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		<title>Things Grandparents Do That Give Children Their Happiest Memories</title>
		<link>https://theartfulage.com/g-grandparents-happiest-memories/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Artful Age Editorial Team]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2026 08:42:47 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Lifestyle]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://theartfulage.com/g-grandparents-happiest-memories/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Ask people about their happiest childhood memories of a grandparent and the answers rarely involve anything expensive. The big theme-park trip fades; what stays is the standing Saturday visit, the same story told for the hundredth time, the particular way flour got everywhere when you baked together. That pattern is not random, and it is [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/g-grandparents-happiest-memories/">Things Grandparents Do That Give Children Their Happiest Memories</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ask people about their happiest childhood memories of a grandparent and the answers rarely involve anything expensive. The big theme-park trip fades; what stays is the standing Saturday visit, the same story told for the hundredth time, the particular way flour got everywhere when you baked together. That pattern is not random, and it is genuinely useful for any grandparent wondering what actually lands. Two of the things grandparents do turn out to have real research behind them, and both are the kind of thing that costs nothing and can be started this week.</p>
<h2>They tell the family&#8217;s stories</h2>
<p>Grandparents are usually the only people alive who can tell a child where they came from, and it turns out this is more than pleasant nostalgia. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21387531/">In research published in New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, the psychologist Robyn Fivush found that young people who knew more of their family&#8217;s intergenerational stories, how their parents and grandparents met, struggled, and came through hard times, tended to show higher self-esteem, lower rates of depression and anxiety, and a stronger sense of meaning and purpose.</a></p>
<p>The reason seems to be that these stories hand a child something larger than themselves to belong to. Knowing that your grandmother crossed an ocean with one suitcase, or that your grandfather failed at something before he succeeded, places a child inside a longer story of people who faced difficulty and kept going. That sense of continuity is quietly steadying, and it is something a grandparent is uniquely positioned to give, because they hold the memories no one else does. The happy memory, for the child, is the telling itself: the same tale requested again and again, the laughter at the familiar part, the feeling of being let into something that belongs to the family. It costs nothing but the willingness to talk about your own life honestly, the good parts and the hard ones. One fair caveat: the research is correlational, so it is not that reciting facts works like a spell, but rather that families who share their stories tend to be close in other ways too. Still, the storytelling is a real and repeatable part of that closeness.</p>
<h2>They keep the small rituals going</h2>
<p>The second thing is repetition, which sounds like the opposite of a special memory but is actually its foundation. Children treasure the things that happen reliably. <a href="https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/fam-164381.pdf">In a review in the Journal of Family Psychology, Barbara Fiese and colleagues examined 50 years of research on family routines and rituals and found that predictable routines were linked to better child health and adjustment, while meaningful rituals, the birthdays, holidays, and special outings a family repeats, were associated with children&#8217;s stronger emotional health.</a></p>
<p>This is why the grandparent traditions people remember are so often modest and recurring: the pancakes made only at their house, the walk to the same duck pond, the card game after dinner, the phrase said at every goodbye. The magic is precisely in the fact that it happens every time. A ritual tells a child, without a word, that they can count on this person and this pleasure, and that reliability is its own kind of joy. It also gives the relationship a shape that does not depend on grand occasions or good health, which matters as grandparents age. A tradition can be tiny. What makes it a ritual is that it is kept, so the humble repeated thing quietly outperforms the one spectacular day out.</p>
<h2>The through-line worth remembering</h2>
<p>What these two have in common is that neither is about money, novelty, or effortful entertainment. Both are about giving a child a sense of belonging and reliability, one through the stories that place them in a family, the other through the small events they can depend on. Woven through both is the thing children register most of all, which is unhurried attention: a grandparent who is genuinely present, glad to have them there, and in no rush. That is the soil the stories and rituals grow in.</p>
<p>None of this requires being a natural storyteller or an organized planner, and it is worth saying plainly that not every family has the health, proximity, or history to do all of it, which is no one&#8217;s failing. But the reassuring takeaway is how little is actually needed. A grandparent who tells a child where they come from and keeps one or two small traditions alive is doing, on the evidence, close to the most valuable thing available, and it will very likely be what that child remembers most warmly long after the toys are forgotten.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/g-grandparents-happiest-memories/">Things Grandparents Do That Give Children Their Happiest Memories</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
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		<title>If You Have Achieved These Things by Age 70, You Have Had a Great Life</title>
		<link>https://theartfulage.com/g-great-life-by-70/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Artful Age Editorial Team]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2026 07:42:17 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Lifestyle]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://theartfulage.com/g-great-life-by-70/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Lists of what you should have achieved by seventy tend to read like an inventory: the paid-off house, the healthy pension, the passport full of stamps, the successful children, the corner office reached before you left it. There is nothing wrong with any of these, and plenty of people would be glad to have them. [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/g-great-life-by-70/">If You Have Achieved These Things by Age 70, You Have Had a Great Life</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Lists of what you should have achieved by seventy tend to read like an inventory: the paid-off house, the healthy pension, the passport full of stamps, the successful children, the corner office reached before you left it. There is nothing wrong with any of these, and plenty of people would be glad to have them. But as a measure of whether you have had a great life, the checklist quietly gets things backwards. When researchers actually look at what separates people who reach their seventies feeling their life was good from those who do not, the answer has very little to do with the trophy shelf. It has to do with two things that no résumé captures, and both are worth understanding, because they change what you might reach for in the years you still have.</p>
<h2>The real question at seventy is not what you built</h2>
<p>The psychologist Erik Erikson spent his career mapping the stages of human development, and he argued that the final one, beginning in a person&#8217;s mid-sixties, poses a single quiet question. <a href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-lifespandevelopment/chapter/erikson-integrity-vs-despair/">In Erikson&#8217;s account of this stage, which he called integrity versus despair, older adults look back over their lives and either arrive at a sense of integrity, a satisfaction that their life held meaning and can be accepted as it was, or slide toward despair, a bitterness over missed chances and wasted time.</a></p>
<p>What matters most in Erikson&#8217;s framing is that integrity is not the same as a life without setbacks. It includes accepting the parts that did not go as hoped, the wrong turns, the things left undone, alongside the parts that did. A person can have ticked every box on the conventional list and still arrive at despair, gnawing at what they sacrificed to tick them. Another can have a modest life by any external measure and feel a deep, settled peace with it. The achievement that actually counts by seventy, then, is not any single accomplishment but the ability to look back at the whole thing and feel it was yours and it was worth living. That is a quieter target than the checklist offers, and a far more reachable one, because it is built from how you make sense of your life rather than from luck, timing, or income.</p>
<h2>The one thing that reliably shows up</h2>
<p>If integrity is the inner measure, there is also an outer one, and the strongest evidence we have points to something most lists barely mention. <a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/04/over-nearly-80-years-harvard-study-has-been-showing-how-to-live-a-healthy-and-happy-life/">The Harvard Study of Adult Development, which has followed people for more than eighty years, has found that close relationships, more than money, fame, social class, or IQ, are what keep people happier and healthier across their lives, and that the warmth of those bonds predicts everything from late-life contentment to physical health.</a></p>
<p>This is the finding that ought to reorganize the whole checklist. The people who arrive at seventy having had a great life are, over and over, the ones who kept a few real relationships in good repair: a marriage or a friendship tended for decades, adult children they are genuinely close to, neighbors and companions they still show up for. It does not require a wide circle. A handful of people you trust, and the willingness to keep turning up for them, does most of the work. Money helps, of course, because security removes real misery, and none of this pretends that hardship or bad luck do not matter. But past the point of stability, another decade of income adds far less to a good life than one repaired friendship does. The connections are the achievement.</p>
<h2>A gentler and truer list</h2>
