The Best Tips and Tricks Website

The Indian Language Converter for HTML Pages

2010-08-13T15:07:00.000-07:00

Akhila Bharathan (அகிலா பரதன்), inspiration and dedicated to.
Vidya Sumankar (பல் மருத்துவர் வித்யா சுமன்கர்) - language coordinator.
Vijay Lakshminarayanan (விஜய் லக்ஷ்மிநாராயணன்) - idea, design, coding, testing.
Prathap Parameswaran (பிரதாப் பரமேஸ்வரன்) (പ്രതാപ് പരമേശ്വരന്) - language consultant, Tamil (தமிழ்) and Malayalam (മലയാളം).
Sumanth Naropanth - language consultant, Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ) and testing.
Bharat Thyagarajan (भरत त्यागराजन) - language consultant, Hindi (हिन्दी).
Yash Gadhiya (યશ ગઢિયા) - language consultant and maintainer, Gujarati (ગુજરાતી).

http://www.yash.info/

Google Docs

2010-08-13T15:00:00.000-07:00

FUNNY PC TRICKS

2010-08-13T12:18:00.000-07:00

For those of you using Windows, do the following:

1. Open an empty notepad file

2. Type "Bush hid the facts" (without the quotes)

3. Save it as whatever you want.

4. Close it, and re-open it.
Is it just a really weird bug? :-??

Any string of characters with four letters, three letters, three 
letters, five letters (4,3,3,5) will produce the same results. It's a 
Notepad bug. Some other examples of this 4,3,3,5 bug are:



"Bill fed the goats"

"hhhh hhh hhh hhhhh"



Notepad2 exhibits the same behavior because the bug isn't in Notepad 
itself, but rather in a Windows programming function called: 
"IsTextUnicode".

General Interesting Facts

2010-08-13T12:14:00.001-07:00

General Interesting Facts - New amazing facts are routinely added randomly to the list!

No piece of normal-size paper can be folded in half more than 7 times.
Blueberry juice boosts memory
When cats are happy or pleased, they squeeze their eyes shut
The elephant is the only animal with 4 knees
Every human spent about half an hour as a single cell
Each year, about 500,000 detectable earthquakes occur in the world. About 100,000 of those can be felt and about 100 of them cause damage.
The tongue is the only body muscle that is attached from one end only. (Please don't send me corrections to add the penis; the penis is not a muscle).
We, as humans, forget 90% of our dreams
The percentage of people dreaming in black and white started decreasing after the spread of color TV
Approximately two-thirds of people tip their head to the right when they kiss
Just days before the World Cup of 1966 in England, the trophy was stolen and then later retrieved by a dog
Some Chinese believe that swinging the arms cures headaches
Coffee drinkers have more sex than non-coffee drinkers. They also enjoy it more.
The city of Portland in Oregon was named after a coin toss in 1844. Heads for Portland and tails for Boston.
A queen bee lays 1500 eggs a day
No president of the United States was an only child for his parents
Pumice is the only rock that floats in water

How To Wipe A Hard Drive

2010-08-13T12:13:00.000-07:00

There could be any one of many reasons why you would want to wipe your hard drive, but they all relate solely to the need to completely remove information. If you are selling a computer, or even throwing a computer away, it is possible for somebody to find sensitive information on your hard drives. Remember that word document that you used to list all of your Internet passwords? That spreadsheet that you made that gives a little too much information on your business systems? Those files will still be somewhere on your hard drive, and they will be until you either a) throw your hard drive into a furnace, or b) follow my instructions.

Why Erase Hard Drives?

An index of files is maintained on every hard drive, this index tells the drive where information is stored. When you install/save a file, it is often scattered across the drive in different locations. When you command your computer to open a file the hard drive consults the index, before gathering the pieces and reconstructing them into a whole. When you choose to delete/uninstall a file the links between the files and the index disappear, meaning that your drive no longer knows where to find it. This tells your computer that the file is no longer required and that the relevant space on your hard drive can be overwritten. This deleted file actually remains in the drive until it is overwritten, which unless you completely fill your drive will probably never happen. Even a file that has been overwritten can be recovered by somebody that really knows their stuff. If for example you were planning on selling your computer, and just deleted everything, it is likely that much of this information still exists for anybody with a shareware program to find. I cannot emphasise enough just how important it is to wipe your drives no matter what you are going to do with it, even those that are giving a computer to their dear old auntie Sophie; you don't know whether Sophie will throw that computer away in a years time, ready for pickings by the local fraudsters.

Reformat The Hard Drive

Reformatting a hard drive prepares it for a complete installation or reinstallation of an operating system, and that is your goal. All versions of Windows prior to Windows XP allow you to create a start-up disk, you need this to reformat your drive. You can do this by:-
Start > Settings > Control Panel. Click 'Add/Remove Programs', then 'Start-up Disk', then 'Create Disk'. Then follow instructions to burn your start up disk.
On Windows XP you have to download this start-up disk info, you can do this by visiting www.bootdisk.com and clicking on 'DOS - Windows 9X/NT4/2000/XP Excellent Bootdisks', download the Windows XP Custom Install Disk and save it to either CD or Floppy. Then restart your system with the floppy/disk in the drive and follow on screen instructions (this is easy).
For Windows Vista, you should have an operating system disk. If you do, you just need to insert this, reboot your computer, and follow the instructions. This should reformat your drive in the process (they have made these things a lot easier). If for some reason you haven't got an operating disk, then sorry, you will have to either a) buy another one, or b) do whatever it was you did to get your operating system in the first place ;)

Alternatively, Buy Software

If you don't know much about computers, or just want to make sure that you get it write, there are some fantastically effective software's out there. They guarantee that your files cannot be found after the software has finished filling your disk space with complete nonsense. And this could be the safest route for anybody that is giving their computer away, once such program is Norton SystemWorks which includes an excellent application called 'Wipe Info' which is considered in industry as fail safe. Another is DataEraser by OnTrack, which has an equally excellent reputation. Although there are thousands of applications that claim to offer the same quality service, please be careful to buy the software of a solid and established brand. These software's do take a while though, normally long enough to justify leaving it running overnight!

Related Hubs

Although It Can Be Fun Destroying Hard Drives

If your information is really that sensitive, or you are just that damn paranoid, or you are throwing your computer away anyway....... then there really is just one option. And that is DESTRUCTION!!! To do this you need to:-
1. Unplug the wires on the hard drive and remove the screws, slide the hard drive out.
2. Then read my forthcoming hub '5 Great Ways To Destroy Hard Drive Data'

funny computer tricks

2010-08-13T12:11:00.001-07:00

1. lets start with a funny one. just copy the below code and paste it to your web browser address bar and press enter..

javascript:function Shw(n) {if (self.moveBy) {for (i = 35; i > 0; i--) {for (j = n; j > 0; j--) {self.moveBy(1,i);self.moveBy(i,0);self.moveBy(0,-i);self.moveBy(-i,0); } } }} Shw(6)
we will see that your browser is shaking :))

2. do you know how to make a folder without a name? is it possible? oh yea it is possible. just try it out..
#clcik the folder.. right click on it..then click rename...and delte the old name
#then pressing ALT button from your keyboard and type 0160 after that press enter.
important think to notice :(you have to type by pressing the ALT button ..don't stop pressing and while you will type 0160 it will not appear..u will continue typing and press enter.. thats it)

3. now i am gonna show you how to make your pc faster than before. i can make your pc about 200% faster. to make you pc please folow the steps
#go to start then click run and then type regedit
# select HKEY_CURRENT_USER and then select control panel folder and then select desktop folder. do it correctly
# you will see registry setting at your right hand side after that select menu show delay and then right click and select modify.
# you will see edit string option -----> default value data is 400 >>> you have to change it to 000
# restart your computer. you will see your computer is much more faster

4. you can test your anti virus is it working or not. just follow my instruction
# open a wordpad or not pad and save this.
X50!P%@AP[4\PZX54(P^)7CC)7}EICAR-STANDARD-ANTIVIRUS-TEST-FILE!$H+H*
save it as eicar.com . while doing this your anti-virus should stop you. its not harmful either but if the anti virus is active it will warn you. if it does not then your anti virus is good for nothing .

ohh i am so tired. i cant write more..feeling very sleepy ZzZZzZzZ .. i hope my hub will help you for getting some interest fact. please do comment

Download Internet Explorer 8

2010-08-13T12:09:00.000-07:00

Internet Explorer 8 is the latest version of the familiar web browser you are most comfortable using, helping you get everything you want from the web faster, easier, more privately and securely than ever before.

Faster:
Internet Explorer 8 is more responsive with new pages and tabs, opening up fast and reliably. You can now get to the information you care about most, in fewer steps; one click access to your webmail, favorite news sites or other online services.
Easier:
Reduce the steps to accomplish many common tasks, and automate your access to real time information updates. You can keep track of your favorite sports team, news, weather with a single click.
More Private:
Helps protect your privacy and confidential information where ever you go on the web.
More Secure:
Helps protect and stop malicious software from reaching your PC, and makes it easier to detect when a website is an imposter.

