformes au christianisme ; elle invite à penser théologiquement les
ressources culturelles africaines, avec leurs possibilités et leurs limites.¹⁰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le même principe doit
s&#39;appliquer aux proverbes. Certains peuvent porter une conception féconde de la
solidarité ou de la responsabilité ; d&#39;autres peuvent reproduire des rapports
de domination, des discriminations ou des conceptions de l&#39;autorité
incompatibles avec l&#39;Évangile.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Une herméneutique
africaine sérieuse ne devrait donc ni idéaliser les proverbes ni les rejeter.
Elle devrait les soumettre au même travail de discernement que toute autre
production culturelle.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;7. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Vers une herméneutique
biblique africaine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette perspective
conduit à une question plus large : peut-on parler d&#39;une herméneutique biblique
véritablement africaine ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Il faut ici éviter
toute définition essentialiste. Une herméneutique africaine ne serait pas une
méthode unique applicable indistinctement à l&#39;ensemble du continent. Elle
désignerait plutôt un ensemble de pratiques interprétatives dans lesquelles des
lecteurs africains mobilisent leurs propres expériences, langues, traditions et
catégories culturelles pour comprendre les Écritures.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole
a insisté sur la nécessité de penser les Évangiles et leur réception africaine
dans une perspective de médiation interculturelle.¹¹ Cette approche est
particulièrement pertinente pour les proverbes : ceux-ci peuvent servir de lieu
de rencontre entre la culture du lecteur et le monde biblique, à condition que
cette rencontre demeure attentive aux différences culturelles et historiques.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;À côté des proverbes,
une herméneutique biblique africaine devrait donc prendre en compte les récits
traditionnels, les chants, les rites, les langues africaines, les traditions
orales, les conceptions de la famille, les mémoires communautaires et les
expériences sociales contemporaines.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Gerald West rappelle,
dans ses travaux sur l&#39;herméneutique biblique africaine, que la question n&#39;est
pas seulement de savoir si les Africains peuvent lire la Bible, mais de
reconnaître les lieux concrets à partir desquels ils la lisent et les questions
qu&#39;ils adressent au texte.¹² Le proverbe devient alors l&#39;un de ces lieux de
lecture.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Les proverbes africains
peuvent constituer une véritable clef de lecture de la Bible, à condition de les
comprendre dans un sens herméneutique et non dogmatique. Ils ne déterminent pas
le sens des textes bibliques et ne remplacent pas l&#39;exégèse. Ils permettent
plutôt au lecteur africain d&#39;aborder l&#39;Écriture à partir des catégories
culturelles qui façonnent sa compréhension du monde.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Leur intérêt
théologique réside surtout dans le dialogue qu&#39;ils rendent possible entre le
monde du texte et celui du lecteur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Une telle démarche
pourrait contribuer à l&#39;élaboration d&#39;une herméneutique biblique africaine qui
ne soit ni la reproduction de modèles élaborés ailleurs, ni une idéalisation
romantique des traditions africaines. Elle serait située, critique et attentive
aux tensions qui apparaissent lorsque l&#39;Écriture rencontre une culture
particulière.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Il ne s&#39;agirait donc
pas de chercher dans les proverbes une confirmation africaine de la Bible. Il
s&#39;agirait plutôt de créer un espace dans lequel la sagesse exprimée par les
proverbes et la parole biblique puissent se rencontrer, se questionner et, dans
certains cas, se corriger mutuellement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;C&#39;est peut-être à cette
condition que les proverbes peuvent devenir véritablement une clef
herméneutique : non pas une clé qui ouvre mécaniquement le sens de la Bible,
mais une médiation qui permet au lecteur africain d&#39;entrer dans un dialogue
plus profond avec l&#39;Écriture.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 7;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Jimi
P. ZACKA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;__________________________________________&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Notes bibliographiques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;John S. Mbiti, &lt;i&gt;Bible and Theology in
     African Christianity&lt;/i&gt; (Nairobi: Oxford University Press, 1986).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Kwame Bediako, &lt;i&gt;Theology and Identity:
     The Impact of Culture upon Christian Thought in the Second Century and in
     Modern Africa&lt;/i&gt; (Oxford: Regnum Books International, 1992).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;David Tuesday Adamo, “African Cultural
     Hermeneutics,” in &lt;i&gt;Vernacular Hermeneutics&lt;/i&gt;, ed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;R. S. Sugirtharajah (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999),
     66–90. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/1476994815Z.00000000047?utm_source=chatgpt.com&quot; title=&quot;What is African Biblical Hermeneutics?: Black Theology: Vol 13 , No 1 - Get Access&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Tandfonline&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Justin S. Ukpong, “Inculturation
     Hermeneutics: An African Approach to Biblical Interpretation,” in &lt;i&gt;The
     Bible in a World Context: An Experiment in Contextual Hermeneutics&lt;/i&gt;,
     ed. Walter Dietrich and Ulrich Luz (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans,
     2002), 17–32. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0259-94222016000100041&amp;amp;script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com&quot; title=&quot;Ruminating on Justin S. Ukpong&#39;s inculturation hermeneutics and its implications for the study of African Biblical Hermeneutics today&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;scielo.org.za&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Kwame Bediako, &lt;i&gt;Christianity in Africa:
     The Renewal of a Non-Western Religion&lt;/i&gt; (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University
     Press, 1995).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Bénézet Bujo, &lt;i&gt;The Ethical Dimension of
     Community: The African Model and the Dialogue between North and South&lt;/i&gt;,
     trans. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Cecilia Namulondo Nganda (Nairobi: Paulines
     Publications Africa, 1998). (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.barronfamilymission.net/bibliographies/african-christianity-a-short-bibliography/?utm_source=chatgpt.com&quot; title=&quot;African Christianity: A Short Bibliography | Barron Family Mission&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;barronfamilymission.net&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Mbiti, &lt;i&gt;Bible and Theology in African
     Christianity&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Justin S. Ukpong, “Reading the Bible with
     African Eyes: Inculturation and Hermeneutics,” &lt;i&gt;Journal of Theology for
     Southern Africa&lt;/i&gt;, no. 91 (1995): 3–14. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1010-99192015000100003&amp;amp;script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com&quot; title=&quot;The task and distinctiveness of African biblical hermeneutic(s)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;scielo.org.za&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Gerald O. West, &lt;i&gt;The Academy of the Poor:
     Towards a Dialogical Reading of the Bible&lt;/i&gt; (Sheffield: Sheffield
     Academic Press, 1999).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Bujo, &lt;i&gt;The Ethical Dimension of Community&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, &lt;i&gt;Triple Heritage: Gospels in Intercultural
     Mediations&lt;/i&gt; (Pretoria: Sapientia Publishers, 2005). (&lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.co.za/doi/10.4102/ve.v43i1.2507?utm_source=chatgpt.com&quot; title=&quot;African biblical hermeneutics in a state of flux – towards refocusing its trajectory | Verbum et Ecclesia&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;journals.co.za&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Gerald O. West, “African Biblical
     Hermeneutics and Bible Translation,” in &lt;i&gt;Interacting with Scriptures in
     Africa&lt;/i&gt;, ed. Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole and Ernst R. Wendland (Nairobi:
     Acton Publishers, 2005), 3–29. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://african.theologyworldwide.com/bibliography/2320652?utm_source=chatgpt.com&quot; title=&quot;Bibliography | Biblical Hermeneutics&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;african.theologyworldwide.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/feeds/7981912361591064921/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/2026/08/les-proverbes-africains-comme-clef-de.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default/7981912361591064921'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default/7981912361591064921'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/2026/08/les-proverbes-africains-comme-clef-de.html' title='LES PROVERBES AFRICAINS COMME  LIEU CONTEXTUEL DE LECTURE DE LA   BIBLE (Jimi ZACKA, PhD)         '/><author><name>Dr. Jimi ZACKA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02758734648564924723</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdbzpc-lgNc1xzo5oekixxi0VXRw3q8yx5-fNW6pnTEK6iUDMwhs9OE0l7Rx00znNIxzbZXknaogcZOpiaapqcprOPGsJWBj97L4BVzf-KLHF9HWGEbbBG6ge2GXz9yL0/s220/JIMI+ET+JC_FCBK.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYtwAXILvPLNFYFuKIBG1bd-ZfTLD8YDF6EUpzJ35Sn437YQzf4oSkwexzPqwVwjavvettMB9_ps93ieA7lb24laJ98tz7ecH3QEUVFqq6f_nB8XanQ2UblrNgjzVAIoFn_UT73y8icvpz1YgIslJgrb40qxsI3LFK8yRcJmZ31Nz59ltqoRrGOXx03gYJ/s72-c/PROVERBES.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8486035224833555469.post-4229727962161228887</id><published>2026-08-21T16:11:11.301+02:00</published><updated>2026-08-22T12:44:04.389+02:00</updated><title type='text'>GENESE 2.15 ET LE CULTE DE LA TERRE DANS LES TRADITIONS AFRICAINES        (Jimi ZACKA, PhD)</title><content type='html'>&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript1.2&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 114%; margin-bottom: 0,0000pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 114%; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-_8ROqe_Seaqz_mDIPgrWUGHrE2QnxWN4kRH808yiskzssMhu_56LIvNLl1VSQRZKl6HjtxnMkPIVRa3Y5A8bn7xwK-ZjYuaj21eTBRUoFu9PSsvHEJIwx7c5ioThB6IURsLgltSTjGemnwBPkl-c4OydeQmuHCKinis1Pdxo8BvGYmfvrwZksjiEaKC9/s960/CULTE%20DE%20LA%20TERRE.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;524&quot; data-original-width=&quot;960&quot; height=&quot;175&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-_8ROqe_Seaqz_mDIPgrWUGHrE2QnxWN4kRH808yiskzssMhu_56LIvNLl1VSQRZKl6HjtxnMkPIVRa3Y5A8bn7xwK-ZjYuaj21eTBRUoFu9PSsvHEJIwx7c5ioThB6IURsLgltSTjGemnwBPkl-c4OydeQmuHCKinis1Pdxo8BvGYmfvrwZksjiEaKC9/s320/CULTE%20DE%20LA%20TERRE.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Article publié dans la Revue Foi&amp;amp;Vie, N¨2026/1 Juin, sous le titre :&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;« &lt;i&gt;Terre africaine, terre sacrée : Genèse 2,15 face aux traditions africaines&lt;/i&gt; » pp32-34&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0,0000pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;15&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;De nombreux chercheurs africains s’engagent aujourd’hui dans une relecture critique des textes sacrés à la lumière des traditions africaines. Cela vise à créer un cadre dynamique pour trouver des solutions appropriées aux différentes crises.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;15&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Par exemple, on pourrait penser que le christianisme et les traditions africaines s&#39;opposent, mais finalement s&#39;unissent autour d&#39;un objectif partagé : réévaluer le caractère sacré de la terre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; font-style: italic; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Cela signifie, en d&#39;autres termes, que la tradition africaine ne limite pas la terre qu’à une incarnation physique ou matérielle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;, mais conçue comme un espace habité de mémoire, de sacralité et de responsabilité écologique. Lieu de transmission des savoirs, mais aussi lieu de rencontre, d’échanges entre les vivants et les esprits ou divinités&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;En fait, la terre incarne une dimension spirituelle de l’identité collective&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;. &amp;nbsp;Cette vision, bien qu’elle n’y ait aucune approche identique, offre une contribution précieuse à la théologie, notamment en éclairant les enjeux d’une écologie enracinée dans un contexte biblique. &amp;nbsp;En d’autres termes,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;la terre, considérée comme «&amp;nbsp;sacrée&amp;nbsp;» devient un espace de révélation, de souvenir eschatologique et de présence spirituelle. Cette conception revêt une interprétation où la terre est à la fois un don divin, un témoin de l&#39;histoire et un intermédiaire du sacré. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;La sacralité de la terre ne résulte pas d’une désignation humaine, mais de la présence qui s’y manifeste, une trace laissée par l’histoire, une parole qui en sorte encore. Cette logique rejoint la théologie biblique de la mémoire ou des lieux ne sont pas seulement des endroits mais des terres sacralisées, rappelant la présence divine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Du coup, reconnaître que la terre a une mémoire, une dignité, une sacralité, c’est accepter de s’effacer pour laisser parler ce qu’elle porte en elle. C’est aussi refuser la logique de l’appropriation pour se revêtir de la responsabilité. Alors, comment concilier les savoirs ancestraux et les principes bibliques dans une théologie de la terre adaptée aux réalités africaines ? Cette question permet d’élaborer une réflexion capable de faciliter l’identification de nouvelles perspectives. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Car, revaloriser la sacralité de la terre, c’est contribuer à une écologie intégrale, dans l’esprit d’une foi incarnée, respectueuse de la Création et attentive aux voix des ancêtres qui ont précédé l’homme africain. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;C’est dans cette dynamique que s’inscrit ma réflexion visant à approfondir cette relation unique avec la «&amp;nbsp;Terre africaine&amp;nbsp;».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0,0000pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;L’article propose donc une étude comparative de Gn 2:15, un texte fondamental de l’écologie biblique, et des concepts africains de la « &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;terre sacrée&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;» pour montrer comment ces deux sources peuvent être intégrées dans une éthique écologique complète. En effet, elles se structurent autour de deux axes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;22&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5,0000pt; margin-left: 54,0000pt; margin-top: 5,0000pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;1. La sacralité de la «&amp;nbsp;Terre africaine&amp;nbsp;», espace des spiritualités. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0,0000pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Premièrement, à l&#39;opposé de la perspective occidentale contemporaine qui a tendance à voir la terre comme une simple source à exploiter, les traditions africaines la voient comme une mère nourricière, une matrice investie d&#39;une force spirituelle et éthique. C’est pourquoi, dans de nombreuses cultures africaines, y compris la mienne, il est de coutume, chaque fois qu’une bouteille d’eau ou toute autre boisson est ouverte en public ou en privé, de verser les premières gouttes à terre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;. &amp;nbsp;Ce geste, bien plus qu’une offrande aux ancêtres, constitue une véritable liturgie, un acte de vénération envers la Terre elle-même, accompagné d’une prière de respect ou de reconnaissance : « &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Mère terre, voici ce que je vais consommer. Prends ta part et partage avec tous les esprits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;p&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35,4000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Cette pratique trouve aussi sa place dans l’ouverture des cérémonies traditionnelles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;, qu’elles soient religieuses, politiques ou culturelles, où un hommage est rendu aux mânes des ancêtres. L’omission du rituel par le prêtre est perçue comme un affront aux ancêtres, compromettant ainsi l’acceptation des offrandes et des prières. Dans un tel cas, la cérémonie est reprise afin de rétablir le lien spirituel et assurer l’harmonie entre le monde visible et invisible. Kabasele Lumbala l’a si bien décrit en ces termes&amp;nbsp;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 34,0000pt; margin-right: 34,0000pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;La vénération des ancêtres se situe aux temps forts de la vie de la communauté, temps forts dictés par une maladie, un événement insolite, la réussite dans une entreprise, la veille d’un long voyage, un rêve où un ancêtre serait venu interpeller les vivants terrestres contre l’oubli, etc. La vénération des ancêtres consiste en l’offrande d’une volaille ou d’un animal de la basse-cour, offrande présidée par l’aîné du groupe, autour duquel tous se rassemblent pour invoquer les ancêtres, pour les remercier, leur demander secours, ou simplement se retremper dans leur mémoire. Les rites d’initiation consistent à une action d’aide apportée par le groupe à l’individu pour son accomplissement en tant qu’être humain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Ainsi, la&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Terre est perçue comme un élément central de la mémoire et de la spiritualité. En d’autres termes, la terre est un être vivant qui porte la vie, guérit les malades, héberge les morts et protège les vivants&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;. C’est une relation &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;sacro-profane&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;avec la Terre, une relation de respect et de vénération. Cette sacralité de la Terre repose sur plusieurs considérations, notamment elle procure aux hommes &amp;nbsp;la nourriture, l’eau et la santé&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;, mais aussi le pouvoir d’exister. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;La Terre bénéficie ainsi de la même considération que celle réservée à une mère, une figure essentielle dans la sphère spirituelle et sociale de l&#39;homme africain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35,4000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Du coup, la Terre détient une âme collective, un esprit qui veille sur l’harmonie du monde naturel et humain. Car, les esprits des ancêtres sont identifiés à la Terre, et leur présence est ressentie à travers elle. &amp;nbsp;C’est une source de subsistance matérielle, mais c’est aussi un espace sacré, en lien avec les divinités&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35,4000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Ainsi se dévoilent finalement les aspects théologiques et écologiques de Gn 2:15, fournissant un cadre fondamental pour appréhender la relation entre l&#39;humain et la terre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;. &amp;nbsp;Elle est à la fois un lieu de vie, un objet de vénération et un symbole du lien profond entre l’humain et le Divin. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Cette relation sacrée ne requiert pas seulement un acte de vénération ritualisée, mais se manifeste au quotidien à travers une gestion durable des ressources et une profonde conscience de l’interdépendance entre les éléments naturels et spirituels. Et pourtant, cette approche reste souvent marginalisée dans les discours académiques contemporains, prônée par une vision occidentale de l’environnement fondée sur l’exploitation et la rentabilité. Toutefois, Jürgen Moltmann n’a pas manqué de rappeler ce mandat divin: « &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; font-style: italic; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;la théologie de la création implique une responsabilité partagée où l’homme est appelé à être un allié du cosmos, et non son maître&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;». Cette perspective théologique se met ainsi en dialogue avec les traditions africaines, qui considèrent la terre comme une entité vivante et digne de respect.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 4,0000pt; margin-left: 54,0000pt; margin-top: 8,0000pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;2. La sacralité de la «&amp;nbsp;Terre africaine&amp;nbsp;», un don divin selon Gn2.15. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;p&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Deuxièmement, Gn 2 :15 souligne une vision où la terre est perçue comme sacrée, imprégnée de la présence divine et régie par des principes de respect et d’équilibre. Déjà, dans Gn 1 :26-28, l’humanité reçoit la mission de dominer sur la création. Toutefois, ce concept de «&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;domination&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;» (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;radah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;) doit être compris non pas comme un droit à la destruction ou à l’exploitation abusive, mais comme une charge de gestion et de protection, à l’image du berger qui prend soin de son troupeau. Cette lecture est corroborée par Walter Brueggemann, qui souligne que « &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;l’autorité humaine dans la Bible est toujours liée à la responsabilité devant Dieu et à la solidarité avec la création&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; mso-ansi-font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;D’ailleurs,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; mso-ansi-font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;le verbe cultiver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;abad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;) traduit à la fois l’idée de service et de travail, tandis que &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;garder&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;shamar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;) évoque la protection et la préservation. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;p&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Ces dimensions trouvent l’écho dans les traditions africaines, où l’acte de rendre culte à la terre manifeste une compréhension spirituelle de son rôle : l’homme n’est pas le maître absolu de la nature, mais bien son serviteur et protecteur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; mso-ansi-font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;De même&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;la végétation ne se limite pas à un simple élément du paysage ou à une ressource exploitable ; elle incarne une &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;présence spirituelle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;qui relie l’homme à Dieu et aux esprits des ancêtres. Cette dimension sacrée se traduit par des pratiques rituelles où certains espaces sacrés dotés des arbres et plantes sont considérés comme des médiateurs entre le monde visible et invisible. Jean-Marc Éla la définit ainsi : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;« &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;les grands arbres sont des témoins de l’histoire, ils sont les sanctuaires où l’homme dialogue avec le divin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;». &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;C’est comme certaines forêts qui sont protégées non par des législations modernes, mais par des &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;tabous et des croyances ancestrales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;. Ces forêts sacrées servent de refuges écologiques et sont préservées par des règles communautaires strictes interdisant la coupe d’arbres ou l’exploitation des terres sans rite de purification. Ces espaces sont aussi des &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;lieux cultuels&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;où l’on croit que les esprits résident, révèlent les secrets de la nature aux vivants&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;. À vrai dire, la conception africaine de la «&amp;nbsp;terre sacrée&amp;nbsp;» est une religion d’alliance établie entre l’homme et la nature par la médiation des ancêtres et Dieu. Car, uni à la terre, l’africain y reconnaît cependant une entité chargée de puissances spirituelles tant bienfaisantes que malveillantes. &amp;nbsp;Cette vision interactive et sacrée de la relation entre l’homme et la terre se justifie par un proverbe africain&amp;nbsp;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;« &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;L’homme cultive la terre, mais c’est la terre qui cultive l’homme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;. »&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;p&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;En conclusion, selon la tradition africaine, la «&amp;nbsp;terre sacrée&amp;nbsp;» renferme un vaste langage symbolique. L’homme africain est ainsi invité à l’écoute attentive de la terre où chaque élément porte un message et une signification. Il paraît donc urgent de réhabiliter le lien sacré entre l’africain et la terre. Cette pensée africaine permet non seulement de renforcer la préservation écologique, mais aussi de renouveler la théologie de la création à travers une approche &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;contextuelle et incarnée&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;. En conjuguant les savoirs africains et le christianisme, une &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;écologie &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;fondée sur la responsabilité et la gratitude, peut émerger pour répondre aux crises écologiques actuelles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Car, un proverbe africain dit : « &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;la terre est notre mère, on ne la frappe pas avec une houe de colère&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;p&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 18,0000pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Jimi ZACKA, PhD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;16&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Notes bas de page&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;16&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12,0000pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36,0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Lire à cet effet, John Mbiti., &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;African Religion and Philosophy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;, London&amp;nbsp;: Heinemann&amp;nbsp;1969&amp;nbsp;; Paul G. Hiebert, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;The Gospel in Human Contexts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;AnthropologicalExploration for Contemporary Missions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;, &amp;nbsp;Grands Rapids: Baker Academics, 2009 qui explore la contextualisation des traditions dans une perspective théologique et éthique. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;22&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36,0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0c0c0c; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0c0c0c; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Dans la culture africaine, « &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0c0c0c; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;jurer par terre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0c0c0c; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;» a une importance profonde et sacrée, car elle est liée au lien spirituel qui unit l&#39;homme, la terre et les ancêtres. Ce geste &amp;nbsp;n&#39;est pas sans conséquence : elle engage la responsabilité de celui qui prête serment devant une autorité supérieure, souvent invisible, et entraîne de graves répercussions en cas de mensonge ou de parjure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0c0c0c; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36,0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Il est à souligner aussi que dans de nombreuses cultures africaines, on jure non pas sur un livre ou un dieu abstrait, mais sur la terre ou le sol des ancêtres. Ce geste est profondément symbolique&amp;nbsp;: car, il engage l’honneur de l’individu devant la communauté et devant les ancêtres. L’africain reconnaît ainsi la terre comme témoin ultime de la vérité, une entité qui ne peut être trompée. En effet, «&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;jurer sur la terre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;» revient à lui attribuer un statut sacré, presque divin. Par ailleurs, dans une lecture écologique, cet acte peut être interprété comme une manière de rendre hommage à la création comme œuvre divine, reconnaître la terre comme partenanire d’alliance et non comme simple ressource, entretenir une relation respectueuse et réciproque avec la terre. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;p&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0,0000pt; margin-left: 36,0000pt; margin-top: 0,0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Dans de nombreuses cultures africaines, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;verser les premières gouttes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;à terre est un moyen d’honorer les&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;ancêtres&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;considérés comme des médiateurs entre le monde visible et invisible. Cet acte est une marque de respect, une façon de les inviter à partager le moment de consommation avec les vivants. Comme l’explique John &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Mbit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;i., &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;« &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;les ancêtres ne sont pas des esprits éloignés, ils restent impliqués dans la vie de leurs descendants et reçoivent des offrandes pour maintenir l’équilibre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;maintenir l’équilibre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mbiti, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;op.cit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;. p. 35 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mbiti, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;op.cit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;. p. 35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;p&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0,0000pt; margin-left: 36,0000pt; margin-top: 0,0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Verser une libation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;est aussi un &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;rappel de l’interdépendance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;qui existe entre l’homme et la nature. C’est un geste qui exprime une &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;éthique écologique implicite&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;, reconnaissant que l’homme ne peut exister sans l’équilibre naturel qui l’entoure. Cette approche rejoint la théologie biblique qui affirme dans Genèse 2:15 que l’homme est placé dans la création &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;pour la cultiver et la&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;garder&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;soulignant ainsi la nécessité d’un rapport respectueux avec la nature.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;22&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0,0000pt; margin-left: 36,0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Francois &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Kabasele&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;. (2011). «&amp;nbsp;Liturgies africaines et vie&amp;nbsp;». &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Théologiques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;, 19(1), 147–162. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.7202/1014185ar&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;20&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single;&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.7202/1014185ar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;22&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0,0000pt; margin-left: 36,0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;7.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Dans les cosmovisions africaines, l’être humain est perçu comme faisant partie d’un tout sacré, où la terre est vivante et animée par des forces spirituelles. Cette approche rappelle l’éthique biblique de l’intendance, où l’homme est chargé de cultiver et de garder la création. Comme l’explique Laurenti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Magesa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;, dans « &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;les traditions africaines offrent une anthropologie qui relie étroitement l’homme, la nature et le spirituel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;» &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Maryknoll, N.Y. : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;African Religion: The Moral Traditions of Abundant Life&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Orbis Books&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;, 1997).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;p&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0,0000pt; margin-left: 36,0000pt; margin-top: 0,0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;8.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Dans la Bible, la création est décrite comme un don divin confié à l’humanité. Psaume 24:1 affirme : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;« &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;À l’Éternel la terre et tout ce qu’elle contient&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;, ce qui signifie que l’homme n’est pas propriétaire absolu de la création, mais un &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;gardien&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;chargé de sa préservation. Genèse 2:15 renforce cette responsabilité en précisant que l’homme doit « cultiver et garder » la terre, une mission qui implique un équilibre entre usage et préservation. Comme l’affirme Jürgen &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Moltmann&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;« l’homme est appelé à collaborer avec Dieu dans la gestion du cosmos, non comme un exploitant, mais comme un serviteur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;» &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Moltmann,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;op.cit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;., p.&amp;nbsp;30.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36,0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;9.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Dans les traditions africaines, la terre est bien plus qu’un espace physique ; elle est vivante et porte une dimension spirituelle profonde. Certaines communautés pratiquent la&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;libation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;où les premières gouttes d’une boisson sont versées à la terre en signe de reconnaissance. Les &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;forêts sacrées&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;en Afrique de l’Ouest illustrent aussi cette approche, conservant une biodiversité essentielle grâce à des règles ancestrales de préservation. Laurenti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Magesa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;souligne que&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;« &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-ansi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;la spiritualité africaine repose sur une relation dynamique avec la terre, où chaque élément naturel est porteur de sacralité &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;African Religion: The Moral Traditions of Abundant Life&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;, 1997)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;p&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36,0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;10.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Moltmann&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;, J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;., &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-style: italic; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;op.cit., &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;40.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h1 align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-left: 36,0000pt; margin-top: 0,0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;11. &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Lire &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Brueggemann,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;W. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;The Land: Place as Gift, Promise, and Challenge in Biblical Faith &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Philadelphia, Fortress Press, 1977. pp. 203.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: &#39;等线 Light&#39;; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36,0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;12.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Cf.,Jean-Marc &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Ela &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;., &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;21&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Repenser la théologie africaine. Le Dieu qui libère, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;21&quot; style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Karthala, Paris&amp;nbsp;: 2003.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36,0000pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18,0000pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;13.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;Par exemple, la forêt, bien plus qu’un simple espace naturel, se révèle être un sanctuaire de guérison, une pharmacie vivante où la nature prodigue ses remèdes. Riche en plantes médicinales, elle incarne une source de soins pour les vivants, un lieu où savoir ancestral et biodiversité s’entrelacent pour préserver la santé et l’équilibre des communautés africaines. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36,0000pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #252525; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 11,0000pt; letter-spacing: 0,2000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-shading: rgb(255,255,255); mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 11,0000pt; font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36,0000pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #252525; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 11,0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1,0000pt; mso-spacerun: &#39;yes&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/feeds/4229727962161228887/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/2026/08/genese-215-et-le-culte-de-la-terre-dans.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default/4229727962161228887'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default/4229727962161228887'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/2026/08/genese-215-et-le-culte-de-la-terre-dans.html' title='GENESE 2.15 ET LE CULTE DE LA TERRE DANS LES TRADITIONS AFRICAINES        (Jimi ZACKA, PhD)'/><author><name>Dr. Jimi ZACKA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02758734648564924723</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdbzpc-lgNc1xzo5oekixxi0VXRw3q8yx5-fNW6pnTEK6iUDMwhs9OE0l7Rx00znNIxzbZXknaogcZOpiaapqcprOPGsJWBj97L4BVzf-KLHF9HWGEbbBG6ge2GXz9yL0/s220/JIMI+ET+JC_FCBK.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-_8ROqe_Seaqz_mDIPgrWUGHrE2QnxWN4kRH808yiskzssMhu_56LIvNLl1VSQRZKl6HjtxnMkPIVRa3Y5A8bn7xwK-ZjYuaj21eTBRUoFu9PSsvHEJIwx7c5ioThB6IURsLgltSTjGemnwBPkl-c4OydeQmuHCKinis1Pdxo8BvGYmfvrwZksjiEaKC9/s72-c/CULTE%20DE%20LA%20TERRE.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8486035224833555469.post-6250517029141931476</id><published>2026-08-10T22:00:06.195+02:00</published><updated>2026-08-11T09:33:36.323+02:00</updated><title type='text'>LA THEOLOGIE EN CENTRAFRIQUE: DEFIS ET NAISSANCE D&#39;UNE PENSEE THEOLOGIQUE CONTEXTUALISEE  (Jimi ZACKA, PhD)</title><content type='html'>&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript1.2&quot;&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5dCsf7K7hP-lZWKk-N22oImAwc3vlKedVBWyhpH31gF0golAUqa_EWRq8M547ZEAhNpl0zRdYIZtH4CbEXyBkCIdPj3roDRhi3PVvkkrLdY1nf0vm1neg2C2gsfMPk_DO34Um4L7ZNAeb_D2Jb8NpVlKi1k0MvZ0zuoNpY4kQpUlOEBAf8qnqwJFGl3y_/s526/LIVRE%20THEOLOGIE%20EN%20CENTRAFRIQUE.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;526&quot; data-original-width=&quot;526&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5dCsf7K7hP-lZWKk-N22oImAwc3vlKedVBWyhpH31gF0golAUqa_EWRq8M547ZEAhNpl0zRdYIZtH4CbEXyBkCIdPj3roDRhi3PVvkkrLdY1nf0vm1neg2C2gsfMPk_DO34Um4L7ZNAeb_D2Jb8NpVlKi1k0MvZ0zuoNpY4kQpUlOEBAf8qnqwJFGl3y_/s320/LIVRE%20THEOLOGIE%20EN%20CENTRAFRIQUE.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;P&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;rofesseur de théologie, Chercheur en
anthropologie religieuse au CREIAF et Auteur. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ouvrage soumis à la&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Revue Africaine de Théologie Contextuelle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 141.6pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;« &lt;i&gt;La mission chrétienne en Afrique ne peut être une
nouvelle forme de colonisation. Elle doit être un instrument de libération,
permettant aux peuples de vivre l’Évangile sans perdre leur identité&lt;/i&gt;.» &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;— John S. Mbiti, African
Religions and Philosophy &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cet article examine la situation de la
théologie en République centrafricaine à travers le prisme de la théologie
contextuelle africaine. Il soutient que le silence théologique qui caractérise
la production intellectuelle de l&#39;Église centrafricaine n&#39;est pas un accident
historique mais le résultat structurel d&#39;une dépendance missionnaire prolongée,
d&#39;une crise institutionnelle permanente et d&#39;une abdication progressive de la
responsabilité herméneutique locale. En dialogue avec les grandes figures de la
théologie africaine — Kwame Bediako, Obiang Kato, John S. Mbiti et Isaac Zokoué
—l&#39;article fait un inventaire des défis fondamentaux auxquels fait face une
théologie centrafricaine naissante : violence armée endémique, instrumentalisation
de la religion, dépendance aux modèles occidentaux et marginalisation des
ressources traditionnelles. Il plaide pour l&#39;émergence d&#39;une parole théologique
proprement centrafricaine, enracinée dans l&#39;expérience du peuple, interpellée
par l&#39;Écriture et capable d&#39;offrir une critique prophétique des structures de
domination.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mots-clés : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;théologie contextuelle africaine, Centrafrique,
dépendance missionnaire, herméneutique, prophétisme, violence et foi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1 style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Un paradoxe s’instaure en Centrafrique et l&#39;on
n&#39;ose guère en parler à voix haute : l&#39;un des pays les plus christianisés
d&#39;Afrique centrale est aussi l&#39;un de ceux où la théologie chrétienne a le moins
produit. Cette disproportion entre la profondeur de la pénétration du
christianisme dans la vie sociale et culturelle centrafricaine et la
quasi-absence de production théologique locale constitue le point de départ de
la présente réflexion. Elle n&#39;est pas anodine. Quand une Église parle, chante,
prie et souffre dans une langue — au sens littéral et figuré — qui lui a été
donnée de l&#39;extérieur, sans jamais l&#39;avoir questionnée ni transformée de
l&#39;intérieur, quelque chose d&#39;essentiel reste en suspens.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Il est évident que la Centrafrique traverse
depuis des décennies une crise multidimensionnelle dont la profondeur défie les
catégories ordinaires de l&#39;analyse politique. Dissidences récurrentes des
églises, conflits armés, délitement de l&#39;État, pauvreté structurelle,
déplacements massifs de population : autant de réalités qui appellent une
réponse non seulement humanitaire ou politique, mais profondément théologique.
Or c&#39;est précisément là que le silence se fait le plus éloquent. L&#39;Église
centrafricaine — catholique, protestante, évangélique dans ses diverses
expressions — est présente sur tout le territoire, souvent seule là où l&#39;État
s&#39;est retiré. Mais sa présence est rarement accompagnée d&#39;une parole
théologique rigoureuse sur ce qu&#39;elle vit, ce qu&#39;elle traverse et ce qu&#39;elle
espère&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ce silence n&#39;est pas sans effet. Il a une
histoire, une géographie et des bénéficiaires. L&#39;objet de mon analyse est d&#39;en
explorer les causes profondes, d&#39;en relever les conséquences ecclésiologiques
et missiologiques, et de proposer les grandes lignes d&#39;une théologie
centrafricaine qui reste à construire pour les Églises et la société centrafricaines.
Car, à mon sens, la théologie en Centrafrique demeure un champ de recherche
insuffisamment exploré. Si de nombreux travaux portent sur l’histoire des
missions, les Églises ou les conflits, peu s’interrogent sur la manière dont la
pensée théologique elle-même s’est développée, sur ses forces, ses limites et
sa capacité à répondre aux défis contemporains. Une approche scientifique exige
donc de dépasser les descriptions générales et de poser des questions
critiques. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;x193iq5w&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Et, ces questions paraissent inévitables pour
cette étude. En d’autres termes, avant d&#39;évaluer la théologie centrafricaine,
il convient d&#39;en retracer l&#39;histoire. &lt;i&gt;Quels courants ont marqué sa formation
? Quels théologiens ont exercé une influence durable ? Comment les institutions
théologiques ont-elles façonné la pensée des Églises&lt;/i&gt; ? Une telle recherche
permettrait de distinguer l&#39;histoire de l&#39;Église de l&#39;histoire de la réflexion
théologique, deux réalités souvent confondues.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En effet, je vais articuler ce travail en trois
parties. La première situe le contexte historique et ecclésiologique de la
Centrafrique. La deuxième analyse les causes structurelles du silence
théologique. La troisième examine les défis spécifiques que ce contexte pose à
une théologie en construction et propose un dialogue avec les ressources de la
tradition théologique africaine tout en esquissant les contours d&#39;une parole
théologique centrafricaine à venir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1 style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: medium; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;I. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: medium; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;L’histoire d’un christianisme sans théologie&amp;nbsp;: de
la foi non réfléchie à la vulnérabilité de l’Église&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;1.1 L’arrivée missionnaire et ses héritages
théologiques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La christianisation de ce qui allait devenir la
République centrafricaine s&#39;est opérée dans le sillage direct de la
colonisation française. Les premières missions catholiques — spiritains puis
capucins — arrivent à la fin du XIXe siècle, au moment même où la France étend
son emprise sur l&#39;Oubangui-Chari. Les missions protestantes, principalement la
Mission Évangélique de l&#39;Oubangui, suivent peu après&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Dans
les deux cas, l&#39;évangélisation s&#39;est construite sur une logique de substitution
: les structures culturelles et religieuses préexistantes ont été désignées
comme des obstacles à la foi plutôt que comme des lieux de précompréhension de
l&#39;Évangile&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ce positionnement missionnaire initial a eu des
conséquences durables. Le christianisme centrafricain s&#39;est développé dans une
relation structurelle de dépendance théologique, liturgique et institutionnelle
envers ses tuteurs occidentaux. Les responsables ecclésiaux centrafricains ont
longtemps été formés dans des écoles bibliques ou des facultés de théologie missionnaires,
où ils apprenaient à penser leur foi à partir d&#39;interprétations bibliques étrangères
à leur propre expérience locale. Bref, la théologie était vue comme quelque
chose qui n’édifiait pas la foi, que l&#39;on ne pouvait pas &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;transmettre aux chrétiens, qui ne produisait
que des intellectuels de la Bible. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.1.1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Un christianisme sans théologie : dérives d’une
foi privée de réflexion critique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Certes, les cultes sont fréquentés, les prières
occupent une place importante, les prédications se multiplient, les témoignages
circulent et les pasteurs se multiplient, mais cette vitalité évangélique ne
s’accompagne pas toujours d’un effort de réflexion théologique équivalent. Du
coup, l’on redoute celui qui a étudié la théologie ou qui est marginalisé. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Et, la question récurrente&amp;nbsp;est celle-ci :
&lt;i&gt;que devient le christianisme lorsqu’il se pratique sans véritable travail
théologique&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette question ne suppose pas que les chrétiens
qui n’ont pas reçu une formation théologique soient dépourvus de pensée
théologique. Toute communauté chrétienne possède déjà une certaine
compréhension de Dieu, du Christ, du salut, de l’Église, de l’être humain et du
monde. Même lorsqu’elle ne porte pas le nom de « théologie », cette
compréhension existe. Le véritable problème est ailleurs et interpelle chaque chrétien&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt; : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;que se passe-t-il lorsque cette
compréhension n’est plus soumise à l’examen critique de l’Écriture, de la
tradition chrétienne, de la raison et du contexte dans lequel l’Église vit ? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En outre, il ne faut pas opposer
artificiellement la foi populaire et la théologie académique. La théologie
n’est pas une activité réservée aux facultés et aux spécialistes&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Elle
commence dès que la communauté chrétienne cherche à comprendre ce qu’elle
croit, pourquoi elle le croit et comment cette foi doit orienter sa manière de
vivre. Dans cette perspective, l’absence de travail théologique ne produit pas
un christianisme sans pensée. Elle produit plutôt un christianisme dans lequel
la pensée chrétienne risque d’être façonnée par d’autres forces : la tradition,
l’émotion, les expériences personnelles, les slogans religieux, les
personnalités charismatiques, les intérêts économiques ou les représentations
culturelles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;C’est dire &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;qu’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;un christianisme qui renonce à la réflexion théologique devient
progressivement vulnérable sur les plans doctrinaux, spirituels, pastoraux et
ecclésiaux. La théologie n’est pas un supplément intellectuel de la foi ; elle
constitue l’un des lieux où la foi cherche à demeurer fidèle à son objet, à
discerner ses propres dérives et à répondre aux questions de son époque. De
même, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;il ne s’agit nullement de mettre en accusation et de
condamner la théologie académique. Cette théologie est nécessaire, mais elle
n’a pas de sens, si elle devient semblable à du sel qui perd sa saveur ou à une
lampe posée sous un boisseau, si elle ne vient pas assaisonner et éclairer une
théologie populaire, autrement dit si elle n’aide pas tout un chacun dans sa
réflexion personnelle. En effet, cette théologie se doit d’être ouverte à la
participation de tous, ce qui atteste qu’il n’y a pas de théologie définitive.