<p>So if you wanted an honest version of the by-seventy list, it would look less like an inventory and more like a set of quiet conditions. Do you have people you love and who love you back, and have you kept those bonds mended rather than let them drift? Can you look over your life, its detours and disappointments included, and accept it as meaningful? Have you stayed curious and useful to someone, rather than closing down? Those are the things the evidence keeps returning to, and none of them are settled by your bank balance or your job title.</p>
<p>The reassuring part is what this leaves open. A trophy list, once the years for it have passed, can only be mourned. But relationships can be repaired at any age, and the work of looking back with acceptance rather than bitterness is available to anyone, right up to the end. If you reach seventy with a few people who matter to you and a story about your life you can make peace with, you have the two things that the longest and most careful research says actually make a life great. Almost everything else on the usual list is decoration.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/g-great-life-by-70/">If You Have Achieved These Things by Age 70, You Have Had a Great Life</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
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		<title>The Things Women Notice About Older Men That They Never Admit</title>
		<link>https://theartfulage.com/g-women-notice-older-men/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Artful Age Editorial Team]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2026 07:08:17 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Lifestyle]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://theartfulage.com/g-women-notice-older-men/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Headlines about the things women supposedly notice in older men, and never admit, usually read like a quiet indictment: the softening jaw, the thinning hair, the belt loosened a notch. The genre assumes women are keeping a private ledger of a man&#8217;s decline and politely saying nothing. It is worth turning the premise over, because [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/g-women-notice-older-men/">The Things Women Notice About Older Men That They Never Admit</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Headlines about the things women supposedly notice in older men, and never admit, usually read like a quiet indictment: the softening jaw, the thinning hair, the belt loosened a notch. The genre assumes women are keeping a private ledger of a man&#8217;s decline and politely saying nothing. It is worth turning the premise over, because the more interesting truth runs almost exactly opposite. Much of what an older man believes is under scrutiny is barely registered by anyone else, and much of what actually gets noticed and valued is not on the list of things he worries about at all. What women tend not to say out loud is less a catalog of flaws than a quiet appreciation of things men rarely think to count.</p>
<h2>The audience is smaller than it feels</h2>
<p>Start with the anxious assumption underneath the whole idea, which is that a roomful of people is tracking how you look and how you have aged. Psychology has a name for how wrong that assumption usually is. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10707330/">Thomas Gilovich and colleagues, in the research that named the spotlight effect, found that people consistently overestimate how much others notice their appearance and behavior, because we anchor on our own vivid self-awareness and fail to adjust for the fact that everyone else is preoccupied with themselves.</a></p>
<p>For an older man, this is worth sitting with. The receding hairline you check in every reflective surface, the extra weight, the sense that you no longer turn heads, all of it looms enormous in your own mind and shrinks to almost nothing in anyone else&#8217;s. Other people are running the same anxious loop about their own faces and bodies. The woman across the table is not silently itemizing your age; she is far more likely wondering, in her own version of the spotlight, what you are noticing about her. The scrutiny that feels so intense is mostly a private broadcast with an audience of one. Recognizing that does not make the years disappear, but it does drain a good deal of the dread out of them, and men who relax about it tend to become considerably better company.</p>
<h2>What actually gets noticed</h2>
<p>If the physical decline is mostly overweighted, what fills the space instead? Here the research on what people genuinely want in a partner is clarifying, and a little humbling for anyone fixated on looks. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31184259/">A set of studies by Katherine Valentine and colleagues found that warmth and trustworthiness, a person&#8217;s evident kindness, reliability, and good character, strongly predicted romantic attraction in the early stages of getting to know someone, and predicted satisfaction in relationships already underway.</a></p>
<p>These are exactly the qualities that do not fade with age, and often deepen. The things women tend to notice, and rarely announce, are the small evidences of character that a man forgets to take credit for. How he speaks to the waiter when the order is wrong. Whether he actually listens or just waits for his turn to talk. Whether he remembers what she said last week. Whether he is at ease with himself or performing a version of a younger man. An older man who is warm, attentive, and comfortable in his own skin is reading as attractive in the terms that the evidence says matter most, whatever his hairline is doing. The unspoken part is not that women are hiding their disappointment. It is that they are quietly registering a kind of appeal he may not know he has.</p>
<h2>The things men undersell</h2>
<p>There is a longer list of these underrated signals, and most of them cost nothing. Steadiness is one: the ease of a man who is not chasing approval reads as confidence, and confidence at fifty or sixty is a different, more settled thing than the brittle version at twenty-five. Curiosity is another. A man still interested in the world, still learning, still asking questions, comes across as alive in a way that has nothing to do with how many push-ups he can do. Kindness toward people who can do nothing for him gets clocked instantly. So does the ability to laugh at himself, which signals a man who has made peace with being human.</p>
<p>None of this is a formula, and it would be dishonest to pretend that appearance counts for nothing or that everyone weighs these things identically. People differ, first impressions are real, and looking after your health and turning up as a tidier version of yourself is simply respectful, to yourself and to whoever you are meeting. The point is not to stop caring how you present. It is to stop misallocating the worry. The energy an older man spends grieving his younger face is energy not spent on the things that are actually landing.</p>
<p>So the honest version of the list is gentler than the clickbait one, and a good deal more useful. What women notice and seldom say is not a secret tally of everything time has taken. It is warmth, attention, humor, and ease, noticed all the more clearly because so many people never manage them at any age. The good news buried in that is quietly liberating. The qualities that draw people to you are almost entirely the ones still fully within your reach, and they tend to get better with practice.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/g-women-notice-older-men/">The Things Women Notice About Older Men That They Never Admit</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
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		<title>She wants the space, he wants a hug — and I&#8217;m standing in the kitchen at 6 pm trying to be both the mother who trusts and the mother who stays</title>
		<link>https://theartfulage.com/r-she-wants-the-space-he-wants-a-hug-and-im-standing-in-the-kitchen-at-6-pm-trying-to-be-both-the-mother-who-trusts-and-the-mother-who-stays/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Rachel Santos]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2026 13:00:47 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://theartfulage.com/?p=678341</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Six o&#8217;clock in the kitchen. The light is that particular flat gold that September afternoons get. I am making something unremarkable — chopping or stirring, something that gives my hands something to do — and somewhere past the hallway Megan has closed her bedroom door. Not slammed. Closed. The quiet kind that says: I&#8217;m fine, [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/r-she-wants-the-space-he-wants-a-hug-and-im-standing-in-the-kitchen-at-6-pm-trying-to-be-both-the-mother-who-trusts-and-the-mother-who-stays/">She wants the space, he wants a hug — and I&#8217;m standing in the kitchen at 6 pm trying to be both the mother who trusts and the mother who stays</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Six o&#8217;clock in the kitchen. The light is that particular flat gold that September afternoons get. I am making something unremarkable — chopping or stirring, something that gives my hands something to do — and somewhere past the hallway Megan has closed her bedroom door.</p>
<article>Not slammed. Closed. The quiet kind that says: I&#8217;m fine, I just need to not be needed right now.</p>
<p>And Dylan is at the table. He has come in from school and found me the way he always does — by the sounds I make, the particular frequency of a parent who is home and present — and he has walked up and put his arms around my waist without preamble. No hello. No words. Just the weight of him, the solid particular warmth of a thirteen-year-old who still finds his center by finding mine.</p>
<p>This is 6 pm most days: one door closing, one pair of arms opening.</p>
<p>I am trying to be two things at once. The mother who trusts her daughter enough to let the door close without knocking. And the mother who stays — the one Dylan is already counting on to stay right where she is.</p>
<h2>What trusting her looks like in practice</h2>
<p>Megan is seventeen. She is in the part of growing up where my presence is useful in specific, finite ways — when something has gone wrong, when she needs a signature, when she comes looking — and less useful the rest of the time. The job she is doing right now, the actual developmental work of this particular year, is learning to rely on herself. And the thing I have come to understand, slowly and against my instincts, is that I help her most when I am not in the room.</p>
<p><a href="https://drlisadamour.com/resource/tracking-teens-safety-tool-or-trust-breaker/">Dr. Lisa Damour</a>, a clinical psychologist and author who writes about adolescent development, has described what parents ask of teenagers as something close to impossible: we expect them to become independent people while they are still living with us. The impossibility runs in both directions. Because what the teenager needs — the gradual accumulation of trust, the widening of the circle, the door that closes without consequence — also asks something nearly impossible of me.</p>