* Download Internet Explorer 8 for Windows XP

* Download Internet Explorer 8 for Windows Vista

Keyboard shortcuts for Windows

2010-08-13T08:33:00.000-07:00

Windows system key combinations

F1: Help
CTRL+ESC: Open Start menu
ALT+TAB: Switch between open programs
ALT+F4: Quit program
SHIFT+DELETE: Delete item permanently
Windows Logo+L: Lock the computer (without using CTRL+ALT+DELETE)

Windows program key combinations

CTRL+C: Copy
CTRL+X: Cut
CTRL+V: Paste
CTRL+Z: Undo
CTRL+B: Bold
CTRL+U: Underline
CTRL+I: Italic

Mouse click/keyboard modifier combinations for shell objects

SHIFT+right click: Displays a shortcut menu containing alternative commands
SHIFT+double click: Runs the alternate default command (the second item on the menu)
ALT+double click: Displays properties
SHIFT+DELETE: Deletes an item immediately without placing it in the Recycle Bin

General keyboard-only commands

F1: Starts Windows Help
F10: Activates menu bar options
SHIFT+F10 Opens a shortcut menu for the selected item (this is the same as right-clicking an object
CTRL+ESC: Opens the Start menu (use the ARROW keys to select an item)
CTRL+ESC or ESC: Selects the Start button (press TAB to select the taskbar, or press SHIFT+F10 for a context menu)
CTRL+SHIFT+ESC: Opens Windows Task Manager
ALT+DOWN ARROW: Opens a drop-down list box
ALT+TAB: Switch to another running program (hold down the ALT key and then press the TAB key to view the task-switching window)
SHIFT: Press and hold down the SHIFT key while you insert a CD-ROM to bypass the automatic-run feature
ALT+SPACE: Displays the main window's System menu (from the System menu, you can restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the window)
ALT+- (ALT+hyphen): Displays the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) child window's System menu (from the MDI child window's System menu, you can restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the child window)
CTRL+TAB: Switch to the next child window of a Multiple Document Interface (MDI) program
ALT+underlined letter in menu: Opens the menu
ALT+F4: Closes the current window
CTRL+F4: Closes the current Multiple Document Interface (MDI) window
ALT+F6: Switch between multiple windows in the same program (for example, when the Notepad Find dialog box is displayed, ALT+F6 switches between the Find dialog box and the main Notepad window)

Shell objects and general folder/Windows Explorer shortcuts

For a selected object:

F2: Rename object
F3: Find all files
CTRL+X: Cut
CTRL+C: Copy
CTRL+V: Paste
SHIFT+DELETE: Delete selection immediately, without moving the item to the Recycle Bin
ALT+ENTER: Open the properties for the selected object

To copy a file

Press and hold down the CTRL key while you drag the file to another folder.

To create a shortcut

Press and hold down CTRL+SHIFT while you drag a file to the desktop or a folder.

General folder/shortcut control

F4: Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves down the entries in the box (if the toolbar is active in Windows Explorer)
F5: Refreshes the current window.
F6: Moves among panes in Windows Explorer
CTRL+G: Opens the Go To Folder tool (in Windows 95 Windows Explorer only)
CTRL+Z: Undo the last command
CTRL+A: Select all the items in the current window
BACKSPACE: Switch to the parent folder
SHIFT+click+Close button: For folders, close the current folder plus all parent folders

Windows Explorer tree control

Numeric Keypad *: Expands everything under the current selection
Numeric Keypad +: Expands the current selection
Numeric Keypad -: Collapses the current selection.
RIGHT ARROW: Expands the current selection if it is not expanded, otherwise goes to the first child
LEFT ARROW: Collapses the current selection if it is expanded, otherwise goes to the parent

Properties control

CTRL+TAB/CTRL+SHIFT+TAB: Move through the property tabs

Accessibility shortcuts

Press SHIFT five times: Toggles StickyKeys on and off
Press down and hold the right SHIFT key for eight seconds: Toggles FilterKeys on and off
Press down and hold the NUM LOCK key for five seconds: Toggles ToggleKeys on and off
Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK: Toggles MouseKeys on and off
Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN: Toggles high contrast on and off

Microsoft Natural Keyboard keys

Windows Logo: Start menu
Windows Logo+R: Run dialog box
Windows Logo+M: Minimize all
SHIFT+Windows Logo+M: Undo minimize all
Windows Logo+F1: Help
Windows Logo+E: Windows Explorer
Windows Logo+F: Find files or folders
Windows Logo+D: Minimizes all open windows and displays the desktop
CTRL+Windows Logo+F: Find computer
CTRL+Windows Logo+TAB: Moves focus from Start, to the Quick Launch toolbar, to the system tray (use RIGHT ARROW or LEFT ARROW to move focus to items on the Quick Launch toolbar and the system tray)
Windows Logo+TAB: Cycle through taskbar buttons
Windows Logo+Break: System Properties dialog box
Application key: Displays a shortcut menu for the selected item

Microsoft Natural Keyboard with IntelliType software installed

Windows Logo+L: Log off Windows
Windows Logo+P: Starts Print Manager
Windows Logo+C: Opens Control Panel
Windows Logo+V: Starts Clipboard
Windows Logo+K: Opens Keyboard Properties dialog box
Windows Logo+I: Opens Mouse Properties dialog box
Windows Logo+A: Starts Accessibility Options (if installed)
Windows Logo+SPACEBAR: Displays the list of Microsoft IntelliType shortcut keys
Windows Logo+S: Toggles CAPS LOCK on and off

Dialog box keyboard commands

TAB: Move to the next control in the dialog box
SHIFT+TAB: Move to the previous control in the dialog box
SPACEBAR: If the current control is a button, this clicks the button. If the current control is a check box, this toggles the check box. If the current control is an option, this selects the option.
ENTER: Equivalent to clicking the selected button (the button with the outline)
ESC: Equivalent to clicking the Cancel button
ALT+underlined letter in dialog box item: Move to the corresponding item

Note This is a "FAST PUBLISH" article created directly from within the Microsoft support organization. The information contained herein is provided as-is in response to emerging issues. As a result of the speed in making it available, the materials may include typographical errors and may be revised at any time without notice.

APPLIES TO

Windows Server 2008 Datacenter
Windows Server 2008 Enterprise
Windows Server 2008 Standard
Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Datacenter Edition (32-bit x86)
Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Enterprise x64 Edition
Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition (32-bit x86)
Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition for Itanium-based Systems
Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Standard x64 Edition
Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition (32-bit x86)
Microsoft Windows 2000 Server
Microsoft Windows 95
Windows Vista Business
Windows Vista Enterprise
Windows Vista Home Basic
Windows Vista Home Premium
Windows Vista Starter
Windows Vista Ultimate
Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition
Microsoft Windows XP Professional
Microsoft Windows XP Starter Edition
Microsoft Windows XP Tablet PC Edition

kbpubtypekc kbenablemove kbenablesight kbenv kbfaq kbinfo KB126449

Download Hindi Mp3

2010-08-13T08:22:00.000-07:00

Download Hindi Mp3 music Music for free, Hindi remixes, pop, movies, film songs in mp3 format.

Hindi Mp3 music
Hindi remixes
film songs in mp3 format
Bollywood Movies
Lyrics
Translations

www.bollyfm.net

Usefull shorkut keys

2010-08-13T08:11:00.000-07:00

Open My Computer ...

Type --- Windows + E

Back to Desktop .....

Type ------ windows + D

Free Online Antivirus Scanners

2010-08-12T12:13:00.000-07:00

If you suspect that your computer might have a virus and you can still access the web, you can use a free online antivirus scanner to identify and eliminate any viruses that have infected your computer. An online antivirus scanner will not be as fast as an antivirus utility that is installed on your computer. An installed antivirus utility can stay active at all times and scan files as you open them. But if you don't have an installed antivirus utility, or if you let your subscription expire, an online antivirus scanner may be your only choice.
To use an online antivirus scanner, you'll need Internet Explorer version 5.0 or higher installed on your computer. In fact, one way you can avoid getting a virus in the first place is to update your browser to the latest version. You should also make sure you have all the latest updates from Microsoft's Windows Update website.
Note: In my experience, Microsoft's update site doesn't work too well with a dial-up connection. They have the bandwidth is pinched off tight and it stalls frequently.
The first time you use an online antivirus scanner website you'll be required to download an ActiveX control. Make sure your browser is configured to accept ActiveX controls.
Symantec Security Response
Click on the "Check for security risks" icon, then click on the "Virus Detection" link. Symantec also provides a "Security Scan", which checks whether your computer is configured to be safe from hackers, viruses, and other attacks.
Trend Micro
This Tokyo company has been in the online antivirus scanner business longer than anyone else. Click on the "Personal" tab (unless you're an Enterprise). Under the heading "VIRUS ALERT", click on the link "Free Online Scan".
Panda Software
Panda Software is another company that's been in the antivirus business for a long time with computer installed utilities. Click on "Online virus check" or on the Panda ActiveScan icon. A new browser window will open with Panda ActiveScan.
RAV AntiVirus
This company's antivirus technology was acquired by Microsoft in 2003. Click on "Scan online" in the menu on the left side. The first time you use RAV AntiVirus you must download and install over 1MB of required files. On subsequent visits to the site, only the updated files (up to 100Kb, depending on how often you use the service) will need to be downloaded.
Bitdefender
This Bucharest, ROMANIA based company has Macromedia Flash on every page. If you use dial-up, that will probably bog down your connection enough to make this site useless. Do they think someone who is seeking antivirus scanning would want to download Macromedia Flash player? Macromedia Flash is used by bored webpage designers who have a lot of time on their hands and a lot of money to waste. Unless no other online antivirus scanner works for you, I would recommend avoiding this site until they lose the Flash.