Aucune image de Dieu ne peut s’imposer une fois pour toutes comme étant la
seule image vraie possible. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.1.2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Christianisme sans théologie : la vulnérabilité
de l’Église aux dérives doctrinales. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Byang H. Kato avait déjà attiré l’attention sur
ce qu’il considérait comme une &lt;b data-end=&quot;618&quot; data-start=&quot;592&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;« anémie théologique »&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; du christianisme africain, liée
notamment au compromis de la foi évangélique face au syncrétisme, à l’universalisme
et au « Christo-paganisme&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; ». Pour
Kato, la formation théologique devait jouer un rôle essentiel dans
l’affermissement doctrinal de l’Église africaine et dans sa capacité à répondre
aux défis théologiques et culturels de son contexte&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. L’histoire
de l’&lt;i data-end=&quot;1046&quot; data-start=&quot;987&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Association
for Christian Theological Education in Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (ACTEA), créée en
1976 sous l’impulsion de Kato, confirme que la formation théologique était
alors envisagée comme une question directement liée au renouvellement et à la
santé de l’Église africaine&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;L’intérêt de cette intuition demeure actuel,
même si elle doit être reprise avec les catégories de notre époque. L’enjeu
n’est plus seulement de défendre une orthodoxie contre des influences
extérieures. Il s’agit aussi d’équiper les Églises africaines pour qu’elles
produisent elles-mêmes une pensée théologique capable de dialoguer avec leurs
réalités&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Car, une
Église qui dépend constamment de théologies produites ailleurs risque de
devenir consommatrice de réponses plutôt que productrice de questions. Le
résultat est que certains chrétiens se tournent aujourd’hui vers des discours
simplistes, émotionnels ou parfois doctrinalement fragiles. Nous assistons
ainsi à une théologie déconnectée des réalités humaines qui répond
difficilement aux défis concrets des Églises et des sociétés. Le seul narratif
systémique dans l’imaginaire des chrétiens est&amp;nbsp;: «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Étudier la
théologie est satanique&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;». Pourtant, dans son article rendant hommage
à Isaac Zokoué, «&amp;nbsp;Rôle et tâche du théologien en Afrique. Hommage au Dr
Isaac Zokoué&amp;nbsp;», Jimi Zacka souligne l’importance de la théologie dans la
vie chrétienne, en ces termes&amp;nbsp;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 42.55pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 42.55pt 6pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;la théologie permet à l’homme de ne pas limiter
sa foi au cadre strict de la piété et du rite. La foi vivante est un acte
humain qui concerne l’homme tout entier : son cœur, parce que Dieu est source
de tout amour, son corps,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;parce que la
foi s’exprime par des gestes concrets, et enfin, son intelligence, parce que
Dieu donne à&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;l’homme, à travers la
liberté et la faculté de juger, les moyens de l’annoncer et de le faire
connaître. La foi ne saurait donc exister sans une forme cognitive, même
sommaire, de relation à Dieu. Le parti&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;pris de la théologie consiste à prendre au sérieux l’acte de foi, sans
le réduire au seul domaine de la&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;dévotion personnelle ou communautaire. En effet, puisque la foi cherche
à comprendre, il serait donc insensé d’opposer foi et théologie. Car, une foi
vivante et partagée ne saurait exister indépendamment d’une forme d’expression
théologique et que, réciproquement, toute théologie prend sa source à
l’intérieur d’une foi vécue. C’est dire que la théologie ne peut avoir de sens
et de contenu que dans et sous la lumière de la foi.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Chaque époque, compte tenu de ses problèmes
et de sa manière d’appréhender Dieu, essaie de définir la théologie. Dans ce
sens, toute religion comporte une ou plusieurs théologies, une ou plusieurs
définitions de la théologie. Ainsi, la théologie chrétienne n’est pas un
discours flou; elle doit être une compréhension humaine et une interprétation
de la révélation de Dieu dans un contexte bien défini&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;font-claude-response-body&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Une autre réalité mérite d&#39;être interrogée avec
autant d&#39;attention : la manière dont la pensée théologique accompagne, ou
n&#39;accompagne pas, ces profondes mutations sociales. Alors que les Églises
demeurent parmi les institutions les plus présentes sur l&#39;ensemble du
territoire centrafricain, la production théologique locale reste relativement
discrète dans les grands débats qui concernent l&#39;avenir de la nation&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Cette
auto-marginalisation provient des enseignements dispensés par les missionnaires
occidentaux. Lorsqu’ils ont apporté l’Évangile en Centrafrique, ils ont formé
des pasteurs compétents et des fidèles attachés aux dogmes de leur église, mais
rarement des penseurs capables de retourner l&#39;Évangile contre les gouvernants,
ou de se mêler des choses publiques au nom d’une séparation absolue entre &lt;i&gt;Église
et Politique&lt;/i&gt;. En outre, ils ont appris aux chrétiens à recevoir la foi, pas
à la formuler. À célébrer, pas à argumenter. À obéir, pas à questionner. Ce
glissement du théologique vers le pastoral a eu plusieurs conséquences directes
sur la foi chrétienne des Centrafricains.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;font-claude-response-body&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Toutefois, je précise ici que le silence
théologique centrafricain n&#39;est pas un manque de foi, car la dévotion des
chrétiens est réelle. Par contre, c&#39;est un manque de &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;distance critique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; par
rapport à la foi reçue. Or c&#39;est précisément cette distance qui rend possible
une théologie effective : la capacité de demander non pas &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;comment pratiquer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; ce qu&#39;on
croit, mais &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;pourquoi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
on le croit ainsi, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;depuis où&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
on le croit, et &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;ce que ça change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
pour ce peuple-là, dans ce contexte-là&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. C’est
dans cette optique qu’Isaac Zokoué, en tant que figure pionnière de la
théologie centrafricaine, a souhaité, à l’époque, dans son article de&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; 1984,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; dépasser le paternalisme historique des
missionnaires en favorisant la réciprocité et l&#39;autonomie théologique des
Églises locales&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;1.2
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le discours
missionnaire plus pastoral que théologique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le christianisme représente environ 80 % de la
population centrafricaine, réparti entre catholiques (environ 30 %),
protestants (30 %) et un ensemble en constante expansion d&#39;Églises
évangéliques, pentecôtistes et néo-charismatiques (20 %)&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Cette
pluralité confessionnelle est à la fois une richesse et une source de tensions
théologiques. Elle n&#39;a pas produit, jusqu&#39;à présent, une véritable diversité
théologique. Les Églises historiques restent liées à leurs traditions
herméneutiques héritées des missionnaires ; les Églises pentecôtistes et
néo-charismatiques privilégient une théologie de la prospérité et de la
délivrance qui pose des questions missiologiques sérieuses mais qui opère
souvent sans distance critique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Toutefois, la montée en puissance du mouvement
néo-charismatique mérite une attention particulière. Elle correspond à un
besoin réel de réponse à la souffrance quotidienne, à la maladie, à la
pauvreté, à la peur&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Dans
un contexte où l&#39;État est absent et où les structures sociales sont
fragilisées, les Églises pentecôtistes offrent une communauté, un espoir et une
explication à la souffrance. Mais cette réponse, aussi compréhensible soit-elle
sociologiquement, reste théologiquement problématique lorsqu&#39;elle substitue la
promesse d&#39;une prospérité immédiate à l&#39;exigence d&#39;un discernement sur les
causes structurelles de la misère.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;De même, on a toujours constaté qu’il y a la
difficulté de produire une théologie véritablement contextuelle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, capable de dialoguer avec les cultures, les
défis sociaux et les aspirations des peuples tout en restant fidèle au
témoignage biblique. Une telle situation a toujours favorisé l&#39;importation de
modèles théologiques étrangers ou l&#39;essor de pratiques religieuses qui
répondent aux attentes immédiates sans offrir un discernement biblique solide.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Par ailleurs, la crise qui a déchiré la
Centrafrique à partir de 2012-2013, avec l&#39;arrivée des groupes armés de la Séléka
et la réaction des Anti-Balaka a mis en évidence une autre dimension du paysage
religieux : l&#39;instrumentalisation de la religion à des fins politiques et
communautaires&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Si le
conflit n&#39;était pas fondamentalement religieux dans ses causes, il a pris des
colorations confessionnelles qui ont mis l&#39;Église dans une position délicate, à
la fois victime, médiatrice et parfois, involontairement, complice de logiques
identitaires. La réponse théologique à cette instrumentalisation est restée,
dans l&#39;ensemble, timide, presque silencieuse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1 style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: medium; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;II. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: medium; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La problématique du
silence théologique en Centrafrique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Il est souvent dit
que &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;la parole théologique est attendue comme une
parole de discernement, de vérité et d&#39;espérance dans l’espace public.
Pourtant, force est de constater qu&#39;elle demeure souvent discrète, parfois
absente, face aux grands enjeux qui façonnent le destin de la nation. En
Centrafrique, ce constat soulève une question fondamentale : &lt;i&gt;pourquoi la
théologie centrafricaine peine-t-elle à devenir une voix publique capable
d&#39;éclairer la société et d&#39;interpeller les pouvoirs &lt;/i&gt;? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Alors que la violence armée, la corruption,
l&#39;effondrement des institutions, les fractures communautaires, les inégalités
sociales ou encore les défis de la réconciliation interrogent profondément la
foi chrétienne, la production théologique demeure largement centrée sur des
préoccupations ecclésiales internes ou sur la reproduction de modèles élaborés
dans d&#39;autres contextes. Cette situation révèle un décalage entre la théologie
enseignée et les réalités vécues par les populations. Les facultés de théologie
et les instituts bibliques forment des pasteurs compétents en interprétation
des Écritures, mais consacrent souvent peu d&#39;espace à une réflexion critique interdisciplinaire
sur les défis politiques, culturels, économiques et anthropologiques propres à
la RCA. La théologie risque alors de devenir un savoir académique qui éclaire
les salles de cours sans toujours illuminer les lieux où se jouent la
souffrance, l&#39;injustice et l&#39;avenir du pays. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cela dit, plusieurs facteurs contribuent à ce
silence. D&#39;une part, l&#39;héritage missionnaire a parfois privilégié une théologie
tournée vers la vie ecclésiale plutôt que vers l&#39;engagement public. D&#39;autre
part, les crises répétées ont favorisé une culture de prudence, où la prise de
parole critique peut être perçue comme une menace pour les institutions
religieuses ou leurs responsables. À cela s&#39;ajoutent la faiblesse de la
recherche théologique locale, le manque de publications scientifiques, la
rareté des espaces de débat intellectuel et une dépendance persistante à
l&#39;égard de paradigmes théologiques importés, souvent peu adaptés aux réalités
centrafricaines.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;C’est pourquoi, notons-le, le silence
théologique, dont on parle ici, ne signifie pas l&#39;absence de prédications, de
cultes ou de formations théologiques. Il désigne plutôt l&#39;insuffisance d&#39;une
réflexion théologique critique et contextualisée sur les réalités sociétales.
Ainsi, la problématique du silence théologique dépasse le simple cadre
académique. Elle constitue un enjeu ecclésiologique, éthique et sociétal
majeur. Tant que la réflexion théologique restera en retrait des grandes
questions qui traversent une nation, elle laissera vacant un espace que
d&#39;autres voix continueront d&#39;occuper. À l&#39;inverse, une théologie qui assume
pleinement sa responsabilité prophétique pourra redevenir un acteur essentiel
de la transformation spirituelle, morale et sociale de la Centrafrique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;2.1 La dépendance institutionnelle comme cadre
de reproduction théologique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Comprendre pourquoi la théologie centrafricaine
se tait dans l’espace public exige d&#39;aller au-delà des explications
superficielles. On évoque souvent la faiblesse des institutions académiques, le
manque de moyens de production théologique, l&#39;instabilité politique. Ces
facteurs sont réels mais ils ne constituent pas, à eux seuls, une explication
satisfaisante.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;L’expérience d’autres pays africains montre que
les difficultés économiques, politiques et institutionnelles ne constituent
pas, à elles seules, un obstacle insurmontable à la production théologique. Le
Kenya a vu émerger une figure majeure comme John S. Mbiti ; le Ghana a donné à
la théologie africaine contemporaine Kwame Bediako ; la Tanzanie a produit les
travaux importants de Laurenti Magesa ; le Nigeria a compté parmi ses grandes
figures Byang H. Kato ; tandis que la République démocratique du Congo a vu se
développer, avec Kä Mana, une réflexion théologique fortement engagée dans les
questions de crise, de reconstruction et de transformation sociale. Ces
parcours montrent que la vitalité théologique dépend aussi de la capacité des
institutions ecclésiales et universitaires à créer des espaces où la recherche,
la formation et la production intellectuelle peuvent se développer malgré des
ressources limitées&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. La
question est donc moins celle des ressources que celle des structures institutionnelles
qui déterminent ce qu&#39;on attend d&#39;une Église et de ses intellectuels&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;D’abord, il faut souligner que la dépendance
missionnaire prolongée a produit ce que Fabien Eboussi Boulaga, dans un contexte
différent mais applicable, appelle une «&amp;nbsp;extraversion&amp;nbsp;» de la pensée
africaine : l&#39;habitude de se définir par rapport à un ailleurs qui constitue la
norme, de chercher la validation à l&#39;extérieur, de produire pour un public
imaginaire occidental plutôt que pour sa propre communauté&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Dans
le domaine théologique, cette extraversion se manifeste par la tendance à
traiter les questions de la théologie systématique occidentale comme si elles
étaient universelles et à reléguer les questions proprement centrafricaines&amp;nbsp;comme
celles-ci : &lt;i&gt;qu&#39;est-ce que Dieu dit à un peuple qui survit entre deux guerres&lt;/i&gt;
? &lt;i&gt;Comment l&#39;Évangile interpelle-t-il la logique des milices &lt;/i&gt;? &lt;i&gt;Quel
sens a la résurrection dans un pays où les morts sont si nombreux et si récents&lt;/i&gt;
? &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;au rang de «&amp;nbsp;questions secondaires
».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ainsi, le silence théologique affaiblit
également la crédibilité des institutions théologiques elles-mêmes. Une
théologie qui ne dialogue pas avec son contexte devient progressivement
marginale. Elle forme des responsables ecclésiastiques compétents dans la
transmission des doctrines, mais insuffisamment préparés à répondre aux
questions complexes de leur société. Le fossé se creuse alors entre la
recherche académique, le ministère pastoral et les attentes concrètes des
populations. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Face à ce constat, un renouvellement théologique
paraît nécessaire. Il ne s&#39;agit pas de transformer la théologie en discours
politique, mais de lui permettre de retrouver sa vocation première : écouter la
Parole de Dieu pour discerner les signes des temps et éclairer les réalités
humaines. La théologie centrafricaine a besoin d&#39;être une théologie publique,
contextualisée et prophétique, capable d&#39;articuler fidélité aux Écritures,
rigueur scientifique et engagement responsable dans la cité. Une telle
théologie ne se contentera pas d&#39;interpréter les crises ; elle contribuera à
former des consciences, à promouvoir une culture de justice et à nourrir une
espérance active pour la reconstruction nationale.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;2.2. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le déficit de la formation
théologique&amp;nbsp;pour une analyse critique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;On le dit souvent avec raison &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;qu’une formation théologique qui ignore son
contexte peine à offrir des réponses pertinentes aux questions liées aux
traditions locales, à la gouvernance, à la pauvreté, aux conflits, aux
nouvelles formes de spiritualité ou encore aux enjeux du développement. Et, il
faut le dire, la théologie centrafricaine souffre de cette situation. L&#39;absence
d&#39;un programme de formation théologique contextuelle constitue l&#39;une des
principales faiblesses des institutions théologiques centrafricaines. Dans
plusieurs cas, les curricula reproduisent des modèles élaborés dans d&#39;autres
contextes historiques et culturels, sans prendre suffisamment en compte les
réalités sociales, religieuses, économiques et politiques propres au continent.
Cette situation crée un décalage entre la formation académique et les défis
concrets auxquels les responsables d&#39;Église en Centrafrique sont confrontés sur
le terrain.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Les quelques facultés existantes, longtemps
dominées par la présence des enseignants expatriés, ont formé des pasteurs
capables d&#39;administrer des églises mais rarement des théologiens capables de
produire une réflexion originale&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. La
distinction entre formation pastorale et formation théologique rigoureuse —
entre l&#39;apprentissage d&#39;un métier et l&#39;apprentissage d&#39;une discipline
intellectuelle — n&#39;a pas toujours été suffisamment articulée&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;C’est ce que d’ailleurs, Bénézet Bujo, l’a
souvent dénoncé dans sa réflexion sur les fondements d&#39;une théologie africaine
authentique. Il a souvent insisté sur la nécessité d&#39;une formation qui ne se
contente pas de transmettre les acquis de la tradition occidentale mais qui apprend
aux théologiens africains à lire leur propre contexte comme un lieu théologique&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Cette
formation suppose des outils herméneutiques, une familiarité avec les sciences
humaines — anthropologie, histoire, sociologie — et une capacité à dialoguer
avec les traditions religieuses préchrétiennes sans les romantiser ni les
diaboliser. C&#39;est précisément ce type de formation qui fait défaut en Centrafrique.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;De ce fait, le développement de programmes
théologiques contextualisés apparaît donc comme une nécessité. Une telle
approche ne remet pas en cause l&#39;autorité des Écritures, mais cherche à les
interpréter avec rigueur à la lumière des réalités locales. Elle favorise une
théologie capable d&#39;accompagner les Églises dans leur mission, de répondre aux
besoins des communautés et de contribuer à la transformation de la société.
Certaines grandes figures de la théologie africaine ont déjà commencé le
chantier. Il suffit donc de s’inscrire dans leurs sillages et continuer la
tâche. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1 style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: medium; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;III&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: normal; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Les grandes figures de la théologie
africaine comme &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;paradigme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: normal; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;s d&#39;engagement théologique&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: normal; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Soucieux d&#39;articuler la foi
chrétienne avec les réalités historiques, culturelles, sociales et politiques
du continent, quelques figures des milieux évangéliques ont cherché à élaborer
une intelligence de la foi capable de répondre aux défis propres aux sociétés
africaines. Ainsi, depuis les indépendances, ils ont joué un rôle déterminant
dans cette entreprise en proposant des approches qui valorisent les ressources
culturelles africaines tout en exerçant un discernement critique à leur égard. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette réflexion s&#39;appuie sur
les contributions de quelques grandes figures de la théologie africaine : John
S. Mbiti, Byang H. Kato, Kwame Bediako, et Isaac Zokoué. Chacun, à sa manière,
a marqué durablement le développement de la pensée théologique sur le continent
et a exercé une influence significative sur la formation théologique en
Centrafrique. Leurs travaux offrent des perspectives complémentaires sur les
rapports entre l&#39;Évangile, les cultures africaines et la mission de l&#39;Église.
En revisitant leurs principales intuitions, cette étude ne vise pas seulement à
rendre hommage à leur héritage intellectuel ; elle cherche surtout à dégager
des repères théologiques capables d&#39;éclairer les défis auxquels les Églises et
les institutions théologiques centrafricaines sont aujourd&#39;hui confrontées.
L&#39;objectif est de montrer que la redécouverte critique de ces penseurs théologiens
constitue une ressource essentielle pour construire une théologie à la fois
fidèle aux Écritures, enracinée dans les réalités africaines et porteuse d&#39;une
véritable transformation ecclésiale et sociale. Nous allons essayer de lire
l’une après l’autre leurs différentes contributions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1 style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;3.1 Les figures majeures de la théologie
africaine contemporaine : pensée, engagement et influence dans les
transformations sociales en Afrique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;pdq2pgselectionanchorcontainer&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Je
commence par John S. Mbiti qui a contribué de manière décisive à renouveler la
compréhension des religions africaines en les présentant comme un lieu pertinent
pour penser le rapport entre les traditions religieuses africaines et la foi
chrétienne&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Son
œuvre a notamment montré que les traditions religieuses africaines ne pouvaient
être réduites à des formes de superstition ou de paganisme, mais qu’elles comportaient
des conceptions de Dieu, du monde, de la personne et de la communauté
susceptibles d’entrer en dialogue avec la réflexion théologique chrétienne&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Cette
démarche a contribué à remettre en question certaines représentations
occidentales dépréciatives des religions africaines et à reconnaître leur
importance comme données culturelles et religieuses pour l’élaboration d’une
théologie africaine&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mbiti lui-même a développé explicitement la
question du &lt;b data-end=&quot;1413&quot; data-start=&quot;1352&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;dialogue entre la
foi chrétienne et la religion africaine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, en soutenant que
l’annonce chrétienne en Afrique devait prendre au sérieux l’univers religieux
dans lequel elle s’inscrivait.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;pdq2pgselectionanchorcontainer&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;De&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; son côté, Kwame Bediako a montré que
l’identité chrétienne en Afrique ne peut être comprise comme une simple
imitation des modèles occidentaux, mais comme le résultat d’une appropriation
du christianisme à partir des langues, des cultures et des univers religieux
africains&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn25&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Son
approche a profondément marqué les débats sur l’inculturation, l’identité
chrétienne et la manière dont le christianisme peut s’enraciner dans les
réalités africaines sans perdre son caractère propre&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn26&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.² Pour
Bediako, l’expérience africaine du christianisme ne constitue donc pas une
version périphérique d’un christianisme élaboré ailleurs ; elle participe
pleinement à la construction d’une identité chrétienne africaine capable de
dialoguer avec son histoire, sa culture et ses héritages religieux&lt;/span&gt;.³&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;D&#39;autres théologiens africains, à l’instar d’Isaac
Zokoué en Centrafrique et Jean-Marc Ela, ont déplacé le centre de gravité de la
réflexion théologique vers les questions de justice sociale, de pauvreté, de
gouvernance, de développement et de dignité humaine. Pour eux, la théologie ne
peut demeurer confinée aux institutions ecclésiastiques ; elle doit participer
activement à la transformation des structures sociales qui produisent
l&#39;exclusion, les violences et les inégalités. Cette orientation a favorisé
l&#39;émergence d&#39;une théologie publique attentive aux réalités économiques,
politiques et écologiques de l&#39;Afrique&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn27&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;L&#39;influence de ces figures dépasse largement le
cadre universitaire. Leurs travaux ont nourri la formation des responsables
ecclésiastiques, inspiré des programmes d&#39;éducation théologique contextualisée
et encouragé les Églises à s&#39;engager davantage dans les domaines de la réconciliation,
de la consolidation de la paix, de la santé, de l&#39;éducation et de la défense
des droits humains. Ils ont également contribué à promouvoir une lecture
critique des pratiques culturelles, en distinguant celles qui peuvent enrichir
l&#39;expérience chrétienne de celles qui portent atteinte à la dignité de la
personne.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cependant, l&#39;impact de la théologie centrafricaine
demeure infructueux. Malgré l’effort de sa production intellectuelle, son
influence reste souvent limitée dans les programmes de formation théologique,
où les modèles missionnaires continuent d&#39;occuper une place prépondérante. Cette
situation réduit la capacité de répondre aux enjeux spécifiques de la société centrafricaine.
Elle souligne la nécessité de renforcer les recherches interdisciplinaires et
de développer des curricula davantage ancrés dans les réalités locales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Comme souligné ci-haut, si les figures majeures
de la théologie africaine ont contribué à faire émerger une pensée chrétienne
qui dialogue avec les cultures africaines sans renoncer aux exigences de
l&#39;Évangile, la théologie centrafricaine demeure encore dans l’attente de sa
naissance. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;C’est pourquoi, l’héritage
d’Isaac Zokoué s’impose comme une ressource essentielle pour accompagner les jeunes
théologiens centrafricains dans l’exercice d’un regard critique sur les
mutations sociales, la promotion d’une gouvernance éthique et la participation
à la construction d’une société plus juste, plus solidaire et davantage consciente
de son identité historique et spirituelle&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn28&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;3.2&lt;b&gt;. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;La théologie d&#39;Isaac Zokoué&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn29&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
: une théologie au service de l&#39;Église et de la société&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Parmi les figures de la théologie africaine
contemporaine, Isaac Zokoué (1944-2014) est sans doute celui dont l&#39;œuvre offre
une théologie&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;plus féconde pour la
situation centrafricaine. Il était l&#39;un des plus grands théologiens
évangéliques francophones d&#39;Afrique en général et de Centrafrique en
particulier. Pasteur, enseignant, ancien doyen de la Faculté de Théologie
Évangélique de Bangui (FATEB) et intellectuel engagé, il a consacré son
ministère à former une génération de responsables chrétiens capables de
répondre aux défis spirituels, culturels et sociaux de l&#39;Afrique. Son œuvre
couvre la christologie, l&#39;ecclésiologie, l&#39;herméneutique, la théologie
africaine, le leadership et les rapports entre l&#39;Église et la société. Pour
Zokoué, la théologie ne peut être un simple exercice académique. Elle doit
conduire l&#39;Église à une meilleure connaissance de Dieu, à une fidélité à
l&#39;Évangile et à une transformation de la société africaine. Il résume cette
vision en appelant à « revisiter la théologie », c&#39;est-à-dire à relire les
grands thèmes de la foi chrétienne à la lumière des réalités contemporaines de
l&#39;Afrique, sans abandonner l&#39;autorité des Écritures. Cette orientation apparaît
dans son recueil &lt;i&gt;Revisiter la théologie en Afrique contemporaine&lt;/i&gt;. Pour
lui,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; l’Évangile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; concerne autant le salut personnel que la
transformation des structures sociales. En effet, la théologie ne doit pas
éluder certains thèmes tels que&amp;nbsp;: la corruption, la crise du leadership,
les relations entre l’Église et l’État, la responsabilité publique des
chrétiens. Il estime qu’une Église fidèle à l’Évangile doit contribuer à la
justice, à la paix et au développement de la société. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;À cet égard, Zokoué, en tant que pionnier de la
théologie centrafricaine, &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;occupe une
position originale. Il partage avec Byang H. Kato l&#39;attachement à l&#39;autorité
des Écritures, mais rejoint aussi John S. Mbiti dans son souci de dialoguer
avec les réalités culturelles africaines. Sa théologie apparaît ainsi comme une
tentative de concilier rigueur doctrinale, contextualisation et responsabilité
sociale, faisant de lui l&#39;un des principaux représentants de la théologie
évangélique africaine contemporaine, et une figure matrice de la théologie centrafricaine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;De même, pour Zokoué, l’enjeu de sa théologie n’est
pas seulement de contextualiser l’Évangile, mais de former une communauté de
chercheurs capables de contribuer au débat théologique africain et
international. Cela suppose une culture de recherche , une production scientifique
régulière, des revues de qualité, des réseaux académiques et un dialogue
interdisciplinaire. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;À mon sens, la théologie de Zokoué souligne une
lacune importante de la recherche théologique axée souvent sur l’Église en
Centrafrique plutôt que sur la théologie produite en Centrafrique.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Car, pour lui, ces deux aspects sont liés,
mais distincts. Une histoire des institutions ecclésiales ne remplace pas une
histoire des idées théologiques, des débats doctrinaux, des méthodes d’interprétation
biblique et des contributions intellectuelles des théologiens
centrafricains.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;C’est probablement l’un
des chantiers théologiques &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;les plus
prometteurs pour une recherche originale. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;274&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Théologien &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 209.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;279&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Contribution théologique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;274&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;John S. Mbiti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 209.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;279&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Réhabilitation des
  religions et des cultures africaines comme interlocutrices de la théologie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;274&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Byang H. Kato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 209.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;279&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Défense de
  l&#39;autorité absolue des Écritures et vigilance contre le syncrétisme.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;274&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Kwame Bediako&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 209.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;279&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Développement
  d&#39;une identité chrétienne pleinement africaine et affirmation que le
  christianisme est une foi universelle, non occidentale&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.45pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;274&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Isaac Zokoué&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 209.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;279&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Équilibre entre
  fidélité biblique, contextualisation et responsabilité sociale de l&#39;Église.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;I&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Le contexte centrafricain &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;comme
lieu théologique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;pdq2pgselectionanchorcontainer&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Au regard de tout ce qui précède, je me permets
de dire que la première tâche que doit accomplir la théologie centrafricaine
est de reconnaître son propre contexte comme un lieu théologique légitime. Malheureusement,
il semble évident que ce n&#39;en est pas une. Des décennies de dépendance
missionnaire ont habitué les théologiens et les pasteurs centrafricains à
traiter les questions de leur propre expérience comme des applications
secondaires d&#39;une théologie produite ailleurs. Pourtant, dans son article &lt;b data-end=&quot;5335&quot; data-start=&quot;5285&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;« Educating for Servant
Leadership in Africa »&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, publié en 1990 dans &lt;i data-end=&quot;5397&quot; data-start=&quot;5357&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Africa
Journal of Evangelical Theology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, qui porte précisément sur la
formation théologique en Afrique, Zokoué pense que &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;former un responsable chrétien ne consistai
pas simplement à lui transmettre des connaissances bibliques&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn30&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Il faut
également former &lt;b data-end=&quot;5797&quot; data-start=&quot;5714&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;son caractère, sa
capacité de service et sa responsabilité envers la communauté&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. Cette
dimension est importante pour comprendre sa conception du théologien : le
théologien n&#39;est pas seulement un universitaire. Il est appelé à servir sa
propre communauté.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Autrement dit, il s&#39;agit d&#39;inverser la logique missionnaire
: c’est-à-dire, &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;partir de l&#39;expérience
centrafricaine non pas comme un problème à résoudre grâce aux outils de la
théologie occidentale, mais comme une question propre qui ouvre l&#39;accès à des
dimensions de l&#39;Évangile que d&#39;autres contextes n&#39;auraient pas révélées.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette démarche ne dit pas que chaque contexte
produit sa propre vérité et que toutes se valent. Elle dit que la vérité de
l&#39;Évangile est inépuisable, et que chaque contexte humain, avec sa
particularité irréductible, est capable d&#39;en illuminer une facette que les
autres n&#39;ont pas vue avec la même acuité. La théologie africaine l&#39;a compris
depuis la fin de la colonisation. Le théologien centrafricain doit maintenant
trouver sa propre façon de le dire.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;De toutes les façons, l&#39;une des évolutions
majeures de la théologie africaine contemporaine consiste à reconnaître que le
contexte n&#39;est pas un simple arrière-plan de la réflexion chrétienne, mais un
véritable lieu de production théologique. La théologie ne naît pas dans le vide
; elle s&#39;élabore à partir des réalités historiques, culturelles, sociales et
religieuses d&#39;un peuple. Dès lors, le contexte centrafricain, avec ses
blessures, ses aspirations et ses ressources culturelles, devient un espace
privilégié où la Parole de Dieu est reçue, interprétée et mise en dialogue avec
les défis du présent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;. &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette conviction a déjà trouvé un écho dans la
pensée d’Isaac Zokoué, pour qui la théologie doit partir des réalités
quotidiennes des populations centrafricaines. Selon lui, l&#39;Évangile ne peut
être annoncé de manière crédible sans prendre en compte les situations de
pauvreté, d&#39;injustice, de violence et d&#39;exclusion qui façonnent l&#39;existence des
peuples&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn31&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref31&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn31;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. La
théologie est ainsi appelée à devenir une parole de libération et de responsabilité,
capable d&#39;accompagner les communautés dans leur lutte pour une vie plus juste
et plus digne&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn32&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref32&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn32;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt; Dans &lt;/span&gt;cette perspective, pour Zokoué, il
est temps que « le christianisme africain tire profit de son héritage ancestral
pour ouvrir de nouveaux chantiers théologiques&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn33&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref33&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn33;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;». En
d’autres termes, « l’enracinement dans la foi chrétienne et la maturité des
églises dépendront du sérieux avec lequel les questions théologiques seront
traitées ». &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;C’est ainsi que la réflexion d&#39;Isaac Zokoué a
apporté une contribution décisive à cette problématique. En tant que théologien
centrafricain, il a insisté sur la nécessité d&#39;une théologie attentive aux
réalités concrètes de la société, capable d&#39;articuler fidélité biblique,
responsabilité ecclésiale et engagement social. Par exemple, après plusieurs
décennies de crises, la question n’est peut-être plus&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;seulement celle de la paix, mais celle de la
reconstruction des personnes, des institutions et du tissu social. Cette
reconstruction concerne la mémoire, la confiance, la justice, la
responsabilité, le pardon, la gouvernance et la citoyenneté. La théologie peut
offrir un cadre de réflexion original sur ces enjeux.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ainsi,
Zokoué définit sa théologie&amp;nbsp;: la mission de l&#39;Église ne se limite pas à la
proclamation du salut individuel ; elle comprend également un témoignage
prophétique en faveur de la justice, de la paix, de la réconciliation et de la
reconstruction nationale&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn34&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref34&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn34;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette approche rejoint l&#39;intuition fondamentale
de John S. Mbiti, selon laquelle la foi chrétienne doit être pensée à partir
des catégories africaines de compréhension du monde. L&#39;expérience
communautaire, la solidarité, la mémoire des ancêtres, le sens de la vie
collective et la dimension spirituelle de l&#39;existence constituent autant
d&#39;éléments qui influencent la manière dont les Africains accueillent et vivent
l&#39;Évangile. La théologie ne peut ignorer cette réalité si elle souhaite
demeurer pertinente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Dans le contexte centrafricain, ces différentes
approches convergent vers une même exigence : élaborer une théologie enracinée
dans les réalités locales tout en demeurant fidèle au témoignage des Écritures.
Les crises politiques, les conflits armés, les fractures identitaires, les
déplacements de populations, les défis du vivre-ensemble et la quête de
réconciliation ne sont pas de simples sujets d&#39;analyse sociologique. Ils
deviennent des lieux où l&#39;Église est appelée à discerner l&#39;action de Dieu et à
annoncer une espérance crédible.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ainsi, le contexte centrafricain apparaît comme
un véritable laboratoire théologique. Il oblige les théologiens à dépasser les
modèles importés pour élaborer une pensée capable d&#39;éclairer les défis
spécifiques du pays. Une telle théologie ne cherche pas seulement à comprendre
la réalité ; elle participe activement à sa transformation en proposant une
vision chrétienne de la paix, de la justice, de la dignité humaine et de la
réconciliation. C&#39;est précisément dans cette interaction permanente entre
l&#39;Évangile et l&#39;histoire que le contexte centrafricain révèle toute sa
fécondité comme lieu théologique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Autrement dit, la Centrafrique a besoin d&#39;une
Église prophétique&amp;nbsp;, non &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;pas au sens d&#39;une institution qui prédit
l&#39;avenir ou qui multiplie les «&amp;nbsp;révélations&amp;nbsp;» spectaculaires, mais au
sens biblique d&#39;une communauté qui dit la vérité au pouvoir, qui dénonce
l&#39;injustice, qui maintient ouverte l&#39;espérance quand tout invite au désespoir.
Cette vocation prophétique n&#39;est pas étrangère à la tradition des Églises
centrafricaines ; elle a été exercée, à des moments clés de l&#39;histoire, par des
voix courageuses. Mais elle n&#39;a pas encore trouvé son fondement théologique
explicite.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Construire ce fondement suppose de dépasser la
vision d&#39;une Église qui se contente d&#39;accompagner la société sans la
questionner — qui bénit les puissants, célèbre les victoires du régime et garde
le silence sur les injustices. Cette vision est théologiquement insuffisante et
historiquement compromettante. Elle a conduit trop d&#39;Églises africaines à être
complices, par leur silence, des régimes qui opprimaient leurs propres fidèles.
Une ecclésiologie prophétique, nourrie par la lecture de l&#39;Ancien Testament et
par la christologie des évangiles synoptiques, propose une Église qui se
définit par sa relation au Royaume de Dieu plutôt que par sa relation aux
pouvoirs établis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette ecclésiologie devra aussi traiter la
question épineuse de l&#39;œcuménisme. Les divisions confessionnelles en
Centrafrique ont souvent affaibli la voix de l&#39;Église dans l&#39;espace public. Une
Église divisée peine à parler avec autorité sur les questions d&#39;intérêt commun.
L&#39;œcuménisme, dans ce contexte, n&#39;est pas seulement une exigence théologique
liée à la prière de Jésus pour l&#39;unité (Jean 17) ; c&#39;est une nécessité
stratégique pour l&#39;exercice d&#39;une mission prophétique crédible.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;V.