<p>The closed door is not a rejection. I know this. I have known it for years, have read it and been told it and worked hard to act in accordance with it even when the pull to knock is strong. What I have not gotten better at is the feeling. The feeling does not update with the knowledge. I can believe she is doing exactly what she should be doing — individuating, building, becoming — and still feel, for a moment, how close trust and loss can sit to each other.</p>
<p>What I do instead: I let the door close. I don&#8217;t knock unless there&#8217;s a reason. I am available without being present, which requires a specific kind of restraint that I have had to practice the way you practice anything — badly first, and then less badly, and then with something approaching ease.</p>
<h2>What staying looks like</h2>
<p>Dylan is thirteen. He is verbal but not conversant — he speaks in phrases rather than sentences, points and gestures and uses the AAC app on his tablet like a third hand, navigating toward what he means rather than stating it. He is gentle by temperament and self-regulates well in ways that took us years, together, to build. He is, in the taxonomy of people I have ever loved, one of the most direct to love back: you give him what he needs, which is mostly presence and routine and the knowledge that the people he has organized his world around are still where he left them.</p>
<p>The hug at the kitchen table is not nothing. It is arrived-home-and-you-are-here communication — the phrase-length equivalent of: I know where I am now. I have learned to receive it as such. I hold still. I don&#8217;t rush it or redirect it. I put down whatever is in my hands.</p>
<p>Research on how autistic people experience physical touch is more varied than most popular accounts suggest. Some people on the spectrum find unexpected contact disorienting; others seek it out as a reliable form of regulation. The difference is individual rather than diagnostic. I am not a therapist or a clinician, and what I know about sensory processing I have learned across thirteen years of close attention to one specific person. What I know from that attention is that when I hold still long enough, his breathing slows.</p>
<h2>The research doesn&#8217;t tell you how to be in the middle</h2>
<p>There is not, as far as I have found, a framework for this particular hour.</p>
<p>There is good writing about parenting teenagers — about how trust is built in the gap you leave, about how a parent&#8217;s job in adolescence is to be dependably available without being inescapably present. And there is good writing about parenting children with special needs — about attunement, about responding rather than anticipating, about how a parent becomes, over years, the most fluent reader of a particular human being.</p>
<p>What neither body of writing quite accounts for is the kitchen at 6 pm, when both of these things are happening at once and you are the only person standing between them.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holding-While-Letting-Parenting-Adolescence/dp/0757324231">Carl Pickhardt</a>, a developmental psychologist and author of <em>Holding On While Letting Go</em>, describes the central paradox this way: &#8220;The greater loving, when parenting an adolescent, is fostering independence by keeping caring constant while letting the loved one go.&#8221; The phrase I keep returning to is &#8220;keeping caring constant.&#8221; Because what he is naming is not a choice between caring and leaving — it is the work of holding both at once.</p>
<p>Which is, as it turns out, exactly what I am doing.</p>
<p>With Megan, keeping caring constant looks like: she knows I am here. She does not need me to prove it by knocking. With Dylan, keeping caring constant looks like: I am here, concretely and without looking at my phone, for as long as he needs. These are not contradictory acts. They draw on the same thing — a steady willingness to pay attention to what is actually needed rather than what is easiest to give.</p>
<p>Where the two demands press hardest is not in the doing but in the simultaneity. It is entirely manageable to trust a teenager one evening and stay present for Dylan the next. The specific texture of 6 pm is that I am asked to hold both at once, in the same room, in the same hour. And there is no technique for that — only the practice of it.</p>
<p>The kitchen fills up with the evening sounds of the house. Megan&#8217;s music comes through her closed door, which is its own version of connection — she is in there, not invisible, just unavailable. Dylan has let go and settled back into his chair with his tablet, satisfied in the way he gets when the arrival has been received properly.</p>
<p>I go back to whatever was in my hands.</p>
</article>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/r-she-wants-the-space-he-wants-a-hug-and-im-standing-in-the-kitchen-at-6-pm-trying-to-be-both-the-mother-who-trusts-and-the-mother-who-stays/">She wants the space, he wants a hug — and I&#8217;m standing in the kitchen at 6 pm trying to be both the mother who trusts and the mother who stays</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
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		<title>The Tunguska blast in 1908 knocked down tens of millions of trees in a radial pattern larger than Greater London, and fallen trunks radiated away from the blast’s centre: the object had exploded in mid-air without leaving a confirmed impact crater.</title>
		<link>https://theartfulage.com/ap-the-tunguska-blast-in-1908-knocked-down-tens-of-millions-of-trees-in-a-radial-pattern-larger-than-greater-london-and-fallen-trunks-radiated-away-from-the-blasts-centre-the-object-had-exp/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Artful Age Editorial Team]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2026 12:17:10 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Education Resources]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://theartfulage.com/?p=678325</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>On 30 June 1908, an object from space exploded above the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in Siberia with the energy of 10 to 15 megatons of TNT, flattening 80 million trees across an area larger than Greater London — and leaving no crater at all, because it never touched the ground.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/ap-the-tunguska-blast-in-1908-knocked-down-tens-of-millions-of-trees-in-a-radial-pattern-larger-than-greater-london-and-fallen-trunks-radiated-away-from-the-blasts-centre-the-object-had-exp/">The Tunguska blast in 1908 knocked down tens of millions of trees in a radial pattern larger than Greater London, and fallen trunks radiated away from the blast’s centre: the object had exploded in mid-air without leaving a confirmed impact crater.</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>On the morning of 30 June 1908, an object from space broke apart in the atmosphere above the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in central Siberia. The European Space Agency has described the destruction as <a href="https://www.esa.int/kids/en/learn/Our_Universe/Comets_and_meteors/Celebrate_Asteroid_Day_on_30_June" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">approximately 80 million trees across an area comparable to Greater London</a>. Later surveys found that the fallen trees formed a broadly radial, butterfly-shaped pattern around the blast zone, although local terrain and forest conditions meant that individual trunks did not all point with geometric precision toward one marsh.</p>
<p>No confirmed impact crater was found. That absence, once treated as Tunguska&#8217;s central mystery, became one of the strongest clues that most of the object&#8217;s destructive energy had been released above the ground.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" src="https://theartfulage.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/flattened-siberian-taiga-fores.jpg" alt="flattened Siberian taiga forest"></figure>
<h2>The morning the sky split in two</h2>
<p>Eyewitnesses across central Siberia described a brilliant fireball, a flash brighter than the sun, loud reports resembling artillery fire, and a wave of intense heat. Some Evenki reindeer herders were knocked unconscious or thrown through the air, dwellings were damaged, and herds of reindeer were killed. Seismic instruments hundreds of kilometres away recorded the disturbance, while unusually bright nights were reported across parts of Europe and Asia.</p>
<p>At the Vanavara trading post, roughly 65 kilometres from the inferred epicentre, a witness described heat so intense that his shirt seemed to be burning before the blast threw him from the porch. The region&#8217;s remoteness, followed by war, revolution, and civil conflict in Russia, delayed a scientific investigation for nearly two decades.</p>
<h2>Leonid Kulik reaches the blast zone</h2>
<p>Russian mineralogist Leonid Kulik first travelled toward Tunguska in 1921 but could not reach the damaged area. He succeeded in 1927 and returned during the late 1920s and 1930s. His expeditions produced some of the first detailed photographs and surveys of the destruction, which later researchers used to <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/history/115-years-ago-the-tunguska-asteroid-impact-event/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">map the butterfly-shaped tree-fall zone around the inferred epicentre</a>.</p>
<p>Kulik expected to find a conventional meteorite crater and recover iron fragments. Instead, he encountered an enormous field of felled and scorched trees, together with boggy depressions that produced no large meteorite remains when investigated. Near the centre, some trunks remained upright but had been stripped of their branches and bark.</p>
<p>Later surveys refined the pattern rather than reducing it to one perfectly circular fan. The damage extended roughly nine to 22 miles from the inferred epicentre in different directions, creating the distinctive butterfly-shaped outline now associated with Tunguska.</p>
<h2>What happens during an airburst</h2>
<p>An asteroid entering the atmosphere at many kilometres per second compresses and heats the gas in front of it. As the difference in pressure across the object exceeds the strength of its material, it can fragment. Fragmentation exposes more material to the atmosphere, accelerates ablation, and transfers much of the object&#8217;s kinetic energy into heat and a powerful shockwave.</p>
<p>This process does not require the entire object to remain intact until it reaches the surface. Small fragments or microscopic material may survive, but if most of the energy is released at altitude, the result can be widespread blast damage without a conventional impact crater.</p>