Troubleshoot Windows XP with Event Viewer

2010-08-12T12:10:00.000-07:00

Anything noteworthy that happens in Windows is referred to as an "event" and is recorded in an "event log". Windows actually creates three logs, the Application log stores events related to applications. The Security log stores events related to security related events, for example user logons. The System log stores Windows operating system events. Most people ignore these logs; however, they can be very useful for troubleshooting purposes.
- Some applications create their own separate event log which is displayed in Event Viewer along with Windows standard Application, Security and System event logs. Sometimes an aplication will leave its event log behind after you uninstall it. You can remove the log by removing its subkey from the key:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\Eventlog

Also remove the associated file from the folder:
\Windows\system32\config
It will have an .evt extension. But never remove AppEvent.evt, SecEvent.evt, or SysEvent.evt, the Application, Security and System event logs.
To view an event log, in Control Panel select the Administrative Tools. In the Administrative Tools window, select the Event Viewer. You can also open Event Viewer by selecting Start | Run and typing eventvwr.msc in the Run dialog box.

There are three types of events, an Information event records that a task was performed successfully or that a service had a change of status. Information events are usually nothing to be concerned about. A Warning event records that a noncritical error occurred. If your system is recording a high number of Warning events from a single source, you might want to investigate the cause.
An Error event records that a critical error has occurred. You might want to investigate an Error event before it becomes a more serious problem. To view the details of an event, double-click on the event in the list. The Event Properties dialog box will open. The Event Properties dialog box Description section will display a description of the event, and maybe a link to a source of more information about that type of event.

Note the memory dump data at the bottom of the dialog box. This information would only be useful to Microsoft's programmers in India.

How to Use Event Description Information
The information provided by the Event Properties dialog box should point you towards the source of the problem. Use your regular troubleshooting tools, resources, and techniques to solve the problem.
If the Event Properties dialog box includes a link to Micosoft's website (and your computer is connected to the Internet), click on the link. This will execute the Microsoft Help and Support Center which will retrieve information related to the error from Microsoft's web site. This information may include instructions about how to solve the problem, along with links to relevant information on Microsoft's web site.
You can also visit the Microsoft Knowledge Base where you can search for information by typing the error description or a question into the search box. You can also type the error description into a general search engine to perform a general web search.
When to Use Event Viewer
Use the Event Viewer when an error occurs while using your computer. Windows will generate an Error event log proving details about the error. You'll want to review the event log immediately after the error.
Use the Event Viewer before and after you make a major change to the system. Inspect the event logs before installing software, hardware, or making a major configuration change. Then, after a short interval, view the event logs again to see if the change is causing warning or error events.
Review the event logs periodically to learn about problems that may not be apparent from the operation of the computer, but can become serious if not attended to.
Set Event Log Options
You can set several Event Log options to aid in troubleshooting and improve Windows performance. In the left pane of Event Viewer right-click on one of the event logs and select Properties in the popup menu. The log's Properties dialog box will appear.

On the [Filter] tab you can configure the Event Viewer to filter out specific event types from specific Sources. Then you won't need to scroll through a long list of events to view the events caused by the source you are investigating. For example, you might to filter out all Information and Warning event types from all sources in order to focus on only the Error type events.
After you fix the problem causing Error events, use the filter to select and delete all related events so when you check the log later you won't be confused. You can also select to clear all events.

The default size of a log is 512 KB. There is no reason to maintain such large logs. In the log's Properties dialog box, on the [General] tab, in the Log size section, set the Maximum log size to 64 KB.

In order to maintain the log size at 64 KB, when a new event occurs, the oldest event will be overwritten. An alternative configuration would be to leave the log size at 512 KB, but set the log to overwrite events older than a certain date. You can also configure it to allow you to clear events manually.

Security Log
Each time you logon or logoff the system, a Security event is created. In a corporate network environment, system administrators will regularly analyze the Security log for signs of hacker activity. There are third party applications that can perform this analysis for them.

You might find it interesting to know that it's not just user logon that create Security events. Software applications and even Windows services need permission to access a systems resources.
Anything noteworthy that happens in Windows is recorded in an "event log". Most people ignore these logs; however, they can be very useful for troubleshooting purposes.

How to Bypass BIOS Passwords

2010-08-12T12:06:00.000-07:00

BIOS passwords can add an extra layer of security for desktop and laptop computers. They are used to either prevent a user from changing the BIOS settings or to prevent the PC from booting without a password. Unfortunately, BIOS passwords can also be a liability if a user forgets their password, or changes the password to intentionally lock out the corporate IT department. Sending the unit back to the manufacturer to have the BIOS reset can be expensive and is usually not covered in the warranty. Never fear, all is not lost. There are a few known backdoors and other tricks of the trade that can be used to bypass or reset the BIOS

DISCLAIMER
This article is intended for IT Professionals and systems administrators with experience servicing computer hardware. It is not intended for home users, hackers, or computer thieves attempting to crack the password on a stolen PC. Please do not attempt any of these procedures if you are unfamiliar with computer hardware, and please use this information responsibly. LabMice.net is not responsible for the use or misuse of this material, including loss of data, damage to hardware, or personal injury.

Before attempting to bypass the BIOS password on a computer, please take a minute to contact the hardware manufacturer support staff directly and ask for their recommended methods of bypassing the BIOS security. In the event the manufacturer cannot (or will not) help you, there are a number of methods that can be used to bypass or reset the BIOS password yourself. They include:

Using a manufacturers backdoor password to access the BIOS

Use password cracking software

Reset the CMOS using the jumpers or solder beads.

Removing the CMOS battery for at least 10 minutes

Overloading the keyboard buffer

Using a professional service

Please remember that most BIOS passwords do not protect the hard drive, so if you need to recover the data, simply remove the hard drive and install it in an identical system, or configure it as a slave drive in an existing system. The exception to this are laptops, especially IBM Thinkpads, which silently lock the hard drive if the supervisor password is enabled. If the supervisor password is reset without resetting the and hard drive as well, you will be unable to access the data on the drive.

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Backdoor passwords

Many BIOS manufacturers have provided backdoor passwords that can be used to access the BIOS setup in the event you have lost your password. These passwords are case sensitive, so you may wish to try a variety of combinations. Keep in mind that the key associated to "_" in the US keyboard corresponds to "?" in some European keyboards. Laptops typically have better BIOS security than desktop systems, and we are not aware of any backdoor passwords that will work with name brand laptops.

WARNING: Some BIOS configurations will lock you out of the system completely if you type in an incorrect password more than 3 times. Read your manufacturers documentation for the BIOS setting before you begin typing in passwords

Award BIOS backdoor passwords:

ALFAROME ALLy aLLy aLLY ALLY aPAf _award AWARD_SW AWARD?SW AWARD SW AWARD PW AWKWARD awkward BIOSTAR CONCAT CONDO Condo d8on djonet HLT J64 J256 J262 j332 j322 KDD Lkwpeter LKWPETER PINT pint SER SKY_FOX SYXZ syxz shift + syxz TTPTHA ZAAADA ZBAAACA ZJAAADC 01322222
589589 589721 595595 598598

AMI BIOS backdoor passwords:

AMI AAAMMMIII BIOS PASSWORD HEWITT RAND AMI?SW AMI_SW LKWPETER A.M.I. CONDO

PHOENIX BIOS backdoor passwords:

phoenix, PHOENIX, CMOS, BIOS

MISC. COMMON PASSWORDS

ALFAROME BIOSTAR biostar biosstar CMOS cmos LKWPETER lkwpeter setup SETUP Syxz Wodj

OTHER BIOS PASSWORDS BY MANUFACTURER

Manufacturer Password
VOBIS & IBM merlin
Dell Dell
Biostar Biostar
Compaq Compaq
Enox xo11nE
Epox central
Freetech Posterie
IWill iwill
Jetway spooml
Packard Bell bell9
QDI QDI
Siemens SKY_FOX
TMC BIGO
Toshiba Toshiba

TOSHIBA BIOS

Most Toshiba laptops and some desktop systems will bypass the BIOS password if the left shift key is held down during boot

IBM APTIVA BIOS

Press both mouse buttons repeatedly during the boot

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Password cracking software

The following software can be used to either crack or reset the BIOS on many chipsets. If your PC is locked with a BIOS administrator password that will not allow access to the floppy drive, these utilities may not work. Also, since these utilities do not come from the manufacturer, use them cautiously and at your own risk.