&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;La formation comme condition d&#39;une
théologie naissante&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Aucune des orientations esquissées ici ne sera
possible sans une transformation sérieuse des structures de formation
théologique en Centrafrique. Il ne s&#39;agit pas seulement d&#39;augmenter le nombre d&#39;institutions
ou de diplômés en théologie — il s&#39;agit de repenser radicalement la finalité et
la méthode de la formation théologique. Former des théologiens capables de
penser leur propre contexte suppose des programmes qui intègrent les sciences
humaines africaines, l&#39;histoire de la mission en Centrafrique, les traditions
culturelles locales, et les grandes figures de la théologie africaine
contemporaine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cela suppose aussi de valoriser la recherche
théologique locale, de créer des espaces de publication, de débat et de
dialogue qui permettent aux théologiens centrafricains de partager leur
réflexion entre eux et avec le reste du monde. Des revues théologiques en
français et dans les langues nationales, des colloques réguliers, des
partenariats avec des institutions académiques africaines et internationales :
autant de conditions matérielles sans lesquelles une théologie naissante ne
peut pas se développer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La question des langues mérite une attention
particulière. Une théologie centrafricaine authentique devra, à terme,
s&#39;exprimer dans les langues du peuple — le sango, mais aussi les langues des
différents groupes ethniques — et pas seulement dans le français académique. Le
sango, langue véhiculaire nationale, n&#39;a pas encore développé le vocabulaire
théologique qui lui permettrait de porter une réflexion complexe. C&#39;est un
chantier linguistique et théologique d&#39;une importance considérable, qui appelle
la collaboration entre théologiens, linguistes et communautés locales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1 style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: medium; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Conclusion : Le
courage d&#39;une parole théologique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;L&#39;un des textes les plus cités de la Bible en
contexte africain de violence et d&#39;oppression est peut-être la question que
l&#39;ange pose à Hagar dans le désert : « &lt;i&gt;D&#39;où viens-tu et où vas-tu&lt;/i&gt; ? »
(Genèse 16,8). Cette double question — identitaire et téléologique — est celle
que &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;a voulu poser à la théologie
centrafricaine. D&#39;où vient-elle ? D&#39;une histoire de dépendance, de silence
imposé, de violence subie et de ressources inexploitées. Où va-t-elle ? Vers
une parole propre, enracinée dans son sol, interpellée par son peuple, formée
par l&#39;Écriture et capable de dire quelque chose de vrai sur Dieu au milieu de
l&#39;expérience centrafricaine. Ce chemin n&#39;est pas facile. Il demande du courage&amp;nbsp;,
le courage de nommer les complicités, de remettre en question les dépendances
confortables, de poser des questions auxquelles on n&#39;a pas encore de réponses.
Il demande aussi de l&#39;humilité, la reconnaissance que personne ne peut penser
seul, que la théologie est un acte communautaire, que la vérité se construit
dans le dialogue et la confrontation patiente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mais il y a, en Centrafrique d&#39;aujourd&#39;hui, des
signes d&#39;une parole théologique en gestation. Des chrétiens de base qui lisent
la Bible ensemble en partant de leurs propres questions. Des pasteurs et des
prêtres qui refusent de se taire face à l&#39;injustice. Des femmes qui portent
leur expérience de la violence et de la résistance dans les assemblées de
prière. Des jeunes théologiens évangéliques ou catholiques qui cherchent à
articuler une foi qui tienne debout dans l&#39;adversité. Ce sont ces voix
dispersées, fragiles, souvent inaudibles dans les espaces académiques, qui
portent les germes d&#39;une théologie centrafricaine à venir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Car, &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;la
théologie doit être ouverte à tous ; cette théologie de la discussion et du
débat&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;doit toujours rester, et encore,
une théologie à écrire. Elle n’est jamais définitive, elle n’est l’objet
d’aucune conclusion, elle se construit petit à petit dans la confrontation
respectueuse et dynamique de toutes nos images de Dieu et dans la création
audacieuse et patiente de nouvelles propositions théologiques. Cette théologie
est celle d’un Dieu qui fait parler tout le monde, qui nous devance sans cesse
et qui nous rend, toutes et tous, théologiens.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;À cet effet, la tâche des institutions
théologiques, des Églises et des chrétiens intellectuels est de créer les
conditions dans lesquelles ces voix peuvent se rencontrer, s&#39;écouter, se
critiquer mutuellement et produire ensemble quelque chose qu&#39;aucune d&#39;elles
n&#39;aurait pu produire seule. C&#39;est ce qu’Isaac Zokoué appelait «&amp;nbsp;la
théologie d’immersion&amp;nbsp;». La Centrafrique attend ses propres théologiens
pour faire ce travail. Cet article n&#39;est pas une réponse ; c&#39;est une invitation
à commencer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: right; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: right; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Jimi ZACKA, PhD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 24pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Bibliographies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 25pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Ouvrages sélectionnés&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 100.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Bediako&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;, K., &lt;i&gt;Christianity&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;in Africa: The Renewal of a Non-Western
Religion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Bediako&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; K., &lt;i data-end=&quot;1547&quot; data-start=&quot;1435&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Theology
and Identity: The Impact of Culture upon Christian Thought in the Second
Century and in Modern Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Oxford: Regnum Books, 1992.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Bujo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;, B., &lt;i&gt;La théologie africaine dans son
contexte social&lt;/i&gt;. Kinshasa : Saint-Paul Afrique&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;1980.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Boulaga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;, E., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Fabien&lt;i&gt;. Christianity Without Fetishes: An
African Critique and Recapture of Christianity.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Maryknoll : Orbis Books, 198&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Éla&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;. JM, Repenser la théologie africaine : le Dieu
qui libère. Paris: Karthala, 2003&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;______&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt; Ma foi d&#39;Africain. Paris : Karthala, 1985.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 100.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Kato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;, B.H., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;“Theological Anemia in Africa,” dans &lt;i data-end=&quot;1403&quot; data-start=&quot;1370&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Biblical
Christianity in Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Achimota, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 100.0pt center 207.65pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Ghana: Africa Christian
Press, 1985&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Kato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, B., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i data-end=&quot;1626&quot; data-start=&quot;1594&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Theological Pitfalls in Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,
Kisumu, Kenya: Evangelical Publishing House, 1975.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;_______., &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Concepts of God in Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
(London: S. P. C. K., 1970&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;__________&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, &lt;i data-end=&quot;2818&quot; data-start=&quot;2774&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Bible and Theology in
African Christianity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Nairobi: Oxford University Press, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;1986&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mumo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, P.M.; &lt;i data-end=&quot;8884&quot; data-start=&quot;8770&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;A Study
of Theological Education in Africa Inland Church-Kenya: Its Historical
Development and Its Present State&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (thèse, University of Nairobi,
1997);&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 100.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;x193iq5w&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Picon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;x193iq5w&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;, R., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Tous
Théologiens&lt;/i&gt;, édition Van Dierens, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Collection Petite Bibliothèque Théologique &lt;span class=&quot;x193iq5w&quot;&gt;2004 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Tiénou&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, T., &lt;i data-end=&quot;3284&quot; data-start=&quot;3238&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;The
Theological Task of the Church in Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Achimota, Ghana: Africa
Christian Press, 1990).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Zacka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;,J., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Possessions
démoniaques et Exorcismes dans les Églises Pentecôtistes d’Afrique Centrale&lt;/i&gt;,
Yaoundé&amp;nbsp;: CLE, 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;_______&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; «&amp;nbsp;Rôles et tâches du théologien en
Afrique ». Hommage au Dr Isaac &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zokoué.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;»
In &lt;i&gt;Revisiter la théologie en Afrique contemporaine&lt;/i&gt;, by Isaac Zokoué,
161–65. Abidjan : Conseil des Institutions Théologiques d’Afrique Francophone,
2016.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;________&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;«&lt;span class=&quot;toc-item-title&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt; Le Christianisme en République centrafricaine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;»
in &amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Anthology of African
Christianity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; , &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;Augsburg
Fortress,&amp;nbsp;Fortress
Press, 2016, pp. 523-525.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;_________ «&amp;nbsp;Rôles et tâches du théologien
en Afrique ». Hommage au Dr Isaac &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zokoué.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;»
In &lt;i&gt;Revisiter la théologie en Afrique contemporaine&lt;/i&gt;, by Isaac Zokoué,
161–65. Abidjan : Conseil des Institutions Théologiques d’Afrique Francophone,
2016&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 100.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Zokoué&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;, I., &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Jésus-Christ sauveur : le mystère des deux
natures : perspective africaine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(Yaoundé,
CLE, 2004)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 25pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Articles sélectionnés&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 25pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Adeloye&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, O.J., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;“The Place of Theological Education in
Africa’s Quest for Relevant Leadership.” In &lt;i data-end=&quot;3545&quot; data-start=&quot;3485&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Leadership in Africa: Challenges for
Theological Education&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, 271–281. Ibadan, Nigeria: West African
Association of Theological Institutions, 2012. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Amanze &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, J. “Ecumenical
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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Bediako&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, K., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;“A Half Century of African Christian Thought:
Pointers to Theology and Theological Education in the Next Half Century,” &lt;i data-end=&quot;6054&quot; data-start=&quot;6016&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Journal
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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Breman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, C., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;“A Portrait of Dr. Byang Kato,” &lt;i data-end=&quot;2622&quot; data-start=&quot;2582&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Africa
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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Hanciles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, “African Theological
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Christian Theology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; 1, no. 1 (2024): 28–44&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Kato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, B., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;“Theological Anemia in Africa,” dans &lt;i data-end=&quot;1403&quot; data-start=&quot;1370&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Biblical
Christianity in Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Achimota, Ghana: Africa Christian Press,
1985), 11–17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mashabela&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;,J.K., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;“Africanisation as an Agent of Theological
Education in Africa.” &lt;i data-end=&quot;3113&quot; data-start=&quot;3069&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; 73, no.
3 (2017). DOI: 10.4102/hts.v73i3.4581&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Yacouba, S., &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;“African Theological Education: Retrospect and
Prospect—A Francophone Perspective.” &lt;i data-end=&quot;2123&quot; data-start=&quot;2095&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;African Christian Theology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; 1,
no. 1 (2024): 45–65. DOI: 10.69683 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Zacka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, J., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;«&amp;nbsp;Centrafrique:
Chrétiens et Musulmans, pouvons-nous réapprendre à vivre ensemble?&amp;nbsp;» in &lt;i&gt;L&#39;arbre
à palabre&lt;/i&gt;, 22 December 2013, Jahttp://www.sozoala.com/palabre/reflexions/r20131222002.htm
published 3 April 2014&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;_________&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;, «&amp;nbsp;Défis des églises africaines dans l’espace public : prendre la
parole ou éluder la parole?&amp;nbsp;» In&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Éthique &amp;amp; société : revue de réflexion morale&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 14
(2018), no. 1-2, p. 81-98&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 100.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zokoué,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt; «&amp;nbsp;Education for
Servant Leadership in Africa&lt;i&gt;” Africa Journal of Evangelical Theology&lt;/i&gt; 9.1.
(1990): 3-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;________“Église–Mission. Quelles relations?” &lt;i&gt;Perspectives
missionnaires&lt;/i&gt; 8 (1984): 31–40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;À prime abord, il faut rappeler qu’un &lt;b data-end=&quot;35&quot; data-start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;christianisme sans théologie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; n’est pas un christianisme
sans foi, mais c’est une foi qui renonce à réfléchir sur ce qu’elle croit, sur
les raisons de sa foi et sur les conséquences de celle-ci dans la vie
personnelle, ecclésiale et sociale. Pour une réflexion théologique, on peut en
dégager certaines conséquences majeures. Par exemple, lorsque la foi cesse
d’être interrogée, interprétée et confrontée à l’Écriture, n’importe quelle
affirmation peut facilement devenir une vérité. Le chrétien risque alors de
confondre conviction personnelle, parole prophétique, tradition ecclésiale et
enseignement biblique. Alors que la théologie doit jouer ici un rôle de &lt;b data-end=&quot;698&quot; data-start=&quot;682&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;discernement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; : elle demande ce que l’on
croit, pourquoi on le croit et sur quel fondement biblique et théologique
repose cette croyance. In fine, l&#39;absence d’une réflexion théologique crée un
terrain favorable aux manipulations : promesses de prospérité, marchandisation
du miracle, instrumentalisation de la peur, théologie de la malédiction,
obsession des démons ou encore interprétations arbitraires des textes bibliques.
Le problème n&#39;est donc pas seulement intellectuel. Il devient pastoral, éthique
et même social.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;pdq2pgselectionanchorcontainer&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Lire à cet effet, Jimi &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zacka&lt;/span&gt;, «&lt;span class=&quot;toc-item-title&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt; Le Christianisme en République centrafricaine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;» in &amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Anthology of African Christianity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
, &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;Augsburg
Fortress,&amp;nbsp;Fortress
Press, 2016, pp. 523-525.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1ddcqdc.72&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Ibid&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;x193iq5w&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Raphaël &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Picon&lt;/span&gt;,
dans son ouvrage, &lt;i&gt;Tous Théologiens&lt;/i&gt;, édition Van Dierens, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Collection Petite Bibliothèque Théologique &lt;span class=&quot;x193iq5w&quot;&gt;2004, nous propose d’être « Tous théologiens » et il a bien
raison. Dans son langage simple et juste, il s’adresse à chacun de nous pour
nous dire de ne pas hésiter à parler de Dieu, à en discuter et surtout… y
réfléchir à nouveau frais. Que nous soyons savants ou simples croyants,
familiers du langage abstrait ou bien éloignés de tout cela, il nous fait
remarquer que nous ne pouvons éviter, dans la vie courante, les affirmations ou
les questions d’ordre religieux et que cela vaut la peine d’y penser à notre
manière et de faire de la « théologie à l’air libre ».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Lire Byang
H. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Kato&lt;/span&gt;, “Theological Anemia in
Africa,” dans &lt;i data-end=&quot;1403&quot; data-start=&quot;1370&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Biblical
Christianity in Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Achimota, Ghana: Africa Christian Press,
1985), 11–17. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La référence à la « theological anemia » se
trouve notamment à la p. 11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Cf. Byang H&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;. Kato&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;i data-end=&quot;1626&quot; data-start=&quot;1594&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Theological Pitfalls in
Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Kisumu, Kenya: Evangelical Publishing House, 1975.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Association
for Christian Theological Education in Africa (ACTEA), “About ACTEA,” consulté
le 9 août 2026. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ACTEA indique officiellement avoir été fondée
en &lt;b data-end=&quot;2177&quot; data-start=&quot;2164&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;mars 1976&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; comme
projet de la &lt;i data-end=&quot;2231&quot; data-start=&quot;2197&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Theological
Education Commission&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; de l’Association of Evangelicals in Africa,
sous la direction de Byang Kato. L’organisation précise que Kato considérait
une formation théologique évangélique rigoureuse comme un moyen de remédier à
l’« anémie théologique » du christianisme africain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Christina
M. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Breman&lt;/span&gt;, “A Portrait of Dr.
Byang Kato,” &lt;i data-end=&quot;2622&quot; data-start=&quot;2582&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Africa
Journal of Evangelical Theology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; 15, no. 2 (1996): 141–150. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette étude biographique permet de replacer la
réflexion de Kato sur la formation théologique dans l’ensemble de son projet de
renouvellement du christianisme évangélique africain&amp;nbsp;; Lire aussi Tite &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Tiénou&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;i data-end=&quot;3284&quot; data-start=&quot;3238&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;The Theological Task of
the Church in Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Achimota, Ghana: Africa Christian Press,
1990). Tiénou replace la réflexion théologique africaine dans la responsabilité
propre de l’Église africaine et constitue une référence importante pour
prolonger la problématique de Kato.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Cf. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Jimi
&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zacka&lt;/span&gt;, «&amp;nbsp;Rôles et tâches du
théologien en Afrique ». Hommage au Dr Isaac &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zokoué.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;»
In &lt;i&gt;Revisiter la théologie en Afrique contemporaine&lt;/i&gt;, by Isaac Zokoué,
161–65. Abidjan : Conseil des Institutions Théologiques d’Afrique Francophone,
2016.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Lire Jimi &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zacka&lt;/span&gt;,
«&amp;nbsp;Défis des églises africaines dans l’espace public : prendre la parole ou
éluder la parole?&amp;nbsp;» In&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Éthique
&amp;amp; société : revue de réflexion morale&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 14 (2018), no. 1-2, p.
81-98&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Le problème n&#39;est pas d&#39;utiliser la pensée
théologique produite en Occident, en Amérique ou ailleurs. Le problème apparaît
lorsque &lt;b data-end=&quot;3691&quot; data-start=&quot;3605&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;l&#39;Église centrafricaine consomme la théologie occidentale sans
participer elle-même à sa production&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;En d’autres termes, sans théologie localement produite, la foi
risque de devenir essentiellement cultuelle : on prie, on chante, on prêche, on
organise des cérémonies, mais on peine à penser les conséquences de l&#39;Évangile
sur la manière de vivre ensemble&lt;span&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;Ainsi,
la question n&#39;est donc pas de savoir s&#39;il faut choisir entre&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b data-end=&quot;5333&quot; data-start=&quot;5313&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;foi
et théologie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. La véritable question est plutôt de savoir&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b data-end=&quot;5509&quot; data-start=&quot;5378&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;quelle
foi produit quelle théologie, et quelle théologie permet à la foi de demeurer
fidèle à l&#39;Évangile dans un contexte donné&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Cf. Isaac &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zokoué.&lt;/span&gt;
“Le rôle de la théologie dans la transformation de l’Afrique.” In &lt;i&gt;Revisiter
la théologie en Afrique contemporaine&lt;/i&gt;, 109–16. Abidjan: Conseil des Institutions
Théologiques d’Afrique Francophone, 2016.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Cf. &lt;span class=&quot;t&quot;&gt;Rapport de l’Observatoire
Pharos 9.02.2015&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Jimi &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zacka&lt;/span&gt;,
Possessions démoniaques et Exorcismes dans les Églises Pentecôtistes d’Afrique
Centrale, Yaoundé&amp;nbsp;: CLE, 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Lire Jimi &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zacka&lt;/span&gt;,
«&amp;nbsp;Centrafrique: Chrétiens et Musulmans, pouvons-nous réapprendre à vivre
ensemble?&amp;nbsp;» in &lt;i&gt;L&#39;arbre à palabre&lt;/i&gt;, 22 December 2013, Jahttp://www.sozoala.com/palabre/reflexions/r20131222002.htm
published 3 April 2014)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Lire à cet effet, James &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Amanze &lt;/span&gt;,. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;“Ecumenical Theological
Education in Africa: The Case of the Association of Theological Institutions in
Southern and Central Africa (ATISCA).” In &lt;i data-end=&quot;2962&quot; data-start=&quot;2917&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Handbook of Theological Education in Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,
1018–1031; Jacob O. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Adeloye&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;“The Place of Theological Education in
Africa’s Quest for Relevant Leadership.” In &lt;i data-end=&quot;3545&quot; data-start=&quot;3485&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Leadership in Africa: Challenges for
Theological Education&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, 271–281. Ibadan, Nigeria: West African
Association of Theological Institutions, 2012.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Cette
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;problématique a été débattue par Kwame &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Bediako&lt;/span&gt;, “A Half Century of African
Christian Thought: Pointers to Theology and Theological Education in the Next
Half Century,” &lt;i data-end=&quot;6054&quot; data-start=&quot;6016&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Journal
of African Christian Thought&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; 3, no. 1 (2000): 5–16. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Cf&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;. Adeyemo&lt;/span&gt;, T. “The Calling of
Theological Education in Africa Today.” &lt;i data-end=&quot;4055&quot; data-start=&quot;4009&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;East African Journal of Evangelical
Theology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; 8, no. 1 (1989): 1–6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Lire à cet effet, ces ouvrages&amp;nbsp;: Sanon, &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Yacouba.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;“African Theological
Education: Retrospect and Prospect—A Francophone Perspective.” &lt;i data-end=&quot;2123&quot; data-start=&quot;2095&quot;&gt;African Christian Theology&lt;/i&gt; 1, no. 1 (2024):
45–65. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;DOI: 10.69683 qui retrace l&#39;histoire de la
formation théologique francophone africaine étroitement liée à l&#39;œuvre
missionnaire occidentale et à des structures de formation dont l&#39;africanisation
et la contextualisation ont été progressives&amp;nbsp;; James K. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mashabela&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, “Africanisation as an Agent of Theological
Education in Africa.” &lt;i data-end=&quot;3113&quot; data-start=&quot;3069&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; 73, no.
3 (2017). DOI: 10.4102/hts.v73i3.4581&amp;nbsp;qui parle d’une formation longtemps
structurée par des modèles théologiques et épistémologiques largement importés&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Cf. Peter
M. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Mumo&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;i data-end=&quot;8884&quot; data-start=&quot;8770&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;A Study of Theological
Education in Africa Inland Church-Kenya: Its Historical Development and Its
Present State&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (thèse, University of Nairobi, 1997); Hanciles,
“African Theological Education: Retrospect and Prospect—An Anglophone
Perspective,” &lt;i data-end=&quot;8582&quot; data-start=&quot;8554&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;African
Christian Theology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; 1, no. 1 (2024): 28–44&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Lire Bénézet &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Bujo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;. &lt;i&gt;La théologie africaine dans son contexte
social&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Kinshasa : Saint-Paul Afrique&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;1980&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;John
S. Mbiti, &lt;i data-end=&quot;2122&quot; data-start=&quot;2088&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;African
Religions and Philosophy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (London: Heinemann, 1969), xiv, 290. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Cet ouvrage constitue la référence fondamentale
pour comprendre la manière dont Mbiti présente les catégories religieuses et
philosophiques africaines. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;L&#39;édition originale
date de 1969.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;John
S. Mbiti, &lt;i data-end=&quot;2434&quot; data-start=&quot;2407&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Concepts
of God in Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (London: S. P. C. K., 1970). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cet ouvrage est particulièrement important pour
votre argument sur la reconnaissance de la pensée religieuse africaine. Mbiti étudie
les conceptions africaines de Dieu et montre la profondeur et la diversité des
théologies présentes dans différentes sociétés africaines.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref24&quot; name=&quot;_ftn24&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;John S. Mbiti, &lt;i data-end=&quot;2818&quot; data-start=&quot;2774&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Bible
and Theology in African Christianity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Nairobi: Oxford University
Press, 1986). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cet ouvrage permet de passer de l&#39;étude des
religions africaines à la question proprement théologique : comment penser la
foi chrétienne à partir des réalités africaines ? Il est donc particulièrement
pertinent pour votre argument sur le dialogue entre culture religieuse
africaine et théologie chrétienne&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn24&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref25&quot; name=&quot;_ftn25&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Cf. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Kwame Bediako, &lt;i data-end=&quot;1547&quot; data-start=&quot;1435&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Theology
and Identity: The Impact of Culture upon Christian Thought in the Second
Century and in Modern Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Oxford: Regnum Books, 1992.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn25&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref26&quot; name=&quot;_ftn26&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kwame
Bediako, &lt;i data-end=&quot;1993&quot; data-start=&quot;1930&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Christianity
in Africa: The Renewal of a Non-Western Religion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press, 1995.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn26&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn27&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref27&quot; name=&quot;_ftn27&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Lire, par exemple&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;, Jean-Marc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Éla&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Repenser la théologie africaine : le Dieu
qui libère&lt;/i&gt;. Paris: Karthala, 2003&amp;nbsp;; -Marc Jean&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Éla&lt;/span&gt;, Jean-Marc. Ma foi d&#39;Africain. Paris : Karthala, 1985.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn28&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref28&quot; name=&quot;_ftn28&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Cf.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Isaac &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;resulttitle-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zokoué&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;resulttitle-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;mark data-markjs=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px;&quot;&gt;.
&lt;/mark&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;resulttitle-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;“Educating for Servant
Leadership in Africa.” &lt;i&gt;Africa Journal of Evangelical Theology &lt;/i&gt;9, no. 1
(1990): 3–13; Isaac &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zokoué&lt;/span&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;resulttitle-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;“Plaidoyer pour une nouvelle vision du doctorat
en théologie dans le contexte africain.” In Revisiter la théologie en Afrique
contemporaine, 34–38. Abidjan: Conseil des Institutions Théologiques d’Afrique
Francophone, 2016.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref29&quot; name=&quot;_ftn29&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt; Il convient de préciser ici que la théologie d’Isaac
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zokoué&lt;/span&gt; refuse implicitement une
théologie qui serait simplement importée puis appliquée mécaniquement au
contexte africain. Son ouvrage &lt;i data-end=&quot;1707&quot; data-start=&quot;1631&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Jésus-Christ sauveur : le mystère des deux
natures : perspective africaine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Yaoundé, CLE, 2004) est
particulièrement révélateur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref30&quot; name=&quot;_ftn30&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Isaac &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zokoué,&lt;/span&gt; «&amp;nbsp;Education for Servant in
leadership&lt;i&gt;”, op.cit&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn30&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn31&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref31&quot; name=&quot;_ftn31&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt; Isaac ZOKOUE, « Annexe I : Plaidoyer pour une
nouvelle vision du Doctorat en Théologie dans le contexte africain », Rapport
de la septième rencontre des institutions de formation biblique et théologique
de l’Afrique francophone, CITAF, du 14 au 18 juillet 2008 à Lomé (République du
Togo), p.6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref32&quot; name=&quot;_ftn32&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Ibid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn32&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn33&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref33&quot; name=&quot;_ftn33&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Ibid &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref34&quot; name=&quot;_ftn34&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Cf. Isaac &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zokoue&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;“Église–Mission. Quelles relations?” &lt;i&gt;Perspectives
missionnaires&lt;/i&gt; 8 (1984): 31–40 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn34&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/feeds/6250517029141931476/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/2026/08/la-theologie-en-centrafrique-defis-et.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default/6250517029141931476'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default/6250517029141931476'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/2026/08/la-theologie-en-centrafrique-defis-et.html' title='LA THEOLOGIE EN CENTRAFRIQUE: DEFIS ET NAISSANCE D&#39;UNE PENSEE THEOLOGIQUE CONTEXTUALISEE  (Jimi ZACKA, PhD)'/><author><name>Dr. Jimi ZACKA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02758734648564924723</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdbzpc-lgNc1xzo5oekixxi0VXRw3q8yx5-fNW6pnTEK6iUDMwhs9OE0l7Rx00znNIxzbZXknaogcZOpiaapqcprOPGsJWBj97L4BVzf-KLHF9HWGEbbBG6ge2GXz9yL0/s220/JIMI+ET+JC_FCBK.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5dCsf7K7hP-lZWKk-N22oImAwc3vlKedVBWyhpH31gF0golAUqa_EWRq8M547ZEAhNpl0zRdYIZtH4CbEXyBkCIdPj3roDRhi3PVvkkrLdY1nf0vm1neg2C2gsfMPk_DO34Um4L7ZNAeb_D2Jb8NpVlKi1k0MvZ0zuoNpY4kQpUlOEBAf8qnqwJFGl3y_/s72-c/LIVRE%20THEOLOGIE%20EN%20CENTRAFRIQUE.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8486035224833555469.post-2958232267396408947</id><published>2026-07-10T03:11:55.366+02:00</published><updated>2026-07-10T03:11:55.369+02:00</updated><title type='text'>THE FAILURE OF JESUS&#39; DISCIPLES (Mark 9:14-29)  Spiritual Authority and Legitimacy: Analysis of a Theological Tension.                                                                          Jimi ZACKA, PhD   </title><content type='html'>&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript1.2&quot;&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiILvIrWVKmO9h978OO5mULlzyQWYW3S0lTjRC3hX_tefYWx4ocaiPQHXe_pysPw4TPtSXNa9EKTW_XkUcS1NFVUv_V1NulKz2MYNZ4cTI74FYPRfiel1Mb08ov-H33lalEsj6OT4sepup01jMRH2iZqzp69Ayaiy328t3KG5Uoz2h0wYXajVxrFRXAerUQ/s1093/ECHEC%20DES%20DISCIPLES%20DE%20JESUS.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1093&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1080&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiILvIrWVKmO9h978OO5mULlzyQWYW3S0lTjRC3hX_tefYWx4ocaiPQHXe_pysPw4TPtSXNa9EKTW_XkUcS1NFVUv_V1NulKz2MYNZ4cTI74FYPRfiel1Mb08ov-H33lalEsj6OT4sepup01jMRH2iZqzp69Ayaiy328t3KG5Uoz2h0wYXajVxrFRXAerUQ/s320/ECHEC%20DES%20DISCIPLES%20DE%20JESUS.jpg&quot; width=&quot;316&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;I&lt;i&gt;s serving God often
synonymous with success in all circumstances or charismatic performance&lt;/i&gt;? If the
question of success or glory preoccupies many political institutions today, the
Church is not excluded. If ever more sophisticated instruments are used to
measure individual performance, compare results and classify individuals
according to their effectiveness, the ecclesial body is no exception.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;In other
words, the success of pastoral ministry is often evaluated based on visible
criteria such as the numerical growth of the members, the influence of the
media, the frequency of charismatic events or the reputation of church leaders.
This evolution reflects a gradual shift from biblical criteria to indicators
inspired by the culture of performance. Success then tends to become a presumed
sign of divine favor, while trials, limitations, or situations of failure are
sometimes interpreted as a symptom of insufficient faith or spiritual
deficiency. Such a reading, however, raises a major theological question: &lt;i&gt;is
the service of God really synonymous with permanent success?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;When I&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;read &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;from Genesis to the
apocalypse, I discover that the biblical answer to this question is negative.
Based on an analysis of several major figures in Scripture – Moses, Jeremiah,
John the Baptist, Jesus Christ, and the apostle Paul – the Bible shows that God
frequently calls his servants to carry out their mission in contexts of
resistance, suffering, and failure. Far from constituting a denial of their
vocation, these experiences often participate in the very economy of salvation.
The cross of Christ therefore appears as the fundamental hermeneutical
principle that overturns the human categories of success and efficacy.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;In spite of everything&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, there is today an
opposite tendency: that of a theology that denies the failure of the servants
of God&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. Indeed, failure seems
to become the new theological horizon today, a new topic of study that
perceives it&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; as a shame or a proof
of divine rejection. This perception leads some church leaders to hide their
mistakes and deny their limitations. It then becomes difficult to say: &quot; &lt;i&gt;We
have failed&lt;/i&gt; &quot; or &quot; &lt;i&gt;We have been wrong&lt;/i&gt; &quot;. They don&#39;t
realize that such denial of failure is more destructive than failure itself.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As a result, the &lt;i&gt;dominant
doxa&lt;/i&gt; — including in evangelical and charismatic circles — has integrated
the discourse of &lt;i&gt;fail forward&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;growth
mindset&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, and failure as a path
to success. Failure is instrumentalized: it has value only if it produces
something useful. It is a soteriology of performance disguised as humility.
This is theologically suspect. Why? Because this vision only tolerates failure
temporarily. It refuses its irreducible dimension, and failure becomes a
scandal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Finally, the
failures of the pastoral ministry are attributed to witchcraft, demonic
attacks, or the jealousy of adversaries. In fact, the church leader is unaware
that a project can fail due to poor management. A community can be divided
because of ethnical leadership. A prophecy can turn out to be wrong
because of a lie. Success thus becomes a presumed sign of divine favor, while
situations of failure come from insufficient faith or spiritual deficiency.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Yet, there is one truth
that cannot be denied: failure is naturally human: we all fail in life, whether
in a personal or professional life, or in God&#39;s work. From a theological point
of view, denial of failure can become a form of spiritual pride. It gives the
impression that the servant of God is always victorious in everything and can
never be wrong. Such an image is alien to Scripture.&amp;nbsp;For the prophets of
Israel almost all failed in their ministry. Jeremiah did not convert anyone.
Ezekiel preached in a vacuum. Jonah has failed in his mission. Thus, when there
is a failure in the ministry, the theological question is not how to get back
up, but: what separates me from God for this failure? For when a spiritual work
fails, it is necessary to consider whether a hidden idolatrous form has not
turned man away from his dependence on God. This statement, does not mean that all failure is automatically caused by idolatry. However,
some failures can indeed reveal hidden idolatry. For idolatry is not limited to
the worship of images. It also consists of placing a person, an ambition, a
success, a reputation, or even a ministry in the place of God. This means that,
from a spiritual point of view, failure can become an instrument of
discernment. It forces the servant of God to ask himself: &quot;&lt;i&gt;What really
occupies the first place in my heart?&lt;/i&gt;&quot; If the answer reveals misplaced
trust, then failure becomes an opportunity for repentance, reorientation, and
renewal of the relationship with God. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;This refers to the idea
that in a world where charismatic performance is constantly put forward in the
churches, where success is a requirement, the spiritual criterion becomes
transactional. To this end, it is not uncommon to see proposals for blessings
and success flourish in sermons, such as deliverances that &quot;lead to
healing&quot;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Yet, as pointed out
above, failure is part of the life of every servant of God, and so the Bible
tells the story of it, both in the Old and New Testaments. The Bible is full of
examples, including a few: Moses failed in his mission by striking the rock
instead of speaking to him (Num. 20:7-12). This mistake cost him entry into the
promised land. Elijah, after his victory over the prophets of Baal, fled from
Jezebel and asked for death (1 Kings 19:1-4). His discouragement contrasts with
his previous victory and becomes a failure. Jeremiah remains faithful to God,
but his calls for repentance seem to have no effect. The people did not listen
to him, and Jerusalem was destroyed. His ministry appears to be a total failure,
even though he fully accomplishes God&#39;s will. Ezekiel&#39;s message was widely
rejected, and God warned him that many would reject his message (Ezekiel
3:7).&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;His ministry illustrates the
tension between fidelity to the vocation and the lack of results. Samuel was a
remarkable prophet appointed by God, but he failed to educate his children. His
sons did not follow His example and defiled the altar of God (1 Sam 8:1-3).
King David fails by committing adultery with Bathsheba (2 Sam 11). Solomon,
despite his exceptional wisdom, turned away from God under the influence of his
many wives (1 Kings 11:1-10). Isaiah and other prophets have spoken God&#39;s word,
but the majority of the people refuse to listen to them. Indeed, all these
examples show that failure was never God&#39;s last verdict. As proof, Moses
remained the great liberator of Israel. David remained the king after God&#39;s own
heart despite his failure to lead.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The New Testament
refers to the account of the deliverance of the epileptic child in Mark 9:14-29,
which illustrates, among other accounts, also a situation of failure for Jesus&#39;
disciples. The disciples&#39; difficulty in healing the sick child highlights a
conflict between the spiritual authority they received and their legitimacy.
However, beyond this narrative defeat, the text raises a deeper question: &lt;i&gt;to
what extent is the visible and effective success of the act of deliverance
perceived as a criterion of spiritual legitimacy&lt;/i&gt;? &lt;i&gt;And how can this
perception generate a theological and ecclesial bias&lt;/i&gt;? The story invites us &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;reflect on the doctrine
that God&#39;s legitimacy rests on performance: when disciples fail, their
authority is questioned. However, Ido&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; orient this
perspective: it&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; is not performance
that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;establishes legitimacy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, but faith&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;in dependence on God.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Indeed, the hypothesis
is that the failure of the disciples in Mk 9:1429 denounces a biased conception
of spiritual legitimacy based on the visible performance of the charismatic
gift. The text shows that spiritual authority cannot be reduced to a criterion of
measurable efficacy, but that it is based on an authentic faith and a living
relationship with Christ. Thus, the scene becomes paradigmatic: it criticizes
the excesses of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;charismatic performance
theology and proposes a reconfiguration of spiritual &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;authority, where&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; legitimacy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; is measured not &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; the immediate manifestation of a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;miracle, but by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; fidelity and trust
in God.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;In the light of this
problematic and the hypothesis formulated, it seems necessary to examine in a
structured way the issues at stake in the narrative of Mk 9:1429. The episode
does not lead&amp;nbsp;to an acknowledgement of failure; It brings
into play an implicit conception of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Legitimit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;of God&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;e on the performance of
His servant, a conception that the text criticizes and reconfigures. To account
for this dynamic, the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;SE D analysis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;will bend over
backwards &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Tapes: first, we must
situate ourselves in the narrative context of Mark 9:14-29; Secondly, I am
going to speak of a challenge that reveals itself as an implicit criterion of
spiritual legitimation; third, I will prove that the failure of Jesus&#39;
disciples is indicative of a human limitation; and fourthly, I think it is
important to highlight &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Obviously the der&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ives theo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;logical &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;logic of
performance, before concluding on the Christological reading of the failur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;as ped&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;agogy of the Faith.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -54.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;I.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Narrative Background of Mk 9:1429&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The story opens with a
confrontational scene: the disciples, leftat the foot of the mountain, are
unable to free a possessed child. The crowd is agitated, the scribes are
arguing, and the authority of the disciples is questioned. In this context,
failure is not only an acknowledgement of individual weakness; it becomes a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;public &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;event, exposed to the
gaze of the community and likely to call into question the credibility of the
mission entrusted by Jesus. Moreover, the lack of faith of the disciples
corresponds to a Marcian theme that can appear, on the one hand, in the
accounts of miracles and, on the other hand, in those of the Passion. This is
to say that this unique fact of the disciples&#39; failure mentioned in v.18b
already suggests that what follows is their incomprehension, illustrated just
after by the debate of 9:33-34 and by John&#39;s refusal to see those who are not disciples
exorcise in Jesus&#39; name, thus putting himself in opposition to Jesus (Mk 9:39).
The link between v.18b and 28 is one of the particularities of our pericope: to
succeed in expelling a particular species of demons requires prayer and is not
a performance as a criterion of spiritual legitimacy. Yet the Twelve chosen by
Jesus to &quot;be with Him and to send them out to preach with the power to
cast out demons&quot; proved effective in their mission (Mark 6:12), and here
they are presented in a situation of failure. The astonishment of this failure
inaugurates a new corrective teaching: &quot;&lt;i&gt;this kind of spirit can only come out
through prayer&lt;/i&gt;&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The implicit logic of
charismatic performance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;It should be noted
that, in the religious and social imagination of the time, the visible success
of an act of deliverance or a miracle was perceived as a sign of spiritual
authority. Charismatic performance thus becomes an implicit criterion of
spiritual legitimacy: the one who&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;heals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;or works miracles
proves by this&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;his&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; spiritual&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;authority and his closeness to God. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Conversely&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, failure weakens the
recognition of this authority and opens the door to contestation. Disciples are
therefore caught up in a logic where their status depends on their ability to
produce tangible results. Similarly, let us remember that, in the mentality of
the time, all illness was put down to demonic possession&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;Thus, Jesus&#39;
relationship with the dumb spirit in this episode is unambiguous. As in all the
other exorcism stories studied and many other accounts of miracles, Jesus&#39;
intervention always finds a happy outcome. This is why the man who turns out to
be disappointed by the disciples brings to Jesus his son possessed by a spirit
described as dumb. The narrator presents an unusual spirit: the demon is mute,
does not confess the identity of Jesus, holds the disciples in check and wants
his victim dead. In fact, in the Gospel narrative as a whole, there is a clear
evolution. In Mk 1:21 f., a man has an unclean spirit; the latter shouts and
recognizes Jesus. In Mark 5:1, the demon is a Legion, so strong that no chain
can hold him bound; it is marked by a regression into bestiality, screaming and
self-mutilation. But, at no time does the narrator show us the will of these
demons to put their possessed to death. It should also be noted that all demons
who confronted Jesus are often referred to as &quot;unclean spirits&quot;
(1:24-34; 3:11; 5:7-12). In contrast, in 9:14-29, the demon is referred to as
&quot;dumb.&quot; He is the only one who cannot speak to Jesus. During the
exorcism, Jesus refers to him as the &quot;deaf and dumb&quot; spirit. He is
the only demon in the Gospels who puts the disciples in difficulty and receives
a particular diagnosis: according to the father, the symptoms of his son&#39;s
alienation are such that &quot;he destroys him&quot; (9:22a) and &quot;wherever
he seizes him, he throws him to the ground, foams and gnashes his teeth and
becomes stiff&quot; (9:18a). From a medical point of view, they are read as
symptoms of epilepsy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;In the end, the figures
of &quot;foaming,&quot; &quot;gnashing of teeth,&quot; and the devil&#39;s
intention to &quot;perish&quot; the child illustrate the extreme of possession
never reached in the whole of Mark&#39;s gospel. As a result, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;the account of Mark
9:19-29 depicts a surprising failure. Jesus&#39; followers are unable to deliver a
possessed child when they have already successfully exercised a ministry of
exorcism (Mark 6:13). This episode raises an important question: why did they
fail?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The text does not
immediately give a technical answer. Rather, Jesus begins with a stern
observation: &lt;i&gt;&quot;Unbelieving generation, how long shall I be with you? &lt;/i&gt;(Mark
9:19). The disciples&#39; failure is therefore not primarily due to a lack of
method, but to a deeper problem related to their faith and their dependence on
God&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Through this narrative,
it is possible to identify what could be called an &lt;i&gt;implicit logic of
charismatic performance&lt;/i&gt;. This logic emerges when spiritual gifts, displays
of power, or pastoral successes gradually become evidence of personal
competence. The servant of God may then rely more on his past experience than
on his present relationship with God&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The disciples seem to
have approached this situation as they did before. They had already cast out
demons. They knew what to do. They had some experience in the ministry.