<p>Modern modelling generally favours a stony asteroid tens of metres across. Estimates vary with assumptions about its speed, density, trajectory, and strength, but a burst altitude of several kilometres is consistent with the observed tree-fall pattern and the central zone of stripped, upright trunks.</p>
<p>Kulik had been looking for a large piece of wreckage. What the forest preserved instead was the footprint of a shockwave.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large">
<p><figure id="attachment_678322" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-678322" style="width: 1024px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="wp-image-678322 size-large" src="https://theartfulage.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/the-tunguska-blast-in-1908-knocked-down--1024x683.jpg" alt="The Tunguska blast in 1908 knocked down tens of millions of trees in a radial pattern larger than Greater London, and every fallen trunk pointed away from the same central marsh — the object had exploded in mid-air without ever touching the ground." width="1024" height="683" srcset="https://theartfulage.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/the-tunguska-blast-in-1908-knocked-down--1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://theartfulage.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/the-tunguska-blast-in-1908-knocked-down--300x200.jpg 300w, https://theartfulage.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/the-tunguska-blast-in-1908-knocked-down--768x512.jpg 768w, https://theartfulage.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/the-tunguska-blast-in-1908-knocked-down--1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://theartfulage.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/the-tunguska-blast-in-1908-knocked-down-.jpg 1600w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-678322" class="wp-caption-text">Photo by <a href="https://www.pexels.com/@jiri-ikonomidis-164966727">Jiri Ikonomidis</a> on Pexels</figcaption></figure></figure>
<h2>Why some trees at the centre stayed standing</h2>
<p>One of the most striking details in photographs from the expeditions is a stand of trees near the inferred epicentre that remained upright while losing their branches and bark. NASA&#8217;s historical account describes them as resembling telegraph poles.</p>
<p>Directly beneath an airburst, the blast wave reaches the ground at a steep angle. Farther away, it moves across the surface more obliquely and produces a stronger overturning force against the sides of tree trunks. That difference helps explain why some central trunks remained standing while trees farther out snapped or toppled.</p>
<p>The resulting destruction was not a uniform circle. Its elongated, butterfly-like shape also carried information about the object&#8217;s trajectory and the way its energy was released through the atmosphere.</p>
<h2>How large was the explosion?</h2>
<p>Tunguska&#8217;s energy cannot be measured directly because no instruments were present at the blast site. Estimates have instead been reconstructed from the tree-fall area, seismic and atmospheric-pressure records, eyewitness accounts, and computer models.</p>
<p>A commonly cited ESA estimate places the event at <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2018/06/Tunguska_devastation" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10–15 megatons of TNT, with approximately 2,200 square kilometres of forest destroyed</a>. Other published models produce values outside that range, so no single yield should be presented as exact.</p>
<p>Even the lower estimates make Tunguska vastly more energetic than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. The precise size and mass of the incoming body remain uncertain because composition, speed, entry angle, and fragmentation behaviour can produce different amounts of surface damage.</p>
<h2>The iron asteroid that may have passed through</h2>
<p>The leading explanation remains a stony asteroid that fragmented in the atmosphere. A peer-reviewed 2020 study proposed a very different possibility.</p>
<p>Daniil Khrennikov of Siberian Federal University and his colleagues modelled iron, stone, and icy bodies with diameters of 50, 100, and 200 metres. Their <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/493/1/1344/5722124" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">preferred Tunguska scenario involved an iron asteroid passing through the atmosphere and returning to a near-solar orbit</a>.</p>
<p>In that scenario, the asteroid followed a shallow path with a minimum altitude of roughly 10–15 kilometres and travelled approximately 3,000 kilometres through the atmosphere. The 450–700-kilometre figure discussed in the paper refers to estimates derived from visual observations, not the full modelled atmospheric passage.</p>
<p>The researchers argued that iron lost through high-temperature sublimation could later appear as ordinary-looking iron oxides, helping explain why no distinctive fragments were recovered. They also suggested that atmospheric dust could account for the bright European nights reported after the event.</p>
<p>The paper did not directly model the formation of the Tunguska shockwave, however, and its iron fly-through scenario remains a minority proposal. NASA-backed modelling continues to identify a stony asteroid airburst as the strongest overall fit to the evidence.</p>
<h2>Lake Cheko and the disputed crater</h2>
<p>Lake Cheko lies roughly eight kilometres north-northwest of the inferred explosion epicentre. In 2007, Luca Gasperini and colleagues proposed that the lake might occupy a crater excavated by a fragment that survived the airburst. Their survey found a funnel-shaped lake floor and a reflector beneath the centre that could represent either <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2007.00742.x" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">a buried fragment or sediment compacted during an impact</a>.</p>
<p>That interpretation was quickly challenged. A 2008 response cited the lake&#8217;s morphology, the absence of identified impactor material, the strength required for a fragment to survive, and mature trees apparently unaffected near the shore.</p>
<p>More direct counter-evidence arrived from sediment cores collected in 2016. Radiometric measurements and annual sediment layers indicated that <a href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1028-334X/article/view/191225" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Lake Cheko existed well before the 1908 Tunguska event</a>. That result strongly weakens the proposal that the entire lake basin was created by a Tunguska fragment.</p>
<p>The scientific literature therefore contains a real debate, but no Tunguska impact crater has been confirmed. Lake Cheko is not the central point toward which every fallen tree can be said to have pointed.</p>
<h2>The Chelyabinsk reminder</h2>
<p>On 15 February 2013, a much smaller asteroid entered the atmosphere near Chelyabinsk in Russia. NASA&#8217;s Jet Propulsion Laboratory estimated that it was about 17–20 metres across, reached maximum brightness at an altitude of approximately 23.3 kilometres, and released about 440 kilotons of energy.</p>
<p>The shockwave blew out roughly a million windows and injured more than 1,000 people, many through flying glass. The object arrived from a direction within 15 degrees of the sun, an area that <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/additional-details-on-the-large-feb-15-fireball-over-russia/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">ground-based asteroid-detection telescopes could not scan</a>.</p>
<p>Chelyabinsk demonstrated how a relatively small object can cause widespread damage without reaching the surface intact. It also gave researchers modern videos, sensor records, recovered fragments, and damage maps against which older Tunguska models could be tested.</p>
<p>A NASA assessment published in 2019 concluded that Tunguska-scale impacts probably occur <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/tunguska-revisited-111-year-old-mystery-impact-inspires-new-more-optimistic-asteroid-predictions/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">on the order of millennia rather than centuries</a>. Smaller Chelyabinsk-scale objects are more numerous and harder to discover before they reach Earth.</p>
<h2>What Kulik&#8217;s photographs still show</h2>
<p>Kulik&#8217;s photographs and the later tree surveys remain the clearest physical records of Tunguska&#8217;s blast pattern. They show full-grown trunks lying in broad, aligned fields, together with the upright, stripped trees closer to the inferred centre.</p>
<p>Modern satellite imagery tells a different story from the historical photographs. A Landsat 8 image acquired in July 2024 shows healthy pine forest, rivers, and marshes. According to <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/a-cosmic-explosion-over-siberia-154488/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NASA Earth Observatory, the image contains no visible signs of the old impact or blast damage</a>.</p>
<p>The butterfly-shaped footprint survives in historical surveys and scientific reconstructions, not as an obvious scar that can still be seen from orbit. More than a century of forest growth has concealed the damage that confronted Kulik.</p>
<h2>The lucky part of the story</h2>
<p>Tunguska occurred over one of the most sparsely populated regions on Earth. A 2019 reassessment of surviving eyewitness records nevertheless concluded that at least 30 people were inside or near the tree-fall area and that <a href="https://cosmochemistry-papers.com/2019/01/10/tunguska-eyewitness-accounts-injuries-and-casualties/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">at least three people may have died directly or later from its effects</a>. The authors also noted gaps and contradictions in the historical record.</p>
<p>The same blast over a densely populated region would have been catastrophic. Tunguska therefore matters not simply as an unexplained historical event, but as evidence that an asteroid does not need to strike the surface to devastate a large area.</p>
<p>The universe sometimes leaves its evidence in unexpected landscapes. Another recent piece examined <a href="https://theartfulage.com/ap-lake-nyos-in-cameroon-sits-inside-a-210-metre-deep-volcanic-crater-at-1-091-metres-altitude-and-for-decades-carbon-dioxide-seeping-from-magma-below-dissolved-into-its-deepest-water-like-a-giant-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">the 1986 Lake Nyos disaster in Cameroon</a>, where a quiet volcanic lake concealed the conditions for a very different kind of sudden release.</p>