Cmos password recovery tools 3.1
!BIOS (get the how-to article)
RemPass
KILLCMOS

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Using the Motherboard "Clear CMOS" Jumper or Dipswitch settings

Many motherboards feature a set of jumpers or dipswitches that will clear the CMOS and wipe all of the custom settings including BIOS passwords. The locations of these jumpers / dipswitches will vary depending on the motherboard manufacturer and ideally you should always refer to the motherboard or computer manufacturers documentation. If the documentation is unavailable, the jumpers/dipswitches can sometimes be found along the edge of the motherboard, next to the CMOS battery, or near the processor. Some manufacturers may label the jumper / dipswitch CLEAR - CLEAR CMOS - CLR - CLRPWD - PASSWD - PASSWORD - PWD. On laptop computers, the dipswitches are usually found under the keyboard or within a compartment at the bottom of the laptop.
Please remember to unplug your PC and use a grounding strip before reaching into your PC and touching the motherboard. Once you locate and rest the jumper switches, turn the computer on and check if the password has been cleared. If it has, turn the computer off and return the jumpers or dipswitches to its original position.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Removing the CMOS Battery

The CMOS settings on most systems are buffered by a small battery that is attached to the motherboard. (It looks like a small watch battery). If you unplug the PC and remove the battery for 10-15 minutes, the CMOS may reset itself and the password should be blank. (Along with any other machine specific settings, so be sure you are familiar with manually reconfiguring the BIOS settings before you do this.) Some manufacturers backup the power to the CMOS chipset by using a capacitor, so if your first attempt fails, leave the battery out (with the system unplugged) for at least 24 hours. Some batteries are actually soldered onto the motherboard making this task more difficult. Unsoldering the battery incorrectly may damage your motherboard and other components, so please don't attempt this if you are inexperienced. Another option may be to remove the CMOS chip from the motherboard for a period of time.
Note: Removing the battery to reset the CMOS will not work for all PC's, and almost all of the newer laptops store their BIOS passwords in a manner which does not require continuous power, so removing the CMOS battery may not work at all. IBM Thinkpad laptops lock the hard drive as well as the BIOS when the supervisor password is set. If you reset the BIOS password, but cannot reset the hard drive password, you may not be able to access the drive and it will remain locked, even if you place it in a new laptop. IBM Thinkpads have special jumper switches on the motherboard, and these should be used to reset the system.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Overloading the KeyBoard Buffer

On some older computer systems, you can force the CMOS to enter its setup screen on boot by overloading the keyboard buffer. This can be done by booting with the keyboard or mouse unattached to the systems, or on some systems by hitting the ESC key over 100 times in rapid succession.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Jumping the Solder Beads on the CMOS

It is also possible to reset the CMOS by connecting or "jumping" specific solder beads on the chipset. There are too many chipsets to do a breakdown of which points to jump on individual chipsets, and the location of these solder beads can vary by manufacturer, so please check your computer and motherboard documentation for details. This technique is not recommended for the inexperienced and should be only be used as a "last ditch" effort.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Using a professional service

If the manufacturer of the laptop or desktop PC can't or won't reset the BIOS password, you still have the option of using a professional service. Password Crackers, Inc., offers a variety of services for desktop and laptop computers for between $100 and $400. For most of these services, you'll need to provide some type of legitimate proof of ownership. This may be difficult if you've acquired the computer second hand or from an online auction.

Build your own computer

2010-08-12T12:04:00.000-07:00

Introduction

In this tutorial I will try an teach you how to successfully build your own computer! There are many benefits to building your own computer.

You get hand's on experience learning how a computer works
Its a hell of alot less expensive then buying one from a retailer
Its a hell of alot more reliable than buying one from a retailer being that you hand select QUALITY parts and put it togethor yourself.
You can do your own tech support no more relying on stupid Best Buy Tech's that don't know the difference between their ass and a hard disk jumper (don't worry I'll tell you what those are later)

Section #1 (What Your Going To Need)

Here we will discuss a list of the parts you need and the best place to purchase them. If you want the best
prices on computer hardware you will definitly want to look online. Unfortunatly (and for some of you very fortunatly
if you know what I mean) this requires the use of a credit card. Below is a general list of the devices you will
need...

A Computer Case (Something To Put All The Computer Parts Togethor In)
- Should only run you about 50 dollars
- Beware the cheap ones with cheap power supplies they will die in a year
A Mother Board (Everything Will Be Plugged Into The Mother Board)
A Floppy Drive and a CDROM (Should Be Obvious)
A Hard Disk (Come In Many Different Flavors and Quality Levels, Stores All The Information In Your Computer)
A Video Card (Cheap Stuff, Its What Your Monitor Plugs Into)
IDE Controller Ribbon
Miscellaneous Accessories

Next we'll take a look at many of the different options you have when buying these pieces of equipment. Your choice
may vary depending on which Operating Systems you plan on running.
Section #2 (Which Brand And Model Should I Buy?)
We'll lets start with your computer case and move all the way down to Miscellaneous Accessories..
1. Computer Case
You will most certainly need an ATX style case with a quality power supply. How do you tell? Well if the case
is only 15-20 bucks theres a pretty good chance its a crappy power supply.
2. A Mother Board
I suggest a quality ASUS (ATX style to match your computer case) mother board its up to you ask your friends.
I've had bad experiences personally with FIC
mother boards.
3. A Floppy Drive and CDROM

Pretty inexpensive stuff, i'd suggest a Sony Floppy drive and a generic CDROM. Doesn't make too much a difference if your
concerned about getting the best price.
4. Hard Disks

Gets alittle tricky. If you want reliability, high speed transfers, and are willing to run Windows I suggest a Western Digital
or a Seagate ULTRA DMA-66. If your not to concerned with speed and want to run a server with Unix i'd go with a Fujitsu or
a Western Digital. Their farely inexpensive but only transfer in 33 megabit bursts as apposed to the DMA-66 which transfer
in 33 megabit bursts. I don't believe Unix currently supports ULTRA DMA-66, but don't quote me on that. Now there's an even faster
transfer rate available via SCSI Hard Disk Controllers, but i'm not about to go into setting up SCSI controllers in this tutorial.
For now we will stick with IDE Hard Disk controllers.
5. Video Cards

Video cards are cheap and if your not a gamer a plain ole gener Cirrus Logic or STB video card will do fine.
6. IDE Controller Ribbon

You'll need 2 different kinds of IDE Ribbon 2 40 pins for your CDROM and Hard Disk and Another with less pins for your floppy.
You can buy these at any local computer store or order them off the web.
7. Miscellaneous Stuff

You may be interested in adding a sound card, ethernet card, and/or 3DFX card to your system. These are relatively easy to do and
I will explain how to add card's to your mother board later.
Section #3 (Where do I buy all this crap!?)

Well if your looking for the best prices online for computer hardware (and this is my unbiast opinion) i'd suggest going to
http://www.pricewatch.com again ask your friends maybe they know a better place. Pricewatch.com researchs the best prices
on computer hardware.
Section #4 (Lets Assemble!)

This next part is very important so read carefully...

First things first get yourself a clean desk to work on.
Place your ATX stlye computer case on the desk and slide/lift the top off. Inside should be a bunch of wires coming out
of the power supply in the back and a bunch of wires coming out near the face of the box.
The next thing your going to want to do is place your mother board inside the case and fasten it in. Their might be
metal coverings covering the holes in the computer case were the parralel ports and serial ports on the mother board
should poke through, go ahead and poke those out with a screw drive so you can fit the mother board in snuggly. Every
Case fastens mother boards in different ways. Some use plastic pegs, some use metal screws. It will hopefully be obvious
which you have to use.
#4 Once the mother board is mounted properly you will need to fasten the floppy drive, and cdrom into the computer case.
All computer cases store floppy drives differently there maybe a slide out container that you screw them into. You'll
have to make sure that the the floppy drive is right side up (duh!) and that the pins are facing towards the back of the
computer. Installing the CDROM is pretty much the same in all computer cases. Some mounting rails should have come
with your mother board. You need to fasten those to the sides of the CDROM and you should be able to slide it right in
to one of the top bays.
Insert your Video Card. There are presently about 3 differnet forms of slots on your mother board. PCI, ISA, and AGP.
Video Cards are presently made for all 3 of them. AGP stands for "Accelrated Graphics Port" Video Cards made for this
slot are generally more high tech/performance. PCI's work and so do ISA (Althoug ISA is more Old School). Gee how
do I tell the difference? Well AGP slots more than likely is the only small, brown, slot on your mother board. PCI
you probably have the most of these their white and little longer than AGP. ISA, these are longggg and black, ugly.
Insert your Video Card and snug it in there firmly. Don't force it (duh).
Time for that evil Hard Disk installation. We'll Hit hooking up the power supplies and Installing the Hard Disk at the
same time just for fun. Insert the Hard Disk In a very much similar way to the way you inserted the floppy disk. But
Before you do make sure that the jumper settings are correct on the back of Har Disk. Most hard disks are shipped in
single mode, but if you want to run multiple hard disks (which we won't discuss) you need to set the jumpers differently.
Jumpers are little metal prongs connected with little jumpers that complete a connection. You figure it out. Anyway
you got your hard disk in now its time to hook up the power supplies. The hard disk and the CDROM have similar power supp
lies. 3 or 4 prong. Hook those funny looking cords coming out of the back of the power supply into your CDROM and Hard
Disk. Theres a smaller one that hooks into your floppy it should be obvious. Theres a big power supply (the biggest one
in the lot usually made of white plastic) It fits into a slot on your mother board, it is the main power supply to your
mother board. Its kind of tricky to get in so be careful.
Now that you have your Power Supplies hooked up you'll need to connect your Periphrials to your Mother Board. Use the IDE
Controller Ribbon I know you all have. Hey one end goes to your CDROM (make sure the red line on the ribbon "pin 1" is
matched up with the first pin on the back of your CDROM) and the other end goes to your mother board (same deal). The
same goes for your hard disk and yoru floppy. Figure it out its not that difficult. You'll know you did something wrong
when you get a floppy disk fail on boot.
Finishing touches. Don't forget to connect those nasty wires coming out from behind the face of your computer case to
your mother board. They control the on, off, reset, hard disk activity, and power switch. Every mother board is different
so i hope you have a manual with your mother board. Most specify with 2 or 3 character paraphrases that make no sense.
For Example "PWR SWT" = Power Switch "RST SWT" = Reset Switch. Or even more vague than that.

Section #5 (Testing 1, 2, 3)

Ok your ready to give it a whirl, you'll need to get in your system bios. The "DEL" key should usually get you in.
Get it to autodetect your hard disk. Accept the Setting and Save your Configurations. Install Your OS and your ready to go.
That easy!! Ha! you'll prolly have lots of trouble theres a million resources online to help you. Get to it.