However, nothing happens. What used to work no longer works. Their spiritual
authority suddenly seems ineffective&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The problem is not the
exercise of the gifts itself. Jesus had indeed given his disciples authority
over unclean spirits. The problem arises when the ministry slides from a logic
of dependence to a logic of control. The servant then begins to believe, often
unconsciously, that he is in control of what belongs only to God. (5) Jesus&#39;
final answer is particularly revealing: &lt;i&gt;&quot;This kind can only come out
through prayer&lt;/i&gt; &quot; (Mk 9:29). Prayer is not an additional technique to
improve the effectiveness of the ministry. It reminds us that all authentic
spiritual action depends on God. Prayer is the concrete expression of dependence.
It recognizes that power belongs neither to the preacher, nor to the prophet,
nor to the healer, but to God alone. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;These words of Jesus
are a permanent criticism of the excesses of charismatic performance. In most
African churches, ministerial success is sometimes measured by the number of
miracles, the size of gatherings, or the media visibility of religious leaders.
Such an approach risks turning ministry into a demonstration of human power
rather than a witness to divine grace&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mark 9:19-29 reminds us
that spiritual authority does not lie in the abilities of the servant but in
his fellowship with God. The failure of the disciples then becomes a
pedagogical lesson. God may allow certain limits in order to remind His
servants that they are not the owners of spiritual gifts. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Thus, this account
invites the Church to examine its practices and criteria for success.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Where the logic of performance seeks to
produce results, the logic of the Gospel calls us to remain in a living
relationship with the Lord. It is in this dependence that the true source of
all spiritual authority is found.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The Revealing Failure of Jesus&#39; Disciples:
&quot;&lt;i&gt;Why Couldn&#39;t We Expel Him?&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The failure of the
disciples to deliver the child leads to a crisis of legitimacy: their
authority, based on the mission received from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Jesus, is
questioned by the crowd and by the scribes. This failure reveals a notorious
limit: it shows that&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; spiritual &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;authority cannot
bereduced &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; an expected
performance. By exposing this fragility, the text is preparing for the journey
that Jesus will make: true legitimacy does&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;not lie in the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;efficacy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;of the spiritual gift,
but in &lt;i&gt;faith&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;prayer&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;In fact, Jesus&#39; cry of
indignation, &quot;Unbelieving Generation,&quot; logically accuses the
disciples of their lack of faith. The latter interpretation is preferable. For
it should be noted that in Mark, this is not the first reproach of Jesus
concerning the lack of faith of his disciples (cf. Mk 4:40; 14:34). Moreover,
the connection between the father&#39;s saying in verse 18b: &quot;&lt;i&gt;I told your
disciples to expel him and they could not&lt;/i&gt;&quot; and the disciples&#39; question
to Jesus in private &lt;i&gt;, &quot;Why could we not expel him&lt;/i&gt;?&quot; (v.28),
reveals that the disciples deserve a lesson in faith. It should be noted,
moreover, that the expressions &lt;i&gt;&quot;generations&quot; and &quot;until
when&quot; &lt;/i&gt;already evoke the hardening of the people of Israel who
exasperated their Lord during the Exodus (Num. 14:27; Deuteronomy 32:5)&lt;i&gt; or&lt;/i&gt;
the experience of the prophet Isaiah (Isaiah 6:11). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;To the question of the
disciples saddened by their failure, Jesus answers, in Mark and Mt, by leaving
aside the problem of healing and dealing only with that of prayer (Mk) and
faith (Mt), necessary to cast out &quot;&lt;i&gt;this kind of demon&lt;/i&gt;&quot;.
Indeed, Mark stages a real crisis of credibility of the nine disciples&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;In any case, their
powerlessness to cast out the devil is recognized by the three evangelists in
different terms; Mk and Lk say that the disciples could not &lt;i&gt;&quot;cast out
the spirit&lt;/i&gt;&quot;; while Mt thinks that they could not &quot;&lt;i&gt;heal&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&quot;. Let us note, in
passing, that this variant results from the fact that Mt distinguishes the
lunatics from the possessed in Mt 4:24. This Matthean distinction is not
radical, since the cure will be effected by the expulsion of the demon, and he
will use the word &quot;heal&quot; in relation to demoniacs. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;In fact, the disciples&#39;
inability to deliver the child causes controversy with the scribes and
disappointment among the crowd. For it is all the more surprising that Jesus
had already conferred on them authority over unclean spirits. Mark explicitly
records that he had given them power over demons, and that they had
successfully ministered during their mission to Galilee in Mark 6:7-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Therefore, their
failure appears as an unexpected break with Jesus. A once effective authority
suddenly seems to be called into question. Jesus&#39; reaction sheds light on the
seriousness of the situation. As soon as he arrived, he declared: &quot; &lt;i&gt;Unbelieving
generation, how long shall I be with you&lt;/i&gt; ?&quot; (Mark 9:19) This word is
probably not only aimed at the crowd or the scribes, but encompasses all the
actors present, including the disciples. It denotes that their incapacity
reveals a spiritual deficiency that goes far beyond a simple technical failure.
The main issue of the story concerns precisely the nature of apostolic
authority. The disciples seem to have regarded the authority received as a
permanent spiritual authority which they could use at will. Yet the episode
shows that spiritual authority is never independent of the relationship with
God. It is not an autonomous power but a ministry exercised in constant
dependence on the Lord&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;For this reason, the
attitude of the child&#39;s father indirectly underlines the questioning of the
authority of the disciples. He said to Jesus, &quot; &lt;i&gt;I told your disciples
to cast out the spirit, and they could not&lt;/i&gt; &quot; (Mark 9:18). This public
remark highlights the humiliation suffered by the disciples in front of the
crowd. The contrast between Jesus&#39; authority and the failure of the disciples
then becomes manifest. When the disciples failed, Jesus immediately delivered
the child with his single word: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&quot;Dumb and deaf
spirit, I command you, come out of this child and do not enter it again&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;But the private
dialogue between Jesus and his disciples after the exorcism will provide an
essential explanation. They will question him: &quot; &lt;i&gt;Why couldn&#39;t we chase
him away?&lt;/i&gt; (v.28). Their question reveals that they still consider the event
to be an anomaly. Jesus answers: &#39; &lt;i&gt;This kind can only come out through
prayer&lt;/i&gt; &#39; (v.29). He thus reminds us that spiritual authority cannot be
dissociated from communion with God&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. The mention of prayer
does not introduce a particular method designed to increase the effectiveness
of the ministry of deliverance. Rather, it recalls the very foundation of all
Christian authority. Prayer expresses dependence. It recognizes that the power
to deliver belongs to God alone. In the absence of this dependence, the
authority entrusted to the disciples loses its true source&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Marc therefore presents
this episode as a training lesson. Jesus does not definitively withdraw his
authority from the disciples. Rather, it leads them to understand that their
mission is not based on their past experience or on their status as disciples.
Their authority remains derived, received and constantly dependent on the
active presence of God. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;This lesson sets an
enriching example for churches today. Any form of pastoral ministry must not
confuse spiritual authority with ecclesial power, media influence or pastoral
success. Mark 9:19-29 reminds us that authentic authority from God does not lie
in the ability of God&#39;s servant to perform all kinds of miracles, but in his
fellowship with God. The questioning of the authority of the disciples thus
becomes a call to humility and spiritual dependence for all those who exercise
a ministry in the name of Christ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;This approach thus offers a solid
theological response to discourses that systematically equate material success,
religious performance and divine favor.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;This logic is reinforced by certain discourses from the theology of
prosperity or by certain expressions of the charismatic movement, in which
victory, power and success occupy a central place. However, generalizations
should be avoided. The Pentecostal and charismatic traditions are extremely
diverse and many of their representatives develop a theology that is profoundly
Christocentric and faithful to the Scriptures. The criticism proposed in this
study is therefore not aimed at charismatism as such, but at certain excesses
that gradually substitute a logic of performance for a logic of fidelity. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;I will mention three abuses, among others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Theological
drifts related to charismatic performance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;First, Marc sheds a particularly relevant
light on these abuses. He highlights the unexpected failure of the disciples in
the face of a possessed child. Yet, as pointed out above, their failure seems
unacceptable to them. After Jesus&#39; deliverance of the child, the disciples will
ask him about the reason for this failure: &quot; &lt;i&gt;Why were we not able to
cast out this spirit&lt;/i&gt; ?&quot; (Mk 9:28). The question goes beyond the simple
observation of their failure. It reveals a conception of ministry in which
disciples believe that the effectiveness of ministry automatically flows from
the authority already received. For them, the gift of deliverance received is
linear, permanent and infallible. This is often seen in many contexts of
deliverance, hence the fruitfulness of the ministry, always measured by the
miracles performed, the number of people healed or the visibility of
extraordinary manifestations during evangelistic crusades. This evolution
fosters a true culture of charismatic performance, where results are gradually
becoming the main criterion of ministerial legitimacy. Jesus&#39; answer
deconstructs this logic: &quot; &lt;i&gt;This kind can only come out through prayer &lt;/i&gt;&quot;
(Mk 9:29). The emphasis is no longer placed on the mastery of a spiritual
technique, but on the quality of the relationship with God. The problem is
neither methodological nor strategic. It is theological. The disciples discover
that the authority they receive never exempts them from permanent dependence on
God. Divine power does not accumulate as religious capital and cannot be
manipulated as personal power.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;This scene thus
highlights a first drift: the confusion between the gift received and the power
possessed. When visible results become the primary indicator of ministerial
success, the servant may believe that the effectiveness of his or her gift
depends on his or her spiritual level, experience, or &quot;anointing.&quot;
The ministry then ceases to be experienced as a participation in God&#39;s work and
becomes a demonstration of the minister&#39;s abilities. As John Stott reminds us:
&quot; &lt;i&gt;The whole Church is called to bear witness to Christ, never to substitute
itself for him.&lt;/i&gt; This remark emphasizes that the pastor remains an
instrument and not the source of the power he wields. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The second drift is
what we are seeing today in the field and it seems more worrying: the
proliferation of false miracles, one of the cases of which was revealed in a
magazine in Côte d&#39;Ivoire:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 42.55pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The faithful, often in
precarious situations or illnesses, are attracted by the promise of miraculous
healings. Some of these &quot;miracles&quot; are staged to impress crowds, with
accomplices playing the role of sick people who suddenly get up from their
wheelchairs or supposedly possessed people who find peace after a prayer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Indeed, these miracles,
real or false, often become a criterion for evaluating the ministry of certain
so-called charismatic pastors. This explains why healings, deliverances or
prophecies occupy a disproportionate place today, to the point of becoming the
main markers of God&#39;s presence in a Christian community. In such a perspective,
the Christian faith is simply reduced to the search for extraordinary
manifestations. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;This highlights the
growing role of staging and performance in certain contemporary forms of religious
worship. Pastors use social media to spread videos of these so-called miracles,
attracting even more followers. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;However, in Mark 9,
Jesus rejects all spectacular logic. His intervention is not intended to
strengthen his reputation, but to show God&#39;s compassion for a tried father and
his son. The miracle remains a sign of the Kingdom, never an end in
itself.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Thus, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mark reminds us that
the Christian vocation presupposes a break with all forms of
self-aggrandizement. The disciple renounces making his own success the measure
of faithfulness to God. Karl Barth developed a similar perspective by
emphasizing that God remains supremely free in his way of acting. Human beings
cannot confine divine action to criteria of success elaborated on the basis of
cultural or sociological categories. God often acts where man does not expect
him, and his work frequently escapes the indicators that human institutions
favor to measure effectiveness. This reflection is of particular importance
today. Transformations in the global religious landscape, the rise of
megachurches, the media coverage of pastoral ministry and the growing influence
of digital technologies are inviting churches to question their own evaluation
criteria. How can we discern the true fruitfulness of a ministry? What are the
authentic signs of God&#39;s presence? How can we prevent managerial logics from
gradually replacing theological categories?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Karl Barth rightly
reminded us that &lt;i&gt;&quot;the miracle never draws attention to itself; it
always refers to God&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&quot; This
perspective allows us to place the extraordinary manifestations in their true
theological function. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The third drift
concerns the excessive usurpation of God&#39;s authority. In other words, it is to
take the place of God, to abstract from everything that proceeds from the will
of God in itself and to replace it with one&#39;s own will. It is to decenter God
as a source of authority and to monopolize his power.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In some evangelical circles, the success of a
ministry of deliverance leads to the construction of charismatic figures to
whom almost exceptional capacities are attributed. Little by little, the trust
of the faithful shifts from Christ to the charismatic leader. This
personalization weakens ecclesial life, because it concentrates authority on a
person instead of reporting it to the Lord of the Church. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Indeed, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;these famous
charismatic figures are now in the news. Their prescriptions, followed too
religiously by the faithful, border on alienation. For example, in South
Africa, Pastor Alph Lukau claimed to have resurrected a young man, Brighton
Moyo, three days after his death. The false resurrection was mimed on Sunday,
February 24, 2019&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;. The pink pole
uncovered, the pastor apologized. In the DRC, it is reported that the prophet
Joel Tatu found himself in turmoil after a staging of an alleged miracle during
a service where one of the preachers, Samy Matanda, visibly in search of a
moment of spiritual glory, wanted to demonstrate the &quot;&lt;i&gt;power of divine
fire&lt;/i&gt;&quot; by pouring water into a container before affirming that,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;by faith, it would be inflamed. Moments
later, a flame did indeed appear, but the alleged manifestation soon turned out
to be more than a hoax&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;It should be noted that
the recurrent excesses of these pastors have dramatic consequences. In 2007, in
Côte d&#39;Ivoire, the &quot;Behazin affair&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;&quot; &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;arose &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;when a former Vodou
follower who had converted to Pentecostalism accused several Pentecostal
pastors of using mysticism to increase their pastoral power. In other words,
Béhanzin Armand revealed that he had recommended to several pastors of these
sects that are very influential in the country of human sacrifices to strengthen
their aura among the faithful. He admitted, in these revelations, to having had
people born killed for this cause. This means that these so-called pastors are
in search of occult forces to compete with each other. In addition to these
excesses, the proliferation of &quot;revival churches&quot; generates real
competition between pastors to fill their churches and take advantage of the
financial benefits. The faithful can thus pay all their income each month, as
is the case to the church of Nigerian pastor David Oyedepo, whose fortune is
estimated at 150 million dollars&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. In addition to these
few cases cited above, there are several other cases of numerous and
multifaceted abuses that cannot be mentioned in this work. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;However, it should be noted that Marc takes
the opposite view of such a logic. The disciples fail in order to learn that
authority does not belong to them. They are neither owners nor managers of
divine power; they are its servants. They don&#39;t need to look for another source
to act on their behalf. As Dietrich Bonhoeffer wrote, &quot; &lt;i&gt;the Church is
Church only when it exists for others&lt;/i&gt; &quot;. To this end, authentic
pastoral ministry leads to Christ rather than to the exaltation of the ministry
of self. Any mystical step to raise the level of his power cannot find its
source in God.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;In other words, the
logic of charismatic performance cannot be explained by a divine source. For
this reason, when the visible results do not come from faithfulness to God, any
lack of healing, any stagnation or any ministerial difficulty then seeks to
find a reason for guilt &lt;i&gt;: a lack of faith, a hidden sin, a spiritual
insufficiency or an absence of anointing&lt;/i&gt;. The evangelist Mark rejects such
an interpretation. The failure of the disciples does not cause their exclusion
or disqualification. Jesus transforms their incapacity into an opportunity for
formation. Their weakness becomes a pedagogical space where they learn that
mission is not based on their performance, but on an ever-renewed communion
with God. This pedagogy is in line with Henri Nouwen&#39;s conviction that &lt;i&gt;&quot;the
Christian servant exercises his ministry not by his strength, but from his
vulnerability offered to God&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &quot;. This reading
is in line with a fundamental intuition of Oswald Chambers: &quot; &lt;i&gt;God does
not call us first to succeed, but to be faithful to Him&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn25&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;» &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;This statement sums up
the tension present in Mark 9:19-29. The Gospel does not value a spirituality
based on immediate effectiveness, but a fidelity that remains dependent on God,
even when the results are slow to appear or seem to be a failure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The criticism
formulated in this study is therefore not aimed at charismatism as such, but at
certain excesses that gradually substitute a logic of performance for a logic
of loyalty. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;However, Mark 9:19-29
is a profound criticism of any theology that equates the power of God with the
performance of the pastor. The account reminds us that spiritual authority is
not measured by personal prestige, nor by the accumulation of miracles, nor by
the visible effectiveness of the ministry. It is born of a living relationship
with God, nurtured by faith, humility and prayer. More than a story of
exorcism, this passage becomes a real school of discipleship. He teaches that
the power of the Kingdom is never manifested in religious self-sufficiency, but
in constant dependence on God. Where the logic of performance seeks to produce
spectacular results, the Gospel calls first of all to the formation of faithful
disciples, aware that all authentic fruitfulness proceeds from God&#39;s grace and
not from their own capacities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Thus, we can conclude
that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;failure is neither a
proof of God&#39;s abandonment, nor an automatic sign of unfaithfulness. It becomes
a place of revelation, transformation and spiritual maturation. In human logic,
failure is associated with weakness, defeat and loss of credibility. Yet the
cross represents precisely what seemed to be Jesus&#39; ultimate failure. In the
eyes of the religious authorities, &lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;Pontius Pilate&lt;/span&gt;
and even many disciples, the crucifixion meant the end of his mission. Yet the
resurrection reveals that what appeared to be a defeat was actually God&#39;s
chosen means of accomplishing salvation. Thus, the Christian faith affirms that
God can transform apparent failure into redemptive victory. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;pdq2pgselectionanchorcontainer&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Moreover,
the Gospels show that Jesus&#39; disciples are used to failing in several areas:
for example, they did not understand the announcements of the Passion, they
were unable to cast out certain demons, they abandoned Jesus at the time of his
arrest. Peter denied his Master three times. Despite everything, these episodes
do not mark the end of their vocation or their ministry. These failures have
become, on the contrary, essential stages in their teaching.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;pdq2pgselectionanchorcontainer&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Finally, the reading of
Mk 9. 14-29 leads us to understand that failure is not necessarily a divine
verdict but can become a privileged space for spiritual formation. In Jesus
Christ, the cross transforms the meaning of weakness: it is no longer just the
sign of defeat, but the place where God manifests his love, his faithfulness
and his saving power. Thus, failure in the ministry can be understood as a
pedagogy of the faith when it leads the pastor to renounce the quest for glory
at all costs, to deepen his trust in God and to conform his life to Christ
crucified and risen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;This is to say that the
question of success cannot be approached in theology from the point of view of
the fruitfulness of a ministry when it exerts an important media influence or
manifests extraordinary phenomena likely to arouse the admiration of the
faithful. In the Bible, success is never an autonomous value. It depends on the
relationship between and his servant. What matters above all is not the result
obtained, but fidelity to the will of God. This distinction, according to the
study of Mark 9:14-29, leads us to understand that the results of any ministry
belong to God and faithfulness to God belongs to His servant. In other words,
the success of a ministry &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;is a gift of grace and
not the foundation of the servant&#39;s legitimacy. To this end, the real question
that a called servant of God asks himself is not: &quot; &lt;i&gt;Is my ministry
crowned with success &lt;/i&gt;?&quot; but rather: &quot; &lt;i&gt;Have I remained faithful
to the call received from Christ&lt;/i&gt; ?&quot; It is a question that must guide
every pastoral vocation. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;For the success of a
pastoral vocation does not lie in a continuous progression towards victory, but
in an obedience that unfolds despite resistance and failures. To do this,
spiritual authority does not proceed from personal efficacy, but from the
presence of God that accompanies it: &quot; &lt;i&gt;I will be with you &lt;/i&gt;&quot;
(Ex 3:12). This promise is the true foundation of authentic ministry.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;pdq2pgselectionanchorcontainer&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 137.5pt right 451.3pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Jimi ZACKA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;pdq2pgselectionanchorcontainer&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 137.5pt right 451.3pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Bibliographical notes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Books consulted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Anderson A.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, &lt;i&gt;An Introduction to
Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity, 2nd ed&lt;/i&gt;. (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2014),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Barth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;,K.,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Church
Dogmatics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, vol. IV/2, &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;The
Doctrine of Reconciliation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, ed. G. W. Bromiley and T. F. Torrance,
trans. G. W. Bromiley (Edinburgh: T&amp;amp;T Clark, 1958&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Chambers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, O.,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;My
Utmost for His Highest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, ed. James Reimann (Grand Rapids, MI:
Discovery House Publishers, 1992&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Chan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; S., &lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Pentecostal Theology and the Christian
Spiritual Tradition &lt;/i&gt;(Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Edwards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;,J.E.,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;The
Gospel according to Mark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand
Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2002), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Evans,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;C. A.,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mark 8:27–16:20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, Word Biblical
Commentary 34B (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2001), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Fancello, S., &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;Pastors and Sorcerers on Trial: The
Béhanzin Case (Côte d&#39;Ivoire).&quot; &lt;i&gt;Politique africaine&lt;/i&gt;, 2011,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;France&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;,R.T.,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The Gospel of Mark, New International Greek
Testament Commentary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; (Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 2002), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Garland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, D.E.,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;A
Theology of Mark&#39;s Gospel: Biblical Theology of the New Testament&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;
(Grand Rapids: Zondervan Academic, 2015), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Lane&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;, W. L. &lt;i&gt;The Gospel
According to Mark, New International Commentary on the New Testament&lt;/i&gt;, Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Marcus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;, J.,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mark 8–16: A New Translation with
Introduction and Commentary&lt;/i&gt;, Anchor Yale Bible 27A (New Haven: Yale
University Press, 2009).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Nouwen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;, H. J. M, &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The
Wounded Healer: Ministry in Contemporary Society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (New York: Doubleday,
1972&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Rünacher,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; C., &lt;i&gt;Croyants
incrédules. La cure de l&#39;épileptique (Marc9.14-29)&lt;/i&gt;, Paris: Cerf, 1994&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Stein, r.,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, Baker Exegetical
Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2008),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Yarbro Collins&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;,A.,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Mark:
A Commentary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, Hermeneia (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zacka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;, J. &lt;i&gt;Demonic
Possessions and Exorcisms in the Pentecostal Churches of Central Africa&lt;/i&gt;,
Yaoundé: CL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;E, 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Links viewed &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nasuba.info/sport-culture/proliferation-des-eglises-en-afrique-faux-pasteurs-miracles-truques-et-derives-religieuses&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;https://www.nasuba.info/sport-culture/proliferation-des-eglises-en-afrique-faux-pasteurs-miracles-truques-et-derives-religieuses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt; accessed 02/07/2026&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;https://ouragan.cd/2025/10/kinshasa-un-faux-miracle-eclabousse-leglise-de-joel-francis-tatu
accessed 02/07/2026&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;https://www.jeuneafrique.com/190434/societe/nigeria-david-oyedepo-le-pasteur-millionnaire/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; accessed 02/07/2026.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;https://www.afrik.com/faux-pasteurs-en-afrique-quand-la-religion-devient-un-business?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;



&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Indeed, success then
becomes the main indicator of divine blessing. Failure is interpreted as a sign
of a spiritual deficiency: lack of faith, lack of prayer, hidden sin, or lack
of anointing. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; The expression
&quot;fail &lt;i&gt;forward&lt;/i&gt;&quot; aims to present failure in a positive light,
suggesting that by failing, one learns useful lessons for one&#39;s future
projects. We invite you to consider failure as a springboard to success.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; The concept we are
interested in in this article advocates the idea that our abilities can be
developed through effort, good strategy, and the help of others. People with a &lt;i&gt;growth
mindset&lt;/i&gt; see failure not as a fatality, but as an opportunity to learn and
improve&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Cf. Jimi &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zacka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;, Demonic Possessions and
Exorcisms in the Pentecostal Churches of Central Africa&lt;/i&gt;, Yaoundé: CLE,
2010, pp. 129-148. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;William L. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Lane&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;i&gt;The Gospel According to Mark,
New International Commentary on the New Testament&lt;/i&gt;, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
1974, pp. 332-336.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Joel &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Marcus&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Mark 8–16: A New Translation
with Introduction and Commentary&lt;/i&gt;, Anchor Yale Bible 27A (New Haven: Yale
University Press, 2009), pp. 678-684.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Simon &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Chan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;, Pentecostal Theology and the
Christian Spiritual Tradition &lt;/i&gt;(Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000),
pp. 87-95&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;R. T. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;France&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;, The Gospel of Mark, New
International Greek Testament Commentary&lt;/i&gt; (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002),
380-385&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Allan &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Anderson, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;An Introduction to
Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity, 2nd ed&lt;/i&gt;. (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 210-219&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cf. C. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Rünacher&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Unbelieving believers. Healing the Epileptic (Mark 9:14-29)&lt;/i&gt;, Paris:
Cerf, 1994, p. 9.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Mt 17.16.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; William L&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;. Lane&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;op.cit. pp.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt; 331-333.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; James R. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Edwards, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;The Gospel according to Mark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, Pillar New Testament
Commentary (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2002),
276-278. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Robert H&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;. Stein&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Mark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New
Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2008), 439-443.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Cf. Adela &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Yarbro Collins&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Mark: A Commentary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, Hermeneia
(Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2007), 437-440.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; David E. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Garland&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;A Theology of Mark&#39;s Gospel: Biblical Theology of the New
Testament&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Academic, 2015), 415-419.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Craig A. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Evans&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Mark 8:27–16:20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, Word Biblical Commentary 34B
(Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2001), 62-68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;https://www.afrik.com/faux-pasteurs-en-afrique-quand-la-religion-devient-un-business?
Accessed on 02/07/2026&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Cf. Karl &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Barth&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Church Dogmatics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, vol. IV/2, &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;The Doctrine of Reconciliation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;,
ed. G. W. Bromiley and T. F. Torrance, trans. G. W. Bromiley (Edinburgh:
T&amp;amp;T Clark, 1958), 202–235.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt; Read &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nasuba.info/sport-culture/proliferation-des-eglises-en-afrique-faux-pasteurs-miracles-truques-et-derives-religieuses&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;https://www.nasuba.info/sport-culture/proliferation-des-eglises-en-afrique-faux-pasteurs-miracles-truques-et-derives-religieuses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt; accessed 02/07/2026&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ouragan.cd/2025/10/kinshasa-un-faux-miracle-eclabousse-leglise-de-joel-francis-tatu&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;https://ouragan.cd/2025/10/kinshasa-un-faux-miracle-eclabousse-leglise-de-joel-francis-tatu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; accessed 02/07/2026&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;To this end, see Sandra
&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Fancello&lt;/span&gt;, &quot;Pastors and
sorcerers on trial: the Béhanzin case (Côte d&#39;Ivoire).&quot; &lt;i&gt;Politique
africaine&lt;/i&gt;, 2011, 122, pp.121-143.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Read &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jeuneafrique.com/190434/societe/nigeria-david-oyedepo-le-pasteur-millionnaire/&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;https://www.jeuneafrique.com/190434/societe/nigeria-david-oyedepo-le-pasteur-millionnaire/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; accessed on
02/07/2026.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn24&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref24&quot; name=&quot;_ftn24&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Cf. Henri J. M. &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Nouwen&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;The Wounded Healer: Ministry in Contemporary Society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;
(New York: Doubleday, 1972), 72–88. The author argues that Christian ministry
does not find its strength in the mastery or invulnerability of the minister,
but in a vulnerability assumed and offered to God, through which the servant
becomes an instrument of healing for others&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref25&quot; name=&quot;_ftn25&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; The author emphasizes
that the decisive criterion of the Christian life is not visible success, but
fidelity lived in the ordinary conditions of life. See Oswald &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Chambers&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;My Utmost for His Highest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, ed. James Reimann
(Grand Rapids, MI: Discovery House Publishers, 1992)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/feeds/2958232267396408947/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/2026/07/the-failure-of-jesus-disciples-mark-914.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default/2958232267396408947'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default/2958232267396408947'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/2026/07/the-failure-of-jesus-disciples-mark-914.html' title='THE FAILURE OF JESUS&#39; DISCIPLES (Mark 9:14-29)  Spiritual Authority and Legitimacy: Analysis of a Theological Tension.                                                                          Jimi ZACKA, PhD   '/><author><name>Dr. Jimi ZACKA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02758734648564924723</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdbzpc-lgNc1xzo5oekixxi0VXRw3q8yx5-fNW6pnTEK6iUDMwhs9OE0l7Rx00znNIxzbZXknaogcZOpiaapqcprOPGsJWBj97L4BVzf-KLHF9HWGEbbBG6ge2GXz9yL0/s220/JIMI+ET+JC_FCBK.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiILvIrWVKmO9h978OO5mULlzyQWYW3S0lTjRC3hX_tefYWx4ocaiPQHXe_pysPw4TPtSXNa9EKTW_XkUcS1NFVUv_V1NulKz2MYNZ4cTI74FYPRfiel1Mb08ov-H33lalEsj6OT4sepup01jMRH2iZqzp69Ayaiy328t3KG5Uoz2h0wYXajVxrFRXAerUQ/s72-c/ECHEC%20DES%20DISCIPLES%20DE%20JESUS.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8486035224833555469.post-5232158185791613407</id><published>2026-07-10T01:11:00.751+02:00</published><updated>2026-07-10T01:11:00.753+02:00</updated><title type='text'>L’ÉCHEC DES DISCIPLES DE JÉSUS (Mc 9.14-29)   Autorité et légitimité spirituelles : analyse d&#39;une tension théologique.                                                                          Jimi ZACKA, PhD</title><content type='html'>&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript1.2&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Normal Indent&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;footnote text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;annotation text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;header&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;footer&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;index heading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;table of figures&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;envelope address&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;envelope return&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;footnote reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;annotation reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;line number&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;page number&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;endnote reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;endnote text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;table of authorities&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;macro&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;toa heading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Bullet&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Number&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Bullet 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Bullet 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Bullet 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Bullet 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Number 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Number 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Number 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Number 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Closing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Signature&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Body Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text Indent&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Continue&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Continue 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Continue 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Continue 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Continue 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Message Header&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Salutation&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Date&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text First Indent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Note Heading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text Indent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text Indent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Block Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Hyperlink&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;FollowedHyperlink&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Document Map&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Plain Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;E-mail Signature&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Top of Form&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Bottom of Form&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Normal (Web)&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Acronym&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Address&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Cite&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Code&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Definition&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Keyboard&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Preformatted&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Sample&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Typewriter&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Variable&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Normal Table&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;annotation subject&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;No List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Outline List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Outline List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Outline List 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Contemporary&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Elegant&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Professional&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Balloon Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Theme&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;41&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;42&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;43&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;44&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;45&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;40&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table Light&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 3.6pt; mso-pagination: none; page-break-after: avoid;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSrJ8gaW1AvODSfqAJVSczuEw5sUiE4w0-L3BLWtP1l63OO-3IE-79kJLS1BS93vvSaI9Fq2vR7vf3dM1aacLFllFTLuIa30ywgMlKHiI0ys9WKxUS5xnbtuNfCMiQTyPQbMZMiyxKNHd4Zq9VmsIKJp2Rd3KGmJgkToIwjd8BIimhww6GtU-3zfbG1Hpc/s1093/ECHEC%20DES%20DISCIPLES%20DE%20JESUS.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1093&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1080&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSrJ8gaW1AvODSfqAJVSczuEw5sUiE4w0-L3BLWtP1l63OO-3IE-79kJLS1BS93vvSaI9Fq2vR7vf3dM1aacLFllFTLuIa30ywgMlKHiI0ys9WKxUS5xnbtuNfCMiQTyPQbMZMiyxKNHd4Zq9VmsIKJp2Rd3KGmJgkToIwjd8BIimhww6GtU-3zfbG1Hpc/s320/ECHEC%20DES%20DISCIPLES%20DE%20JESUS.jpg&quot; width=&quot;316&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Introduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Servir Dieu est-il souvent synonyme de succès
en toutes circonstances ou de performance charismatique ? Si la question du
succès ou &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;de la gloire préoccupe
beaucoup d’institutions politiques aujourd’hui, l’Église n’en est pas exclue.
Si l’on utilise des instruments toujours plus sophistiqués pour mesurer la
performance individuelle, comparer les résultats et classer les individus selon
leur efficacité, le corps ecclésial n’y échappe pas. Autrement dit, la réussite
du ministère pastoral est souvent évaluée à partir de critères visibles tels
que la croissance numérique des fidèles, l&#39;influence médiatique, la fréquence
des manifestations charismatiques ou encore la renommée des responsables
d’Église. Cette évolution traduit un déplacement progressif des critères
bibliques vers des indicateurs inspirés de la culture de la performance. Le
succès tend alors à devenir un signe présumé de la faveur divine, tandis que
les épreuves, les limites ou les situations d&#39;échec sont parfois interprétées comme
le symptôme d&#39;une foi insuffisante ou d&#39;une déficience spirituelle. Une telle
lecture soulève cependant une question théologique majeure : &lt;i&gt;le service de
Dieu est-il réellement synonyme de réussite permanente ?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;En
lisant &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;de la Genèse à l’apocalypse, on découvre que la
réponse biblique est négative à cette question. À partir d&#39;une analyse de
plusieurs figures majeures de l&#39;Écriture – Moïse, Jérémie, Jean-Baptiste,
Jésus-Christ et l&#39;apôtre Paul –, la Bible montre que Dieu appelle fréquemment
ses serviteurs à exercer leur mission dans des contextes de résistance, de
souffrance et d&#39;échecs. Loin de constituer un démenti de leur vocation, ces
expériences participent souvent de l&#39;économie même du salut. La croix du Christ
apparaît dès lors comme le principe herméneutique fondamental qui renverse les
catégories humaines du succès et de l&#39;efficacité.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Malgré tout&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, il y a aujourd’hui une tendance inverse&amp;nbsp;:
celle d’une théologie qui nie l’échec des serviteurs de Dieu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. En effet, l’échec semble devenir aujourd’hui
le nouvel horizon théologique, un nouvel objet d’étude qui le perçoit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; comme une honte ou une preuve de rejet divin.
Cette perception pousse certains responsables ecclésiaux à cacher leurs erreurs
et à nier leurs limites. Il devient alors difficile de dire : « &lt;i&gt;Nous avons
échoué&lt;/i&gt; » ou « &lt;i&gt;Nous nous sommes trompés&lt;/i&gt; ». Ils ne réalisent pas qu’un
tel &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;déni de l’échec est&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;plus destructeur que l’échec lui-même.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Du coup, la &lt;i&gt;doxa dominante&lt;/i&gt; — y compris
dans les milieux évangéliques et charismatiques — a intégré le discours du &lt;i&gt;fail
forward&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; du &lt;i&gt;growth mindset&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, de l’échec comme voie vers le succès. L’échec
y est instrumentalisé&amp;nbsp;: il n’a de valeur que s’il produit quelque chose
d’utile. C’est une sotériologie de la performance déguisée en humilité. C’est
théologiquement suspect. Pourquoi&amp;nbsp;? Parce que cette vision ne tolère
l’échec que provisoirement. Elle refuse sa dimension irréductible et l’échec devient
un &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;scandale. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;À cet effet, on attribue les échecs du
ministère pastoral à la sorcellerie, aux attaques démoniaques ou à la jalousie
des adversaires. En fait, le responsable d’Église ignore qu’un projet peut
échouer en raison d&#39;une mauvaise gestion. Une communauté peut se diviser à
cause d&#39;un leadership autoritaire. Une prophétie peut se révéler erronée à
cause d&#39;un mensonge. Le succès devient ainsi un signe présumé de la faveur
divine, tandis que les situations d’échec proviennent d’une foi insuffisante ou
d’une déficience spirituelle.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pourtant, il y a une vérité que l’on ne peut
pas nier : l’échec est naturellement humain : nous échouons tous dans la vie,
que ce soit dans une vie personnelle, professionnelle ou dans l’œuvre de Dieu.
D&#39;un point de vue théologique, le déni de l&#39;échec peut devenir une forme
d&#39;orgueil spirituel. Il donne l&#39;impression que le serviteur de Dieu est
toujours victorieux en tout et ne peut jamais se tromper. Une telle image est
étrangère aux Écritures.&amp;nbsp;Car, les prophètes d’Israël ont presque tous
échoué dans leur ministère. Jérémie n’a converti personne. Ézéchiel a prêché
dans le vide. Jonas a échoué à sa mission. Ainsi, quand il y a échec dans le
ministère, la question théologique n’est pas comment se relever, mais :
qu’est-ce qui me sépare de Dieu pour cet échec ? Car, lorsqu’une œuvre spirituelle
échoue, il est nécessaire d’examiner si une forme idolâtre cachée n’a pas
détourné l’homme de sa dépendance envers Dieu. Cette affirmation, notons-la, ne
signifie pas que tout échec est automatiquement causé par l’idolâtrie.
Cependant, certains échecs peuvent effectivement révéler une idolâtrie
dissimulée. Car, l’idolâtrie ne se limite pas à l’adoration d’images. Elle
consiste également à placer une personne, une ambition, un succès, une
réputation ou même un ministère à la place de Dieu. C’est dire que, d’un point
de vue spirituel, l’échec peut devenir un instrument de discernement. Il oblige
le serviteur de Dieu à s’interroger&amp;nbsp;: «&amp;nbsp;Qu’est-ce qui occupe
réellement la première place dans mon cœur&amp;nbsp;?&amp;nbsp;». Si la réponse révèle
une confiance déplacée, alors l’échec devient une occasion de repentance, de
réorientation et de renouvellement de la relation avec Dieu. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cela renvoie à l’idée que dans un monde où la
performance charismatique est constamment mise en avant dans les Églises, où le
succès est une exigence, le critère spirituel devient transactionnel. À cet
effet, il n’est pas rare de voir fleurir des propositions de bénédictions, de succès
dans les sermons, à l’instar des délivrances qui «&amp;nbsp;mènent à la guérison&amp;nbsp;».