<p>At Tunguska, the forest has grown back and the modern landscape no longer advertises what happened there. The evidence survives in eyewitness accounts, expedition photographs, tree-fall maps, seismic records, and models that continue to test what kind of object entered the Siberian sky that morning.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/ap-the-tunguska-blast-in-1908-knocked-down-tens-of-millions-of-trees-in-a-radial-pattern-larger-than-greater-london-and-fallen-trunks-radiated-away-from-the-blasts-centre-the-object-had-exp/">The Tunguska blast in 1908 knocked down tens of millions of trees in a radial pattern larger than Greater London, and fallen trunks radiated away from the blast’s centre: the object had exploded in mid-air without leaving a confirmed impact crater.</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
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		<title>Ten separate research teams spent years analysing samples from Scott and Mark Kelly, and their combined finding was that spaceflight damages DNA, changes gene expression, thickens artery walls and shifts the microbiome — yet almost none of it prevents a trip to Mars.</title>
		<link>https://theartfulage.com/ap-ten-separate-research-teams-spent-years-analysing-samples-from-scott-and-mark-kelly-and-their-combined-finding-was-that-spaceflight-damages-dna-changes-gene-expression-thickens-artery-walls-and-shi/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Artful Age Editorial Team]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2026 10:00:08 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://theartfulage.com/?p=678320</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Ten research teams spent three years analysing 27 months of samples from Scott and Mark Kelly. Their combined findings mapped which parts of the human body come back from a year in space — and which parts don't.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/ap-ten-separate-research-teams-spent-years-analysing-samples-from-scott-and-mark-kelly-and-their-combined-finding-was-that-spaceflight-damages-dna-changes-gene-expression-thickens-artery-walls-and-shi/">Ten separate research teams spent years analysing samples from Scott and Mark Kelly, and their combined finding was that spaceflight damages DNA, changes gene expression, thickens artery walls and shifts the microbiome — yet almost none of it prevents a trip to Mars.</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Scott Kelly&#8217;s blood, urine, saliva, stool, and cognitive test scores were collected and compared against samples drawn from his identical twin Mark in Arizona. When <a href="https://hub.jhu.edu/2019/04/11/astronaut-twin-study-scott-mark-kelly/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">the results were published in 2019</a>, the combined finding was that spaceflight thickens artery walls, lengthens then collapses telomeres, dysregulates gene expression, shifts the gut microbiome, affects the back of the eyeball, and measurably slows reaction time after landing.</p>
<p>And almost none of it was disqualifying for Mars.</p>
<h2>Two brothers, one variable</h2>
<p>Scott and Mark Kelly are identical-twin astronauts who both flew for NASA. Both have the same genome, the same Irish-American upbringing in West Orange, New Jersey, and most of the same lifetime environmental exposures. When Scott launched to the International Space Station in 2015, Mark stayed on the ground as what biologists call a matched control.</p>
<p>That sentence sounds like a science-fair setup. It is the closest thing modern biology has produced to a controlled experiment on a human being under extreme environmental exposure. Genetically identical subjects. One variable changed — orbital velocity, cosmic radiation, chronic microgravity, elevated cabin CO₂, restricted diet, disrupted sleep. A longitudinal dataset on both brothers, before, during, and after the flight.</p>
<p>NASA will not get another matched pair. Whatever the next two decades of long-duration flight reveal about the molecular cost of leaving the planet will be measured against the baseline that Scott and Mark Kelly happened to provide.</p>
<h2>Ten teams, one body</h2>
<p>NASA parceled Scott&#8217;s samples out to multiple principal investigator groups, each looking at a different biological layer. Johns Hopkins researchers handled the epigenome — chemical methylation marks that switch genes on and off without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Colorado State handled the telomeres. Weill Cornell handled gene expression and the microbiome. Other teams handled the cardiovascular data, cognition, nutrition and biochemistry, and so on, layer by layer, through immune function, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenetics. In total, <a href="https://www.space.com/nasa-twins-study-kelly-astronauts-results.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">ten teams across twelve universities and 84 researchers</a> worked the case.</p>
<p>The findings did not sit in separate buckets. They interlocked.</p>
<h2>The telomere surprise</h2>
<p>Telomeres are the repetitive DNA sequences that cap the ends of chromosomes. They shorten with every cell division, with chronic stress, with poor sleep, and with age. Every prediction going into the study said Scott&#8217;s telomeres would be shorter when he came home, because spaceflight is, by every available measure, a high-stress environment.</p>
<p>They were longer. Substantially longer, on average, throughout the mission. The result was so unexpected that the team initially suspected a sample-handling error and re-ran the assays. The lengthening was real.</p>
<p>Then, shortly after landing, his telomeres collapsed. Not back to baseline — below it. He returned from orbit with a population of unusually short telomeres and a measurable increase in chromosomal aberrations, a finding <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau8650" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">published in the peer-reviewed Twins Study paper in Science</a>. The most plausible interpretation is that microgravity altered the cell-division dynamics of his hematopoietic stem cells in orbit, and the return to gravity and Earth-normal fluid distribution triggered a wave of accelerated cellular aging on the ground.</p>
<h2>The seven percent that never came back</h2>
<p>The headline that traveled fastest in 2019 was that seven percent of Scott Kelly&#8217;s DNA had changed. That version is wrong. The genome itself — the sequence of base pairs — does not rearrange itself in a year of spaceflight. Scott remains genetically identical to Mark in the strict sense.</p>
<p>What did change was gene expression. Which genes were switched on, which switched off, and how loudly each was being read by the cellular machinery. Most of the genes that shifted activity levels during flight returned to normal after landing. Some did not.</p>
<p>The genes that stayed dysregulated clustered in exactly the systems most stressed by radiation and microgravity: immune function, DNA repair, bone formation, hypoxia response, mitochondrial activity. The cellular machinery that would need to work reliably for two to three years on a Mars transit stayed altered the longest.</p>
<h2>The thicker carotid</h2>
<p>During the mission, ultrasound scans showed the wall of Scott&#8217;s carotid artery had thickened. The change appeared early and stayed throughout the flight. On Earth, carotid wall thickening is a marker cardiologists use as an early sign of vascular aging. In orbit, with fluids shifted headward by the absence of gravity and elevated cabin CO₂, the artery was behaving as if Scott had aged rapidly.</p>
<p>The eyeball changed too. The back of his retina thickened. Folds appeared in the choroid, the vascular layer behind the retina. These changes — grouped under the acronym SANS, or Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome — have shown up in astronauts on long-duration missions, with a pattern that appears to differ between male and female astronauts.</p>
<h2>The microbiome swap</h2>
<p>Researchers sequenced the bacteria in Scott&#8217;s gut before, during, and after flight. The community shifted markedly in orbit — the ratio of dominant bacterial groups tipped in ways not seen in Mark&#8217;s parallel samples. When Scott landed, most of the gut community drifted back toward its preflight composition within months. Some populations did not.</p>
<p>The skin microbiome shifted too, which is unsurprising given that every patch of skin the size of a pencil eraser carries roughly a million bacteria, and the entire ISS environment is a closed loop of shared human microbes recirculating through the air filtration for months at a time. Scott spent his mission breathing air his own body had partially colonized.</p>
<h2>The cognitive fingerprint</h2>
<p>Scott went through a battery of cognitive tests before, during, and after flight. His reaction times and accuracy held up well during the mission, with modest declines in the final months. The unexpected finding came after landing. His speed and accuracy on several tasks dropped below preflight baseline and stayed depressed through the post-mission testing window.</p>
<p>He had not recovered. Whether he ever fully did is a question the published paper does not answer. Long-duration crews studied elsewhere have shown similar patterns — the brain, like the immune system, does not snap back the way muscle and bone eventually do.</p>
<h2>The height, and other reversible things</h2>
<p>Some of the changes reversed within days. Scott came home taller than when he left, because the intervertebral discs in the spine expand without gravity compressing them. That stretch reverses within days of landing — a pattern documented across six-month ISS crews. He lost bone density in his hips and lumbar spine, which is the standard microgravity signature and the reason astronauts spend hours each day strapped to the ISS treadmill and resistive exercise device. He lost lean muscle mass. His fluid balance shifted headward and gave him a puffy face for the first weeks in orbit.</p>
<p>These are the changes that fit inside a NASA press briefing slide. The molecular changes — telomere collapse, mitochondrial signatures, persistent gene dysregulation — are the ones that took years and multiple labs to describe.</p>
<h2>What the epigenome didn&#8217;t do</h2>
<p>Johns Hopkins researchers looked specifically at DNA methylation in two types of white blood cells, CD4+ and CD8+, isolated from both brothers. Methyl groups are chemical tags added to DNA that influence which genes get expressed. The prediction was that a year in space would leave Scott&#8217;s methylation pattern radically different from Mark&#8217;s.</p>
<p>It did not. There was less than a 5 percent difference in overall methylation between the twins during the mission. The largest gap came nine months in — 79 percent of Scott&#8217;s DNA was methylated, versus 83 percent of Mark&#8217;s. About as many epigenetic changes occurred in earthbound Mark&#8217;s DNA as in his space-flying twin.</p>
