tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8688746354988059415Sat, 31 Aug 2024 05:56:31 +0000CPUI/OROMchipcomputercrystal oscillatorembedded systemsintegrated circuitmemorymicrocontrollermicroprocessors deviceshttp://8051micro.blogspot.com/noreply@blogger.com (mama)Blogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8688746354988059415.post-8156185039192015991Wed, 12 Aug 2009 13:56:00 +00002009-08-12T06:59:17.040-07:00The first single chip microprocessor was the 4 bit Intel 4004 released in 1971, with other more capable processors available over the next several years.These however all required external chip(s) to implement a working system, raising total system cost, and making it impossible to economically computerise appliances.The first computer system on a chip optimised for control applications - http://8051micro.blogspot.com/2009/08/history-of-microcontroller.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (mama)4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8688746354988059415.post-135124796241498753Wed, 12 Aug 2009 13:54:00 +00002009-08-12T06:55:00.850-07:00Interrupt latencyIn contrast to general-purpose computers, microcontrollers used in embedded systems often seek to minimize interrupt latency over instruction throughput.When an electronic device causes an interrupt, the intermediate results, the registers, have to be saved before the software responsible for handling the interrupt can run, and then must be put back after it is finished. If therehttp://8051micro.blogspot.com/2009/08/reason-to-use-microcontroller.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (mama)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8688746354988059415.post-5209695629011783831Wed, 12 Aug 2009 13:50:00 +00002009-08-12T06:54:11.616-07:00Types of microcontrollersThis section requires expansion.As of 2008 there are several architectures:* 68HC11* 8051* ARM* Atmel AVR 8-bit architecture* Atmel AVR32 32-bit architecture* Freescale CF (32-bit)* Freescale S08* Hitachi H8, Hitachi SuperH* MIPS (32-bit PIC32)* NEC V850* PIC (8-bit PIC16, PIC18, 16-bit dsPIC33 / PIC24)* PowerPC ISE* PSoC (Programmable System-on-Chip)* Rabbit 2000* TI http://8051micro.blogspot.com/2009/08/types-of-microcontroller.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (mama)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8688746354988059415.post-1629102123491984376Wed, 12 Aug 2009 13:47:00 +00002009-08-12T06:48:05.301-07:00Programming environmentsMicrocontrollers were originally programmed only in assembly language, but various high-level programming languages are now also in common use to target microcontrollers. These languages are either designed specially for the purpose, or versions of general purpose languages such as the C programming language. Compilers for general purpose languages will typically have somehttp://8051micro.blogspot.com/2009/08/programming-environments-of.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (mama)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8688746354988059415.post-8413951020614563293Wed, 12 Aug 2009 13:46:00 +00002009-08-12T06:46:58.038-07:00Programming environmentsMicrocontrollers were originally programmed only in assembly language, but various high-level programming languages are now also in common use to target microcontrollers. These languages are either designed specially for the purpose, or versions of general purpose languages such as the C programming language. Compilers for general purpose languages will typically have somehttp://8051micro.blogspot.com/2009/08/programming-environments.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (mama)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8688746354988059415.post-1637375200326906805Wed, 12 Aug 2009 13:44:00 +00002009-08-12T06:45:40.590-07:00About 55% of all CPUs sold in the world are 8-bit microcontrollers and microprocessors. According to Semico, Over 4 billion 8-bit microcontrollers were sold in 2006A typical home in a developed country is likely to have only four general-purpose microprocessors but around three dozen microcontrollers. A typical mid range automobile has as many as 30 or more microcontrollers. They can also be http://8051micro.blogspot.com/2009/08/volume-of-microcontroller-in-micro.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (mama)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8688746354988059415.post-4179787662333846814Wed, 12 Aug 2009 13:40:00 +00002009-08-12T06:41:25.219-07:00Higher integrationIn contrast to general-purpose CPUs, microcontrollers may not implement an external address or data bus as they integrate RAM and non-volatile memory on the same chip as the CPU. Using fewer pins, the chip can be placed in a much smaller, cheaper package.Integrating the memory and other peripherals on a single chip and testing them as a unit increases the cost of that chip, but http://8051micro.blogspot.com/2009/08/high-integration-in-microcontroller.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (mama)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8688746354988059415.post-5658999494805010610Wed, 12 Aug 2009 13:39:00 +00002009-08-12T06:39:44.781-07:00Other microcontroller featuresSince embedded processors are usually used to control devices, they sometimes need to accept input from the device they are controlling. This is the purpose of the analog to digital converter. Since processors are built to interpret and process digital data, i.e. 1s and 0s, they won't be able to do anything with the analog signals that may be being sent to it by a http://8051micro.blogspot.com/2009/08/main-features-of-microcontroller.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (mama)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8688746354988059415.post-5850184301023112543Wed, 12 Aug 2009 13:38:00 +00002009-08-12T06:38:28.665-07:00ProgramsMicrocontroller programs must fit in the available on-chip program memory, since it would be costly to provide a system with external, expandable, memory. Compilers and assembly language are used to turn high-level language programs into a compact machine code for storage in the microcontroller's memory. Depending on the device, the program memory may be permanent, read-only memory that http://8051micro.blogspot.com/2009/08/programming-in-microcontroller.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (mama)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8688746354988059415.post-783023645027566328Wed, 12 Aug 2009 13:36:00 +00002009-08-12T06:37:05.067-07:00InterruptsIt is mandatory that microcontrolers provide real time response to events in the embedded system they are controlling. When certain events occur, an interrupt system can signal the processor to suspend processing the current instruction sequence and to begin an interrupt service routine (ISR). The ISR will perform any processing required based on the source of the interrupt before http://8051micro.blogspot.com/2009/08/interrupts-in-microcontroller.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (mama)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8688746354988059415.post-5472374940810877791Wed, 12 Aug 2009 13:35:00 +00002009-08-12T06:35:56.081-07:00Embedded designThe majority of computer systems in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems. These are called embedded systems. While some embedded systems are very sophisticated, many have minimal requirements for memory and program length, with no operating system, and low software complexity. Typical input and http://8051micro.blogspot.com/2009/08/embedded-design-of-microcontroller.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (mama)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8688746354988059415.post-8426800345768670835Tue, 07 Jul 2009 19:37:00 +00002009-08-12T06:56:08.207-07:00chipcomputerCPUcrystal oscillatorembedded systemsI/Ointegrated circuitmemorymicrocontrollermicroprocessors devicesROMA microcontroller (also microcontroller unit, MCU or µC) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit consisting of a relatively simple CPU combined with support functions such as a crystal oscillator, timers, watchdog, serial and analog I/O etc. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a, typically small, read/write http://8051micro.blogspot.com/2009/07/microcontroller.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (mama)2