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pourtant, comme souligné ci-haut, l’échec fait
partie de la vie de chaque serviteur de Dieu, et la Bible en fait donc le récit,
tant dans l’Ancien que dans le Nouveau Testament. La Bible regorge d’exemples
et nous en donne quelques-uns &amp;nbsp;: Moïse a échoué dans sa mission&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;en frappant le rocher au lieu de lui parler
(Nbre 20.7-12). Cette faute lui coûta l’entrée dans la terre promise. Élie, après
sa victoire sur les prophètes de Baal, fuit devant Jézabel et demande la mort
(1 Rois 19.1-4). Son découragement contraste avec sa victoire précédente et
devient un échec. Jérémie reste fidèle à Dieu, mais ses appels à la repentance
semblent sans effet. Le peuple ne l’écoute pas et Jérusalem en est détruite. Son
ministère apparaît comme un échec total, même s’il accomplit pleinement la
volonté de Dieu. Le message d’Ézéchiel fut largement rejeté et d’ailleurs, Dieu
l’avertit que beaucoup refuseront son message (Ez 3.7). &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Son ministère illustre la tension entre la fidélité
à la vocation et le manque de résultats. Samuel fut un prophète remarquable
établi par Dieu, mais il connut un échec dans l’éducation de ses enfants. Ses
fils &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;n’ont pas suivi son exemple et ont
souillé l’autel de Dieu (1 Sam 8.1-3). Le roi David échoue en commettant
l’adultère avec Bath-Sheba (2 Sam 11). Salomon, malgré sa sagesse
exceptionnelle, se détourne de Dieu sous l’influence de ses nombreuses femmes (1
Rois 11.1-10). Esaïe et d’autres prophètes ont annoncé la parole de Dieu, mais la
majorité du peuple refuse de les écouter. En effet, tous ces exemples montrent
que l’échec n’a jamais été le dernier verdict de Dieu. Pour preuve, Moïse est &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;resté le grand libérateur d’Israël. David est
resté &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;le roi selon le cœur de Dieu
malgré son échec de conduite.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le Nouveau Testament évoque le récit de la
délivrance de l’enfant épileptique en Mc 9.14-29, qui illustre, entre autres
récits, également une situation d’échec des disciples de Jésus. La difficulté
des disciples à guérir l’enfant malade met en évidence un conflit entre l’autorité
spirituelle reçue et leur légitimité. Cependant, au-delà de cette défaite
narrative, le texte soulève une question plus profonde&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;: &lt;i&gt;dans quelle mesure la réussite visible et
efficace de l’acte de délivrance est-elle perçue comme un critère de légitimité
spirituelle&lt;/i&gt; ? &lt;i&gt;Et comment cette perception peut-elle engendrer un biais
théologique et ecclésial&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;? Le r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;cit nous invite &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;fl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;chir sur la doctrine selon laquelle la légitimité
de Dieu repose sur la performance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;: lorsque les disciples &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;chouent, leur autorit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; est remise en question. J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;sus r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;oriente cependant cette perspective : ce n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;est pas la performance qui &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;tablit la l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;gitimit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, mais la foi v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;cue dans la dépendance à Dieu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En effet, l’hypothèse est que l’échec des
disciples dans Mc 9,14‑29 dénonce une conception biaisée de la légitimité
spirituelle fondée sur la performance visible du don charismatique. Le texte
montre que l’autorité spirituelle ne peut être réduite à un critère
d’efficacité mesurable, mais qu’elle repose sur une foi authentique et une
relation vivante au Christ. Ainsi, la scène devient paradigmatique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;: elle critique les d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;rives d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;une th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ologie de la performance charismatique et
propose une reconfiguration de l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;autorit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; spirituelle, o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ù&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; la l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;gitimit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; ne se mesure pas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; la manifestation imm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;diate d’un miracle, mais &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; la fidélité et à la confiance en Dieu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;À la lumière de cette problématique et de
l’hypothèse formulée, il apparaît nécessaire d’examiner de manière structurée
les enjeux du récit de Mc 9,14‑29. L’épisode ne se réduit pas &lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;à un
constat d’échec&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;; il met en jeu une conception implicite de la
l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;gitimit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; de Dieu fond&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;e sur la performance de Son serviteur,
conception que le texte critique et reconfigure. Pour rendre compte de cette
dynamique, l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;analyse se d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ploiera en quatre &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;tapes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;: premièrement, il faut se situer dans le
contexte narratif de Mc 9.14-29&amp;nbsp;; deuxièmement, &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;je vais parler d’un défi&amp;nbsp;qui se révèle comme
critère implicite de légitimation spirituelle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;; troisièmement, je vais prouver que l’échec des
disciples de Jésus est révélateur d’une limite humaine ; et quatrièmement, il
me semble important de&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mettre en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;vidence les d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;rives th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ologiques li&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ée&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; cette logique de performance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; avant de conclure sur la&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;lecture christologique de l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;’é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;chec comme p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;dagogie de la foi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -54.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;I.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Contexte narratif de Mc 9,14‑29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le récit s’ouvre sur une scène de confrontation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;: les disciples, laiss&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;s au pied de la montagne, sont incapables de
délivrer un enfant possédé. La foule s’agite, les scribes discutent, et
l’autorité des disciples est mise en question. Dans ce contexte, l’échec n’est
pas seulement un constat de faiblesse individuelle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;; il devient un &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;nement public, expos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; au regard de la communauté et susceptible de
remettre en cause la crédibilité de la mission confiée par Jésus. Par ailleurs,
le manque de foi des disciples correspond à une thématique marcienne qui peut
apparaître, d’une part, dans les récits de miracles et, d’autre part, dans ceux
de la Passion. C’est dire que ce fait unique de l’échec des disciples évoqué au
v.18b, laisse déjà entendre que ce qui suit relève de leur incompréhension,
illustrée juste après par le débat de 9.33-34 et par le refus de Jean de voir
ceux qui ne sont pas disciples exorciser au nom de Jésus, se mettant ainsi en
opposition avec Jésus (Mc 9.39). Le lien entre les v.18b et 28 constitue l’une
des particularités de notre péricope&amp;nbsp;: réussir à expulser telle espèce de
démons nécessite la prière et ne relève pas d’une performance comme critère de
légitimité spirituelle. Pourtant les Douze choisis par Jésus
pour&amp;nbsp;«&amp;nbsp;être avec lui et pour les envoyer prêcher avec le pouvoir de
chasser les démons&amp;nbsp;», se sont montrés efficaces dans leur mission (Mc 6.12),
et les voici présentés ici en situation d’échec. L’étonnement de cet échec
inaugure un nouvel enseignement correctif : «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;cette espèce ne peut
sortir que par la prière&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La logique implicite de la performance
charismatique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Il est à noter que, dans l’imaginaire religieux
et social de l’époque, la réussite visible d’un acte de délivrance ou d’un
miracle est perçue comme un signe d’autorité spirituelle. La performance
charismatique devient ainsi un critère implicite de légitimité spirituelle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;: celui qui gu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;rit ou fait des miracles prouve par l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; son autorit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; spirituelle et sa proximit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; avec Dieu. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;À&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;inverse, l’échec fragilise la reconnaissance de
cette autorité et ouvre la porte à la contestation. Les disciples se trouvent
donc pris dans une logique où leur statut dépend de leur capacité à produire
des résultats tangibles. De même, souvenons-nous que, dans la mentalité de
l’époque, toute maladie est mise au compte d’une possession démoniaque&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;Ainsi, la relation de Jésus avec l’esprit muet
dans cet épisode est sans ambiguïté. Comme dans tous les autres récits
d’exorcisme étudiés et bien d’autres récits de miracles, l’intervention de
Jésus trouve toujours une issue heureuse. C’est pourquoi l’homme qui s’avère déçu
par les disciples amène à Jésus son fils possédé par un esprit qualifié de
muet. Le narrateur présente, en effet, un esprit inhabituel&amp;nbsp;: le démon est
muet, ne confesse pas l’identité de Jésus, tient les disciples en échec et veut
la mort de sa victime. De fait, dans l’ensemble de la narration évangélique, on
constate une nette évolution. En Mc 1,21 s., un homme a un esprit impur&amp;nbsp;;
celui-ci vocifère et reconnaît Jésus. En Mc 5.1, le démon est Légion, si fort
qu’aucune chaîne ne peut le maintenir lié&amp;nbsp;; il est marqué par une
régression vers la bestialité, les cris et l’automutilation. Mais à aucun moment le narrateur ne nous montre la volonté de ces démons de faire mourir
leur possédé. Notons aussi que tous les démons qui se sont confrontés à Jésus
sont souvent désignés « esprits&amp;nbsp;impurs&amp;nbsp;» (1.24-34&amp;nbsp;; 3.11&amp;nbsp;;
5.7-12). En revanche, en 9.14-29, le démon est qualifié de « muet&amp;nbsp;». Il
est le seul à ne pas pouvoir parler à Jésus. Pendant l’exorcisme, Jésus le
désigne comme l’esprit «&amp;nbsp;sourd et muet&amp;nbsp;». Il est le seul démon dans
les évangiles à mettre les disciples en difficulté et à recevoir un diagnostic
particulier : au dire du père, les symptômes de l’aliénation dont son fils est
victime sont tels « qu’il le fait périr&amp;nbsp;» (9.22a) et «&amp;nbsp;où qu’il le
saisisse, il le jette par terre, il écume, grince des dents et devient
raide&amp;nbsp;» (9.18a). Du point de vue médical, ils sont lus comme des symptômes
de l’épilepsie. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En fin de compte, les figures de
l’«&amp;nbsp;écume&amp;nbsp;», du «&amp;nbsp;grincement de dents&amp;nbsp;» et l’intention du
démon de «&amp;nbsp;faire périr&amp;nbsp;» l’enfant illustrent l’extrême de la possession jamais atteinte dans l’ensemble de l’évangile de Marc. Du coup, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;le récit de Marc 9.19-29 met en scène un échec
surprenant. Les disciples de Jésus sont incapables de délivrer un enfant
possédé alors qu&#39;ils avaient déjà exercé auparavant un ministère d&#39;exorcisme
avec succès (Mc 6.13). Cet épisode soulève une question importante : pourquoi
ont-ils échoué ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le texte ne donne pas immédiatement une réponse
technique. Jésus commence plutôt par un constat sévère : &lt;i&gt;« Génération
incrédule, jusqu&#39;à quand serai-je avec vous ? &lt;/i&gt;» (Mc 9.19). L&#39;échec des
disciples ne relève donc pas d&#39;abord d&#39;un manque de méthode, mais d&#39;un problème
plus profond lié à leur foi et à leur dépendance envers Dieu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;À travers ce récit, il est possible
d&#39;identifier ce que l&#39;on pourrait appeler une &lt;i&gt;logique implicite de la
performance charismatique&lt;/i&gt;. Cette logique apparaît lorsque les dons
spirituels, les manifestations de puissance ou les succès pastoraux deviennent
progressivement des preuves de compétence personnelle. Le serviteur de Dieu
risque alors de s&#39;appuyer davantage sur son expérience passée que sur sa
relation présente avec Dieu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Les disciples semblent avoir abordé cette
situation comme les précédentes. Ils avaient déjà chassé des démons. Ils
connaissaient les gestes à accomplir. Ils possédaient une certaine expérience
du ministère. Pourtant, rien ne se produit. Ce qui fonctionnait auparavant ne
fonctionne plus. Leur autorité spirituelle paraît soudainement inefficace&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le problème n&#39;est pas l&#39;exercice des dons en
lui-même. Jésus avait effectivement donné à ses disciples l&#39;autorité sur les
esprits impurs. Le problème surgit lorsque le ministère glisse d&#39;une logique de
dépendance à une logique de maîtrise. Le serviteur commence alors à croire,
souvent inconsciemment, qu&#39;il contrôle ce qui appartient uniquement à Dieu. (5)
La réponse finale de Jésus est particulièrement révélatrice : &lt;i&gt;« Cette
espèce-là ne peut sortir que par la prière&lt;/i&gt; » (Mc 9,29). La prière n&#39;est pas
ici une technique supplémentaire destinée à améliorer l&#39;efficacité du
ministère. Elle rappelle que toute action spirituelle authentique dépend de
Dieu. La prière est l&#39;expression concrète de la dépendance. Elle reconnaît que
la puissance n&#39;appartient ni au prédicateur, ni au prophète, ni au guérisseur,
mais à Dieu seul. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette parole de Jésus est une critique
permanente des dérives de la performance charismatique. Dans la plupart des
Églises africaines, le succès ministériel est parfois évalué selon le nombre de
miracles, la taille des rassemblements ou la visibilité médiatique des
responsables religieux. Une telle approche risque de transformer le ministère
en démonstration de puissance humaine plutôt qu&#39;en témoignage de la grâce
divine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Marc 9.19-29 rappelle que l&#39;autorité
spirituelle ne réside pas dans les capacités du serviteur mais dans sa
communion avec Dieu. L&#39;échec des disciples devient alors une leçon pédagogique.
Dieu peut permettre certaines limites afin de rappeler à ses serviteurs qu&#39;ils
ne sont pas les propriétaires des dons spirituels. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ainsi, ce récit invite l&#39;Église à examiner ses
pratiques et ses critères de réussite.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Là où la logique de la performance cherche à produire des résultats, la
logique de l&#39;Évangile appelle à demeurer dans une relation vivante avec le
Seigneur. C&#39;est dans cette dépendance que se trouve la véritable source de
toute autorité spirituelle.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;L’échec
révélateur des disciples de Jésus&amp;nbsp;: «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Pourquoi n’avons-nous pas pu
l’expulser&amp;nbsp;?&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;L’échec des disciples à délivrer l’enfant
entraîne une crise de légitimité&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;: leur autorit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, fond&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;e sur la mission re&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ç&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ue de J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;sus, est mise en doute par la foule et par les
scribes. Cet échec est r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;lateur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;d’une limite notoire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;: il montre que l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;autorit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; spirituelle ne peut pas se r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;duire &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; une performance escomptée. En exposant cette
fragilité, le texte est en train de préparer le déplacement que va opérer Jésus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;: la v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ritable l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;gitimit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; ne r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;side pas dans l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;efficacit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; du don spirituel, mais dans la &lt;i&gt;foi&lt;/i&gt; et
la &lt;i&gt;prière&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En fait, le cri d’indignation de Jésus,
«&amp;nbsp;Génération incrédule&amp;nbsp;», accuse logiquement les disciples en raison
de leur manque de foi. Cette dernière interprétation est préférable. Car, il
faut noter que, chez Marc, Jésus n’en est pas à son premier reproche touchant
le manque de foi de ses disciples (cf. Mc 4.40&amp;nbsp;; 14.34). De plus, le lien
entre le dire du père au verset 18b&amp;nbsp;: «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;J’ai dit à tes disciples
de l’expulser et ils n’ont pas pu&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;» et la question des disciples posée
à Jésus en privé &lt;i&gt;«&amp;nbsp;pourquoi n’avons-nous pas pu l’expulser&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;?&amp;nbsp;»
(v.28), révèle que les disciples méritent une leçon de foi. Notons, par
ailleurs, que les expressions &lt;i&gt;«&amp;nbsp;générations&amp;nbsp;» et «&amp;nbsp;jusqu’à
quand&amp;nbsp;» &lt;/i&gt;évoquent déjà l’endurcissement du peuple d’Israël qui exaspère
son Seigneur pendant l’Exode&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;( Nb. 14.27&amp;nbsp;; Dt 32.5)&lt;i&gt; ou&lt;/i&gt;
encore l’expérience du prophète Ésaïe (Es.6.11). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;À l’interrogation des disciples attristés par
leur échec, Jésus répond, chez Mc et Mt, en laissant de côté le problème de la
guérison et en traitant uniquement celui de la prière (Mc) et de la foi (Mt),
nécessaires pour chasser «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;cette sorte de démon&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;». En effet,
Marc met en scène une véritable crise de crédibilité des neuf disciples&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;De toutes les façons, leur impuissance à
chasser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;le démon est reconnue&amp;nbsp;par les trois
évangélistes en différents termes ; Mc et Lc disent que les disciples n’ont pas
pu &lt;i&gt;«&amp;nbsp;chasser l’esprit&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;»&amp;nbsp;; tandis que Mt pense qu’ils
n’ont pas pu «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;guérir&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;». Notons, au passage, que cette variante
résulte de ce que Mt distingue les lunatiques des possédés en Mt 4.24. Cette
distinction matthéenne n’est pas radicale, puisque la guérison s’effectuera par
l’expulsion du démon, et qu’il emploiera le mot «&amp;nbsp;guérir&amp;nbsp;» à propos
des démoniaques. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En fait, l’incapacité des disciples à délivrer l’enfant
provoque une controverse avec les scribes et suscite la déception de la foule. Car,
il est d&#39;autant plus surprenant que Jésus leur avait déjà conféré une autorité
sur les esprits impurs. Marc rapporte explicitement qu&#39;il leur avait donné
pouvoir sur les démons et qu&#39;ils avaient exercé avec succès ce ministère lors
de leur mission en Galilée en Mc 6.7-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Par conséquent, leur échec apparaît comme une
rupture inattendue avec Jésus. Une autorité autrefois efficace semble
soudainement remise en question. La réaction de Jésus éclaire la gravité de la
situation. Dès son arrivée, il déclare : « &lt;i&gt;Génération incrédule, jusqu&#39;à
quand serai-je avec vous&lt;/i&gt; ? » (Mc 9.19). Cette parole ne vise probablement
pas seulement la foule ou les scribes, mais englobe l&#39;ensemble des acteurs
présents, y compris les disciples. Il dénote que leur incapacité révèle une
déficience spirituelle qui dépasse largement le simple échec technique. L&#39;enjeu
principal du récit concerne précisément la nature de l&#39;autorité apostolique.
Les disciples semblent avoir considéré l&#39;autorité reçue comme une autorité
spirituelle permanente dont ils pouvaient en faire usage à volonté. Pourtant, l&#39;épisode
montre que l&#39;autorité spirituelle n&#39;est jamais indépendante de la relation avec
Dieu. Elle n&#39;est pas un pouvoir autonome mais un ministère exercé dans la
dépendance constante du Seigneur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pour cela, l&#39;attitude du père de l&#39;enfant
souligne indirectement la remise en cause de l’autorité des disciples. Il
déclare à Jésus : « &lt;i&gt;J&#39;ai dit à tes disciples de chasser l&#39;esprit, et ils
n&#39;ont pas pu&lt;/i&gt; » (Mc 9.18). Cette remarque publique met en évidence l’humiliation
subie par les disciples &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;devant la foule.
Le contraste entre l&#39;autorité de Jésus et l&#39;échec des disciples devient alors
manifeste. Alors que les disciples échouent, Jésus délivre immédiatement
l&#39;enfant par sa seule parole&amp;nbsp;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;« Esprit muet et sourd, je te l&#39;ordonne, sors
de cet enfant et n&#39;y rentre plus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;.»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mais le dialogue privé entre Jésus et ses
disciples après l&#39;exorcisme va apporter une explication essentielle. Ceux-ci vont
l’interroger : « &lt;i&gt;Pourquoi n&#39;avons-nous pas pu le chasser ?&lt;/i&gt; » (v.28).
Leur question révèle qu&#39;ils considèrent encore l&#39;événement comme une anomalie.
Jésus répond : « &lt;i&gt;Cette espèce-là ne peut sortir que par la prière&lt;/i&gt; » (v.29).
Il rappelle ainsi que l&#39;autorité spirituelle ne peut être dissociée de la
communion avec Dieu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. La mention de la prière n&#39;introduit pas une
méthode particulière destinée à accroître l&#39;efficacité du ministère de
délivrance. Elle rappelle plutôt le fondement même de toute autorité
chrétienne. La prière exprime la dépendance. Elle reconnaît que la puissance de
délivrer appartient à Dieu seul. En l&#39;absence de cette dépendance, l&#39;autorité
confiée aux disciples perd sa véritable source&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Marc présente donc cet épisode comme une leçon
de formation. Jésus ne retire pas définitivement son autorité aux disciples. Il
les conduit plutôt à comprendre que leur mission ne repose ni sur leur
expérience passée ni sur leur statut de disciples. Leur autorité demeure
dérivée, reçue et constamment dépendante de la présence agissante de Dieu. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette leçon donne un exemple enrichissant aux
Églises de nos jours. Toute forme de ministère pastoral ne doit pas confondre
autorité spirituelle au pouvoir ecclésial, ni à l’influence médiatique ni au succès
pastoral. Marc 9.19-29 rappelle au contraire que l&#39;autorité authentique venant
de Dieu ne réside pas dans les capacités du serviteur de Dieu à opérer toutes
sortes de miracles mais dans sa communion avec Dieu. La remise en cause de
l&#39;autorité des disciples devient ainsi un appel à l&#39;humilité et à la dépendance
spirituelle pour tous ceux qui exercent un ministère au nom du Christ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Cette approche offre ainsi une
réponse théologique solide aux discours qui assimilent systématiquement succès
matériel, performance religieuse et faveur divine. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Cette logique est renforcée par certains
discours issus de la théologie de la prospérité ou par certaines expressions du
mouvement charismatique, dans lesquelles la victoire, la puissance et la
réussite occupent une place centrale. Il convient toutefois d&#39;éviter toute
généralisation. Les traditions pentecôtistes et charismatiques sont extrêmement
diverses et nombre de leurs représentants développent une théologie
profondément christocentrique et fidèle aux Écritures. La critique proposée
dans cette étude ne vise donc pas le charismatisme en tant que tel, mais
certaines dérives qui substituent progressivement une logique de performance à
une logique de fidélité. Je vais citer entre autres trois dérives.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Les
dérives théologiques liées à la performance &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;charismatique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;D’abord,
à propos de ces dérives, Marc y apporte un éclairage particulièrement
pertinent. Il met en exergue l&#39;échec inattendu des disciples face à un enfant
possédé. Pourtant, comme il a été souligné ci-haut, leur échec leur semble
inadmissible. Après la délivrance de l&#39;enfant faite par Jésus, les disciples
vont l’interroger sur la raison de cet échec : « &lt;i&gt;Pourquoi n&#39;avons-nous pas
pu chasser cet esprit&lt;/i&gt; ? » (Mc 9,28). La question dépasse le simple constat
de leur échec. Elle révèle une conception du ministère où les disciples pensent
que l&#39;efficacité du ministère découle automatiquement de l&#39;autorité déjà reçue.
Pour eux, le don de délivrance reçu est linéaire, permanent et infaillible.
C’est ce que l’on constate souvent dans plusieurs contextes de délivrance, d’où
la fécondité du ministère, toujours mesurée à l&#39;aune des miracles accomplis, du
nombre de personnes guéries ou de la visibilité des manifestations extraordinaires
pendant des croisades d’évangélisation. Cette évolution favorise une véritable
culture de la performance charismatique, où les résultats deviennent
progressivement le principal critère de légitimité ministérielle. La réponse de
Jésus déconstruit cette logique : « &lt;i&gt;Cette espèce-là ne peut sortir que par
la prière &lt;/i&gt;» (Mc 9,29). L&#39;accent n&#39;est plus placé sur la maîtrise d&#39;une
technique spirituelle, mais sur la qualité de la relation avec Dieu. Le
problème n&#39;est ni méthodologique ni stratégique. Il est théologique. Les
disciples découvrent que l&#39;autorité reçue ne les dispense jamais d&#39;une
dépendance permanente envers Dieu. La puissance divine ne s&#39;accumule pas comme
un capital religieux et ne se manipule pas comme un pouvoir personnel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette scène met ainsi en évidence une première
dérive : la confusion entre le don reçu et le pouvoir possédé. Lorsque les
résultats visibles deviennent le principal indicateur du succès ministériel, le
serviteur risque de croire que l’efficacité de son don dépend de son niveau
spirituel, de son expérience ou de son « onction ». Le ministère cesse alors
d&#39;être vécu comme une participation à l&#39;œuvre de Dieu pour devenir une
démonstration des capacités du ministre. Comme le rappelle John Stott : « &lt;i&gt;Toute
l&#39;Église est appelée à témoigner du Christ, jamais à se substituer à lui.&lt;/i&gt; »
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Cette remarque souligne que le pasteur
demeure un instrument et non la source de la puissance qu&#39;il exerce. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La seconde dérive, c’est ce qu’on constate
aujourd’hui sur le terrain et cela paraît plus préoccupant&amp;nbsp;: la
prolifération des faux miracles, dont l’un des cas a été révélé dans une revue en
Côte d’ivoire&amp;nbsp;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 42.55pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Les fidèles, souvent dans des situations de
précarité ou de maladie, sont attirés par la promesse de guérisons
miraculeuses. Certains de ces “miracles” sont mis en scène pour impressionner
les foules, avec des complices jouant le rôle de malades qui se lèvent
soudainement de leur chaise roulante ou de personnes soi-disant possédées qui
retrouvent la paix après une prière&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En effet, ces miracles réels ou faux, deviennent
souvent un critère d&#39;évaluation du ministère de certains pasteurs dits
charismatiques. Ce qui explique que les guérisons, les délivrances ou les
prophéties occupent aujourd’hui une place disproportionnée, jusqu’à devenir les
principaux marqueurs de la présence de Dieu dans une communauté chrétienne.
Dans une telle perspective, la foi chrétienne est tout simplement réduite à la
recherche de manifestations extraordinaires. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cela met en lumière le rôle croissant de la
mise en scène et du spectacle dans certaines formes contemporaines de culte
religieux. Les pasteurs utilisent ainsi les réseaux sociaux pour diffuser des
vidéos de ces soi-disant miracles, attirant ainsi encore plus d’adeptes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Or, dans Marc 9, Jésus refuse toute logique
spectaculaire. Son intervention ne vise pas à renforcer sa réputation, mais à
manifester la compassion de Dieu envers un père éprouvé et son fils. Le miracle
demeure un signe du Royaume, jamais une fin en lui-même. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ainsi, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Marc &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;rappelle que la vocation chrétienne suppose
une rupture avec toutes les formes d&#39;autoglorification. Le disciple renonce à
faire de son propre succès la mesure de la fidélité à Dieu. Karl Barth
développera une perspective similaire en soulignant que Dieu demeure
souverainement libre dans sa manière d&#39;agir. L&#39;être humain ne peut enfermer
l&#39;action divine dans des critères de réussite élaborés à partir des catégories
culturelles ou sociologiques. Dieu agit souvent là où l&#39;homme ne l&#39;attend pas,
et son œuvre échappe fréquemment aux indicateurs que les institutions humaines
privilégient pour mesurer l&#39;efficacité. Cette réflexion revêt aujourd&#39;hui une
importance particulière. Les transformations du paysage religieux mondial,
l&#39;essor des méga-churches, la médiatisation du ministère pastoral et
l&#39;influence croissante des technologies numériques invitent les Églises à
interroger leurs propres critères d&#39;évaluation. Comment discerner la véritable
fécondité d&#39;un ministère ? Quels sont les signes authentiques de la présence de
Dieu ? Comment éviter que les logiques managériales ne remplacent
progressivement les catégories théologiques ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Karl Barth rappelait avec justesse que &lt;i&gt;« le
miracle n&#39;attire jamais l&#39;attention sur lui-même ; il renvoie toujours à Dieu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;». Cette perspective permet de replacer les
manifestations extraordinaires dans leur véritable fonction théologique. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La troisième dérive concerne l’usurpation
excessive de l&#39;autorité de Dieu. Dit autrement, c’est prendre la place de Dieu,
c’est faire abstraction de tout ce qui procède de la volonté de Dieu en soi et
la remplacer par sa propre volonté. C’est décentrer Dieu comme source
d’autorité et s’accaparer de son pouvoir. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Dans certains milieux évangéliques, le succès
d’un ministère de délivrance conduit à construire des figures charismatiques
auxquelles sont attribuées des capacités presque exceptionnelles. Peu à peu, la
confiance des fidèles se déplace du Christ vers le leader charismatique. Cette
personnalisation fragilise la vie ecclésiale, car elle concentre l&#39;autorité sur
une personne au lieu de la rapporter au Seigneur de l&#39;Église. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En effet, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;ces célèbres figures charismatiques défraient aujourd’hui
la chronique. Leurs prescriptions, suivies trop religieusement par les fidèles,
frisent l’aliénation. Par exemple, en Afrique du Sud, le pasteur Alph Lukau a
prétendu avoir ressuscité un jeune homme, Brighton Moyo, trois jours après sa
mort. La fausse résurrection a été mimée le dimanche 24 février 2019&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;. Le poteau rose découvert, le pasteur s’est
excusé. En RDC, il est rapporté que le prophète Joël Tatu s’est retrouvé dans
la tourmente après une mise en scène d’un prétendu miracle au cours d’un culte
où l’un des prédicateurs, Samy Matanda , visiblement en quête d’un moment de
gloire spirituelle, a voulu démontrer la «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;puissance du feu divin&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;»
en versant de l’eau dans un récipient avant d’affirmer que, par la foi,
celle-ci s’enflammerait. Quelques instants plus tard, une flamme est
effectivement apparue, mais la prétendue manifestation s’est vite révélée ne
pas être qu’une supercherie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Notons que les dérives récurrentes de ces
pasteurs engendrent des conséquences dramatiques. En 2007, en Côte d’Ivoire, «&amp;nbsp;l’affaire&amp;nbsp;Behazin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;» &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;surgit &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;lorsqu&#39;un ex-adepte du vodou converti au
pentecôtisme accusa plusieurs pasteurs pentecôtistes de recourir au mysticisme
pour accroître leur pouvoir pastoral. En d’autres termes, Béhanzin Armand a
révélé avoir recommandé à plusieurs pasteurs de ces sectes très influentes dans
le pays des sacrifices humains de renforcer leur aura auprès des fidèles. Il a
reconnu, dans ces révélations, avoir ainsi fait tuer des nés pour cette cause.
C’est dire que ces prétendus pasteurs sont en quête de forces &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;occultes&amp;nbsp; pour se mettre en &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;compétition. Outre ces dérives, le
foisonnement des «&amp;nbsp;églises de réveil » engendre une véritable concurrence
entre les pasteurs pour remplir leurs églises et tirer profit des retombées
financières. Les fidèles peuvent ainsi verser tous leurs revenus chaque mois,
comme c’est le cas à l’église du pasteur nigérian David Oyedepo, dont la
fortune est estimée à 150 millions de dollars&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. Outre ces quelques cas cités ci-haut, il y a
plusieurs autres cas de dérives nombreuses et multiformes que l’on ne peut
mentionner dans ce travail. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Toutefois,
il est à noter que Marc prend le contre-pied d&#39;une telle logique. Les disciples
échouent afin d&#39;apprendre que l&#39;autorité ne leur appartient pas. Ils ne sont ni
propriétaires ni gestionnaires de la puissance divine ; ils en sont les
serviteurs. Ils n’ont pas besoin d’être en quête d’une autre source pour agir
en son nom. Comme l&#39;écrivait Dietrich Bonhoeffer, « &lt;i&gt;l&#39;Église n&#39;est Église
que lorsqu&#39;elle existe pour les autres&lt;/i&gt; ». A cet effet, le ministère pastoral
authentique conduit donc au Christ plutôt qu&#39;à l&#39;exaltation du ministère de soi.
Toute démarche mystique pour rehausser le niveau de son pouvoir ne peut pas
trouver sa source en Dieu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En d’autres termes, la logique de performance charismatique
ne peut pas s’expliquer par une source divine. C’est pourquoi, d’ailleurs,
lorsque les résultats visibles ne proviennent pas de la fidélité à Dieu, toute
absence de guérison, toute stagnation ou toute difficulté ministérielle cherche
alors à trouver un motif &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;de culpabilité &lt;i&gt;:
un manque de foi, un péché caché, une insuffisance spirituelle ou une absence
d&#39;onction&lt;/i&gt;. L’évangéliste Marc refuse une telle interprétation. L&#39;échec des
disciples ne provoque ni leur exclusion ni leur disqualification. Jésus
transforme leur incapacité en occasion de formation. Leur faiblesse devient un
espace pédagogique où ils apprennent que la mission ne repose pas sur leurs
performances, mais sur une communion toujours renouvelée avec Dieu. Cette
pédagogie rejoint la conviction d’Henri Nouwen selon laquelle &lt;i&gt;« le serviteur
chrétien exerce son ministère non par sa force, mais à partir de sa
vulnérabilité offerte à Dieu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; ». Cette lecture rejoint une intuition
fondamentale d&#39;Oswald Chambers : « &lt;i&gt;Dieu ne nous appelle pas d&#39;abord à
réussir, mais à lui être fidèles&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn25&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;» &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette affirmation résume bien la tension
présente dans Marc 9,19-29. L&#39;Évangile ne valorise pas une spiritualité fondée
sur l&#39;efficacité immédiate, mais une fidélité qui demeure dépendante de Dieu,
même lorsque les résultats tardent à apparaître ou paraissent un échec.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La critique formulée dans cette étude ne vise
donc pas le charismatisme en tant que tel, mais certaines dérives qui
substituent progressivement une logique de performance à une logique de
fidélité.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Toutefois, Marc 9,19-29 constitue une critique
profonde de toute théologie qui assimile la puissance de Dieu à la performance
du pasteur. Le récit rappelle que l&#39;autorité spirituelle ne s&#39;évalue ni par le
prestige personnel, ni par l&#39;accumulation de miracles, ni par l&#39;efficacité
visible du ministère. Elle naît d&#39;une relation vivante avec Dieu, entretenue par
la foi, l&#39;humilité et la prière. Plus qu&#39;un récit d&#39;exorcisme, ce passage
devient une véritable école du discipulat. Il enseigne que la puissance du
Royaume ne se manifeste jamais dans l&#39;autosuffisance religieuse, mais dans une
dépendance constante envers Dieu. Là où la logique de performance cherche à
produire des résultats spectaculaires, l&#39;Évangile appelle d&#39;abord à former des
disciples fidèles, conscients que toute fécondité authentique procède de la
grâce de Dieu et non de leurs propres capacités.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ainsi, l’on peut conclure que &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;l&#39;échec n&#39;est ni une preuve de l&#39;abandon de
Dieu, ni un signe automatique d&#39;infidélité. Il devient un lieu de révélation,
de transformation et de maturation spirituelle. Dans la logique humaine,
l&#39;échec est associé à la faiblesse, à la défaite et à la perte de crédibilité.
Pourtant, la croix représente précisément ce qui semblait être l&#39;échec ultime
de Jésus. Aux yeux des autorités religieuses, de &lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;Ponce
Pilate&lt;/span&gt; et même de nombreux disciples, la crucifixion signifiait la fin
de sa mission. Pourtant, la résurrection révèle que ce qui apparaissait comme
une défaite était en réalité le moyen choisi par Dieu pour accomplir le salut.