<p>The locations differed, though. Scott&#8217;s methylation shifts clustered near immune-response genes, and those shifts tracked with independent inflammation markers his blood was throwing off. According to research published in the Johns Hopkins Hub, scientists found no massive disruption of the epigenome in either twin, though the study&#8217;s small sample size limited broader conclusions about spaceflight&#8217;s effects. Researchers acknowledged that with only two participants, the study was limited in what definitive conclusions could be drawn about spaceflight&#8217;s broader effects on human genetics.</p>
<h2>The Mars question</h2>
<p>Scott Kelly&#8217;s mission was the American single-flight record until <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/record-setting-nasa-astronaut-crewmates-return-from-space-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Frank Rubio spent 371 days in orbit</a> ending in September 2023, after his planned six-month stay was extended by a Soyuz coolant leak. Christina Koch holds the women&#8217;s single-flight record at 328 days, and in April 2026 <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/people/christina-koch/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">she became the first woman to travel around the Moon</a> as a mission specialist on Artemis II&#8217;s roughly ten-day lunar flyby.</p>
<p>A round-trip Mars mission runs roughly 900 days. Six months out, roughly 18 months on the surface waiting for planetary alignment, six months back. Every long-duration crew adds another data point to what the twin study began. None of them has a genetic doppelganger on the ground.</p>
<p>The radiation environment beyond low Earth orbit is qualitatively different from the ISS environment, which sits inside the relative protection of Earth&#8217;s magnetosphere. A Mars crew would absorb several times more ionizing radiation, including periodic solar particle events that can deliver a year&#8217;s worth of dose in hours. Even the ten-day Artemis II lunar mission required new dosimetry hardware to track crew exposure in real time.</p>
<h2>Why the trip still gets green-lit</h2>
<p>Read cold, the twin findings are alarming. Read against the standard NASA uses — is any single finding a hard disqualifier for a Mars crew? — almost none of them are.</p>
<p>Bone loss can be mitigated with exercise regimens and pharmaceuticals. Muscle atrophy responds to resistive training. Radiation exposure can be partially shielded and pharmacologically buffered. Telomere collapse is worrying but not acutely dangerous. Gene expression dysregulation is worrying but has not, so far, produced measurable disease in any of the astronauts who have flown long-duration missions. The vision changes are permanent in some cases but do not prevent an astronaut from functioning. The cognitive slowdown is real but small.</p>
<p>The systems flagged as most affected — immune, mitochondrial, cognitive, telomeric — are exactly the systems a Mars mission would need to function reliably for two to three years without resupply. And they are the systems least addressed by current countermeasures. The twin study did not prove that Mars is impossible. It handed the medical planners a specific list of what to worry about, in the specific tissue types where the worry lives.</p>
<h2>What the body remembers</h2>
<p>Seven years after publication, the cleanest summary remains the one offered at the time: human physiology is more plastic, more reactive, and less reversible under spaceflight conditions than the pre-mission models predicted. Most of what changed in Scott Kelly came back. A measurable fraction did not.</p>
<p>The body remembers orbit. Not metaphorically. It remembers in the form of gene-expression patterns that never fully reset, telomere distributions that never fully recover, and cognitive baselines that may have permanently shifted. Scott Kelly came back to Earth a slightly different man, in a literal molecular sense, than the one who left.</p>
<p>His brother Mark, meanwhile, went on to be elected a United States Senator from Arizona in 2020. He still has the shorter spine, the shorter telomeres relative to the ones Scott had in orbit, and the gene expression pattern of a man who spent the same time walking around a state that averages 299 days of sunshine a year. The control condition, sitting in the desert, aging normally, casting votes on the Senate floor while his identical twin&#8217;s cells quietly decided what they were going to remember about the trip.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/ap-ten-separate-research-teams-spent-years-analysing-samples-from-scott-and-mark-kelly-and-their-combined-finding-was-that-spaceflight-damages-dna-changes-gene-expression-thickens-artery-walls-and-shi/">Ten separate research teams spent years analysing samples from Scott and Mark Kelly, and their combined finding was that spaceflight damages DNA, changes gene expression, thickens artery walls and shifts the microbiome — yet almost none of it prevents a trip to Mars.</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
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		<title>Strategies for inner peace: stop fighting your feelings, and keep coming back to the present</title>
		<link>https://theartfulage.com/g-strategies-to-achieve-inner-peace/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Artful Age Editorial Team]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2026 09:06:25 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Lifestyle]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://theartfulage.com/g-strategies-to-achieve-inner-peace/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Inner peace is usually sold as a destination: a permanent calm you finally arrive at once you have meditated enough, decluttered enough, or healed enough, after which the noise stops. That framing is quietly cruel, because it makes peace conditional on eliminating all disturbance, and disturbance never fully goes away. So people chase a stillness [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/g-strategies-to-achieve-inner-peace/">Strategies for inner peace: stop fighting your feelings, and keep coming back to the present</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Inner peace is usually sold as a destination: a permanent calm you finally arrive at once you have meditated enough, decluttered enough, or healed enough, after which the noise stops. That framing is quietly cruel, because it makes peace conditional on eliminating all disturbance, and disturbance never fully goes away. So people chase a stillness that never comes and conclude they are failing at it. The more useful and better-supported picture is different. Inner peace is not a fixed state you reach and hold; it is a way of relating to your own inner experience, and two shifts in that relationship do most of the work. Neither is exotic, and both can be practiced on ordinary, imperfect days.</p>
<h2>Stop fighting your inner weather</h2>
<p>The first strategy is counterintuitive, because it is the opposite of what most people do when they want to feel calm. The instinct is to push the unwanted thought or feeling away, to force yourself to stop being anxious or to suppress the anger. That instinct backfires. <a href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/ironic-process-theory-white-bear-experiment.html">Daniel Wegner&#8217;s research on what he called ironic process theory, famously illustrated by asking people not to think of a white bear, found that deliberately trying to suppress a thought tends to make it come back more often and more intensely, because part of the mind has to keep monitoring for the very thing you are trying to avoid.</a></p>
<p>The lesson for inner peace is that the war against your own feelings is usually the thing destroying the peace. When you fight anxiety, you add a second layer of struggle, being anxious about being anxious, on top of the original feeling, and that layer is often heavier than the first. Ending the fight does the opposite. Letting a feeling simply be present, without wrestling it, judging it, or demanding it leave, tends to loosen its grip, because you stop feeding it the resistance it thrives on. This is not resignation or approval; it is the recognition that inner weather, like actual weather, passes on its own far more readily when you are not straining against it. Peace, on this view, comes not from clearing the sky but from stopping the exhausting attempt to control it.</p>
<h2>Come back to the present</h2>
<p>The second strategy addresses where a great deal of our unpeace is actually manufactured, which is not in the present at all. <a href="https://pdodds.w3.uvm.edu/files/papers/others/2010/killingsworth2010a.pdf">In a large study using a phone app to sample thousands of people&#8217;s moments, Matthew Killingsworth and Daniel Gilbert found that minds wander nearly half of our waking hours, and that people were reliably less happy when their minds were wandering than when they were absorbed in what they were doing, even when the wandering was to pleasant topics.</a></p>
<p>Most of what disturbs us, in other words, is not the moment we are in but the mind&#8217;s habit of leaving it, running ahead into imagined future problems or back into old regrets. The present moment, whatever its faults, is rarely as threatening as the catastrophes the mind rehearses when it drifts. This is the entire mechanism behind mindfulness, stripped of any mysticism: bringing attention back, again and again, to what is actually in front of you, the cup of tea, the walk, the conversation, the task of the hands. You will not do it once and stay there; the mind will wander off within seconds, and the practice is simply noticing and returning, without scolding yourself for having left. Each return is a small dose of peace, because presence is where the storms of the imagination lose most of their power.</p>
<h2>Peace is a practice, not a place</h2>
<p>Put the two together and inner peace stops looking like something you achieve and starts looking like something you do: accepting your inner weather instead of fighting it, and coming back to the present instead of living in your head. Both are skills built by repetition, not switches you flip once. In a difficult moment, the practical version is to notice the second-layer struggle and gently drop it, and to bring your attention back to whatever is actually here.</p>