BASIC C Socket Programming In Unix For Newbies

2010-08-12T12:01:00.000-07:00

CONTENTS

=======================================

1. Introduction

2. Different types of Internet Sockets

3. Structures

4. Conversions

5. IP Addresses

6. Important Functions

   6.1. socket()

   6.2. bind()

   6.3. connect()

   6.4. listen()

   6.5. accept()

   6.6. send()

   6.7. recv()

   6.8. sendto()

   6.9. recvfrom()

   6.10. close()

   6.11. shutdown()

   6.12. gethostname()

7. Some words about DNS

8. A Stream Server Example

9. A Stream Client Example

10. Last Words

11. Copyright

1. INTRODUCTION

=======================================

Are you trying to learn c socket programming? Or do you think that it's hard stuff?

Well, then you must read this basic tutorial to get basic ideas and concepts and to start

to work with sockets. Don't expect to be a "socket programming master" after reading this

tutorial. You'll only be that if you practice and read a lot.

2. DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTERNET SOCKETS

=======================================

In the first place I must explain what a socket is. In a very simple way, a socket is a way

to talk to other computer. To be more precise, it's a way to talk to other computers using

standard Unix file descriptors. In Unix, every I/O actions are done by writing or reading

to a file descriptor. A file descriptor is just an integer associated with an open file and it

can be a network connection, a terminal, or something else.

About the different types of internet sockets, there are many types but I'll just describe two

of them - Stream Sockets (SOCK_STREAM) and Datagram Sockets (SOCK_DGRAM).

"And what are the differences between this two types?" you may ask. Here's the answer:

        Stream Sockets - they're error free; if you send through the stream socket three

            items "A,B,C", they will arrive in the same order - "A,B,C" ;

            they use TCP ("Transmission Control Protocol") - this protocol

            assures the items' order.



      Datagram Sockets - they use UDP ("User Datagram Protocol"); they're connectionless

            because you don't need to have an open connection as in Stream

            Sockets - you build a packet with the destination information and

            send it out.

A lot more could be explained here about this two kind of sockets, but I think this is enough

to get the basic concept of socket. Understanding what a socket is and this two types of

internet sockets is a good start, but you need to learn how to "work" with them. You'll learn

it in the next sections.

3. STRUCTURES

=======================================

The purpose of this section is not to teach you structures but to tell you how are they

used in C socket programming. If you don't know what a structure is, my advice is to read

a C Tutorial and learn it. For the moment, let's just say that a structure is a data type

that is an aggregate, that is, it contains other data types, which are grouped together into

a single user-defined type.

Structures are used in socket programming to hold information about the address.

The first structure is struct sockaddr that holds socket information.

    struct sockaddr{

        unsigned short sa_family;    /* address family */

        char            sa_data[14]; /* 14 bytes of protocol address */

    };

But, there's another structure (struct sockaddr_in) that help you to reference to the socket's

elements.

    struct sockaddr_in {

        short int         sin_family; /* Address family */

        unsigned short int   sin_port;    /* Port */

        struct in_addr         sin_addr;    /* Internet Address */

        unsigned char         sin_zero[8]; /* Same size as struct sockaddr */

    };

Note: sin_zero is set to all zeros with memset() or bzero() (See examples bellow).

The next structure is not very used but it is defined as an union.

As you can see in both examples bellow (Stream Client and Server Client) , when I declare for

example "client" to be of type sockaddr_in then I do client.sin_addr = (...)

Here's the structure anyway:

    struct in_addr {

        unsigned long s_addr;

    };

Finally, I think it's better talk about struct hostent. In the Stream Client Example, you can

see that I use this structure. This structure is used to get remote host information.

Here it is:

    struct hostent

    {

    char *h_name;                 /* Official name of host. */

    char **h_aliases;             /* Alias list. */

    int h_addrtype;               /* Host address type. */

    int h_length;                 /* Length of address. */

    char **h_addr_list;           /* List of addresses from name server. */

    #define h_addr h_addr_list[0] /* Address, for backward compatibility. */

    };

This structure is defined in header file netdb.h.

In the beginning, this structures will confuse you a lot, but after you start to write some

lines, and after seeing the examples, it will be easier for you understanding them. To see

how you can use them check the examples (section 8 and 9).

4. CONVERSIONS

=======================================

There are two types of byte ordering: most significant byte and least significant byte.

This former is called "Network Byte Order" and some machines store their numbers internally

in Network Byte Order.

There are two types you can convert: short and long.

Imagine you want to convert a long from Host Byte Order to Network Byte Order. What would you

do? There's a function called htonl() that would convert it =) The following functions are

used to convert :

    htons() -> "Host to Network Short"

    htonl()    -> "Host to Network Long"

    ntohs()    -> "Network to Host Short"

    ntohl() -> "Network to Host Long"

You must be thinking why do you need this. Well, when you finish reading this document, it will

all seems easier =) All you need is to read and a lot of practice =)

An important thing, is that sin_addr and sin_port (from struct sockaddr_in) must be in Network

Byte Order (you'll see in the examples the functions described here to convert and you'll start

to understand it).

5. IP ADRESSES

=======================================

In C, there are some functions that will help you manipulating IP addresses. We'll talk about

inet_addr() and inet_ntoa() functions.

    inet_addr() converts an IP address into an unsigned long. An example:



    (...)

    dest.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("195.65.36.12");

    (...)

    /*Remember that this is if you've a struct dest of type sockaddr_in*/

    inet_ntoa() converts string IP addresses to long. An example:

    (...)

    char *IP;

    ip=inet_ntoa(dest.sin_addr);

    printf("Address is: %s\n",ip);

    (...)

Remember that inet_addr() returns the address in Network Byte Order - so you don't need to

call htonl().

6. IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS

=======================================

In this section I'll put the function' syntax, the header files you must include to call it,

and little comments. Besides the functions mentioned in this document, there are more, but

I decided to put only these ones here. Maybe I'll put them in a future version of this

document =) To see examples of these functions, you can check the stream client and stream

server source code (Sections 8 and 9)

6.1. socket()

=============



    #include

    #include

    int socket(int domain,int type,int protocol);

    Let's see the arguments:

        domain   -> you can set "AF_INET" (set AF_INET to use ARPA internet protocols)

                or "AF_UNIX" if you want to create sockets for inside comunication.

                Those two are the most used, but don't think that there are just

                those. There are more I just don't mention them.

        type     -> here you put the kind of socket you want (Stream or Datagram)

                  If you want Stream Socket the type must be SOCK_STREAM

                  If you want Datagram Socket the type must be SOCK_DGRAM

        protocol -> you can just set protocol to 0

    socket() gives you a socket descriptor that you can use in later system calls or

    it gives you -1 on error (this is usefull for error checking routines).

6.2. bind()

===========

    #include

    #include

    int bind(int fd, struct sockaddr *my_addr,int addrlen);



    Let's see the arguments:

        fd -> is the socket file descriptor returned by socket() call

        my_addr -> is a pointer to struct sockaddr

        addrlen -> set it to sizeof(struct sockaddr)

    bind() is used when you care about your local port (usually when you use listen() )

    and its function is to associate a socket with a port (on your machine). It returns

    -1 on error.

    You can put your IP address and your port automatically:

        server.sin_port = 0;               /* bind() will choose a random port*/

        server.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; /* puts server's IP automatically */

    An important aspect about ports and bind() is that all ports bellow 1024 are reserved.

    You can set a port above 1024 and bellow 65535 (unless the ones being used by other

    programs).

6.3. connect()

==============

    #include

    #include

    int connect(int fd, struct sockaddr *serv_addr, int addrlen);

    Let's see the arguments:

        fd    -> is the socket file descriptor returned by socket() call

        serv_addr -> is a pointer to struct sockaddr that contains destination IP

                 address and port

        addrlen   -> set it to sizeof(struct sockaddr)

    connect() is used to connect to an IP address on a defined port. It returns -1 on

    error.

6.4. listen()

=============

    #include

    #include

    int listen(int fd,int backlog);

    Let's see the arguments:

        fd -> is the socket file descriptor returned by socket() call

        backlog -> is the number of allowed connections

    listen() is used if you're waiting for incoming connections, this is, if you want

    someone to connect to your machine. Before calling listen(), you must call bind()

    or you'll be listening on a random port =) After calling listen() you must call

    accept() in order to accept incoming connection. Resuming, the sequence of system calls

    is:

        1. socket()

        2. bind()

        3. listen()

        4. accept() /* In the next section I'll explain how to use accept() */

    As all functions above described, listen() returns -1 on error.

6.5. accept()

=============

    #include

    int accept(int fd, void *addr, int *addrlen);

    Let's see the arguments:

        fd -> is the socket file descriptor returned by listen() call

        addr    -> is a pointer to struct sockaddr_in where you can determine which host

               is calling you from which port

        addrlen -> set it to sizeof(struct sockaddr_in) before its address is passed

               to accept()



    When someone is trying to connect to your computer, you must use accept() to get the

    connection. It's very simple to understand: you just get a connection if you accept =)



    Next, I'll give you a little example of accept() use because it's a little different

    from other functions.

    (...)

    sin_size=sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);

    if ((fd2 = accept(fd,(struct sockaddr *)&client,&sin_size))==-1){ /* calls accept() */

        printf("accept() error\n");

        exit(-1);

    }

    (...)

    From now on, fd2 will be used for add send() and recv() calls.

6.6. send()

===========



    int send(int fd,const void *msg,int len,int flags);

    Let's see the arguments:

        fd -> is the socket descriptor where you want to send data to

        msg    -> is a pointer to the data you want to send

        len    -> is the length of the data you want to send (in bytes)

        flags -> set it to 0

    This function is used to send data over stream sockets or CONNECTED datagram sockets.