Ainsi, la foi chrétienne affirme que Dieu peut transformer l&#39;échec apparent en
victoire rédemptrice. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;pdq2pgselectionanchorcontainer&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;D’ailleurs, les Évangiles montrent
que les disciples de Jésus sont habitués à échouer dans plusieurs domaines&amp;nbsp;:
par exemple, ils n’ont pas compris les annonces de la Passion, ils ont été
incapables de chasser certains démons, ils ont abandonné Jésus au moment de son
arrestation. Pierre a renié son Maître trois fois. Malgré tout, ces épisodes ne
marquent pas la fin de leur vocation ni de leur ministère. Ces échecs sont devenus,
au contraire, des étapes essentielles de leur enseignement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;pdq2pgselectionanchorcontainer&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Finalement, la lecture de Mc 9. 14-29 nous amène
à comprendre que l&#39;échec n&#39;est pas nécessairement un verdict divin mais peut
devenir un espace privilégié de formation spirituelle. En Jésus-Christ, la
croix transforme la signification de la faiblesse : elle n&#39;est plus seulement
le signe d&#39;une défaite, mais le lieu où Dieu manifeste son amour, sa fidélité
et sa puissance salvatrice. Ainsi, l&#39;échec dans le ministère &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;peut être compris comme une pédagogie de la
foi lorsqu&#39;il conduit le pasteur à renoncer à la quête de gloire coûte que
coûte, à approfondir sa confiance en Dieu et à conformer sa vie au Christ
crucifié et ressuscité.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;C’est pour dire que la question du succès ne
peut être abordée en théologie à partir de la fécondité d’un ministère lorsqu’il
exerce une influence médiatique importante ou manifeste des phénomènes extraordinaires
susceptibles de susciter l’admiration des fidèles. Dans la Bible, le succès
n’est jamais une valeur autonome. Il dépend de la relation entre et son
serviteur. Ce qui importe avant tout n’est pas le résultat obtenu, mais la
fidélité a la volonté de Dieu. Cette distinction, selon l’étude de Mc 9.14-29, nous
amène à comprendre que les résultats de tout ministère appartiennent à Dieu et
la fidélité à Dieu incombe à son serviteur. Dit autrement, le succès d’un
ministère&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; est un don de grâce et non le fondement de la
légitimité du serviteur. À cet effet, la véritable question qu’un serviteur de
Dieu, appelé, se pose n’est donc pas : « &lt;i&gt;Mon ministère est-il couronné de
succès &lt;/i&gt;? », mais plutôt : « &lt;i&gt;Suis-je demeuré fidèle à l&#39;appel reçu du
Christ&lt;/i&gt; ? » C&#39;est une interrogation qui doit orienter toute vocation
pastorale. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Car, le succès d’une vocation pastorale ne
réside pas dans une progression continue vers la victoire, mais dans une
obéissance qui se déploie malgré les résistances et les échecs. Pour ce faire, l’autorité
spirituelle ne procède pas d’une efficacité personnelle, mais de la présence de
Dieu qui l&#39;accompagne : « &lt;i&gt;Je serai avec toi &lt;/i&gt;» (Ex 3,12). Cette promesse
constitue le véritable fondement du ministère authentique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;pdq2pgselectionanchorcontainer&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 137.5pt right 451.3pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 2;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Jimi
ZACKA, PhD &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Notes bibliographiques&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ouvrages consultés&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Anderson A.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, &lt;i&gt;An Introduction to
Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity, 2nd ed&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Barth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;,K., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em data-end=&quot;900&quot; data-start=&quot;882&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Church Dogmatics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, vol. IV/2, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em data-end=&quot;945&quot; data-start=&quot;913&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The Doctrine of
Reconciliation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, ed. G. W. Bromiley
and T. F. Torrance, trans. G. W. Bromiley (Edinburgh: T&amp;amp;T Clark, 1958),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Chambers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, O., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em data-end=&quot;1454&quot; data-start=&quot;1427&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;My Utmost for His
Highest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, ed. James Reimann
(Grand Rapids, MI: Discovery House Publishers, 1992&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Chan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; S., &lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Pentecostal Theology and the Christian
Spiritual Tradition &lt;/i&gt;(Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Edwards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;,J.E., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em data-end=&quot;4657&quot; data-start=&quot;4627&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;The Gospel according to
Mark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, Pillar New Testament
Commentary (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2002), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Evans,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;C. A., &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em data-end=&quot;5303&quot; data-start=&quot;5286&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mark 8:27–16:20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, Word Biblical
Commentary 34B (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2001), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Fancello, S., &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;«&amp;nbsp;Pasteurs et sorciers en procès :
l&#39;affaire Béhanzin (Côte d&#39;Ivoire).&amp;nbsp;» &lt;i&gt;Politique africaine&lt;/i&gt;, 2011,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;France&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;,R.T., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The Gospel of Mark, New International Greek
Testament Commentary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; (Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 2002), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Garland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, D.E., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em data-end=&quot;5082&quot; data-start=&quot;5013&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;A Theology of Mark&#39;s
Gospel: Biblical Theology of the New Testament&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; (Grand Rapids:
Zondervan Academic, 2015), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Lane&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;, W. L. &lt;i&gt;The Gospel
According to Mark, New International Commentary on the New Testament&lt;/i&gt;, Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Marcus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;, J., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mark 8–16: A New Translation with
Introduction and Commentary&lt;/i&gt;, Anchor Yale Bible 27A (New Haven: Yale
University Press, 2009).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Nouwen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;, H. J. M, &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;The Wounded Healer:
Ministry in Contemporary Society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt; (New York: Doubleday,
1972&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Rünache&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;r,C., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Croyants incrédules. La guérison de
l’épileptique (Marc9.14-29)&lt;/i&gt;, Paris : Cerf, 1994&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;U&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Stein,
r., &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em data-end=&quot;4789&quot; data-start=&quot;4783&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, Baker Exegetical
Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2008),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Yarbro Collins&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;,A., &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em data-end=&quot;4933&quot; data-start=&quot;4913&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mark: A Commentary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, Hermeneia
(Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Zacka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;, J. &lt;i&gt;Possessions démoniaques et Exorcismes dans
les Églises Pentecôtistes d’Afrique Centrale&lt;/i&gt;, Yaoundé&amp;nbsp;: CLE, 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Liens consultés&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nasuba.info/sport-culture/proliferation-des-eglises-en-afrique-faux-pasteurs-miracles-truques-et-derives-religieuses&quot;&gt;https://www.nasuba.info/sport-culture/proliferation-des-eglises-en-afrique-faux-pasteurs-miracles-truques-et-derives-religieuses&lt;/a&gt;
consulté le 02/07/2026&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ouragan.cd/2025/10/kinshasa-un-faux-miracle-eclabousse-leglise-de-joel-francis-tatu%20consulté%20le%2002/07/2026&quot;&gt;https://ouragan.cd/2025/10/kinshasa-un-faux-miracle-eclabousse-leglise-de-joel-francis-tatu
consulté le 02/07/2026&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jeuneafrique.com/190434/societe/nigeria-david-oyedepo-le-pasteur-millionnaire/&quot;&gt;https://www.jeuneafrique.com/190434/societe/nigeria-david-oyedepo-le-pasteur-millionnaire/&lt;/a&gt;
consulté le 02/07/2026.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;https://www.afrik.com/faux-pasteurs-en-afrique-quand-la-religion-devient-un-business?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 3.6pt; mso-pagination: none; page-break-after: avoid; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.6pt; mso-pagination: none; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.6pt; mso-pagination: none; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.6pt; mso-pagination: none; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.6pt; mso-pagination: none; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.6pt; mso-pagination: none; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.6pt; mso-pagination: none; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.6pt; mso-pagination: none; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/feeds/5232158185791613407/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/2026/07/lechec-des-disciples-de-jesus-mc-914-29.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default/5232158185791613407'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default/5232158185791613407'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/2026/07/lechec-des-disciples-de-jesus-mc-914-29.html' title='L’ÉCHEC DES DISCIPLES DE JÉSUS (Mc 9.14-29)   Autorité et légitimité spirituelles : analyse d&#39;une tension théologique.                                                                          Jimi ZACKA, PhD'/><author><name>Dr. Jimi ZACKA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02758734648564924723</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdbzpc-lgNc1xzo5oekixxi0VXRw3q8yx5-fNW6pnTEK6iUDMwhs9OE0l7Rx00znNIxzbZXknaogcZOpiaapqcprOPGsJWBj97L4BVzf-KLHF9HWGEbbBG6ge2GXz9yL0/s220/JIMI+ET+JC_FCBK.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSrJ8gaW1AvODSfqAJVSczuEw5sUiE4w0-L3BLWtP1l63OO-3IE-79kJLS1BS93vvSaI9Fq2vR7vf3dM1aacLFllFTLuIa30ywgMlKHiI0ys9WKxUS5xnbtuNfCMiQTyPQbMZMiyxKNHd4Zq9VmsIKJp2Rd3KGmJgkToIwjd8BIimhww6GtU-3zfbG1Hpc/s72-c/ECHEC%20DES%20DISCIPLES%20DE%20JESUS.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8486035224833555469.post-5504161006280690766</id><published>2026-06-15T19:29:19.261+02:00</published><updated>2026-06-15T19:29:19.263+02:00</updated><title type='text'>La fraternité chrétienne en Afrique : mythe ecclésial ou réalité évangélique ?[1] Une relecture Théologico-ecclésiastique de Marc 3,35</title><content type='html'>&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript1.2&quot;&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKc5fdh03K4oErikffuSnaVMgzv_BRRLAExPOypTyzF2B3kPQMzga7aOf9snex8XiEtJtpMHc7oRCj_lHfMjTFsj3zf_xZOGDLc0haqMFcK8du6j0WSxS0sK463SlAZKsEz6-ycFX7wUwFPsxKErWfo7ivnx6RMGAzz3-s7BurbnjL2157K76Jw7_q7RHg/s701/FRATERNITE%20CHRETIENNE.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;701&quot; data-original-width=&quot;526&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKc5fdh03K4oErikffuSnaVMgzv_BRRLAExPOypTyzF2B3kPQMzga7aOf9snex8XiEtJtpMHc7oRCj_lHfMjTFsj3zf_xZOGDLc0haqMFcK8du6j0WSxS0sK463SlAZKsEz6-ycFX7wUwFPsxKErWfo7ivnx6RMGAzz3-s7BurbnjL2157K76Jw7_q7RHg/s320/FRATERNITE%20CHRETIENNE.jpg&quot; width=&quot;240&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;This study explores
Christian fraternity within African churches by addressing a central question: Is
the brotherhood proclaimed by Christian communities a lived evangelical
reality, or does it remain an ecclesial ideal that is difficult to achieve in
practice? Drawing on biblical, theological, and socio-anthropological
perspectives, the research examines the concrete expressions of fraternity in
African contexts shaped by communal solidarity, ethnic affiliations, social
inequalities, and denominational diversity. The study argues that, despite
persistent challenges and tensions, Christian fraternity remains a fundamental
expression of the Gospel and a vital sign of Christian witness when it is
rooted in the teachings of Christ and embodied through love of neighbor. It concludes
that Christian fraternity in Africa exists in a dynamic tension between
ecclesial ideal and lived experience, while continuing to serve as a call to
deeper communion, reconciliation, and authentic Christian fellowship.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;&quot;&gt;Keywords:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt; Christian fraternity, African Church, Gospel witness, communion,
reconciliation, Christian fellowship.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;fraternité&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;»
est l&#39;un des mots les plus usés dans les Églises d&#39;Afrique&amp;nbsp;: «&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Frère
en Christ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;», «&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Sœur en Christ&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;». Elle enrichit le langage
ecclésiologique, nourrit les prédications et organise les relations
interpersonnelles au sein des communautés évangéliques. Pourtant, en observant
de près ces mêmes communautés, on relève un écart troublant entre le discours
et la pratique : des fidèles qui se nomment «&amp;nbsp;frères&amp;nbsp;» le dimanche
reproduisent, le lundi, des logiques d&#39;exclusion ethnique, des hiérarchies
sociales rigides et des rapports de pouvoir que l&#39;Évangile prétend avoir abolis&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Même si cette
expression «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Frère en Christ&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;» ou «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Sœur en Christ&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;»
s’appuie sur plusieurs traditions néotestamentaires où les croyants sont
désignés comme « frères » et « sœurs » dans le Christ&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
derrière cette rhétorique évangélique, la réalité sociale et ecclésiale
africaine laisse apparaître des divisions persistantes liées aux rivalités
tribales, exclusions communautaires, conflits politiques à coloration
identitaire et logiques claniques parfois plus fortes que l’appartenance
chrétienne elle-même&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. On
remarque même que dans plusieurs églises africaines, le baptême unit ecclésiastiquement
des chrétiens qui demeurent socialement séparés par des frontières ethniques,
linguistiques ou économiques. En outre, certains préfèrent même créer des
communautés à connotation plus ethnique qu’évangélique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette contradiction
soulève une question théologique majeure : la fraternité chrétienne proclamée
dans les Églises africaines relève-t-elle d’une véritable réalité évangélique
ou d’un idéal ecclésial largement symbolique ? Autrement dit, l’Église
africaine produit-elle réellement une communauté nouvelle capable de dépasser
les appartenances de sang, ou reproduit-elle, sous un langage religieux, les
mécanismes traditionnels de solidarité fermée et d’exclusion identitaire ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La question devient
particulièrement pertinente lorsqu’on lit Marc 3,35 : « &lt;i&gt;Quiconque fait la
volonté de Dieu, celui-là est mon frère, ma sœur et ma mère&lt;/i&gt; ». Dans ce
passage, l’Évangile selon Marc présente une redéfinition radicale des liens de
parenté. Jésus ne nie pas l’existence de la famille biologique, mais il déplace
le fondement de l’appartenance. La proximité avec lui ne dépend plus du sang,
du clan ou de la généalogie, mais de l’obéissance à la volonté de Dieu. Cette
déclaration constitue une rupture symbolique forte dans une société où les
structures familiales déterminent l’identité sociale et religieuse de
l’individu&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Pour un
lecteur occidental, ce passage est peut-être simplement une métaphore
spirituelle. Mais pour quiconque en Afrique, ce texte touche quelque chose de
beaucoup plus dense, de beaucoup plus chargé religieusement ou
anthropologiquement. Parce que la famille, en Afrique, n’est pas une affaire
privée. Elle est le tissu même de l’identité, de la sécurité, du sens. Dire
«&amp;nbsp;voici ma famille&amp;nbsp;», c’est dire «&amp;nbsp;voici d’où je suis&amp;nbsp;»,
«&amp;nbsp;voici qui je suis&amp;nbsp;». C’est dire que l’africain se définit
naturellement dans et à travers le clan, la tribu, la famille. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;L’appartenance familiale n’est pas une option,
un sentiment, une affinité. Et la question qui s’impose est la suivante&amp;nbsp;:
l’Église peut-elle réellement devenir une famille&amp;nbsp;? Pas une métaphore de
famille. Une famille. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ce que Jésus fait dans
ce passage, c’est précisément ce qu’on relève. Il ne dit pas «&amp;nbsp;vous êtes
comme une famille pour moi&amp;nbsp;» mais il dit «&amp;nbsp;vous êtes ma
famille&amp;nbsp;». La formulation est performative, pas illustrative. Et dans
un&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;contexte où la famille est une
réalité totale, cette affirmation a des implications que l’Église en Afrique ne
peut pas se permettre de traiter comme symboliques. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;C’est dans cette
perspective que le texte de Marc 3,35 entre, à cet effet, en tension avec
certaines formes de christianisme africain où les solidarités ethniques
continuent d’organiser les rapports ecclésiaux. Dans plusieurs communautés
chrétiennes, les choix pastoraux, les alliances matrimoniales, les
responsabilités ecclésiastiques et même les conflits internes restent influencés
par les appartenances communautaires. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;La
fraternité chrétienne y apparaît parfois limitée par les frontières culturelles
qu’elle prétend pourtant dépasser. Ainsi, la confession d’un même Christ ne
conduit pas automatiquement à la notion de fraternité. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Le
génocide rwandais de 1994 demeure l’un des exemples les plus tragiques de cet
échec historique&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Dans un
pays largement christianisé, des appartenances identitaires ont parfois pris le
dessus sur les exigences élémentaires de l’Évangile. Cet événement a
profondément interrogé la crédibilité du discours chrétien sur la fraternité&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Il a
montré qu’une Église peut proclamer le Christ tout en restant prisonnière des
fractures sociales qui traversent la société&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;isselectedend&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ainsi, l’enjeu de cette réflexion dépasse la
simple morale communautaire. Il concerne la vérité même du christianisme
africain. Si la fraternité chrétienne ne transforme ni les rapports sociaux ni
les mécanismes d’exclusion, elle risque de demeurer un langage chrétien sans
portée historique réelle. À l’inverse, si l’Évangile parvient à produire une
communauté capable de dépasser les frontières ethniques, culturelles et
familiales, alors la fraternité chrétienne cesse d’être un mythe ecclésial pour
devenir une réalité évangélique&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Il est à souligner que
cet écart n&#39;est pas une simple défaillance morale imputable à la faiblesse
humaine. Il est le symptôme d&#39;une tension structurelle plus profonde, celle qui
oppose la &lt;i&gt;koinônia&lt;/i&gt; — la communion fraternelle telle que la conçoit le
Nouveau Testament — aux appartenances primaires qui continuent de structurer
les sociétés africaines contemporaines : l&#39;ethnicité, le clientélisme, le
genre, la hiérarchie lignagère. Cette tension n&#39;est pas propre à l&#39;Afrique,
mais elle y prend des formes spécifiques, historiquement déterminées et
théologiquement sous-examinées.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La question que je pose
est donc la suivante : dans quelle mesure la fraternité dans les Églises en
Afrique constitue-t-elle une réalité vécue, et dans quelle mesure
fonctionne-t-elle comme un discours qui légitime, voire dissimule, des
structures de domination et d&#39;exclusion ? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Autrement dit, la fraternité chrétienne
est-elle, dans ce contexte, une force de transformation sociale ou une
idéologie de substitution ? Pour répondre à cette question, je crois qu’une
analyse théologique de Marc 3,35 dans le contexte africain s’avère nécessaire pour
montrer comment la parole de Jésus de Nazareth déconstruit les appartenances
exclusives afin de fonder une nouvelle communauté spirituelle. Il s’agira
également d’évaluer les limites concrètes de la fraternité dans les Églises
africaines actuelles, ainsi que les possibilités de renouvellement ecclésial
qu’ouvre l’Évangile. Car la question demeure entière : l’Afrique chrétienne
produit-elle réellement des frères et des sœurs dans le Christ, ou reproduit-elle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;simplement les solidarités
traditionnelles sous un vocabulaire religieux ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En effet, cette étude se propose en trois
temps&amp;nbsp;: premièrement, une analyse théologique de Marc 3,35 dans le
contexte africain contemporain. Elle cherchera à montrer comment la parole de
Jésus de Nazareth déconstruit les appartenances exclusives afin de fonder une
nouvelle communauté spirituelle. Deuxièmement, il s’agira d’évaluer les limites
concrètes de la fraternité dans les Églises africaines actuelles, ainsi que les
possibilités de renouvellement ecclésial qu’ouvre l’Évangile. Car la question
demeure entière : l’Afrique chrétienne produit-elle réellement des frères et
des sœurs dans le Christ, ou reproduit-elle simplement les solidarités
traditionnelles sous un vocabulaire religieux ? La question ainsi posée m’amènera
à poser les jalons d&#39;une ecclésiologie africaine critique, capable d&#39;articuler
l&#39;idéal évangélique et les réalités sociales sans les ne confondre ni les
opposer. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Mc 3,35 : reconfiguration théologique de la
fraternité en contraste avec les traditions africaines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Comme souligné ci-haut, Mc 3.35 surgit dans un
contexte tendu. La famille biologique de Jésus cherche à le ramener à la
maison. Les scribes l’accusent de dérèglement spirituel. La foule l’entoure.
Jésus répond alors par une rupture symbolique : la véritable parenté ne dépend
plus des liens naturels, mais de l’obéissance à Dieu. Le christianisme ne crée
donc pas une fraternité sentimentale. Il institue une fraternité éthique et
théologique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. La nuance est décisive. Dans de nombreuses
sociétés africaines, la fraternité repose sur l’origine commune : clan, ethnie,
langue, alliances ou mémoire collective. On protège « son frère » parce qu’il
appartient à la même tribu, à la même ethnie ou au même clan. Cette logique
produit souvent une solidarité fermée ou exclusive. Elle rassure les membres du
groupe, mais elle exclut l’étranger. L’histoire humaine montre que les guerres
les plus violentes ont parfois opposé des communautés convaincues de défendre
leur propre fraternité. Jésus fracture cette logique. En effet, Mc 3.35 opère
une reconfiguration radicale des relations familiales. Jésus y affirme que la
vraie parenté ne dépend pas du sang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;C’est
dire que &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Marc 3,35 constitue l’un des versets les plus
radicaux des paroles de Jésus. Le texte apparaît dans un contexte conflictuel.
Le conflit est donc double : incompréhension familiale et opposition
religieuse. Jésus ne détruit pas la famille naturelle, mais elle redéfinit les
liens fondamentaux autour de l’obéissance à Dieu. I&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;l
propose une communauté nouvelle fondée sur la volonté de Dieu. La véritable
fraternité chrétienne ne se proclame pas. Elle se vérifie dans la pratique
concrète de l’Évangile. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Deux aspects
clefs apparaissent&amp;nbsp;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La volonté de Dieu comme critère d’appartenance
à la fraternité&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk231716363&quot;&gt;Dans Marc 3,35, le frère n’est plus celui qui partage mon
sang, mais celui qui accomplit la volonté divine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. La fraternité devient alors un acte spirituel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; avant d’être une donnée naturelle. Cette
rupture possède plusieurs conséquences. D’abord, elle relativise la famille
biologique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. Jésus ne méprise pas sa mère ni ses proches.
Mais il refuse d’en faire le critère suprême de l’appartenance. Le Royaume de
Dieu ne fonctionne pas selon la généalogie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. L’Évangile retire à la famille son statut
absolu. Ensuite, cette parole détruit les privilèges religieux&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. Personne ne devient proche du Christ par
héritage culturel. On ne naît pas automatiquement frère du Christ. On le
devient par une pratique concrète : « faire la volonté de Dieu ». Le verbe est
essentiel. Jésus ne parle pas d’émotion religieuse ni d’identité communautaire.
Il parle d’action. Enfin, Marc 3,35 critique implicitement les fraternités
hypocrites&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. Une communauté peut multiplier les discours
sur l’amour fraternel tout en cultivant les rivalités, les exclusions et les
hiérarchies cachées&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. Dans ce cas, le mot « fraternité » devient un
masque moral. Jésus refuse cette façade. La fraternité chrétienne ne se mesure
pas aux slogans évangéliques, mais à la fidélité pratique à la volonté divine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk231716363;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette lecture demeure particulièrement
importante dans le contexte africain contemporain. Beaucoup d’Églises
revendiquent une forte fraternité communautaire. Pourtant, les divisions
ethniques, les conflits de pouvoir, les exclusions sociales et les rivalités
économiques traversent parfois les communautés chrétiennes elles-mêmes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le langage fraternel subsiste, mais les
pratiques le contredisent. Marc 3,35 agit alors comme un jugement théologique
sévère. Une Église ne devient pas fraternelle parce qu’elle utilise un
vocabulaire familial. Elle le devient lorsqu’elle place la justice, la vérité
et la fidélité à Dieu au-dessus des appartenances tribales, familiales ou partisanes.
La question initiale mérite donc une réponse nuancée : la fraternité n’est pas
automatiquement chrétienne. Elle le devient seulement lorsqu’elle naît de
l’obéissance à Dieu et qu’elle refuse les mécanismes d’exclusion. Le
christianisme ne sacralise pas toute forme de fraternité. Il combat même
certaines fraternités lorsqu’elles enferment l’homme dans la préférence
clanique, l’entre-soi religieux ou la domination collective. Jésus remplace le
cercle fermé du sang par l’ouverture exigeante de la volonté divine. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ainsi, Marc 3,35 ne célèbre pas une fraternité
douce et consensuelle. Le texte impose une conversion radicale du lien humain.
Être frère, selon Jésus, ne consiste pas d’abord à appartenir au même groupe.
Il faut marcher dans la même fidélité à Dieu. C’est là que le texte devient presque
subversif. Car lorsque la famille africaine est importée dans l’Église—avec ses
hiérarchies, ses exclusions, ses logiques de favoritismes fraternels — on ne
peut pas produire une fraternité évangélique. On produit une tribu religieuse.
Et Mc 3.35 est précis&amp;nbsp;: ce qui constitue cette nouvelle famille, c’est la
volonté de Dieu. Pas l’ethnicité. Pas le village d’origine. Pas la langue. Pas
la classe sociale. Mais qu’est-ce que c’est que la fraternité au sens de Mc
3.35&amp;nbsp;? Où est-ce la famille biologique et ethnique qui s’est simplement
déplacée dans un espace nouveau avec un vocabulaire chrétien&amp;nbsp;? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Une nouvelle fraternité spirituelle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;
On prêche souvent l’idée d’un Dieu commun à toutes et à tous, qui plus est :
d’un Dieu Père, qui place le chrétien dans une relation d’égalité avec les
autres chrétiens. Jésus est frère de toutes celles et ceux qui mettent leur
confiance en lui et en son enseignement. En acceptant que Jésus soit celui qui
dit la vérité sur la paternité de Dieu et donc sur le fait que le croyant
trouve et prend l’origine de son identité en Dieu-Père, les disciples de Jésus
se relient les uns aux autres dans une relation fraternelle.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Cette fraternité n’est pas semblable à la relation qu’implique le prochain.
Celui qui est mon prochain s’approche au nom de Dieu et fait, pour moi, la
volonté de Dieu. Il me fait découvrir l’amour de Dieu à travers son action ; on
prendra l’exemple du bon samaritain (Luc 10 : 25-37)&amp;nbsp; qui est le prochain
de l’homme blessé sur le chemin et représente par son action et sa manière de
la mener, la façon d’aimer de Dieu, c’est-à-dire une façon généreuse,
désintéressée et conséquente. Le samaritain n’est pas à proprement parler
considéré comme le frère du blessé parce qu’il n’est pas son frère dans la foi.
En revanche, il est son prochain parce qu’il a une humanité partagée avec lui
qui le rend responsable de la vie de l’autre. La racine pour dire prochain
provient d’un terme hébreu qui signifie : «&amp;nbsp;l’autre&amp;nbsp;»&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;רעה&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; . Cet autre peut être l’ami mais aussi
l’étranger&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
(Lévitique 19:18).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Le frère et le prochain ne sont pas non plus tout à fait comme l’ami. Dans le
livre des Proverbes, les passages ironiques sont nombreux pour montrer que
l’ami est souvent celui qui vous choisit pour votre richesse. L’ami est alors
une figure de parasite, qui vous connaît tant que vous avez du bien, mais qui
vous abandonne quand vous n’avez plus rien&amp;nbsp;:&lt;i&gt; «&amp;nbsp; les amis du riche
sont nombreux&amp;nbsp;»&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;ou encore :&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Proverbes 19 : 6 : «&amp;nbsp;
chacun est l’ami de celui qui fait des cadeaux&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;»&lt;/i&gt;
(Proverbes 14 : 20).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
En revanche, dans l’Évangile de Jean, Jésus appelle, de son vivant, ses
disciples : «&amp;nbsp;amis&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;»:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.85pt; margin-right: 36.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 36.85pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Voici mon commandement&amp;nbsp;: que vous vous
aimiez les uns les autres comme je vous ai aimés.&amp;nbsp;Personne n’a de plus
grand amour que celui qui se défait de sa vie pour ses amis.&amp;nbsp;Vous, vous
êtes mes amis si vous faites ce que moi, je vous commande.&amp;nbsp;Je ne vous
appelle plus esclaves, parce que l’esclave ne sait pas ce que fait son maître.
Je vous ai appelés amis, parce que je vous ai fait connaître tout ce que j’ai
entendu de mon Père.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.85pt; margin-right: 36.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 36.85pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Ici, le commandement d’amour du prochain se mue en amour des amis de Jésus,
instituant une communauté de fidèles sur le modèle des écoles grecques où le maître
réunit ses disciples et les initiait à sa sagesse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
À travers ces fonctions différentes, on comprend que la figure du «&amp;nbsp;frère&amp;nbsp;»
s’enracine dans la relation entre toutes celles et ceux qui ont une origine
commune, qu’elle soit réelle ou symbolique.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jésus, comme médiateur
entre Dieu et les humains, implique une filiation dans laquelle Dieu exerce son
autorité de parent, mais aussi son amour qu’il répand équitablement sur tous
ses enfants, fils ou filles, dans un partage équitable. Cet amour divin rend
possible une certaine égalité de tous les enfants de Dieu car il surpasse
toutes les difficultés liées au mérite et aux qualités de chacun, et il permet
une liberté pleine et entière des enfants de Dieu qui sont soumis, certes, aux
autorités de ce monde, mais qui, dans la foi, dépendent de Dieu seul. C’est ce
parent aimant qui lie ensemble des êtres très différents et d’origines très
variées dans une même relation d’amour et de foi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette relation échappant aux règles habituelles
de hiérarchie sociale, économique ou ethnique, elle permet une véritable
liberté intérieure, présentée par le christianisme comme un lien qui libère.
Comme le dit la dernière béatitude : &lt;i&gt;« Heureux êtes-vous lorsqu’on vous
insulte, qu’on vous persécute et qu’on répand faussement sur vous toutes sortes
de méchancetés, à cause de moi&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La fraternité comme moyen de témoignage et d’évangélisation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;On parle souvent de
l’évangélisation en pensant à la prédication, aux campagnes d’évangélisation ou
à la transmission du message biblique&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Tout
cela est important. Pourtant, le Nouveau Testament montre que le témoignage
chrétien ne passe pas seulement par les paroles. Il passe aussi par la qualité
des relations vécues au sein de la communauté chrétienne&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Une
Église qui vit réellement la fraternité annonce déjà l’évangile avant même
d’ouvrir la bouche&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn25&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Jésus lui-même établit
ce lien. Dans Jean 13,35, il déclare : « &lt;i&gt;À ceci tous connaîtront que vous
êtes mes disciples, si vous avez de l&#39;amour les uns pour les autres.&lt;/i&gt; » Il
est frappant de constater qu&#39;il ne mentionne ni la puissance des discours ni
l&#39;ampleur des activités religieuses. Il place l&#39;amour fraternel au cœur du
témoignage chrétien. Aux yeux de Jésus, la manière dont les chrétiens vivent
ensemble devient une preuve visible de l&#39;authenticité de leur foi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette idée était déjà
présente dans les premières communautés chrétiennes. Les chrétiens partageaient
leurs biens, prenaient soin des plus vulnérables et cherchaient à vivre dans
l&#39;unité malgré leurs différences sociales ou culturelles. Leur mode de vie
suscitait l&#39;attention et parfois même l&#39;admiration de ceux qui les observaient.
Le livre des Actes montre que la croissance de l&#39;Église était liée non
seulement à la proclamation de la Parole, mais aussi à la qualité de la vie
communautaire (Actes 2,42-47).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Dans de nombreux
contextes africains, cette dimension revêt une importance particulière. Les
sociétés africaines accordent traditionnellement une grande valeur aux
relations, à l&#39;hospitalité et à la solidarité. Lorsqu&#39;une Église devient un
lieu d&#39;accueil sincère, où les barrières ethniques, sociales ou économiques perdent
leur pouvoir de division, elle offre un témoignage qui parle souvent plus fort
que de longs discours. Beaucoup de personnes sont d&#39;abord attirées par ce
qu&#39;elles voient avant d&#39;être convaincues par ce qu&#39;elles entendent.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;À l&#39;inverse, une
communauté marquée par les rivalités, les conflits permanents ou les luttes
d&#39;influence affaiblit son propre message. Il devient difficile d&#39;annoncer la
réconciliation en Christ lorsque la division règne à l&#39;intérieur de l&#39;Église.
L&#39;apôtre Paul l&#39;avait bien compris lorsqu&#39;il exhortait les croyants à préserver
« l&#39;unité de l&#39;Esprit par le lien de la paix » (Éphésiens 4,3).
L&#39;évangélisation perd une partie de sa crédibilité lorsque la fraternité
disparaît.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La fraternité possède
également une dimension missionnaire souvent sous-estimée. Chaque geste
d&#39;entraide, chaque acte de pardon, chaque marque d&#39;attention envers une
personne marginalisée rend l&#39;Évangile visible. Les paroles annoncent le Christ,
mais les relations permettent de voir ce que son œuvre produit concrètement
dans la vie des hommes et des femmes. Une communauté fraternelle devient ainsi
une démonstration vivante de la grâce de Dieu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Il ne faut pas
idéaliser cette fraternité. Elle n&#39;est jamais parfaite. Les Églises du Nouveau
Testament elles-mêmes connaissaient des tensions, des incompréhensions et,
parfois, des conflits sérieux. Cependant, la différence résidait dans leur
volonté de rechercher la réconciliation et de demeurer fidèles à l&#39;enseignement
du Christ. La fraternité chrétienne ne consiste pas à vivre sans difficultés ;
elle consiste à les affronter à la lumière de l&#39;Évangile.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Au fond, la fraternité
est bien plus qu&#39;une dimension parmi d&#39;autres de la vie ecclésiale. Elle
constitue un lieu privilégié de témoignage et d&#39;évangélisation. Là où des
croyants s&#39;aiment réellement, se soutiennent et marchent ensemble malgré leurs
différences, quelque chose du Royaume de Dieu devient visible. Dans un monde
souvent marqué par la méfiance, l&#39;individualisme et les divisions, une telle
communauté attire l&#39;attention et pose une question essentielle : quelle est
donc la source d&#39;une telle communion ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La réponse est au cœur
de la foi chrétienne : cette fraternité trouve son origine en Jésus-Christ.
C&#39;est parce que Dieu a réconcilié les hommes avec lui qu&#39;ils peuvent apprendre
à vivre réconciliés les uns avec les autres. Ainsi, la fraternité n&#39;accompagne
pas simplement l&#39;évangélisation ; elle en devient l&#39;une des expressions les
plus convaincantes et les plus visibles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La dimension sémantique du concept de
fraternité&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn26&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Qu’en est-il de la fraternité dans la Bible&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn27&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; d’une
manière générale et plus particulièrement dans le message de Jésus et dans le
langage apostolique ? Quels en sont les traits caractéristiques ? S’agit-il
d’un simple style de langage ou plutôt désigne-t-elle une réalité spécifique ? À
quoi faut-il la circonscrire ? Aux liens biologiques ? À la nature ? Quels sont
les sentiments qui alimentent des rencontres entre différentes personnes et
favorisent des liens fraternels et des associations ? À un fait purement
sociologique ? À une métaphore théologique ? Quand on parle de fraternité, de
quoi s’agit-il ? À quoi se réfère-t-on ? Un tel faisceau de questions induit
une réflexion sur un fait sociologique qui affecte fondamentalement l’homme
dans les rapports qu’il entretient avec les autres. Réalité anthropologique,
son extension dépasse de loin la seule dimension biologique qui situe la
personne dans un réseau de relations bien déterminées, celles de la famille, du
clan et, dans un sens plus étendu. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;À la lumière de Marc 3.35, l’usage analogique
fait éclater les frontières du concept qui peut être appliqué à des réalités
diverses. C’est pourquoi nous nous intéresserons à la dimension sémantique du
concept de fraternité en vue d’en déterminer la nature. Cette préoccupation
s’inscrit fondamentalement dans les débats autour de l’image de l’Église. Qu’il
s’agisse du nom propre de l’Église ou d’un phénomène métaphorique, le recours
au langage imagé est aussi ancien que massif, fortement établi aussi bien dans
la Bible que dans le langage théologique1 . Pour s’en convaincre, il suffit
simplement de se référer à la longue liste des images par lesquelles il rend
compte de la réalité ecclésiale. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La métaphore, comme l’affirme Daniel von
Allmen, est l’application d’une image à une réalité spécifique : la métaphore
n’est pas seulement un mot revêtu de la signification d’un autre mot. Il ne
suffit pas de définir la métaphore comme un phénomène de dénomination déviante.
La métaphore est, dans la phrase, un événement de prédication impertinente, qui
peut avoir des répercussions, non pas seulement sur le style (perspective de la
rhétorique), mais bien sur la manière dont nous concevons la chose exprimée
(perspective de la sémantique).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Et comme le souligne avec raison Charles de
Foucault&amp;nbsp;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 42.55pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 42.55pt 8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Notre existence entière et tout notre être,
affirme-t-il, doivent crier l’Évangile sur les toits. Notre personne entière et
toute notre vie doivent proclamer que nous appartenons à Jésus. Nos vies
doivent être un miroir de ce qu’est une vie selon l’Évangile. Notre être entier
doit être une prédication vivante, un reflet de Jésus, une odeur de Jésus,
quelque chose qui proclame Jésus, qui fait que les autres voient Jésus et qui
brille comme une image de Jésus&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn28&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.65pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;De même, le chrétien est intégré à un réseau de
frères en vue de constituer une grande fraternité des enfants de Dieu et de créer
une dynamique de vie. Telle est la mission qui s’impose désormais à tout homme
: devenir pour le monde le signe de l’amour de Dieu. Non seulement la
fraternité indique les dispositions de cœur qui inclinent les hommes les uns
envers les autres, mais elle manifeste la mission évangélique de l’homme quant
à l’annonce du Royaume dont elle est déjà le signe. En effet, par sa
constitution, la fraternité est une cellule d’Église, une portion du peuple de
Dieu et le Corps du Christ&amp;nbsp;: la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR;&quot;&gt;koinônia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 42.55pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 42.55pt 8pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Depuis l’institution des Douze par Jésus, la
communauté chrétienne s’est répandue en s’organisant « pour approfondir et
vivre la nouvelle foi et pour créer des liens de fraternité&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn29&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;». Les
apôtres portaient à cœur le souci de véritablement ancrer l’Église dans les
fabriques de la société humaine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: FR;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR;&quot;&gt;La &lt;i&gt;koinônia&lt;/i&gt;
néotestamentaire comme fondement théologique de la fraternité&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Il faut commencer par
dissiper un malentendu fréquent, y compris dans les milieux académiques : la
fraternité chrétienne n&#39;est pas une valeur. Ce n&#39;est pas non plus un sentiment
collectif que les croyants produiraient par leur bonne volonté ou leur ferveur
spirituelle. C&#39;est une condition d&#39;existence nouvelle, donnée avant d&#39;être
vécue, reçue avant d&#39;être construite&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn30&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Le
Nouveau Testament est précis sur ce point, et cette précision a des
conséquences ecclésiologiques considérables&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn31&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref31&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn31;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le terme grec &lt;i&gt;koinônia&lt;/i&gt;,
que les traductions françaises rendent tantôt par &lt;i&gt;communion&lt;/i&gt;, tantôt par &lt;i&gt;fellowship&lt;/i&gt;
ou &lt;i&gt;fraternité&lt;/i&gt;, apparaît de manière significative dans les Actes des
Apôtres pour décrire la vie de la première communauté de Jérusalem : &lt;i&gt;&quot;Ils
étaient assidus à l&#39;enseignement des apôtres, à la communion fraternelle, à la
fraction du pain et aux prières&quot;&lt;/i&gt; (Ac 2,42)&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn32&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref32&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn32;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Ce
tableau n&#39;est pas une description naïve d&#39;une harmonie primitive. C&#39;est une
structure : quatre pratiques articulées qui ensemble constituent la vie
ecclésiale&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn33&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref33&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn33;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. La &lt;i&gt;koinônia&lt;/i&gt;
y occupe une place centrale, entre l&#39;enseignement et l&#39;eucharistie — ce qui
indique déjà qu&#39;elle n&#39;est pas un supplément d&#39;âme mais un élément constitutif
de l&#39;Église&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn34&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref34&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn34;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ce que Paul développe
dans l&#39;épître aux Galates radicalise encore cette intuition. &lt;i&gt;&quot;Il n&#39;y a
plus ni Juif ni Grec, ni esclave ni libre, ni homme ni femme ; car vous êtes
tous un en Jésus-Christ&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;»&lt;/i&gt;
Cette formule, souvent citée comme un slogan d&#39;universalisme chrétien, dit en réalité
quelque chose de beaucoup plus précis et de beaucoup plus exigeant. Elle ne dit
pas que les différences ont disparu. Elle dit qu&#39;elles ont cessé d&#39;être des
critères de hiérarchie, d&#39;inclusion ou d&#39;exclusion à l&#39;intérieur du corps
ecclésial. L&#39;appartenance au Christ crée une appartenance nouvelle qui &lt;i&gt;précède&lt;/i&gt;
et &lt;i&gt;relativise&lt;/i&gt; toutes les autres — ethnique, sociale, de genre. C&#39;est ici
que la distinction entre &lt;i&gt;philia&lt;/i&gt; et &lt;i&gt;koinônia&lt;/i&gt; devient opératoire et
mérite qu&#39;on s&#39;y arrête. La &lt;i&gt;philia&lt;/i&gt; grecque — l&#39;amitié au sens
aristotélicien — est une relation élective. On choisit ses amis selon des affinités,
des ressemblances, des intérêts partagés. La &lt;i&gt;philia&lt;/i&gt; est donc
naturellement sélective : elle unit ceux qui se ressemblent et se
reconnaissent. La &lt;i&gt;koinônia&lt;/i&gt; chrétienne fonctionne selon une logique
radicalement différente. Elle n&#39;est pas choisie. Elle est donnée avec le
baptême, indépendamment des affinités naturelles. C&#39;est précisément pourquoi
elle est théologiquement révolutionnaire : elle oblige à la relation avec celui
qu&#39;on n&#39;aurait pas choisi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette distinction
éclaire un problème concret que l&#39;on observe dans de nombreuses Églises
africaines. Lorsque la fraternité ecclésiale se réduit à la &lt;i&gt;philia&lt;/i&gt; —
c&#39;est-à-dire lorsqu&#39;elle ne lie entre eux que ceux qui partagent la même
langue, la même origine ethnique, le même statut social ou la même proximité
avec le pasteur — elle cesse d&#39;être &lt;i&gt;koinônia&lt;/i&gt; au sens néotestamentaire.