<p>A few honest caveats keep this from tipping into something it is not. Accepting a feeling is not the same as accepting a bad situation; you can be at peace inside yourself and still act firmly to change what is wrong in your life, and often the internal calm makes the outward action clearer and steadier. This is not passivity or forced positivity. Nor is it a substitute for real help if you are dealing with serious anxiety or depression, which deserve proper support. And peace itself is not constant; it is a place you keep returning to, not one you permanently occupy. That is the reassuring part. Inner peace is not the silence after the storm finally ends, because the storms do not end. It is the quieter art of stopping your struggle against the weather and coming home to the present, over and over, which is something you can begin today, exactly as unfinished and imperfect as your life currently is.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/g-strategies-to-achieve-inner-peace/">Strategies for inner peace: stop fighting your feelings, and keep coming back to the present</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
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		<title>A 16-year study of more than 23,000 older Americans found health predicts who keeps their friends more reliably than friends predict health, the reverse of the story usually told about aging well</title>
		<link>https://theartfulage.com/n-a-16-year-study-of-more-than-23000-older-americans-found-health-predicts-who-keeps-their-friends-more-reliably-than-friends-predict-health-the-reverse-of-the-story-usually-told-about-aging-well/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Artful Age Editorial Team]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2026 08:52:26 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://theartfulage.com/?p=678335</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The advice shows up in almost every guide to healthy aging: stay social, keep making friends, and your body and mind will benefit. It&#8217;s a comforting message, and it isn&#8217;t baseless. Older adults with more social ties do tend to show better outcomes on measures like inflammation and blood pressure. But a large new analysis [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/n-a-16-year-study-of-more-than-23000-older-americans-found-health-predicts-who-keeps-their-friends-more-reliably-than-friends-predict-health-the-reverse-of-the-story-usually-told-about-aging-well/">A 16-year study of more than 23,000 older Americans found health predicts who keeps their friends more reliably than friends predict health, the reverse of the story usually told about aging well</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The advice shows up in almost every guide to healthy aging: stay social, keep making friends, and your body and mind will benefit. It&#8217;s a comforting message, and it isn&#8217;t baseless. Older adults with more social ties do tend to show better outcomes on <a href="https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/friends_help_our_health_as_we_age">measures like inflammation</a> and blood pressure. But a large new analysis of one of the most detailed long-running datasets on American aging suggests the arrow connecting friendship and health may run more strongly in the opposite direction than most people assume.</p>
<h2>What the study actually did</h2>
<p>Psychologists William Chopik, Hyewon Yang and Richard Lucas used data from the <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01640275251408745">Health and Retirement Study</a>, a nationally representative panel that has followed the same Americans for decades, to track 23,248 middle-aged and older adults over sixteen years. At repeated points across that span, participants reported on their friendships, how many they had, how often they were in touch, and how good the relationships felt, alongside measures of their own health: self-rated physical health, depressive symptoms, and cognitive functioning.</p>
<p>Rather than simply correlating friendship and health at a single point in time, the researchers used statistical models built specifically to test order: which one, on average, tends to shift first, health or friendship. That kind of model is considerably more informative than a one-time survey showing that sociable older adults also tend to be healthier ones, because it can separate a person&#8217;s stable baseline (some people are just consistently more sociable, or consistently healthier, across their whole adult life) from what actually moves within their own life from one wave to the next. It&#8217;s the second kind of movement, not the stable baseline, that speaks to which factor tends to lead and which tends to follow.</p>
<p>The Health and Retirement Study surveys Americans aged fifty and older, so the sample skews middle-aged at its youngest and well into the seventies and eighties by its oldest waves, tracked repeatedly as the same people age through the panel. The finding isn&#8217;t limited to the oldest respondents specifically, but it lands squarely on the population usually addressed by the &#8220;friendship keeps you healthy&#8221; advice: people well past midlife, for whom both health and friendship networks are already starting to shift.</p>
<blockquote><p>The advice has always run one direction: get out, make friends, and your health will follow. Sixteen years of data suggest the arrow more often points the other way, that staying well enough is what lets the friendships hold.</p></blockquote>
<h2>Health moved first, more often than friendship did</h2>
<p>Across the sixteen-year span, the researchers found more consistent evidence for health predicting later friendship characteristics than for friendship predicting later health. In other words, a person&#8217;s physical health, mood, or cognitive standing in one wave was a better predictor of their friendship network several years later than their friendship network was of their subsequent health.</p>
<p>The study&#8217;s authors were careful to note that the effects running in either direction were modest in size. This isn&#8217;t a finding that friendship is irrelevant to health, only that the far more commonly repeated causal story, make friends and your health will follow, has noticeably weaker support in this dataset than its mirror image.</p>
<h2>What plausibly explains the direction</h2>
<p>The study doesn&#8217;t hand readers a single mechanism, and it would be overreaching to invent one on its behalf. But the direction it found lines up with something fairly intuitive once it&#8217;s pointed out: health has a way of shaping who is available to have friends. Chronic pain, hearing loss, reduced mobility, low energy from depression, all of these make it harder to initiate a coffee, accept an invitation, or keep a standing weekly call going, regardless of how much a person values the relationship.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Friendship, from this angle, becomes easier or harder to sustain depending on how much capacity health leaves for it, more than it&#8217;s something a person simply chooses more or less of.</p>
<h2>What this doesn&#8217;t mean</h2>
<p>This isn&#8217;t an argument against friendship, or a reason to stop encouraging older adults to stay connected. What it complicates is the specific advice to treat friendship as a lever for health, as though making more friends functions like a supplement an older adult could add to improve their numbers. The sixteen-year data points toward a different sequence: protecting and managing one&#8217;s own health may do more to protect the friendships that follow than the other way around. That&#8217;s a subtler message than &#8220;get out more,&#8221; and a harder one to put on a poster, but it&#8217;s closer to what this particular dataset actually supports.</p>
<h2>What it might change for adult children paying attention to an aging parent</h2>
<p>For anyone whose real concern isn&#8217;t the research literature but a specific aging parent who seems to be seeing friends less than they used to, this reordering suggests a different first question. The instinct is often to nudge a parent toward more social activity directly: join a club, call an old friend, get out of the house. This study suggests it may be worth checking the health side of the equation first, whether pain, hearing, mobility, sleep, or mood are quietly making it harder to keep up with the friendships that are already there, rather than assuming the friendships themselves are what need fixing. Addressing the harder-to-see health friction may do more for a parent&#8217;s social world than any direct push toward socializing would.</p>
<p>This isn&#8217;t a diagnosis, and it&#8217;s no substitute for an actual conversation with a doctor about what&#8217;s changed. But it&#8217;s a reasonable reframe: if a parent&#8217;s world seems to be shrinking, the friendships may be a symptom worth noticing rather than the first thing to fix.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/n-a-16-year-study-of-more-than-23000-older-americans-found-health-predicts-who-keeps-their-friends-more-reliably-than-friends-predict-health-the-reverse-of-the-story-usually-told-about-aging-well/">A 16-year study of more than 23,000 older Americans found health predicts who keeps their friends more reliably than friends predict health, the reverse of the story usually told about aging well</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
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		<title>The truth about older men who live alone: the real risk is not being alone, but drifting into isolation</title>
		<link>https://theartfulage.com/g-truth-older-men-living-alone/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Artful Age Editorial Team]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2026 06:44:11 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Lifestyle]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://theartfulage.com/g-truth-older-men-living-alone/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The phrase older man living alone tends to summon one of two stock characters. The first is a figure of pity: unshaven, eating over the sink, quietly fading in a too-quiet house. The second is his opposite, the contented free man who answers to nobody and likes it that way. Both are caricatures, and the [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/g-truth-older-men-living-alone/">The truth about older men who live alone: the real risk is not being alone, but drifting into isolation</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The phrase older man living alone tends to summon one of two stock characters. The first is a figure of pity: unshaven, eating over the sink, quietly fading in a too-quiet house. The second is his opposite, the contented free man who answers to nobody and likes it that way. Both are caricatures, and the truth is more specific and more useful than either. Older men living without a partner do face a real and somewhat elevated vulnerability, but it is a particular one, it is not a life sentence, and it is largely within a man&#8217;s power to prevent. Getting the truth right matters, because the two stereotypes lead people to either pity these men or ignore them, when what most would benefit from is neither.</p>
<h2>The real risk is isolation, not living alone</h2>