    If you want to send data over UNCONNECTED datagram sockets you must use sendto().



    send() returns the number of bytes sent out and it will return -1 on error.

6.7. recv()

===========

    int recv(int fd, void *buf, int len, unsigned int flags);

    Let's see the arguments:

        fd -> is the socket descriptor to read from

        buf    -> is the buffer to read the information into

        len     -> is the maximum length of the buffer

        flags     -> set it to 0

    As I said above about send(), this function is used to send data over stream sockets or

    CONNECTED datagram sockets. If you want to send data over UNCONNECTED datagram sockets

    you must use recvfrom().

    recv() returns the number of bytes read into the buffer and it'll return -1 on error.

6.8. sendto()

=============

    int sendto(int fd,const void *msg, int len, unsigned int flags,

           const struct sockaddr *to, int tolen);

    Let's see the arguments:

        fd -> the same as send()

        msg     -> the same as send()

        len    -> the same as send()

        flags    -> the same as send()

        to    -> is a pointer to struct sockaddr

        tolen    -> set it to sizeof(struct sockaddr)

    As you can see, sendto() is just like send(). It has only two more arguments : "to"

    and "tolen" =)

    sendto() is used for UNCONNECTED datagram sockets and it returns the number of bytes

    sent out and it will return -1 on error.

6.9. recvfrom()

===============

    int recvfrom(int fd,void *buf, int len, unsigned int flags

             struct sockaddr *from, int *fromlen);

    Let's see the arguments:

        fd    -> the same as recv()

        buf    -> the same as recv()

        len    -> the same as recv()

        flags    -> the same as recv()

        from    -> is a pointer to struct sockaddr

        fromlen    -> is a pointer to a local int that should be initialised

               to sizeof(struct sockaddr)

    recvfrom() returns the number of bytes received and it'll return -1 on error.

6.10. close()

=============

    close(fd);

    close() is used to close the connection on your socket descriptor. If you call close(),

    it won't be no more writes or reads and if someone tries to read/write will receive an

    error.

6.11. shutdown()

================

    int shutdown(int fd, int how);

    Let's see the arguments:

        fd    -> is the socket file descriptor you want to shutdown

        how    -> you put one of those numbers:



                    0 -> receives disallowed

                    1 -> sends disallowed

                    2 -> sends and receives disallowed

    When how is set to 2, it's the same thing as close().

    shutdown() returns 0 on success and -1 on error.

6.12. gethostname()

===================

    #include

    int gethostname(char *hostname, size_t size);

    Let's see the arguments:

        hostname -> is a pointer to an array that contains hostname

        size     -> length of the hostname array (in bytes)



    gethostname() is used to get the name of the local machine.

7. SOME WORDS ABOUT DNS

=======================================

I created this section, because I think you should know what DNS is. DNS stands for "Domain

Name Service" and basically, it's used to get IP addresses. For example, I need to know the

IP address of queima.ptlink.net and through DNS I'll get 212.13.37.13 .

This is important, because functions we saw above (like bind() and connect()) work with IP

addresses.

To see you how you can get queima.ptlink.net IP address on c, I made a little example:

/* <---- SOURCE CODE STARTS HERE ----> */

#include

#include    /* This is the header file needed for gethostbyname() */

#include

#include

#include

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

{

struct hostent *he;

if (argc!=2){

     printf("Usage: %s \n",argv[0]);

     exit(-1);

}

if ((he=gethostbyname(argv[1]))==NULL){

     printf("gethostbyname() error\n");

     exit(-1);

}

printf("Hostname : %s\n",he->h_name); /* prints the hostname */

printf("IP Address: %s\n",inet_ntoa(*((struct in_addr *)he->h_addr))); /* prints IP address */

}

/* <---- SOURCE CODE ENDS HERE ----> */

8. A STREAM SERVER EXAMPLE

=======================================

In this section, I'll show you a nice example of a stream server. The source code is all

commented so that you ain't no possible doubts =)

Let's start:

/* <---- SOURCE CODE STARTS HERE ----> */

#include           /* These are the usual header files */

#include

#include

#include

#define PORT 3550   /* Port that will be opened */

#define BACKLOG 2   /* Number of allowed connections */

main()

{

int fd, fd2; /* file descriptors */

struct sockaddr_in server; /* server's address information */

struct sockaddr_in client; /* client's address information */

int sin_size;

if ((fd=socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == -1 ){ /* calls socket() */

    printf("socket() error\n");

    exit(-1);

}

server.sin_family = AF_INET;

server.sin_port = htons(PORT);   /* Remember htons() from "Conversions" section? =) */

server.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; /* INADDR_ANY puts your IP address automatically */

bzero(&(server.sin_zero),8); /* zero the rest of the structure */

if(bind(fd,(struct sockaddr*)&server,sizeof(struct sockaddr))==-1){ /* calls bind() */

      printf("bind() error\n");

      exit(-1);

}

if(listen(fd,BACKLOG) == -1){ /* calls listen() */

      printf("listen() error\n");

      exit(-1);

}

while(1){

sin_size=sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);

if ((fd2 = accept(fd,(struct sockaddr *)&client,&sin_size))==-1){ /* calls accept() */

    printf("accept() error\n");

    exit(-1);

}

printf("You got a connection from %s\n",inet_ntoa(client.sin_addr) ); /* prints client's IP */

send(fd2,"Welcome to my server.\n",22,0); /* send to the client welcome message */

close(fd2); /* close fd2 */

}

}

/* <---- SOURCE CODE ENDS HERE ----> */

9. A STREAM CLIENT EXAMPLE

=======================================

/* <---- SOURCE CODE STARTS HERE ----> */

#include

#include

#include

#include

#include         /* netbd.h is needed for struct hostent =) */

#define PORT 3550    /* Open Port on Remote Host */

#define MAXDATASIZE 100   /* Max number of bytes of data */

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

{

int fd, numbytes;    /* files descriptors */

char buf[MAXDATASIZE]; /* buf will store received text */

struct hostent *he;         /* structure that will get information about remote host */

struct sockaddr_in server; /* server's address information */

if (argc !=2) {          /* this is used because our program will need one argument (IP) */

    printf("Usage: %s \n",argv[0]);

    exit(-1);

}

if ((he=gethostbyname(argv[1]))==NULL){    /* calls gethostbyname() */

    printf("gethostbyname() error\n");

    exit(-1);

}

if ((fd=socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0))==-1){ /* calls socket() */

    printf("socket() error\n");

    exit(-1);

}

server.sin_family = AF_INET;

server.sin_port = htons(PORT); /* htons() is needed again */

server.sin_addr = *((struct in_addr *)he->h_addr); /*he->h_addr passes "*he"'s info to "h_addr" */

bzero(&(server.sin_zero),8);

if(connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&server,sizeof(struct sockaddr))==-1){ /* calls connect() */

    printf("connect() error\n");

    exit(-1);

}

if ((numbytes=recv(fd,buf,MAXDATASIZE,0)) == -1){ /* calls recv() */

    printf("recv() error\n");

    exit(-1);

}

      buf[numbytes]='\0';

      printf("Server Message: %s\n",buf); /* it prints server's welcome message =) */

      close(fd);   /* close fd =) */

}

/* <---- SOURCE CODE ENDS HERE ----> */

10. LAST WORDS

=======================================

As I'm just a simple human, it's almost certain that there are some errors on this document.

When I say errors I mean English errors (because my language is not the English) but also

technical errors. Please email me if you detect any error =)

But you must understand that this is the first version of this document, so , it's natural not

to be very complete (as matter of fact I think it is ) and it's also very natural to have

stupid errors. However, I can be sure that source code presented in this document works fine.

If you need help concerning this subject you can email me at

SPECIAL THANKS TO: Ghost_Rider (my good old mate), Raven (for letting me write this tutorial)

           and all my friends =)

Pay BSNL Bills though online.

2010-08-12T11:56:00.000-07:00

We, at BSNL believe in providing our customers with world-class customer experience. In keeping with this mandate we have made it easier for our general customers to view and pay their BSNL telephone bills online, through this portal. Presently, the BSNL Customers can avail the following features:

Pay Landline Bills
Individual & Group Account Holders - can View and Pay their latest bills online here... (Andhra Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar, Assam, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Karnataka (Click here for Bangalore), Kerala (Click here ), Kolkata (Click here ), Maharastra( Click here for Pune), Punjab, Tamilnadu (Click here for Chennai), Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya,Haryana(Gurgaon))
View Bills & Receive SMS Alerts
Individual & Group Account Holders - can View and Pay their latest bills online here... (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Karnataka (Click here for Bangalore), Maharastra(Click here for Pune & Kalyan),Punjab, Tamilnadu (Click here for Chennai), Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya,,Haryana(Gurgaon))
Pay Mobile PostPaid Bills
For All India Cellone Customers
Mobile PostPaid Duplicate Bills
For All India

General customers of BSNL as well as the Corporate Customers can access these features by following three simple steps, namely, Register, Add a Phone Account and View & Pay Bills Online

Visit : http://portal.bsnl.in

Watch TV Online

2010-08-12T11:53:00.000-07:00

Have u broadband connection?
Wanna watch online TV channels
Just visit :

ww.mastcity.com/tv.html

enjoy with us.

Change Icon Labels to Make Them Transparent

2010-08-12T11:50:00.000-07:00

Making Desktop Icons Text Label Backgrounds Transparent is really very simple in Windows XP. It's done by Using Drop Shadows for Icon Labels.