Elle devient une solidarité communautaire parmi d&#39;autres, sans spécificité
évangélique. Ce n&#39;est pas une critique morale. C&#39;est un constat ecclésiologique
: une Église qui ne pratique que la &lt;i&gt;philia&lt;/i&gt; n&#39;a pas encore commencé à
vivre la fraternité que l&#39;Évangile lui donne et lui demande.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La &lt;i&gt;koinônia&lt;/i&gt; est
donc, pour reprendre une formulation que la théologie systématique rend
nécessaire, une &lt;i&gt;ontologie relationnelle&lt;/i&gt; : elle dit ce que l&#39;Église &lt;i&gt;est&lt;/i&gt;
avant de dire ce qu&#39;elle &lt;i&gt;fait&lt;/i&gt;. Elle précède l&#39;expérience et la
conditionne. Ce renversement — recevoir avant de construire, être avant de
faire — est le fondement sur lequel toute réflexion honnête sur la fraternité
ecclésiale africaine doit s&#39;appuyer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;À ce propos, Cyprien de
Carthage, évêque martyrisé en 258, écrit son traité &lt;i&gt;De unitate Ecclesiae&lt;/i&gt;
dans un contexte de crise aiguë : le schisme de Novatien divise la communauté
chrétienne de Rome, et des ondes de choc similaires menacent l&#39;Afrique du Nord&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn35&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref35&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn35;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Sa
réponse est d&#39;une clarté presque brutale : &lt;i&gt;&quot;On ne peut avoir Dieu pour
père si l&#39;on n&#39;a pas l&#39;Église pour mère.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn36&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref36&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn36;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/i&gt;
Cette formule, souvent réduite à une affirmation d&#39;autorité institutionnelle,
dit en réalité quelque chose de plus profond&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn37&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref37&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn37;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Pour
Cyprien, l&#39;unité de l&#39;Église n&#39;est pas une question d&#39;organisation
administrative. C&#39;est une question de vérité théologique : une Église divisée
ne peut pas témoigner de Dieu qui est lui-même communion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ce qui est remarquable
chez Cyprien, c&#39;est qu&#39;il ne nie pas le conflit. Il ne prêche pas une harmonie
de surface. Il regarde face à la réalité de la division et soutient que la
réponse à cette division ne peut pas être la fuite, le silence ou la
coexistence indifférente. Elle doit être la réconciliation exigeante, celle qui
nomme la rupture avant de la réparer. Pour les Églises africaines qui gèrent
souvent les conflits internes par l&#39;évitement ou la spiritualisation, cette
leçon reste entière.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La fraternité dans l’Église,
comme lieu théologique &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;4.1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La fraternité en construction
comme un lieu théologique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Des histoires de fraternité écument la
Bible. De Caïn et Abel (Genèse 4) jusqu’à la parabole du fils prodigue&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn38&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref38&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn38;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, la
Bible met en exergue la notion de fraternités contrariées. Si certains récits
apparaissent édifiants – comme Moïse et Aaron, dans le livre de l’Exode, et
David et Jonathan, dans le premier livre de Samuel –, la plupart mettent en
scène des frères et sœurs divisés, des fratries déchirées par la convoitise,
occasionnant viols et meurtres&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;: Ca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ï&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;n tuant Abel (Gen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;è&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;se 4, 8), Abraham et
Loth se s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;parant&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn39&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref39&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn39;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Jacob
convoitant le droit d’aînesse d’Ésaü&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn40&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref40&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn40;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Joseph
vendu par ses frères&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn41&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref41&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn41;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. En effet,
comme le dit avec raison le père Philippe Badie&amp;nbsp;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 42.55pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La Bible nous montre l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;humanit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;elle et enseigne que la
fraternité n’est pas une donnée naturelle, mais se construit. Vivre en frères
est possible, mais au terme d’un chemin exigeant, où nous devons dépasser notre
propre violence. Même au sein des familles de sang, il s’agit de s’adopter, de
se choisir, afin d’établir un lien&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn42&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref42&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn42;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ainsi, l’on ne peut pas
parler d’Église sans pouvoir vivre la fraternité évangélique au-delà des liens
biologiques telle que définie par Jésus-Christ&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn43&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref43&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn43;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. La
fraternité chrétienne selon ce texte implique une rupture. Ce n’est pas une
destruction des liens familiaux, mais une requalification. Il y a un moment où
appartenir à Christ crée une solidarité qui transcende les appartenances
premières. Car &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;la fraternité se présente comme une vertu qui
s’efforce de garantir la concorde au moyen de la paix et veille surtout à
l’application de la solidarité. Ce sentiment dispose favorablement l’homme à
une expérience d’abnégation au profit de l’autre. C’est pourquoi, d’ailleurs, s’inspirant
de la Bible, l’Église africaine se doit de reprendre plusieurs images traditionnelles
allusives à la fraternité dans l’Église : berceau&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn44&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref44&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn44;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; ,
troupeau&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn45&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref45&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn45;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, champ&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn46&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref46&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn46;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, vigne&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn47&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref47&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn47;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
édifice de Dieu&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn48&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref48&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn48;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, maison
de Dieu&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn49&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref49&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn49;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
demeure de Dieu dans l’Esprit&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn50&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref50&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn50;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
tabernacle de Dieu avec les hommes&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn51&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref51&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn51;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, la
nouvelle Jérusalem ou la Jérusalem d’en haut&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn52&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref52&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn52;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[52]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, l’épouse
immaculée de l’Agneau sans tache&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn53&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref53&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn53;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[53]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;C’est pour signifier que la fraternité
constitue donc un lieu théologique parce qu&#39;elle rend visible l&#39;œuvre de
réconciliation accomplie par le Christ. Selon Éphésiens 2,14, Jésus est notre
paix ; il a renversé les murs de séparation entre les hommes. Chaque fois que
des croyants se pardonnent, partagent leurs ressources ou accueillent l&#39;autre
malgré les différences, ils donnent une expression concrète à cette
réconciliation. Dieu devient alors perceptible à travers la qualité des
relations vécues dans la communauté.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette dimension est particulièrement importante
dans les Églises africaines contemporaines. La croissance numérique du
christianisme sur le continent est remarquable, mais elle pose aussi la
question de la profondeur des relations fraternelles. Une Église peut être
nombreuse sans être véritablement fraternelle. Or, dans le Nouveau Testament,
la crédibilité du témoignage chrétien dépend largement de l&#39;amour mutuel. Jésus
déclare : « &lt;i&gt;À ceci tous connaîtront que vous êtes mes disciples, si vous
avez de l&#39;amour les uns pour les autres.&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn54&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref54&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn54;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[54]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ainsi, la fraternité chrétienne apparaît comme
un espace où la foi devient visible. Elle n&#39;est pas un simple complément de la
vie ecclésiale. Elle appartient à l&#39;essence même de l&#39;Église&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn55&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref55&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn55;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[55]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Dans
le contexte africain, où les liens communautaires demeurent une réalité forte,
l&#39;enjeu n&#39;est pas seulement de préserver la solidarité traditionnelle, mais de
la transformer à la lumière de l&#39;Évangile. La fraternité selon Marc 3,35 invite
les croyants à dépasser les frontières du clan, de l&#39;ethnie et des intérêts
particuliers pour entrer dans la famille nouvelle que Dieu rassemble en
Jésus-Christ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Lorsque cette vision prend corps, l&#39;Église
devient plus qu&#39;une institution religieuse. Elle devient un lieu où le Royaume
de Dieu se laisse déjà entrevoir dans les relations quotidiennes entre frères
et sœurs en Christ. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pour cela, il faut qu’il y ait des communautés
chrétiennes qui transcendent l’ethnicité, le tribalisme. Il faut qu’elles
créent des réseaux d’entraide réels, qui fonctionnent comme des familles de
substitution. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;4.2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La fraternité : est-elle le mot évangélique le plus obscur dans l’Église
africaine ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette question mérite
d’être posée. En d’autres mots, la fraternité est-elle un mythe ou une réalité
dans nos Églises en Afrique&amp;nbsp;? Car il y a quelque chose de paradoxal dans
la fraternité chrétienne. Dans l&#39;Évangile, peu de notions occupent une place
aussi importante, et pourtant peu de réalités paraissent aussi difficiles à
vivre au quotidien. Lorsque Jésus déclare : « &lt;i&gt;Quiconque fait la volonté de
Dieu, celui-là est mon frère, ma sœur et ma mère&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn56&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref56&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn56;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/i&gt;»,
il redessine en quelque sorte les contours de la famille. Désormais, la fraternité
ne repose plus d&#39;abord sur le sang, mais sur une relation commune avec Dieu. Et
pourtant, c&#39;est là que les choses se compliquent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Les termes «&amp;nbsp;frères
et sœurs&amp;nbsp;» s’accompagnent toujours de rivalités, de jalousies, de méfiances
ou de luttes d&#39;influence. Les mots sont là. La fraternité, elle, semble parfois
rester en chemin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;C’est une obscurité qui
vient justement de ce que la fraternité exige de nous. Adhérer à une même
doctrine est relativement simple. Partager réellement sa vie avec d&#39;autres
personnes l&#39;est beaucoup moins. Prier ensemble peut se faire naturellement ;
porter les fardeaux les uns des autres demande autre chose. Cela demande du
temps, du pardon, de la patience. Cela demande aussi d&#39;accepter des personnes
que nous n&#39;aurions peut-être pas choisies spontanément. Dans le contexte
africain, la question prend une dimension particulière. Les appartenances
familiales, ethniques ou régionales continuent souvent à jouer un rôle
déterminant dans les relations sociales et ecclésiales. C&#39;est normal dans une certaine
mesure, car elles font partie de l&#39;histoire et de l&#39;identité des peuples. Mais
il arrive aussi qu&#39;elles prennent le dessus sur l&#39;identité chrétienne. Nous
affirmons que tous sont frères en Christ, mais, dans la pratique, les réflexes
identitaires demeurent parfois plus forts que les convictions proclamées. La
fraternité confessée rencontre alors les limites de la réalité humaine.
Pourtant, l&#39;Évangile ne présente jamais la fraternité comme une option réservée
à quelques croyants particulièrement engagés. Elle fait partie des signes
visibles de la vie chrétienne. Jésus affirme : « &lt;i&gt;À ceci tous connaîtront que
vous êtes mes disciples, si vous avez de l&#39;amour les uns pour les autres.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn57&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref57&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn57;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[57]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;».
Autrement dit, la fraternité n&#39;est pas un supplément de la foi. Elle en est
l&#39;une des expressions les plus concrètes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Au fond, si la
fraternité demeure l&#39;un des mots les plus obscurs de l&#39;Évangile, ce n&#39;est sans
doute pas parce que son sens est difficile à saisir. Il est plutôt difficile à
mettre en œuvre. Nous savons généralement ce qu&#39;elle signifie. Ce qui nous
manque souvent, c&#39;est la capacité à la vivre pleinement. C&#39;est là toute sa
force, mais aussi toute son exigence. Et peut-être est-ce précisément pour
cette raison que Jésus lui y accorde une telle importance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Perspectives d’une authentique fraternité dans
les Églises africaines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Au cœur de la
croissance spectaculaire du christianisme africain demeure une question
décisive : les Églises du continent parviennent-elles réellement à incarner la
fraternité qu’elles proclament ? Telle est la question qui s’impose. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En fait, la fraternité
constitue l&#39;un des enjeux majeurs de la réflexion ecclésiologique contemporaine
en Afrique. Depuis plusieurs décennies, les Églises africaines connaissent une
expansion remarquable. Pourtant, cette vitalité numérique contraste souvent
avec la persistance de divisions ethniques, sociales, économiques ou
confessionnelles qui affaiblissent leur témoignage. Dès lors, la fraternité
chrétienne ne relève plus d&#39;un simple idéal ecclésial ; elle devient une
exigence théologique, spirituelle et pastorale.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le Nouveau Testament
présente la fraternité comme une conséquence directe de l&#39;œuvre du Christ. En
Marc 3,35, Jésus redéfinit les critères de l&#39;appartenance lorsqu&#39;il affirme : «
Quiconque fait la volonté de Dieu, celui-là est mon frère, ma sœur et ma mère.
» Cette déclaration opère un déplacement radical. La communauté chrétienne ne
repose plus sur les liens du sang, l&#39;origine ethnique ou l&#39;héritage culturel,
mais sur une même obéissance à Dieu. La fraternité naît ainsi d&#39;une communion
spirituelle qui dépasse les frontières humaines et les appartenances
particulières.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette vision revêt une
importance particulière dans le contexte africain. De nombreuses sociétés du
continent valorisent la solidarité communautaire et les liens de parenté. Les
structures familiales, claniques et lignagères favorisent souvent l&#39;entraide et
la cohésion sociale. Cependant, ces mêmes mécanismes peuvent devenir des
instruments d&#39;exclusion lorsque l&#39;appartenance ethnique ou régionale prend le
pas sur l&#39;identité chrétienne. Il n&#39;est pas rare que les fractures de la
société se reproduisent au sein même des communautés ecclésiales. Dans ces
conditions, la fraternité évangélique risque de céder la place à une solidarité
de groupe qui accueille les semblables et tient les autres à distance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La première condition
d&#39;une fraternité authentique réside dans la redécouverte de l&#39;identité
baptismale. L&#39;apôtre Paul rappelle que tous les chrétiens ont été baptisés dans
un même corps&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn58&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref58&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn58;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[58]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Cette
vérité théologique doit devenir une expérience communautaire concrète. L&#39;Église
ne saurait se réduire à un rassemblement d&#39;individus liés par des affinités
culturelles ou sociales. Elle est appelée à former une communauté dans laquelle
les différences demeurent sans se transformer en barrières. Lorsque l&#39;identité
chrétienne l&#39;emporte sur les appartenances secondaires, la fraternité acquiert
une véritable consistance&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn59&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref59&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn59;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Une deuxième
perspective concerne la justice sociale. La fraternité ne se mesure pas à la
qualité des discours ni à la beauté des liturgies. Elle se vérifie dans les
pratiques quotidiennes de solidarité&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn60&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref60&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn60;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[60]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Le
livre des Actes décrit une communauté où les croyants partageaient leurs biens
afin que personne ne manque du nécessaire (Ac 4,32-35)&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn61&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref61&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn61;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[61]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Dans
des contextes marqués par les inégalités économiques, le chômage et la
précarité, la fraternité chrétienne exige une attention concrète envers les
plus vulnérables&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn62&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref62&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn62;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[62]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Une
Église qui demeure indifférente à la souffrance de ses membres compromet la
crédibilité de sa proclamation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La troisième
perspective touche au ministère de la réconciliation. Plusieurs sociétés
africaines portent encore les traces de conflits ethniques, politiques ou
communautaires. Dans un tel environnement, l&#39;Église ne peut se contenter de
refléter les fractures de la société. Elle est appelée à devenir un lieu où le
pardon, la vérité et la restauration des relations prennent corps. Selon
Éphésiens 2,14, le Christ a détruit les murs de séparation. Cette conviction
oblige les communautés chrétiennes à combattre toute forme de discrimination
susceptible de menacer l&#39;unité du peuple de Dieu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La formation
spirituelle constitue également un enjeu majeur. La fraternité chrétienne ne
surgit pas spontanément. Elle se construit à travers une conversion permanente
des attitudes et des comportements. L&#39;amour du prochain, le service mutuel,
l&#39;humilité et le pardon doivent occuper une place centrale dans la prédication
et dans la catéchèse. Sans ce travail de formation, les croyants risquent de
reproduire les logiques de domination, de compétition ou d&#39;exclusion présentes
dans leur environnement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Enfin, l&#39;avenir de la
fraternité chrétienne en Afrique dépend de la capacité des Églises à unir
fidélité biblique et cohérence pratique. Les affirmations doctrinales
conservent toute leur importance, mais elles perdent leur force lorsqu&#39;elles ne
façonnent pas les relations quotidiennes. La fraternité devient visible lorsque
les croyants portent ensemble les fardeaux des uns et des autres, accueillent
l&#39;étranger, protègent les plus fragiles et vivent concrètement l&#39;amour du
Christ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;L&#39;avenir des Églises en
Afrique ne se jouera pas seulement dans leur croissance numérique, mais dans
leur capacité à devenir de véritables communautés de frères et de sœurs. À la
lumière de Marc 3,35, la fraternité chrétienne apparaît non comme une option
parmi d&#39;autres, mais comme le signe tangible d&#39;une Église fidèle à l&#39;Évangile
qu&#39;elle annonce.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 7;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Jimi ZACKA, PhD&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Exégète, Anthropologue&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;



&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Le présent article est une version remaniée et
enrichie d&#39;un exposé présenté lors d’un séminaire biblique dont le thème est
«&amp;nbsp; La fraternité chrétienne comme moyen d’évangélisation ». &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Lire en effet, &lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;Paul Gifford&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;African
Christianity: Its Public Role&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Bloomington, Indiana University
Press, 1998; &lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;Elias K. Bongmba&lt;/span&gt; (dir.), &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;The Routledge Handbook of African Theology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,
Londres, Routledge, 2020; &lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;Andrew Eugene Barnes&lt;/span&gt;
et &lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;Toyin Falola&lt;/span&gt; (dir.), &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;The Palgrave Handbook of Christianity in Africa
from Apostolic Times to the Present&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan,
2024.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Rm 12,10 ; He 13,1 ; 1 P 2,17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Barje S. Maigadi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Divisive Ethnicity in the Church in Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,
Kaduna, Baraka Press, 2006, pp 210-2045; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Boubakar
Sanou, « Ethnicity, Tribalism and Racism: A Global Challenge for the Christian
Church and Its Mission », &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Journal
of Applied Christian Leadership&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, vol. 9, n°1, 2015, p. 94-104.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Jean-Pierre Chrétien, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Le défi de l&#39;ethnisme. Rwanda et Burundi:
1990-1996&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Karthala, 1997, p. 11-35, 245-278. Dans cet
ouvrage, l’auteur montre comment les identités ethniques ont été construites et
instrumentalisées jusqu&#39;à conduire au génocide des tutsis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: white;&quot;&gt;Emmanuel Katongole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Mirror to the Church: Resurrecting Faith after
Genocide in Rwanda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Grand Rapids, Zondervan, 2009, p. 17-44.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Timothy
Longman, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Christianity and Genocide in
Rwanda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 3-22.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda en 1994
constitue l&#39;une des remises en cause les plus sévères de la fraternité
chrétienne en Afrique. Dans une société où plus de neuf habitants sur dix se
réclamaient du christianisme, les solidarités ethniques ont souvent prévalu sur
l&#39;identité baptismale et sur les exigences de l&#39;Évangile. Le drame rwandais a
ainsi révélé l&#39;écart qui peut exister entre la fraternité confessée dans le
discours ecclésial et sa traduction effective dans les relations sociales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;La Bible se réfère à la fraternité en termes de
valeurs éthiques en ce qu’elle désigne le comportement des croyants et leur
manière d’être. La fraternité s’entend davantage comme la communion fraternelle.
Elle désigne la mise en commun des biens et exprime l’union des cœurs qui
résulte du partage de l’Évangile et de tous les biens reçus de Dieu par Jésus
Christ dans la communauté apostolique. Elle renvoie alors à une entraide
sociale, à une idéologie commune et à un sentiment de solidarité. Elle est en
ce sens caractéristique sinon à la réalité du moins à l’idéal de la première
communauté chrétienne : les croyants « se montraient assidus à l’enseignement
des apôtres, fidèles à la communion fraternelle, à la fraction du pain et aux
prières […]. Tous les croyants ensemble mettaient tout en commun ; ils
vendaient leurs propriétés et leurs biens et en partageaient le prix entre eux
tous selon les besoins de chacun » (Ac 2, 42.44 les besoins de chacun »(Ac 2,
42.44).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Joel Marcus, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Mark 1–8: A New Translation with Introduction
and Commentary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2000, p. 270-276.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;James R. Edwards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; , &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;The Gospel according to Mark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Grand
Rapids, Eerdmans, 2002, p. 123-126.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; John P. Meieir, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;A Marginal Jew. Rethinking the Historical Jesus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,
vol. III, New York, Doubleday, 2001, p. 41-53.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;John Dominic Crossan, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;The
Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, San
Francisco, HarperCollins, 1991, p. 299-332.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot;&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;R.T. France, &lt;i&gt;The&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt; Gospel of Mark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;, Grand Rapids,
Eerdmans, 2002, p. 177-180. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;L’auteur souligne que l&#39;appartenance au peuple
de Dieu ne repose plus sur une proximité familiale ou culturelle mais sur la réponse
à l&#39;appel divin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Dietrich&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Boenheffer, &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;De la vie communautaire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Gemeinsames Leben&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;), Genève, Labor
et Fides, 2007, p. 19-36.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Pierre Bourdieu, , &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Genèse et structure du champ religieux&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Seuil,
2001, p. 79-118. L’auteur analyse comment les institutions religieuses peuvent
proclamer des idéaux universels tout en reproduisant des rapports de domination
et des hiérarchies sociales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Stanley Hauerwas , &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;A Community of Character&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Notre
Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1981, p. 67-92. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;L’auteur soutient que la vérité de l&#39;Église se
vérifie dans ses pratiques concrètes et non dans ses seules affirmations doctrinales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Lv 19:18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pr&amp;nbsp;: 14 , 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Jn 15 : 13-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mt 5:11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Cf. David
J. Bosch , &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Transforming Mission:
Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Maryknoll (NY), Orbis
Books, 1991, p. 372-389.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn24&quot;&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref24&quot; name=&quot;_ftn24&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Cf.
Lesslie NewBigin, , &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;The Gospel in a
Pluralist Society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;, Grand Rapids,
Eerdmans, 1989, p. 227-233. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Il soutient que la congrégation chrétienne
constitue « l&#39;herméneutique de l&#39;Évangile », c&#39;est-à-dire la première
interprétation visible du message chrétien dans le monde.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn25&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref25&quot; name=&quot;_ftn25&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Lire Michael W. Goheen
, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;A Light to the Nations: The Missional Church
and the Biblical Story&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Grand Rapids, Baker Academic, 2011, p.
203-221.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn26&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref26&quot; name=&quot;_ftn26&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt; Rodney Stark, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;The Rise of Christianity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,
Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1996, p. 73-94.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn27&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref27&quot; name=&quot;_ftn27&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Il faut préciser que l’usage du concept de
frère au sens littéral peut être dit strict quand&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;il s’applique aux frères et aux demi-frères,
ou plutôt étendu aux proches parents et aux cousins. Cet emploi est fort
répandu dans l’Ancien Testament. En dehors du sens premier, l’évocation des
frères dans les synoptiques met en valeur la qualité des relations tissées par
les frères et en détermine par ailleurs le critère constitutif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn28&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref28&quot; name=&quot;_ftn28&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Selon Charles de Foucauld, dans «&amp;nbsp;Règlements
et Directoire&amp;nbsp;», Montrouge, Nouvelle&amp;nbsp;? &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;p. 156 : « Nous nous attachons à imiter sans
cesse notre bien-aimé Seigneur Jésus, de manière à être Ses images fidèles dans
tous nos actes intérieurs et extérieurs... Nous nous demanderons en tout
comment Il pensait, parlait, agissait en la circonstance où nous sommes,
comment Il penserait, parlerait, agirait à notre place; et nous nous
efforcerons de tout notre cœur de reproduire amoureusement en nous les traits
de notre divin modèle… Nous nous appliquerons d&#39;abord et surtout à imiter Ses
vertus intérieures, à conformer notre âme à Son âme toute brûlante d&#39;amour de
Dieu, toute employée à chercher Sa seule gloire, toute obéissante à Sa volonté,
toute appliquée à l&#39;imitation de Ses perfections, toute perdue dans Sa
contemplation… toute enflammée d’amour des hommes image de Dieu… Nous nous
souviendrons sans cesse qu’il s’est consacré au salut des hommes au point
d’être résumé et signifié par son nom de JÉSUS ‘Sauveur’, et nous L’imiterons
en faisant du salut des hommes l’œuvre de notre vie&amp;nbsp;» Voir ‘Constitutions
des Petits Frères du Sacré Cœur de Jésus’, Art. 1er, dans&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Charles de Foucauld, &lt;i&gt;Règlements et
Directoire&lt;/i&gt;, Montrouge, Nouvelle Cité, 1995, p. 77 ; Constitutions des
Petites Sœurs du Sacré-Cœur de Jésus, Art. 1er, dans Charles de Foucauld,
Règlements et Directoire, Montrouge, Nouvelle Cité, 1995, p. 337.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn29&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref29&quot; name=&quot;_ftn29&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Actes des Apôtres 2,42-47 : la communion
fraternelle attire l&#39;estime du peuple.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn30&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref30&quot; name=&quot;_ftn30&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; John Zizioulas, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Being as Communion: Studies in Personhood and
the Church&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Crestwood (NY), St Vladimir&#39;s Seminary Press, 1985, p.
15-27 ; 50-65.J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn31&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref31&quot; name=&quot;_ftn31&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Miroslav&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Volf, &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;After Our Likeness: The Church as the Image of
the Trinity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 1998, p. 191-230.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn32&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref32&quot; name=&quot;_ftn32&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Cf. &lt;span style=&quot;background: white;&quot;&gt;Ceslas Spicq&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Notes de lexicographie néo-testamentaire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, tome II,
Fribourg, Éditions Universitaires, 1978, p. 490-506&amp;nbsp;; &lt;span style=&quot;background: white;&quot;&gt;Gerhard Kittel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Theological Dictionary of the New Testament&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, vol. III,
Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 1965, p. 797-809.&lt;span style=&quot;background: white;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn33&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref33&quot; name=&quot;_ftn33&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Craig S. Keener, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Acts: An Exegetical
Commentary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, vol. I, Grand Rapids,
Baker Academic, 2012, p. 1003-1015.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn34&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref34&quot; name=&quot;_ftn34&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt; Lire Luke Timothy
Johnson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;The Acts of the Apostles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,
Collegeville, Liturgical Press, 1992, p. 62-67; &lt;span style=&quot;background: white;&quot;&gt;Frederick
F.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Bruce &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;The Book of the Acts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Grand Rapids,
Eerdmans, 1988, p. 79-84.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn35&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref35&quot; name=&quot;_ftn35&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;background: white;&quot;&gt;Cyprien de
Carthage (Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus)&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;De unitate Ecclesiae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (L&#39;unité de l&#39;Église), chap. 4-6,
dans &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Sources Chrétiennes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, n°500, Paris,
Cerf, 2006, p. 194-211&amp;nbsp;; &lt;span style=&quot;background: white;&quot;&gt;J. Patout Burns, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Cyprian the Bishop&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Londres,
Routledge, 2002, p. 75-101.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn36&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref36&quot; name=&quot;_ftn36&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;background: white;&quot;&gt;Cyprien de
Carthage, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;De unitate Ecclesiae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,
chap. 6, dans &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Sources Chrétiennes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,
n°500, Paris, Cerf, 2006, p. 208-211.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn37&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref37&quot; name=&quot;_ftn37&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Cf. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Maurice Bévenot, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;St. Cyprian: The
Lapsed, The Unity of the Catholic Church&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, Westminster (MD),
Newman Press, 1957, p. 25-37 ; 98-115. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Lire aussi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Allen Brent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Cyprian and Roman Carthage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,
Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 233-259.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn38&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref38&quot; name=&quot;_ftn38&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Lc 15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn39&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref39&quot; name=&quot;_ftn39&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Gn 13 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn40&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref40&quot; name=&quot;_ftn40&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Gn25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn41&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref41&quot; name=&quot;_ftn41&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Gn 37&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn42&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref42&quot; name=&quot;_ftn42&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Philippe Badie&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Frères et sœurs dans la Bible. Quand les liens
familiaux deviennent chemin spirituel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, Paris, Mame, 2018, p. 9-24 ; 45-61&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn43&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref43&quot; name=&quot;_ftn43&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Dietrich Bonhoeffer,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;De la
vie communautaire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Gemeinsames
Leben&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;), Genève, Labor et Fides, 2007, p. 21-38.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn44&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref44&quot; name=&quot;_ftn44&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Jn 10, 1-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn45&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref45&quot; name=&quot;_ftn45&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Is 40, 11&amp;nbsp;; Ez 34,
11s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn46&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref46&quot; name=&quot;_ftn46&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;1 Co 3, 9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn47&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref47&quot; name=&quot;_ftn47&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mt 21, 33-43 ;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Is 5,1s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn48&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref48&quot; name=&quot;_ftn48&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;1 Co 3, 9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn49&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref49&quot; name=&quot;_ftn49&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;1 Tm 3, 15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn50&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref50&quot; name=&quot;_ftn50&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ep 2, 19-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn51&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref51&quot; name=&quot;_ftn51&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ap 21, 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn52&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref52&quot; name=&quot;_ftn52&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[52]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ap 21, 1-2.10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn53&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref53&quot; name=&quot;_ftn53&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[53]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ap 19, 7 ; 21, 2.9 ;
22, 17 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn54&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref54&quot; name=&quot;_ftn54&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[54]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Jn 13,35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn55&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref55&quot; name=&quot;_ftn55&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[55]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: white;&quot;&gt;Joseph H. Hellerman &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;When the Church Was a Family&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;, p. 15-42; 109-135.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn56&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref56&quot; name=&quot;_ftn56&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mc 3.35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn57&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref57&quot; name=&quot;_ftn57&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[57]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt; Jn
13.35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn58&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref58&quot; name=&quot;_ftn58&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[58]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;1 Co 12,13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn59&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref59&quot; name=&quot;_ftn59&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Eph 2,14-19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn60&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref60&quot; name=&quot;_ftn60&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[60]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Stanley Hauerwas,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;A Community of
Character&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, Notre Dame, University
of Notre Dame Press, 1981, p. 67-92.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn61&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref61&quot; name=&quot;_ftn61&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[61]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Craig S. Keener, Acts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;: An Exegetical
Commentary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, vol. II, Grand
Rapids, Baker Academic, 2013, p. 1248-1265.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn62&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref62&quot; name=&quot;_ftn62&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[62]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Emmanuel
Katongole&amp;nbsp;&amp;amp; Chris Rice, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Reconciling All Things:
A Christian Vision for Justice, Peace and Healing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, Downers Grove, IVP
Academic, 2008, p. 111-139.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/feeds/5504161006280690766/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/2026/06/la-fraternite-chretienne-en-afrique.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default/5504161006280690766'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default/5504161006280690766'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/2026/06/la-fraternite-chretienne-en-afrique.html' title='La fraternité chrétienne en Afrique : mythe ecclésial ou réalité évangélique ?[1] Une relecture Théologico-ecclésiastique de Marc 3,35'/><author><name>Dr. Jimi ZACKA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02758734648564924723</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdbzpc-lgNc1xzo5oekixxi0VXRw3q8yx5-fNW6pnTEK6iUDMwhs9OE0l7Rx00znNIxzbZXknaogcZOpiaapqcprOPGsJWBj97L4BVzf-KLHF9HWGEbbBG6ge2GXz9yL0/s220/JIMI+ET+JC_FCBK.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKc5fdh03K4oErikffuSnaVMgzv_BRRLAExPOypTyzF2B3kPQMzga7aOf9snex8XiEtJtpMHc7oRCj_lHfMjTFsj3zf_xZOGDLc0haqMFcK8du6j0WSxS0sK463SlAZKsEz6-ycFX7wUwFPsxKErWfo7ivnx6RMGAzz3-s7BurbnjL2157K76Jw7_q7RHg/s72-c/FRATERNITE%20CHRETIENNE.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8486035224833555469.post-1301060177155005475</id><published>2026-04-23T17:13:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2026-04-23T17:15:09.654+02:00</updated><title type='text'>RÊVES ET PROPHETIES DANS LES EGLISES D&#39;AFRIQUE : Exégèse de Jr 23,28                                                                                                     Jimi ZACKA, PhD</title><content type='html'>&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript1.2&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvADR7FMoHFpGCpZzkRnDziKuLsUIaXrbypOx2p6yyWQHURygcPUodY9-4Q6MpDJOUmQ6YsBd3Bg-DHLB81x19bNd4uYN6w2D2wSCiGxA7Kzn-oKMa8KH6z2ibY49LPhdh-OJ61LqGwgy5_RcGd4CVDEmO-xoNU6YB1Zyp2k1vPxlXv9UQHAaWJ432osp8/s789/REVES%20ET%20VISIONS.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;789&quot; data-original-width=&quot;526&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvADR7FMoHFpGCpZzkRnDziKuLsUIaXrbypOx2p6yyWQHURygcPUodY9-4Q6MpDJOUmQ6YsBd3Bg-DHLB81x19bNd4uYN6w2D2wSCiGxA7Kzn-oKMa8KH6z2ibY49LPhdh-OJ61LqGwgy5_RcGd4CVDEmO-xoNU6YB1Zyp2k1vPxlXv9UQHAaWJ432osp8/s320/REVES%20ET%20VISIONS.jpg&quot; width=&quot;213&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Que le prophète qui a un songe raconte ce songe, et que celui qui a ma
parole dise fidèlement ma parole. Pourquoi mêler la paille au froment ? —
oracle du Seigneur&lt;/i&gt;. »&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 2;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; Jr
23,28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Introduction &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ce n’est pas sans une
certaine appréhension que j’aborde le thème de l’interprétation des prophéties
oniriques dans les communautés chrétiennes d’Afrique. Je ne suis ni onirologue
ni psychiatre ni psychologue pour entreprendre une telle étude. Ce n’est qu’une
question qui me taraude l’esprit par rapport à la vie onirique et spirituelle des
chrétiens africains fréquentés dans certaines Églises. De ce fait, mon postulat
commence par un simple dire d’un pasteur &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;: &lt;i&gt;«&amp;nbsp;Dis-moi ce dont tu as rêvé, et je
te dirai ce que le monde invisible cherche à te révéler. »&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Cette phrase m’a amené, en tant que bibliste
africain, à en faire une écoute critique sur la manière dont le rêve et le
songe touchent à la foi et à la vie chrétienne en Afrique. Certes, si tous les hommes
du monde rêvent, l’interprétation qu’ils en font varie. Certains attribuent à
ces rêves de multiples pouvoirs et en font un usage abusif pour la conduite
individuelle et collective dans la société. Tel est le cas en Afrique,
notamment chez des adeptes de certaines communautés chrétiennes. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;D’autres en sont insouciants et n’y accordent
aucune importance. Pour eux, le rêve &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pourtant, l’impact des
rêves sur la vie d’un Africain est réel, mais demeure ambivalent sur trois volets&amp;nbsp;:
d’abord, beaucoup considèrent le rêve comme un lieu de rencontre avec Dieu. La
référence biblique récurrente à cette expérience spirituelle se trouve en Jb 33,14-15
et est surtout allusive aux rêves de Joseph (Gn 37,5-11) et de Daniel (Dn 2). Ce
type de rêve encourage les gens à prier, à persévérer. Un chrétien qui se sent
visité dans un rêve retrouve l’espoir et le courage face à l’épreuve, ou se
soumet à un jeûne intensif, s’il s’agit d’un éventuel combat spirituel contre
les forces maléfiques. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Dans ce cas, le
rêve devient un lieu d’annoncer l’assurance face aux adversités. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ensuite, dans les communautés chrétiennes, le rêve
oriente souvent les grandes décisions. Il est notoire de remarquer que beaucoup
de chrétiens croient à leurs rêves ou songes avant un choix important&amp;nbsp;: &lt;i&gt;mariage,
voyage, travail&lt;/i&gt;. Le rêve intervient dans ce cas comme un message prémonitoire.
Autrement dit, croire au rêve ou au songe est une foi incarnée dans le
quotidien et cela fragilise d’ailleurs le discernement si l’interprétation
demeure subjective. Enfin, le rêve, ayant une valeur symbolique forte, se voit donc
comme un espace où se croisent héritage culturel et foi biblique. C’est pour dire
que si l’on fait du rêve une autorité absolue dans la société, il ne doit pas
en être de même dans l’Église. Car toute interprétation d’un rêve, d’un songe
ou d’une prophétie doit être confrontée à l’Écriture, à la raison et à la communauté.
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;C’est pour dire que le
rêve et la prophétie enrichissent certainement la vie spirituelle du chrétien
africain, ils ouvrent un espace de sens de vie et de relation avec Dieu, mais
ils requièrent également une lecture critique. Sans cela, la foi chrétienne se trouve
déplacée vers l’incertitude ou la manipulation. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ainsi, l’enjeu de mon
travail est double. Il s’agit, d’une part, de découvrir la richesse d’une
expérience spirituelle profondément enracinée dans les cultures africaines et
juives. D’autre part, répondre à une nécessité : ouvrir un espace critique,
capable de discerner ce qui édifie réellement l’Église de ce qui la fragilise.
Dans cette optique, interroger les rêves et les visions revient, en définitive,
à questionner la responsabilité de ceux qui se disent &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;prophètes dans les Églises. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En conséquence, ma
démarche s’articule en trois temps. Premièrement, je vais analyser la culture
onirique africaine dans sa profondeur anthropologique, en distinguant ce qui
relève du patrimoine culturel légitime de ce qui constitue une dérive
ecclésiologique. Je vais ensuite démontrer que l’importance accordée au rêve
dans la cosmologie africaine n’est pas une singularité isolée. Elle trouve un
écho dans la tradition juive, notamment dans le Talmud. Les récits bibliques
accordent eux aussi une place réelle aux rêves et aux songes. Toutefois, le
rêve n’y vaut jamais par lui-même. Il appelle une interprétation et se soumet à
une vérification par des prophètes. Enfin, je proposerai une analyse exégétique
rigoureuse de Jr 23,28 pour aboutir à une théologie du &lt;i&gt;discernement&lt;/i&gt; qui
ne soit ni u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ne importation doctrinale
étrangère ni une capitulation devant la pression culturelle. C’est dire que,
même si le rêve demeure un lieu de révélation, il entre dans une économie où la
Parole de Dieu se distingue, se juge et se transmet avec exigence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;L’onirisme dans la
cosmologie africaine &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Souvent considéré comme un
simple fruit de l’imagination, le rêve revêt une tout autre importance dans les
traditions africaines. Il est perçu comme un canal sacré de communication entre
les vivants et les forces invisibles, notamment les ancêtres, les esprits
protecteurs ou les divinités&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En d’autres termes, c’est un univers spirituel
où circulent des hommes, des âmes des morts, des êtres divins ou d’autres
entités spirituelles&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. C’est
pourquoi, d’ailleurs, les interprétations des rêves surgissent dans les récits
de conversations matinales, orientent des décisions concrètes, nourrissent des
prises de parole parmi les sages et annoncent des prémonitions. En conséquence,
des rituels d’interprétation des rêves dénouent l’énigme des messages oniriques
reçus. Souvent, ces messages annoncent des événements à venir ou révèlent des
causes cachées de situations présentes&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Mais il
est à préciser que dans plusieurs sociétés africaines, il faut faire une
distinction entre rêves ordinaires et rêves significatifs. En effet, on crée des
filtres d’interprétation (anciens, devins, prêtres) qui mobilisent des interprètes
compétents, capables de discerner les rêves significatifs des rêves ordinaires.