<p>The first thing to get straight is what the danger actually is, because the popular version blurs it. <a href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/social-isolation-loneliness-older-people-pose-health-risks">The National Institute on Aging reports that social isolation and loneliness are linked to serious health harms in older adults, including higher risks of heart disease, dementia, and earlier death, but it draws a sharp distinction that the stereotype ignores: being alone is not the same as being lonely or isolated, and you can live by yourself without being either.</a></p>
<p>That distinction is the whole ballgame. The health risks attach to isolation, the genuine lack of regular, meaningful contact, and to loneliness, the felt distress of disconnection, not to the simple fact of living in a house by yourself. Plenty of men live alone with full, connected lives, and plenty of people feel achingly lonely inside a busy household. So the honest concern about older men living without a woman is not that they live alone; it is that living alone can, if nothing counterbalances it, slide into isolation. Naming it precisely turns a vague air of doom into something concrete and, above all, something that can be acted on rather than merely pitied.</p>
<h2>Why older men are somewhat more exposed</h2>
<p>Here is the grain of truth inside the stereotype, and it is worth stating without either pity or blame. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ageing-and-society/article/loneliness-social-dislocation-and-invisibility-experienced-by-older-men-who-are-single-or-living-alone-accounting-for-differences-across-sexual-identity-and-social-context/0862B039BEA33A22C6631865E46C9387">Research on older men who are single or living alone finds that many men in relationships rely on their partners to maintain social ties, the ongoing work of keeping up with family and friends, and that men&#8217;s social networks tend to be less diverse, so that divorce or widowhood can shrink a man&#8217;s social world more sharply than a woman&#8217;s, with widowed men considerably more likely to be lonely than married ones.</a></p>
<p>In other words, the vulnerability is real, but it is not a defect in the men themselves. It is the predictable result of a common pattern in which the social maintenance of a life, the calls, the invitations, the remembering of birthdays, gets quietly handled by a partner, usually a wife. When she is no longer there, whether through death, divorce, or simply never having been, the scaffolding that held up a man&#8217;s social life can come down faster than he expects, and he may not have the habits to rebuild it. This is why older single men can drift into isolation more easily than their female counterparts, not because they feel less or need people less, but because many were never in the habit of tending their own connections. Understanding it this way replaces both pity and judgment with something more accurate and more hopeful: a describable pattern with a describable fix.</p>
<h2>The truth, and what actually helps</h2>
<p>So the truth about older men who live alone without a woman is that they are neither to be pitied as helpless nor assumed to be invulnerable. They face a specific, elevated, and above all preventable risk of isolation, and whether it materializes depends far less on their circumstances than on their habits. The men who do well alone, and there are many, are not the ones with the fewest challenges but the ones who keep tending their friendships, stay involved in something beyond the house, and are willing to reach out first rather than waiting to be included.</p>
<p>That points to the two attitudes most worth dropping. One is the outsider&#8217;s reflex of pity, which is condescending and can quietly become self-fulfilling, treating a man as diminished until he half believes it. The other is the man&#8217;s own bravado, the I do not need anyone that sounds like strength and is in fact the exact belief that leads to isolation. The healthier path is unglamorous and effective: take over the social work a partner may once have done, build and keep a few real connections, and treat staying engaged as a discipline rather than something that will take care of itself. And if living alone has already tipped into a heavier loneliness, reaching out, to a friend, a doctor, or a helpline, is a sign of good sense, not weakness. The men who live well without a partner are simply the ones who understood, early enough, that connection is something you have to keep choosing.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/g-truth-older-men-living-alone/">The truth about older men who live alone: the real risk is not being alone, but drifting into isolation</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
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		<title>Take risks to move forward: why we skip the ones worth taking, and how to tell them apart</title>
		<link>https://theartfulage.com/g-take-risks-to-move-forward/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Artful Age Editorial Team]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2026 05:37:45 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Lifestyle]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://theartfulage.com/g-take-risks-to-move-forward/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Take risks to move forward is the sort of line you find printed over a photo of someone leaping off a cliff, easy to nod at and just as easy to ignore. But underneath the poster there is a precise, evidence-based case, and also a precise limit. The truth is not that recklessness is a [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/g-take-risks-to-move-forward/">Take risks to move forward: why we skip the ones worth taking, and how to tell them apart</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Take risks to move forward is the sort of line you find printed over a photo of someone leaping off a cliff, easy to nod at and just as easy to ignore. But underneath the poster there is a precise, evidence-based case, and also a precise limit. The truth is not that recklessness is a virtue. It is that our minds are quietly wired to avoid risks we ought to take, that standing still is itself a risk we forget to count, and that the very discomfort risk produces, the thing we are really trying to avoid, is often the signal that we are growing rather than a warning to stop.</p>
<h2>We are built to skip risks worth taking</h2>
<p>The first thing to understand is that avoiding risk is not neutral good sense; it is partly a bias, and a lopsided one. <a href="https://executiveeducation.wharton.upenn.edu/thought-leadership/wharton-online-insights/status-quo-bias/">As work on status quo bias and loss aversion describes, people weigh potential losses more heavily than equivalent gains and show a strong preference for keeping things exactly as they are, because any change is measured against the current baseline and felt largely as a loss of the comfort, routine, or certainty we already have.</a></p>
<p>The consequence is that we systematically under-take good risks and overvalue staying put. Change asks us to give up something concrete and familiar in exchange for gains that may be larger but are vaguer and further off, and the mind, being loss-averse, quietly rules in favor of the familiar almost every time. The hidden problem is that staying still is not actually the safe, cost-free option it feels like. It is a choice with its own downside, the opportunity not taken, the growth not had, the version of your life that never gets to happen, and that cost simply never makes it onto the mental ledger. This is what take risks to move forward is really correcting. It is not urging you to court danger; it is pointing out that the risk of not moving is real, and that you are wired not to see it.</p>
<h2>The discomfort you are avoiding is often the point</h2>
<p>There is a second, more surprising piece, which concerns the actual feeling that makes risks hard to take. <a href="https://business.cornell.edu/hub/2022/04/13/leave-your-comfort-zone-to-achieve-motivation-and-growth/">In five experiments by Kaitlin Woolley and Ayelet Fishbach, people who were told to seek discomfort, to treat the awkward, uncomfortable feeling of a growth activity as a sign that it was working, showed more persistence, more risk-taking, and more progress than people simply told to do the same task.</a></p>
<p>This flips the usual meaning of discomfort on its head. Normally the flush of awkwardness or fear that comes with a risk reads as a warning, a signal that you are doing something wrong and should retreat. But because that feeling is immediate and easy to notice, it can be reinterpreted as evidence of exactly the opposite: that you are stretching, learning, moving. The person taking the improv class who feels ridiculous, the one sending the application who feels exposed, the one saying the honest thing who feels their heart race, is not failing at the risk. They are feeling what forward motion actually feels like from the inside. You do not take worthwhile risks despite the discomfort. Very often the discomfort is the proof the risk is doing its job, and learning to read it that way makes you far more willing to keep going.</p>
<h2>The kind of risk that actually helps</h2>
<p>None of this is a license for recklessness, and it matters to say so clearly. Some risks carry real, irreversible downsides and deserve genuine caution; take risks does not mean gamble blindly, ignore obvious danger, or bet what you cannot afford to lose. The useful version is calibrated risk, the kind where the downside is survivable and the upside is growth. And moving forward rarely requires a dramatic leap off any cliff. Most of it is made of small, repeated, tolerable risks, asking for the thing, trying the skill you might be bad at, putting a piece of work into the world, saying what you actually think, each of which stings a little and compounds over time into a life that has gone somewhere.</p>
<p>So the practical version of the poster is quieter and more honest than the poster itself. Notice when playing it safe is really just loss aversion wearing the costume of prudence. Put the cost of standing still onto the ledger where it belongs, since doing nothing is a decision too. And when a growth risk makes you uncomfortable, treat that feeling as confirmation you are on the right track rather than a reason to turn back. You do not move forward by eliminating risk, which is impossible, and staying put has a price of its own. You move forward by taking the right-sized risks and letting the discomfort they produce be the evidence that you are, in fact, going somewhere.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://theartfulage.com/g-take-risks-to-move-forward/">Take risks to move forward: why we skip the ones worth taking, and how to tell them apart</a> appeared first on <a href="https://theartfulage.com">The Artful Age</a>.</p>
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