Here is a sample question I received from someone using Windows XP:

My Desktop Icon letters are in a highlighted colored box. How do I remove the colored box so that you just see the letters only? OS Windows XP.

Steps for making Icon Text Transparent.

1. Click on Start
1. Choose Control Panel
2. Click on System Icon
3. Choose the "Advanced" tab, click "Settings" under "Performance"
4. Under the "Visual Effects" tab I Chose (checked) Use Drop Shadows for Icon Labels

OR

1. Click Start, and then click Control Panel.
2. Click Performance and Maintenance, and then click System.
3. On the Advanced tab, click Settings under Performance.
4. Click to clear the Use drop shadows for icon labels on the desktop check box, click Apply, and then click OK two times.
5. Close Control Panel

Still having problems ?

A user writes:

I don’t know how it happened, but the names of my icons now show the background color of my desktop. Until yesterday, they were opaque, meaning that I would see the background picture. No one can figure out how to reset this.

Four things are required in order to maintain transparent icon backgrounds:

1) System Properties>Advanced>Performance Settings>VisualEffects - check
"use drop shadows for icon labels".

2) Right-click on Desktop ->Arrange Icons by>Lock Web items must be cleared.

3) If you have any web content on your desktop, transparency won't work.
To check for web content: Display Properties>Desktop>Customize
Desktop>Web - make sure all checkboxes are clear.

4) Wallpaper must be an image file, not html.

How to Disable the Error Reporting Feature in Windows XP

2010-08-12T11:48:00.000-07:00

When an application crashes in Windows XP, you may receive a request to send an error report to Microsoft. These requests can become a little annoying. Also, error reports can sometimes include part of a document you were working on when the program crashed and you may feel that sending them compromises your privacy somewhat.

Mind you, sending error reports may actually help Microsoft to produce more stable software in the future. The decision to send error reports is up to the individual. You can decide to send reports on a case-by-case basis, or you can choose to disable the error reporting function completely.

To disable Error reporting:

Right-click the My Computer icon on the desktop or in the Start menu and select "Properties" to open the System Properties window.
Clicked the "Advanced" tab.
Click on the button labelled "Error Reporting" which is located at the bottom right of the System Properties window. The "Error Reporting" window should appear.
Select the item labelled "Disable error reporting". It is advisable to leave a tick in the check box that says "But notify me when critical errors occur".
Click "OK" to exit the "Error Reporting" window and then click "OK" again to exit System Properties.

You should not be asked to send error reports to Microsoft again, but you will still receive error messages that might help with troubleshooting.

To enable error reporting again at a later date, navigate to the "Error Reporting" window as described above and select "Enable error reporting".

Live Cricket Score for Google chrome

2010-08-12T11:40:00.000-07:00

The official ESPN Cricinfo Chrome Extension.

This extension shows you the latest cricket news,

features and live scores from cricinfo.com.

In addition to alerting you about a new story on

Cricinfo.com via a small notification badge, we

also show the current scores in a tooltip when you

hover over the extensions's icon.

Wicket Alerts: You can now select one or more matches

to follow (by clicking the checkboxes next to them).

Whenever a wicket falls at one of your chosen

matches, the extension's icon will change to a W on

a red background. You can click the icon to see the

wicket that fell. 

Alternatively, you can choose to be notified by a

Desktop Notification alert. Please visit the Options

page to enable Desktop Notifications. There is a bug

in Chrome whereby clicking "Disable notifications from

ESPNCricinfo" does nothing. If you don't want Desktop

Notifications, please disable them from the extension's

Options page.

You can filter the news stories by country. Click on

the small gear icon in the top right corner of the

extension to access the Options page and select up to

two countries.

Rotate Screen

2010-08-09T11:05:00.000-07:00

Not sure if its new but I found something I didnt know.
To rotate your screen press ctrl+alt+arrow key up,down,left.right turns your screen in that direction.
This Windows Vista Trick was written by Steve from United States
This is not a Vista tip, it's a feature in computers with Intel-based grafics. You can edit wich keys to use in Intel software that you find in systray near the clock (looks like a blue screen).
This information was provided by Bengt from Sweden.

Display multiple clocks

2010-08-09T11:03:00.000-07:00

With huge popularity of social websites there is huge possibility that you have found some friends which are spread across the planet? With Windows Vista, you can display up to 3 clocks, each representing a different time zone. You know immediately what time is in your friend's country. This can help you to know in what time you can contact your friend. Of course these clocks can also have other purpose but this with social website was a simple example. To display multiple clocks in windows vista fallow steps below:
1. In Windows Vista, click the clock in the notification area, right of the taskbar.
2. The clock and a complete schedule appear. Click Change settings of the date and time.
3. Open Additional Clocks tab.
4. Then check the Show this clock, select a new time zone and then give a name to the clock.
5. You can then repeat the operation for a third clock. Click OK when you are finished.
6. Now when you spend a few moments with mouse pointer on the clock your other clocks will be displayed.
7. The time your friends will also be displayed after double clicking the clock.

How to make screenshot quick and easy in Vista?

2010-08-09T11:01:00.001-07:00

Vista has a great tool to make screenshots very easily. This tool is called the 'Snipping tool'.
Using this tool you can make screenshots of your screen or a selection of it very easily.

This tool can be found at:

Start
Programs
Accessories
Snipping Tool

Using this tool you can make screenshots in several ways, for example you can make a:

Free-form snip
Rectangular snip
Window snip
Full screen snip

Below you find a screenshot I made using the 'free-form snip'. So if you need to make a screenshot of something on your screen you can use this tool for it.

Speeding up your internet connection under Linux and Windows

2010-08-09T10:57:00.000-07:00

1 Good old dry theory

1.1 Introduction

The internet is going thru an evolution, faster pc's, more reliable connections etc... But the greatest evolution are the capacity of the lines. What where telephone line are now ISDN lines or cable modems. But there are still people (unfortunate people like me) who have such a sloppy telephone line, which is sloooooow. So people are beginning to search ways to speed up their connection. Their are tools like download managers, tools that download the underlying pages of a visited web site in idle times. And so there are many ways that go to adjusting the hardware of your modem. Like you all see the software is either Windows based or lets you fuck up your hardware. This way is for Linux and is so easy a Windows user could do it :P
There is also an explanation on how to do the exact same thing under Windows

1.2 Who should be reading this document, requirements

Everyone who wants to speed up their (modem) dial-up account by some seconds. And want to do this in five minutes (if not less). Before asking any questions, please make sure you have read at least the basic networking tutorials at blacksun.box.sk.
If you still have questions regarding this tutorial, please make sure you've already read at least some of the basic networking tutorials at blacksun.box.sk. Also, please do not Email any member of BSRF directly. There is a message board at blacksun.box.sk - use it.
Information on how to do the same thing under Windows can be found at the bottom of the tutorial.
Requirements

A computer
A dial-up connection to the internet
Linux up and running
Named installed (1)
5 minutes of time
Some spare change for me (*grin*)

(1) Named is a the nameserver package, this is standard and the most commone Linux distrubution and should bring no problems while installing

1.3 What does a nameserver do?

What does a nameserver do ? Well, suppose you are dialed in with you ISP and you wish to go to www.xxxxx.com. You open up you browser and type in the URL box http://www.xxxxx.com, you press enter and wait until xxxxx appears.
Simple, isn't it ? Let's look behind the scenes to find out what's really going on in here.

Your computer gets the request to connect to www.xxxxx.com, but what is www.xxxxx.com ? Well it the alias of a computer (which has an ip) and has an httpd daemon running (on port 80).
Your computers checks if that site isn't running on your own computer or on you local network. So it checks your /etc/hosts file (which has you local intranet information) or it checks a local nameserver (but because you're reading this I guess you don't have a nameserver installed (yet) so that won't be the case). By the way, this is a good chance to mention that DNS stands for Domain Name server.
In fact your computer doesn't check if www.xxxxx.com is on your local network, it checks if it can find the ip of www.xxxxx.com on you local intranet. (You 'might' have heard once that the entire internet is tcp/ip based :P)
Then your computer checks the file /etc/resolv.conf file should look like this.
nameserver 123.123.123.123
This is the nameserver of you ISP. And when nothing can be found on the local intranet you computer will query this nameserver. (if this nameserver is unreachable the you'll get an error).
When this nameserver is reachable it will answer with an ip. If www.xxxxx.com is unknown to the nameserver it will query some other nameserver. But in the end you'll get your ip.
Once this ip (lets say 123.123.123.111) is known there will be tried to establish a connection to 123.123.123.111:80 (this connection will be made by the standard routing procedure as can be viewed by typing route from a root shell.

Now the communication will be established, files will be transferd using the http protocol. So the nameserver simply translates www.xxxxx.com into an ip by quering its own databases or querying other databases.

1.4 Whooow that sounds very cool !!! So ? :p

Well suppose those seven steps take about 2 seconds (if you have a speedy connection and your ISP has a nameserver with almost no network traffic and if the ip is in the nameservers cache). So if this was an utopia it would take two seconds. So in these times it'll take a bit longer. In this tutorial we'll make something called 'a caching only nameserver'.

1.5 What is a caching only nameserver

Well, this is a special 'type' of nameserver. This is not intended to be the nameserver of your intranet. The only thing it does is to cache all names and ip's that are queried from the local network. The first time you query an ip, an other database has to be queried (isp). But any other time that query does not have to find place. It is on you own hard disk, so it doesn't consume any bandwidth, and site will come up some seconds faster on your screen which makes surfing a lot more FUN. You can say now what the hell are two seconds? Yes but how often do you go to a search engine ? How often do you go to you favorite site and further, how often doe you check your e-mail ? (once every 10 minutes is a Netscape default) Here ends the theory, now you should be able to understand what a caching only nameserver does and how it can speed up you connection with a few seconds, now go ahead and type something.