Ce sont ceux-là qui peuvent diagnostiquer certaines maladies, prévenir des
conflits ou guider des choix communautaires&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. En d’autres
termes, l’africain ne comprend pas toujours les événements qu’il traverse. Le
rêve intervient alors comme un espace d’explications. Il met en relation
l’expérience vécue avec des causes invisibles et propose une lecture cohérente
du réel. Cette logique s’inscrit dans une vision du monde où le visible et
l’invisible s’interpénètrent constamment&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Le
songe devient ainsi un lieu d’interaction entre Dieu, l’homme, les ancêtres et les
forces spirituelles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En d’autres mots,
l’Africain qui vit dans le monde visible a une grille de lecture assez
particulière sur les événements à venir à travers le rêve. Ce qui lui donne une
certaine compréhension de ce qu’il subit ou de ce qui va lui arriver. Dans
cette optique, chaque symbole dans le rêve est porteur de sens et d’interprétation.
Car les symboles peuvent être alors perçus comme des mots précis dont la
connaissance est cependant nécessaire pour en comprendre le sens. Ce sens est
très simple, mais toujours analogique, bien qu&#39;il semble peu apparent. Il est
régi par une sémantique comme le langage parlé. C&#39;est la mise en présence des
symboles d&#39;un même rêve qui permet de dégager un sens fixe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Par exemple, les rêves de
chute de dents sont très fréquents. Selon certaines tribus en Afrique, perdre
ses dents est prémonitoire de la perte d&#39;un être proche. À ce moment, le rêve
est un avertissement qui concerne le rêveur. Par conséquent, l&#39;interprétation
peut permettre de déchiffrer le rêve autrement. C’est-à-dire que celui qui rêve
qu&#39;il perd ses dents pourrait être en perte de vitalité. Il serait dans une
période de soucis. Littéralement, il perdrait ses forces et son appétit de
vivre. Dans ce cas, il aurait besoin d’un bain thérapeutique avec la décoction
de quelques feuilles d’arbre, accompagnée de sacrifices ou libations aux ancêtres.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Dans certaines tribus en
Centrafrique, rêver de manger la viande pourrait être interprété comme un signe
d’attaque mystique, sorcière ou d’empoisonnement spirituel. Se laver avec de l’eau
claire évoque la purification, la paix intérieure ou une bénédiction à venir.
Tomber, voler ou être poursuivi par un animal ou un défunt peut traduire des
combats spirituels ou des blocages dans la vie réelle. Rencontrer un défunt
semble porter un message significatif selon les cultures. C’est pour signifier
que rien n’est anodin. Ma recherche au Rwanda m’a amené à conclure que &lt;span class=&quot;t286pc&quot;&gt;les rêves sont souvent liés à l&#39;environnement immédiat et à la
culture locale (agriculture, bétail). Rêver de récoltes ou de bétail est
généralement lié à la prospérité ou à la pénurie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le rêve peut aussi devenir
un lieu de consécration ou d’attribution d’une tâche spécifique&amp;nbsp;: &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;devenir guérisseur, voyant ou gardien d’un lieu
cultuel. Par conséquent, le rêve devient très significatif et exige une
attitude particulière&amp;nbsp;: il faut l’écouter, le comprendre et, si
nécessaire, consulter un initié pour en saisir la portée. C’est pourquoi, rêver
d’un ancêtre, c’est recevoir un message spécial&amp;nbsp;; interpréter ce rêve,
c’est déchiffrer un message dont l’ignorance pourrait avoir des conséquences
réelles sur la vie de la communauté. Aussi, après chaque décès, les parents
s’attendent à un rêve du défunt. C’est une rencontre entre les parents et
l’esprit du défunt où il viendrait laisser un message de ses derniers vœux &lt;i&gt;post-mortem&lt;/i&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette centralité du
phénomène onirique révèle une attente vive de révélation. L’importance portée
aux rêves reflète une compréhension plus large de l’existence humaine, liée à
des mondes invisibles. Dit autrement, le rêve est un pont entre deux mondes,
offrant une vision unique et profondément personnelle du sacré.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette profondeur
culturelle constitue une &lt;i&gt;praeparatio evangelica&lt;/i&gt; au sens où elle exprime
une intuition fondamentale : Dieu — ou le monde spirituel— ne se tait pas
pendant que l&#39;homme dort. La question n&#39;est pas de savoir si cette intuition
est juste en elle-même, mais il s’agit, pour cette étude, &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;de savoir comment l&#39;Évangile la reçoit, la
transforme et en fixe les limites, et qu’en est-il de l’univers &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;biblique ou juif. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;2. &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;L’onirisme dans la tradition juive et biblique &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Dans le Talmud, les rêves
sont mentionnés et discutés de façon répétée. Ce qui est remarquable, c’est
l’existence dans le traité &lt;i&gt;Berakhot &lt;/i&gt;(fol. 55a-57b) d’un véritable petit
précis d’onirologie&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Beaucoup
de chercheurs ont pensé que ce texte avait peut-être circulé indépendamment
avant d’être incorporé dans le Talmud de Babylone&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. C’est
pourquoi, d’ailleurs, les rêves dans les sources juives ont fait l’objet de
nombreuses questions : d’où viennent-ils ? Quelle est leur fonction ? Que
faut-il en croire ? S’agit-il d’un phénomène physique ou métaphysique ? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;L’inflation du mot «&amp;nbsp;rêve&amp;nbsp;»
dans la Bible en dit long. Le mot &lt;i&gt;halom&lt;/i&gt; qui désigne le «&amp;nbsp;rêve&amp;nbsp;»
y apparaît &lt;i&gt;60 &lt;/i&gt;fois et le verbe «&amp;nbsp;rêver&amp;nbsp;» apparaît 25 fois
supplémentaires. En effet, le personnage de Joseph apparaît comme l’archétype
du rêveur biblique ; il est appelé par ses frères «&amp;nbsp;le maître des rêves&amp;nbsp;»
ou &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;ba‘al ha-halomot&lt;/i&gt; «&amp;nbsp;celui
qui maîtrise les rêves&amp;nbsp;» (Gn. 37: 19)&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. On
trouve également dans la Bible un nombre non négligeable de rêves de différents
types&amp;nbsp;: &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;visions nocturnes, visions
de sommation, de révélation, ou d’annonce prophétique, qui ne sont pas présentées
nommément comme des rêves.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Il faut aussi préciser que
l’Ancien Testament contient &lt;i&gt;douze&lt;/i&gt; rêves, dont chacun d’eux cependant est
d’une importance exceptionnelle. Quelques-uns parlent d’eux-mêmes et n’ont pas
besoin d’interprétation, comme le rêve de l’échelle de Jacob. D’autres, « les
rêves royaux&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; », sont
profondément inquiétants et défient toute interprétation standard. D’autres
encore ont une forme symbolique mais leur sens est tout de suite clair pour le
rêveur et ne demande pas d’interprétation, comme les rêves de Joseph où les
gerbes de blé et les étoiles s’inclinent devant lui, rêve que toute sa famille
interpréta comme son désir grandiose de pouvoir. Le dialogue entre le rêveur et
Dieu est le trait principal de nombreux rêves bibliques.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ils sont classés en
différentes catégories&amp;nbsp;: il y a des rêves prémonitoires, puis ceux de
désignation ou de protection, ensuite ceux de mise en garde, et enfin les
approches critiques, voire négatives, vis-à-vis des songes. À propos du rêve
prémonitoire, je ne dirai qu’un mot sur la vision d’Abraham. C’est là que lui est
annoncé l’exil futur de ses descendants en Égypte. Bien qu’il ne soit pas dit
qu’Abraham ait rêvé, il est précisé qu’un sommeil profond s’abattit sur lui
(Gen. 15:12). C’est en fait Joseph qui sera l’instrument de la descente de ses
frères, puis de son père Jacob, en Égypte ; et c’est de Joseph que nous allons
parler. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Dans ses deux rêves de
jeunesse, imprudemment racontés à ses frères, Joseph se voit en position
d’autorité vis-à-vis d’eux, ce qui entraîne leur inimitié. Lorsqu’ils décident
de se débarrasser de lui, ils l’appellent ironiquement «&amp;nbsp;maître des songes&amp;nbsp;»,
mais ils ne croient pas si bien dire panetier de Pharaon (Gen. 40: 6-19), il en
résulte qu’il est appelé &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;auprès du
monarque égyptien afin d’interpréter ses rêves (Gen. 41: &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;14-32), à la suite de quoi il est nommé
vice-roi d’Égypte. &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Deux remarques
sont à faire ici. D’une part, le fait que le rêve de Pharaon ait été vécu en
deux phases successives, ou plutôt en deux scènes différentes, mais de
signification identique, en accentue la validité. D’autre part Joseph insiste,
aussi bien dans le cas des rêves des deux serviteurs que dans le cas de ceux du
monarque, sur le fait &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;que c’est le
Seigneur qui inspire ces rêves et leur interprétation&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Il y a aussi le cas du roi
Saül. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Au terme de sa carrière,
le roi Saul voulut connaître à l’avance l’issue de son dernier combat. “&lt;i&gt;Et
Saul consulta le Seigneur, mais il n’obtint&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;pas de réponse, ni en songe, ni par les Urim, ni par les prophètes&lt;/i&gt;”&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;(I Sam. 28: 6). Saul fut ainsi contraint
d’user des services de la magicienne d’Endor, pour n’avoir pas même eu droit à
un songe prémonitoire. Mais il s’agit ici d’un rêve sur demande, ce qui est
bien entendu un cas particulier. Par ailleurs, le patriarche Jacob rêva par
deux fois, à sa sortie de Canaan dans sa fuite due aux menaces de son frère
Esaü, et à son retour de chez Laban que d’ailleurs il fuyait également. Le
premier est le songe de l’échelle, un rêve de protection et d’alliance, alors
que Jacob va se mesurer à la civilisation dont son ailleul s’était dissocié
(Gen. 28: 12). Au retour, il s’agit d’un rêve d’admonition et de protection : «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Lève-toi,
sors de ce pays et retourne dans ton pays natal&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;» (Gen. 31: 13).
Toutefois, dans la tradition biblique, il y a de différentes approches
négatives ou positives des rêves ou des songes. Un exemple d’une approche
négative des rêves est celle du prophète Zacharie:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 51.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 51.05pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Car les terafim disent des vanités, les
magiciens (heb. qosemim)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 51.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 51.05pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;des&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;visions mensongères, les songes disent des faussetés11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 51.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 51.05pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;et apportent des&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;consolations illusoires&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; (Zach. 10: 2). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 51.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 51.05pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 34pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Les &lt;i&gt;terafim&lt;/i&gt; sont,
dans ce contexte, des instruments de divination comme d’ailleurs dans d’autres
passages de la Bible. Pour Zacharie, les songes sont donc à ranger dans la même
catégorie que l’astrologie et la magie ; leur valeur est purement illusoire. Dans
le livre de Job, nous trouvons également une référence négative, appliquée
pourtant à des rêves d’origine divine:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 51.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 51.05pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;Quand je me dis ‘ma couche
me consolera’, […]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 51.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 51.05pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Tu m’effraies par des rêves et m’épouvantes
par des visions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; (Job 7: 13-14). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 51.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 51.05pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 34pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Job considère que c’est
dans un sommeil profond (heb. &lt;i&gt;tardémah&lt;/i&gt;) que le Seigneur se manifeste. Enfin,
entre autres, Jérémie nous dit qu’il faut se méfier des faux prophètes qui
proclament «&amp;nbsp;J’ai rêvé, j’ai rêvé !&amp;nbsp;». &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ces prophètes de mensonge ne font que débiter
les inventions de leur pensée, ce sont donc des rêves mensongers (Jér. 23:
25-32). Pourtant, les &lt;i&gt;talmudistes&lt;/i&gt; considéraient apparemment le fait de
ne jamais rêver comme une anomalie&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Aristote disait que ce fait est rare, mais qu’il existe, ajoutant que certains
ne rêvent qu’à un âge avancé&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Mais
restons dans le traité &lt;i&gt;Berakhot &lt;/i&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 51.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 51.05pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Quiconque dort sept nuits
de suite sans rêver est appelé ‘mauvais’ (heb.ra‘). Il est en effet écrit:
“Celui qui dort la nuit, rassasié, sans qu’il soit visité (par des rêves),
c’est mal” (Prov. 19: 23). Ne lis pas ‘rassasié (heb. savéa‘) mais ‘sept’ (heb.
ševa‘)[Berakhot 55b] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 51.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 51.05pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ce texte apparaît
également dans le même traité &lt;i&gt;Berakhot&lt;/i&gt;, au folio 14a. Mais là intervient
un autre talmudiste qui ajoute: «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Celui qui se rassasie d’enseignements
de la Loi avant d’aller dormir, on ne lui annoncera pas de mauvaises nouvelles.&lt;/i&gt;».
Ici le terme «&amp;nbsp;rassasié&amp;nbsp;» a donc gardé son sens original, mais il est
orienté vers la nourriture spirituelle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En d’autres termes,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;une personne vertueuse ne
sera pas affligée de mauvais rêves ni de mauvaises pensées, comme disait le
psalmiste (Ps. 91: 10): “&lt;i&gt;Nul malheur ne te surviendra&lt;/i&gt;” [&lt;i&gt;Berakhot 55b&lt;/i&gt;].
Il faut préciser que le Psaume 91 est, on le sait, une invocation &lt;i&gt;apotropaïque&lt;/i&gt;.
Pourtant &lt;i&gt;rabbi Hisda&lt;/i&gt; (3e siècle), qui est l’auteur de l’affirmation
ci-dessus, dit ailleurs (&lt;i&gt;Berakhot 5&lt;/i&gt;5a) qu’un mauvais rêve vaut mieux
qu’un bon rêve. Ce qui s’explique de la manière suivante : les soucis
(l’anxiété) suscités par le mauvais rêve en annulent les effets. Par contre, la
joie (le bonheur) causée par le bon rêve ne laissera pas de trace significative.
À l’instar de bonnes ou mauvais rêves, il reste la question d’interprétation
des rêves qui demeure très cruciale. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;L’interprétation des rêves
ne relève pas d’un simple exercice intellectuel. Elle touche à la manière dont
Dieu communique avec l’homme. D’abord, elle rappelle une idée forte : le rêve
seul ne suffit pas. Selon &lt;i&gt;rabbi Hisda&lt;/i&gt;: “&lt;i&gt;Un songe&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;qui n’est pas explicité est comme une lettre
qui n’a pas été lue&lt;/i&gt;” [&lt;i&gt;Berakhot 55b&lt;/i&gt;]. Pourtant, certains individus
préféreraient sans doute ne pas lire la lettre, c’est-à-dire oublier le rêve
qui leur avait posé un problème, n’en parler à&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;personne, dans l’espoir que rien de fâcheux ne leur advienne. Mais dans
l’esprit de la plupart des rabbins, l’interprétation des rêves est nécessaire
et déterminante. Ceci est affirmé sous deux formules apparemment de
signification identique : 1. «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Tous les rêves se réalisent selon la
bouche&lt;/i&gt; »&amp;nbsp;; 2. «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Tous les rêves se réalisent selon
l’interprétation qui leur a été donnée.&lt;/i&gt;».&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Dans le récit de Pharaon,
le trouble reste tant que le sens demeure caché. Ce n’est qu’avec Joseph que le
rêve devient intelligible. Joseph affirme clairement que l’interprétation vient
de Dieu, et non de l’homme. En d’autres termes, l’interprétation de rêve pose
une limite nette à toute lecture purement humaine comme Joseph le souligne&amp;nbsp;:
&lt;i&gt;« N’appartient-il pas à Dieu de donner l’interprétation des rêves?&lt;/i&gt;» (Gn 40,
8). « &lt;i&gt;Pas moi ! Dieu répondra&lt;/i&gt; » (Gn 41, 16). Ces deux versets montrent
bien que le centre de la personnalité n’est plus le moi, mais Dieu. Joseph a
découvert combien la souffrance faisait partie de son destin par un rêve. Sa
descente, d’abord dans le puits et ensuite dans les profondeurs d’une prison, a
pu l’aider à comprendre comment naviguer et approcher le monde de l’inconscient
et à transformer son narcissisme. Remarquez que les trois séries de rêves dans
l’histoire de Joseph viennent par paires et que Joseph est devenu un adepte du
symbolisme des nombres dans l’interprétation des rêves. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Et pour finir, les rêves
bibliques, bien que peu nombreux, font apparaître l’impact profond qu’ont les
grands rêves et soulignent l’importance de la recherche de la bonne
interprétation venant de Dieu. Il n’est pas surprenant qu’au fil du temps, les
Juifs soient devenus de célèbres interprètes de rêves. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Qu’en dit Jérémie&amp;nbsp;? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Exégèse de Jr 23.28 contre
les dérives oniriques. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Les travaux de Birgit
Meyer, relatifs aux Églises pentecôtistes du Ghana, ont mis en évidence la
manière dont ces communautés ont effectué une rupture sélective avec les traditions
locales&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. En même
temps, elles ont toujours gardé, en lien étroit avec les cultures locales, la même
manière de comprendre comment le spirituel fonctionne et les mêmes attentes sur
la façon dont Dieu communique. Dans cette dynamique, le rêve a certes connu une
évolution de son vocabulaire — la référence aux ancêtres ayant cédé la place à
l&#39;Esprit Saint — sans que sa fonction fondamentale ne soit pour autant altérée
: il demeure un vecteur de révélation directe, individuelle et impérative. Dit
autrement, si le rêve constitue un mode d’accès au monde des ancêtres et aux
forces spirituelles, invisibles, cela lui confère une légitimité religieuse
dans les églises. Cette précompréhension culturelle n’est pas nécessairement incompatible
avec la foi chrétienne. Mais elle crée un terrain où la confusion herméneutique
prospère, notamment lorsque des communautés chrétiennes acceptent sans
discernement des rêves comme porteurs de révélation normative concurrente aux
principes bibliques. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;font-claude-response-body&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En effet, ce déplacement
terminologique sans transformation structurelle a des conséquences
ecclésiologiques profondes. La prophétie onirique ou la vision remplit ainsi
plusieurs fonctions qui, dans une ecclésiologie réformée classique, reviendraient
exclusivement à la Bible et aux responsables ecclésiastiques légitimement
constitués. Malheureusement, c’est la prophétie qui fonde désormais des
décisions communautaires, elle accrédite ou disqualifie des responsables d’Églises,
elle oriente la gestion financière des communautés, elle tranche des conflits
que la parole scripturaire ne résoudrait qu&#39;au prix d&#39;un effort herméneutique
exigeant. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;font-claude-response-body&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Autrement dit, le rêve prophétique
fonctionne comme une instance de court-circuit : il délivre une réponse
immédiate là où l&#39;Écriture impose un travail d&#39;interprétation, une délibération
communautaire ou une réflexion théologique. En fait, le rêve du prophète prend
le pas sur la Parole de Dieu, si bien qu&#39;elle n&#39;est plus vraiment utile pour la
vie pratique de l&#39;Église&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;font-claude-response-body&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;C’est pourquoi, d’ailleurs,
certains prophètes, notamment à Corinthe, semblent être tombés dans des transes
incontrôlées, si bien que la communauté fut encouragée, non à interdire la
prophétie, mais à vérifier la véracité et la fiabilité des paroles déclarées
par les prophètes, parfois devant des non-chrétiens. L’ordre dans l’Église
devait être maintenu à tout prix, pour Paul, afin que la prophétie ne devienne
pas un contre-témoignage. Paul exhortera ailleurs les Thessaloniciens à aller
dans le même sens&amp;nbsp;: «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;N’éteignez pas l’Esprit, ne méprisez pas le
message des prophètes&amp;nbsp;; examinez tout, retenez ce qui est bien&amp;nbsp;; abstenez-vous
du mal sous toutes ses formes&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;» (1 Th 5.19-20).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;font-claude-response-body&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Les conséquences concrètes
des dérives oniriques dans les églises en Afrique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Les conséquences des dérives
que produit cette configuration ne sont pas hypothétiques. Elles sont récurrentes,
et leur analyse permet de préciser les enjeux théologiques réels que pose
Jérémie 23,28 aux Églises africaines de nos jours. Je précise qu’il y a trois
formes de dérives&amp;nbsp;oniriques :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;La première est la &lt;i&gt;substitution&lt;/i&gt;. Le rêve
prophétique prend la place de l&#39;Écriture comme référence normative première.
Aujourd&#39;hui, les pasteurs ou les prophètes ne disent plus «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Il est
écrit dans la Bible&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;», mais plutôt «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Le Seign&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;eur m&#39;a montré quelque
chose cette nuit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&amp;nbsp;». En effet, ce qui
donne de l&#39;autorité à leurs paroles ne vient pas d&#39;un texte biblique que tout
le monde peut lire, comprendre et même discuter, mais d&#39;une expérience très
personnelle, que seul le prophète de l’église qui l&#39;a vécue peut juger. C&#39;est
justement ce genre de situation que le prophète Jérémie reprochait aux
prophètes de son époque. Son problème n&#39;était pas qu&#39;ils fassent des rêves,
mais plutôt qu&#39;ils les présentent comme venant de Dieu, alors que Dieu ne
l&#39;avait pas vraiment dit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La deuxième est &lt;i&gt;l&#39;instrumentalisation&lt;/i&gt;.
La prophétie onirique devient un outil de pouvoir pastoral dans l’Église.
Certains pasteurs utilisent le rêve — réel ou fabriqué — pour consolider leur
autorité, neutraliser des oppositions internes, exiger des contributions
financières ou contraindre des fidèles à des décisions personnelles qu&#39;ils
n&#39;auraient pas prises de leur propre chef. Cette forme de captation spirituelle
s’inscrit dans des logiques de domination que le christianisme africain devrait
précisément contribuer à défaire. Lorsque le rêve prophétique sert à extraire
des ressources ou à soumettre des consciences, il cesse d&#39;être un lieu de
rencontre avec Dieu pour devenir un instrument de contrôle social revêtu d&#39;une
légitimité sacrée. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;La troisième est la &lt;i&gt;fragmentation
communautaire&lt;/i&gt;. Une ecclésiologie fondée sur la prophétie onirique privée
tend à produire des communautés atomisées, où chaque membre peut
potentiellement recevoir une révélation personnelle contraignante, non soumise
au discernement collectif. J’ai eu à être dans une église où tout le monde
prophétise. Du coup, l&#39;unité de cette communauté chrétienne repose alors non
plus sur une parole commune — l&#39;Écriture — mais sur la capacité du prophète charismatique
à hiérarchiser et arbitrer des expériences oniriques concurrentes. Cette
imposture a fragilisé structurellement la vie ecclésiale et a rendu la
communauté vulnérable à toutes les formes de manipulation prophétique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;highlights&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Il faut préciser que &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;ces trois formes de dérive ne sont pas
accidentelles. Elles sont le produit logique d&#39;une théologie qui n&#39;a pas su
articuler rigoureusement l&#39;expérience onirique avec la norme scripturaire. C&#39;est
dans cette perspective que Jr 23,28 dénonce ces dérives par une théologie du &lt;i&gt;discernement&lt;/i&gt;
pour mettre fin à la prolifération de fausses prophéties oniriques dans les
Églises. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Exégèse de Jr 23.28 contre
les fausses prophéties oniriques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;À prime bord, à propos du
rêve, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Jr 23.28 met en exergue trois
dimensions de compréhension : le rêve comme expérience, l’interprétation du
rêve et la revendication d’autorité divine. C’est cette troisième dimension que
Jérémie attaque frontalement. De même, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;le passage invite son
lecteur à une attention particulière par rapport à la signification de
différents termes que Jérémie oppose&amp;nbsp;: il y a d’abord &lt;i&gt;Halom&lt;/i&gt;/&lt;i&gt;dabar&lt;/i&gt;
et ensuite la métaphore &lt;i&gt;Paille&lt;/i&gt;/&lt;i&gt;froment&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Dans la Bible hébraïque, le
terme &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ḥ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ălôm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; (le rêve) désigne
l&#39;ensemble des rêves, sans émettre de jugement quant à leur origine, qu&#39;elle
soit divine ou humaine. Il peut faire référence aussi bien aux songes de Joseph
et de Pharaon, clairement décrits comme des messages divins, qu&#39;aux rêves
courants mentionnés dans l&#39;Ecclésiaste 5,2 comme le fruit d&#39;une activité diurne
excessive. Le mot &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Cambria&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ḥ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ălôm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; est donc un terme neutre
concernant sa signification théologique : il se contente de décrire un phénomène
sans en garantir la source. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le second terme est &lt;i&gt;dābār&lt;/i&gt;,
la parole. Dans le contexte prophétique, &lt;i&gt;dābār&lt;/i&gt; désigne spécifiquement la
parole divine telle qu&#39;elle advient au prophète dans l&#39;acte souverain de la
révélation. C&#39;est le terme que Jérémie utilise pour désigner sa propre vocation
&lt;i&gt;— wayehî&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;debar&lt;/i&gt;-YHWH &#39;&lt;i&gt;ēlay&lt;/i&gt; — et qu&#39;il oppose
systématiquement aux productions des faux prophètes. Le &lt;i&gt;dābār&lt;/i&gt; n&#39;est pas
une expérience que le prophète invente ou sollicite ; c&#39;est une irruption qui
le saisit de l&#39;extérieur, qui parfois le contraint contre sa volonté, qui porte
en elle-même une autorité que nulle expérience subjective ne saurait
reproduire. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En outre, la métaphore de
la &lt;i&gt;paille&lt;/i&gt; et du &lt;i&gt;froment &lt;/i&gt;articule précisément cette distinction.
La &lt;i&gt;paille&lt;/i&gt; et le &lt;i&gt;froment&lt;/i&gt; proviennent du même champ, appartiennent
à la même réalité agricole, se ressemblent en apparence — comme le rêve et la
parole divine peuvent se ressembler en surface. Mais leur substance est
radicalement différente : la &lt;i&gt;paille&lt;/i&gt; est légère, inconsistante, incapable
de nourrir ; le &lt;i&gt;froment&lt;/i&gt; est dense, substantiel, porteur de vie. Jérémie
ne dit pas que le rêve est mauvais en lui-même. Il dit qu&#39;il est
ontologiquement d&#39;un autre ordre que la parole divine, et que confondre les
deux revient à donner de la paille pour du pain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cette usurpation constitue le cœur de la
critique prophétique développée dans le &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Livre de Jérémie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; 23,28. Elle explique la force de l’image qui
suit : « &lt;i&gt;Que le prophète qui a un rêve raconte le rêve, et que celui qui a
ma parole dise fidèlement ma parole. Qu’a la paille de commun avec le froment &lt;/i&gt;?
». Cette métaphore exprime une différence de nature et non de degré. Comme le
note &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Jack R. Lundbom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, «&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;la paille et le froment ne sont pas
deux variantes d’un même contenu, mais deux réalités incompatibles, ce&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;qui
renforce la disqualification radicale des faux discours prophétiques&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;»&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Par
ailleurs, le verset 28 joue un rôle rhétorique structurant dans l’ensemble de
la polémique contre les prophètes. Il ne se contente pas de dénoncer ; il
établit un critère positif de discernement : la fidélité à la parole réellement
reçue. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;J. A. Thompson &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;souligne que Jérémie oppose ici deux modes de
transmission : le récit subjectif du rêve et la proclamation fidèle de la
parole divine&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Cette
distinction fonde une éthique de la parole prophétique. Dans le même sens, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Walter Brueggemann &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;insiste sur la dimension polémique du texte : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 51.05pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; margin: 5pt 51.05pt 5pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Le problème n’est pas l’existence de médiations
diverses, mais leur falsification. L’autorité prophétique ne repose pas sur
l’intensité de l’expérience, mais sur son origine divine authentique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Parallèlement,
Deutéronome 13,1-5 aborde un problème analogue avec une intensité telle qu&#39;il
anticipe Jérémie. Même lorsqu&#39;un prophète dit une chose à caractère prophétique,
si son message incite le peuple à craindre &lt;i&gt;YHWH&lt;/i&gt;, il ne doit pas être
suivi. L&#39;élément déterminant n&#39;est pas l&#39;efficacité de sa parole ni la
puissance de l&#39;expérience spirituelle qu’il possède, mais la conformité du
message à la révélation de Dieu. C’est un principe fondamental de la théologie
prophétique dans la Bible : un don, même spirituel, n’obtient pas forcément la
validité de Dieu. Elle doit être évaluée selon une norme biblique appropriée.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;font-claude-response-body&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pour
preuve, en aval, dans le Nouveau Testament, l&#39;apôtre Paul prône en 1 Cor 14 une
théologie du &lt;i&gt;discernement&lt;/i&gt; prophétique qui prolonge et adapte cette logique.
Selon l’apôtre Paul, la prophétie doit être soumise au jugement de la
communauté, comme l&#39;indique l&#39;expression &lt;i&gt;hoi alloi diakrinetōsan&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;«
que les autres jugent&lt;/i&gt; » (v. 29). Aucune expérience spirituelle, quelle que
soit son intensité, n&#39;échappe au discernement ecclésial. L’Église, éclairée par
les Saintes Écritures et guidée par l&#39;Esprit, constitue l&#39;autorité légitime
pour évaluer toute parole prophétique. Ce principe paulinien représente le
prolongement néotestamentaire précis de ce que Jérémie 23,28 avait déjà établi
: la parole de Dieu se valide au sein de la communauté d&#39;interprétation, et non
dans la subjectivité isolée d’un prophète auto-proclamé. Toutefois, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;la Bible ne doit pas être
utilisée comme un objet parmi d&#39;autres dans lequel on viendrait chercher
confirmation de ce qu&#39;on a déjà reçu ailleurs, mais comme la norme première à
laquelle toute expérience spirituelle — y compris onirique — doit être soumise
et par laquelle elle doit être évaluée. C&#39;est précisément cette primauté
normative de l&#39;Écriture que Jérémie 23,28 revendique, et que les dérives
oniriques des Églises tendent à éroder. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sentence-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: rgb(249, 250, 251); color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Dans cet article, j’ai
cherché à présenter la manière de comprendre l&#39;Église, orientée vers l&#39;idée de &lt;i&gt;discernement&lt;/i&gt;.
Je n’exhorte pas à tout rejeter d&#39;un seul coup quand il est question des rêves
prophétiques, appelés souvent «&amp;nbsp;visions&amp;nbsp;». Ce serait mal comprendre
la culture africaine et ignorer une grande partie de ce que la Bible nous
révèle. Mais il ne faut pas non plus tout accepter sans poser de questions,
surtout si une prophétie vient d&#39;une vision, car ça équivaudrait à renoncer à une
réflexion théologique, avec de sérieuses conséquences pour l&#39;Église. Ce qu&#39;il
faut, c&#39;est plutôt un &lt;i&gt;discernement&lt;/i&gt; rigoureux. Il doit être enraciné dans
les Écritures, pratiqué par la communauté entière et toujours attentif à
vérifier que ce qui est vécu corresponde bien à la Parole de Dieu. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sentence-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: rgb(249, 250, 251); color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ce travail de &lt;i&gt;discernement&lt;/i&gt;
n&#39;est pas une simple formalité. C&#39;est un travail théologique qui exige beaucoup
d’efforts. Pour y arriver, il faut des Églises bien édifiées comme celle des
chrétiens de Bérée (Actes 17,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;10-15),
des responsables formés (1Tm 4.13) et une culture au sein de l&#39;Église où la
Parole de Dieu reste la priorité absolue face à n&#39;importe quelle expérience
spirituelle (Jos 1.8), même si elle est &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;très sincère.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sentence-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: rgb(249, 250, 251); color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pour terminer cet article,
il y a une question essentielle que les théologiens africains ne pourront pas
éviter indéfiniment : &lt;i&gt;comment faire pour former des communautés qui soient
vraiment capables de discerner, sans devenir trop rigides avec les dogmes d&#39;un
côté, et sans non plus tomber dans un charismatisme où tout serait permis &lt;/i&gt;?
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sentence-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: rgb(249, 250, 251); color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;C&#39;est une question qui va
bien au-delà de mon analyse, mais elle en est la suite logique et la plus
pressante. Parce que si Jérémie avait raison – et les problèmes dont on a parlé
dans cet article donnent de bonnes raisons de croire qu&#39;il disait vrai – alors
l&#39;avenir des communautés chrétiennes en Afrique dépendra beaucoup de la capacité
à distinguer, avec sagesse et sans condescendance, &lt;i&gt;la paille du froment&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: FR;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: FR;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 3;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR;&quot;&gt;Jimi ZACKA, PhD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;Notes&amp;nbsp;&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;



&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Cf. &lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk227849027&quot;&gt;John S. Mbiti, &lt;i&gt;African
Religions and Philosophy&lt;/i&gt;, Oxford, Heinemann, 1975&lt;/a&gt;. p. 15-19 ; p. 83-85
; &lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk227849056&quot;&gt;E. Bolaji Idowu, &lt;i&gt;African Traditional Religion: A
Definition&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;/a&gt;p. 179-183&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Lire &lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk227849085&quot;&gt;Placide Tempels, &lt;i&gt;La philosophie bantoue&lt;/i&gt;, Présence africaine,
1945&lt;/a&gt;, p. 58-63&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cf. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk227849123&quot;&gt;Geoffrey Parrinder&lt;i&gt;, African Traditional Religion&lt;/i&gt;, Londres,
Longman, 1970, Londres, Longman, 1970&lt;/a&gt;,p. 112-118&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cf&lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk227849179&quot;&gt;. Harry Sawyerr, &lt;i&gt;God:
Ancestor or Creator?&lt;/i&gt;, London, Longman, 1970&lt;/a&gt;. p. 140-145. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Dans son ouvrage, &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Sawyerr décrit les croyances liées aux
attaques mystiques, souvent interprétées à travers les rêves.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Cf. &lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk227849230&quot;&gt;John S. Mbiti&lt;i&gt;,
Introduction to African Religion&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, p. 67-72.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Les citations seront
extraites du &lt;i&gt;Talmud de Babylone&lt;/i&gt; dont la rédaction finale date du début
du 6e siècle. Cf. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;a-truncate-cut&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Talmud de Babylone&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;a-truncate-cut&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;a-truncate-cut&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Vol. 1 (Classic Reprint):
Traduit en Langue Française Et Complété par Celui de Jérusalem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, Forgotten Books, 2018.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Voir à ce sujet l’article
récent de Fishbane S., &lt;i&gt;Every Dream Becomes Valid&lt;/i&gt;…2007, p. 177. Cet
article donne une analyse bien documentée, bien que plus orientée vers l’interprétation
des rêves.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;En effet, ces rêves se réaliseront,
comme on le sait. Ajoutons que cet épithète de &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;ba‘al ha-halomot&lt;/i&gt; désignera dans le
Talmud les messagers divins qui transmettent le message onirique. En
particulier, par exemple, l’archange Gabriel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Les « rêves royaux »
occupent une place structurante dans la littérature biblique. Ils apparaissent
comme des médiations privilégiées par lesquelles Dieu communique avec les
détenteurs du pouvoir politique. Dans &lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;le livre de
la Genèse&lt;/span&gt; 41, le rêve de Pharaon, interprété par Joseph, concerne la
gestion économique de l’Égypte et engage la survie du peuple. Lire &lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk227849314&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;Claus Westermann, &lt;i&gt;Genesis
37–50&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk227849314;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cambridge University Press,
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;p. 204-210. De même, dans &lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;le livre de Daniel&lt;/span&gt; 2 et 4, les songes de
Nabuchodonosor révèlent la souveraineté divine sur les royaumes humains, tout
en dénonçant les limites du pouvoir impérial (cf. &lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk227849382&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;John J. Collins, Daniel&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk227849382;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk227849382;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Minneapolis
: Fortress Press&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk227849382;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;1993&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;p. 165-172 ; p. 221-230).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cf. Gen. 40: 8 et 41:
16.Il est spécifié dans le &lt;i&gt;Talmud&lt;/i&gt; qu’un rêve qui se répète (au cours de
la même nuit) a des chances de se réaliser.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Il semble donc que ne pas
rêver pendant sept nuits de suite soit considéré de mauvaises augures, ou bien
simplement non souhaitable. Quant au passage de &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;savéa‘ à ševa&lt;/i&gt;‘ (lire shéva), il s’agit
d’une méthode d’interprétation par analogie, courante dans les textes
talmudiques.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk227849473&quot;&gt;Voir Aristote, “On
Dreams” in &lt;i&gt;On the Soul,&lt;/i&gt; trans. W.S. Hett, LCL ed., 1975&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 349-371
[462a33-34].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk227849528&quot;&gt;Meyer, B. (1998).
“Make a complete break with the past”: Memory and post-colonial modernity in
Ghanaian Pentecostalist discourse. &lt;i data-end=&quot;697&quot; data-start=&quot;662&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;Journal of Religion in Africa, 28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt;,
316–349&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: FR;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk227849587&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk227849587;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk227849587;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Jack R. Lundbom, &lt;i&gt;Jeremiah 21–36&lt;/i&gt;, Anchor
Yale Bible&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk227849587;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;, p. 210-212 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. &lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk227849642&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;J. A. Thompson&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;The
Book of Jeremiah&lt;/i&gt; (NICOT), Eerdmans, 2022&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;p. 489-491&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk227849682&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;whitespace-normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Walter Brueggemann, &lt;i&gt;A Commentary on
Jeremiah: Exile and Homecoming&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk227849682;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Eerdmans, 1998&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk227849682;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;p. 205-207. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/feeds/1301060177155005475/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/2026/04/reves-et-propheties-dans-les.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default/1301060177155005475'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8486035224833555469/posts/default/1301060177155005475'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://tephila.blogspot.com/2026/04/reves-et-propheties-dans-les.html' title='RÊVES ET PROPHETIES DANS LES EGLISES D&#39;AFRIQUE : Exégèse de Jr 23,28                                                                                                     Jimi ZACKA, PhD'/><author><name>Dr. Jimi ZACKA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02758734648564924723</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdbzpc-lgNc1xzo5oekixxi0VXRw3q8yx5-fNW6pnTEK6iUDMwhs9OE0l7Rx00znNIxzbZXknaogcZOpiaapqcprOPGsJWBj97L4BVzf-KLHF9HWGEbbBG6ge2GXz9yL0/s220/JIMI+ET+JC_FCBK.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvADR7FMoHFpGCpZzkRnDziKuLsUIaXrbypOx2p6yyWQHURygcPUodY9-4Q6MpDJOUmQ6YsBd3Bg-DHLB81x19bNd4uYN6w2D2wSCiGxA7Kzn-oKMa8KH6z2ibY49LPhdh-OJ61LqGwgy5_RcGd4CVDEmO-xoNU6YB1Zyp2k1vPxlXv9UQHAaWJ432osp8/s72-c/REVES%20ET%20VISIONS.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>