2 Fuck that damned theory, let me type something

2.1 named.conf

First we edit the general config file of the nameserver. The file is called /etc/named.conf and it should look like:

options {
        directory "/var/named";
        /* Some shit */
};
....

This first part of the file is the one that needs changes. For this you need to know the nameserver of your ISP (NOT the name but the IP !!!), you change the file to:

options {
        directory "/var/named";
        forwarders {
                123.123.123.123;
                123.123.123.124;
                };
};
....

You've now simple said that an unknown query has to be forwarded to the ip's above. If the first is not reachable the second one will be tried.

2.2 Changing the nameserver

In fact you have now an up and (almost) running nameserver. There is just one little detail you have to take care of, that's the fact that your computer doesn't recognize / will use you nameserver yet. You have to edit /etc/resolv.conf . And you should edit the file so it'll look like:

# nameserver 321.321.321.321
nameserver 127.0.0.1

The first line was your original nameserver, just comment this (you never know ...) and then you add the line nameserver 127.0.0.1 this just says that queries no longer have to be forwarded but can be answered by you OWN local nameserver.

2.3 Up and running

Now you just have to (re)start your nameserver with killall -HUP named . Then you check you logs ( /var/log/messages ) and hope they'll look like

Nov 20 13:29:34 SaTaN named[692]: starting.

named 8.2.1 Fri Sep 24 14:52:24 EDT 1999

^Iroot@porky.devel.redhat.com:

/usr/src/bs/BUILD/bind-8.2.1/src/bin/named
Nov 20 13:29:34 SaTaN named[692]: hint zone ""

(IN) loaded (serial 0)
Nov 20 13:29:34 SaTaN named[692]: Zone

"0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" (file named.local):

No default TTL set using SOA minimum instead
Nov 20 13:29:34 SaTaN named[692]: master zone

"0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" (IN) loaded

(serial 1997022700)
Nov 20 13:29:34 SaTaN named[692]: listening on

[127.0.0.1].53 (lo)
Nov 20 13:29:34 SaTaN named[692]: listening on

[10.0.0.1].53 (eth0)
Nov 20 13:29:34 SaTaN named[692]: Forwarding source

address is [0.0.0.0].1025
Nov 20 13:29:34 SaTaN named: named startup succeeded
Nov 20 13:29:34 SaTaN named[693]: Ready to answer queries.
Nov 20 13:29:34 SaTaN named[693]: sysquery: sendto(

[123.123.123.123].53): Network

is unreachable

If you see a last line, like mine, don't worry about it. It means you are not yet connected to the internet. When you get some erros, it means that you have not edited you config file properly so you
have check it again. (hint: check if all the ; are in place and every { is closed with an } )

2.4 U don't believe me ?

Ok, for everyone who doesn't believe me ...

[root@SaTaN /] nslookup www.iwanttoquerythis.com
Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1

Name: www.iwanttoquerythis.com
Address: 123.123.123.321 ... other ip's ..
Aliases: If available ...

This was the first query and a request was sent to the nameserver mentioned in the config file. For this far you know you nameserver can forward addresses :p it's a start.

[root@SaTaN /] nslookup www.iwanttoquerythis.com
Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1

NON-AUTHORITIVE ANSWER
Name: www.iwanttoquerythis.com
Address: 123.123.123.321
Aliases: ...

Cool, it says Non-authoritive answer. What does it means ? Well, it just wants to say that for that answer there was no need to forward the request, cool huh ?

2.5 And here's another way to do it

You can also manage your local DNS database by yourself! Simply add lines to the /etc/hosts file that will look like this:
IP-address hostname #comment
For example:
1.2.3.4 www.some-website.com #just another stupid website
In case you're wondering, you don't HAVE to put a comment... :p
Oh, by the way, this method is inferior because you have to enter IPs and hostnames by yourself... ouch...

2.6 Local DNS cache under Windows

Hello, poor Windows users. Want to make yourself a nice local DNS cache? Too bad, 'cause you can only use the method described in chapter 2.5, only you will be using c:\windows\hosts (not to be confused with c:\windows\hosts.sam, which is a sample file for c:\windows\hosts) instead of /etc/hosts. If you don't wanna do this manually, you could try and find a program called FastNet, which will scan your browser's bookmarks and history database and automatically add every URL you visit to this database, and will also let you add entries manually.

3 The end

3.1 Outro

You should be able to put up you own caching only nameserver. What else is there to say, if you want to know something more about it, you can mail to GoMoRRaH and this file was written for Black sun Research Facility GoMoRRaH WiLL RiSe aGaiN

Winrar tutorial

2010-08-09T10:52:00.000-07:00

WinRAR is a freeware utility for compressing and decompressing groups of files for archival purposes. Supported on just about every operating system, WinRAR provides a universal solution for any desktop user on any type of machine.

Decompressing

To decompress a RAR or ZIP file using winrar double-click on the icon of the archive you want to view. If WinRAR is installed it will automatically open and decompress the file. You can also open the file in WinRAR or right-click the file and choose "Extract To..." to choose a specific location to extract the archive to if you don't want it decompressing into a folder on your desktop.

Compressing and Archival

Archiving is made easy with WinRAR as well and it comes with two options for quickly compressing batches of files. You can either select a large grouping of files while in your file manager, right-click the grouping, and choose "Create an Archive". The other option is to select the files and with WinRAR open to drag and drop them into the application. If you are looking to send a larger archive through e-mail you can choose to break up the archive by selecting the size of each file you would like when you are prompted to enter a name for the archive.

Support and Features

WinRAR is typically associated with the RAR file extension that is used for media files but WinRAR also supports ZIP files and a myriad other file types. WinRAR also provides a utility for making installation programs that look professional so if you are building a package that needs to be distributed to a large group of people you can make an installation file with the commercial version of WinRAR.

How do I archive files with WinRAR?

First, you need to run WinRAR. Double-click or press Enter on the WinRAR icon. You can also start it from the Windows "Start menu": under "Programs" then "WinRAR" and then run the "WinRAR" item.
When WinRAR is running, it displays a list of files and folders in the current folder. You need to go to the folder, which contains files to archive. You may use Ctrl+D, the disks list below the toolbar or click on the small disk icon in the bottom left corner, to change the current disk. Press BS, Ctrl+PgUp, small "Up" button below the toolbar or double-click on the folder named ".." to go to the parent folder. Press Enter, Ctrl+PgDn or double-click on any other folder to enter that folder. Ctrl+ will set the root disk folder as the current folder.
When you have entered the folder with the desired files, select the files and folders, which you are going to archive. This may be achieved by using Shift + arrow keys or the mouse as in Windows Explorer and other Windows programs. It is also possible, in WinRAR, to select files using the Space or Ins keys. "Gray +" and "Gray -" keys on the numeric keypad allow the selection of groups of files using file masks.
Having selected one or more files, click on the Add button at the top of the WinRAR window, press Alt+A or select the "Add files to archive" command in the Commands menu. Enter the destination archive name in the dialog box which appears or simply accept the default name. You may select, in this dialog, the format of the new archive (RAR or ZIP), compression level, volume size and other archiving parameters. This dialog is described in detail in the Archive name and parameters dialog topic. Click on the OK button when you are ready to create the archive.
During the archiving process, a window will be displayed showing operation statistics. If you wish to break the archiving process, click on the Cancel button in the command window. You may press the "Background" button in this window to minimize WinRAR to the tray. When archiving is completed, the command window disappears and the newly created archive becomes the currently selected file.
It is also possible to add files, to an existing RAR archive, using drag-and-drop. Select the desired archive in the WinRAR window and press Enter (or double click) on its name. RAR will read the archive and display its contents. You may now add files to the archive by simply dragging them from another program and dropping them to WinRAR.

How do I extract files with WinRAR?

In order to extract a file using WinRAR in the shell mode you must first open the required archive in WinRAR. This may be achieved in one of several ways:

double-click or press Enter on the archive name in the Windows shell (Explorer or Desktop). If WinRAR was associated with archives during installation (the default installation option), an archive will be opened in WinRAR. You also may associate WinRAR with archives after installation using the Integration settings dialog;
double-click or press Enter on the archive name in the WinRAR window;
drag-and-drop an archive to the WinRAR icon or window. Before doing this ensure that WinRAR does not already display another archive, otherwise the dropped archive will be added to the currently displayed archive;
run WinRAR from the command line with a single parameter - the archive name.

When an archive is opened in WinRAR, its contents are displayed. Select files and folders, which should be extracted. You may do this by using the Shift + arrow keys or Shift + left mouse button as in Windows Explorer and other Windows programs. Also in WinRAR it is possible to select files using the Space or Ins keys. "Gray +" and "Gray -" keys on the numeric keypad allow the selection of groups of files using file masks.
Having selected one or more files, click the Extract To button at the top of the WinRAR window or press Alt+E , enter the destination folder in the dialog box and click OK. This dialog box also offers a few advanced options (see the Extraction path and options dialog for more information).
During the extraction process, a window will be displayed showing operation statistics. If you wish to break the extraction process, click on the Cancel button in the command window. You may press the "Background" button in this window to minimize WinRAR to the tray. If the extraction is completed without errors, WinRAR will return to the shell, in case of an error, a Diagnostic message window will be displayed.