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	<title>The Greanville Post</title>
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	<description>ANTI-IMPERIALIST TOOL • Vol. XXVII• WARS ARE CRIMES AGAINST HUMANS, ANIMALS AND NATURE</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 21:21:40 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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		<title>Yemen’s History of Resisting Empire w/ Isa Blumi (Parts 1 &#038; 2)</title>
		<link>https://www.greanvillepost.com/yemens-history-of-resisting-empire-w-isa-blumi-parts-1-2/</link>
					<comments>https://www.greanvillepost.com/yemens-history-of-resisting-empire-w-isa-blumi-parts-1-2/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Isa Blumi]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 21:21:40 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[ALT MEDIA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[AMER MICIMATT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[AMERICAN BRAINWASH]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[AMERICAN DUPLICITY]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CAPITALIST SICKNESS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CHINA RUSSIA IRAN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[US EXCEPTIONALISM]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[YEMEN — HOUTHIS]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.greanvillepost.com/?p=410969</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[AH—Dr. Blumi emphasizes that Yemen has historically resisted attempts by external powers—such as colonial Atlantic forces and modern finance capitalism—to subjugate its population. The difficult topography and a strong sense of indigenous culture allowed communities to maintain independence and negotiate their own terms with the world (13:00 - 20:00).

Critique of Sectarian and Tribal Narratives: The speakers dismiss simplistic, often colonial, frameworks that explain Yemen’s politics solely through Zaydi vs. Shafi sectarian divisions or patriarchal "tribal" structures. They argue these labels were amplified by outside actors to facilitate "divide and rule" strategies, rather than reflecting the historical reality of cooperation and shared communal spaces. ]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-arrow-circle-2" data-scroll-offset="0" data-anchor-in-url="no"><div class="su-spoiler-title" tabindex="0" role="button"><span class="su-spoiler-icon"></span>Be sure to share these materials with friends, kin, and workmates. </div><div class="su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim">
<h5 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial black, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Dr Adnan Husain<br />
<a href="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-24-at-6.21.35-PM.png" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content" data-penci-link="internal"><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-410971" src="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-24-at-6.21.35-PM.png" alt="dr adnan husain" width="145" height="109" /></a></span><strong><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">First run on </span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Aug 13, 2025</span><br />
<div class="su-note"  style="border-color:#cad6e0;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;"><div class="su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim" style="background-color:#e4f0fa;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;"><span style="color: #800000;">Solidarity with Palestine:</span> The episode connects Yemen's historical independence to contemporary events, explaining why Ansar Allah and many Yemeni people act in active solidarity with Gaza. They view their struggle as part of a broader, long-standing refusal to accept the dictates of the "Zio-American empire"</div></div>
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<p><span class="ytAttributedStringHost ytAttributedStringWhiteSpacePreWrap" dir="auto" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="ytAttributedStringHost ytAttributedStringWhiteSpacePreWrap" dir="auto" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="ytAttributedStringLinkInheritColor" dir="auto"><iframe title="YouTube video player" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/vWP4GHtGLqU?si=OsxYagJifIU6kzwW" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></span></span></span></div>
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<h4 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata">Yemen’s History of Resisting Empire w/ Isa Blumi</h4>
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<div id="owner" class="item style-scope ytd-watch-metadata"><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-video-owner-renderer" tabindex="-1" href="https://www.youtube.com/@adnanhusainshow" data-penci-link="external"><img decoding="async" id="img" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow alignleft" draggable="false" src="https://yt3.ggpht.com/rVvPweW5i6NldfJAf2aN4o05SBRZ9-aGZCa-7MY8GDQg22m1UIJ1O6Wm21jz4qpuQ1xDtW5MaQ=s48-c-k-c0x00ffffff-no-rj" alt="Adnan Husain" width="40" /></a></p>
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<div id="text-container" class="style-scope ytd-channel-name"><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" spellcheck="false" href="https://www.youtube.com/@adnanhusainshow" data-penci-link="external"><strong><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Adnan Husain</span></strong></a></div>
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<p><span class="ytAttributedStringHost ytAttributedStringWhiteSpacePreWrap" dir="auto" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="ytAttributedStringHost ytAttributedStringWhiteSpacePreWrap" dir="auto" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="ytAttributedStringLinkInheritColor" dir="auto">In this first part of a two part series, <strong>Adnan</strong> has an epic conversation with <strong>Dr. Isa Blumi</strong>, historian and Professor of Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies at Stockholm University, about Yemen’s modern history of resisting colonialism geopolitically and global capitalism. Author of <strong>Destroying Yemen: What Chaos in Arabia Tells Us about the World</strong>, Dr. Blumi masterfully analyzes and integrates the geographic, social, economic, cultural, political and religious dimensions of Yemen’s distinctive historical experience. If you want to understand why Ansarullah as a popular movement has taken leadership of active solidarity with the people of Gaza in confronting ZioAmerican empire, this episode will be indispensable.</span></span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">This video features a conversation between host <em>Adnan Husain</em> and historian <em>Dr. Isa Blumi</em> regarding the <strong>modern history of Yemen</strong> and its <strong>resistance to empire</strong>.</span></p>
<h3><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Key Themes Discussed:</strong></span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Resilience and Autonomy:</strong> <em>Dr. Blumi</em> emphasizes that <em>Yemen</em> has historically resisted attempts by external powers—such as colonial Atlantic forces and modern finance capitalism—to subjugate its population. The difficult topography and a strong sense of indigenous culture allowed communities to maintain independence and negotiate their own terms with the world (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="780" aria-label="13 minutes">13:00</span> - <span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="1200" aria-label="20 minutes">20:00</span>).</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Critique of Sectarian and Tribal Narratives:</strong> The speakers dismiss simplistic, often colonial, frameworks that explain <em>Yemen’s</em> politics solely through <em>Zaydi</em> vs. <em>Shafi</em> sectarian divisions or patriarchal "tribal" structures. They argue these labels were amplified by outside actors to facilitate "divide and rule" strategies, rather than reflecting the historical reality of cooperation and shared communal spaces (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="1730" aria-label="28 minutes, 50 seconds">28:50</span> - <span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="1920" aria-label="32 minutes">32:00</span>, <span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="2920" aria-label="48 minutes, 40 seconds">48:40</span> - <span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="3480" aria-label="58 minutes">58:00</span>).</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>The Role of Finance Capitalism:</strong> A central argument is that <em>Yemen</em> became a target because it stood outside the hegemony of global finance capitalism. <em>Dr. Blumi</em> points out how the <em>Imamate</em> in the early 20th century sought to maintain its own monetary systems and self-sufficiency, often frustrating foreign engineers and investors (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="2205" aria-label="36 minutes, 45 seconds">36:45</span> - <span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="2520" aria-label="42 minutes">42:00</span>).</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Solidarity with Palestine:</strong> The episode connects this historical independence to contemporary events, explaining why <em>Ansar Allah</em> and many <em>Yemeni</em> people act in active solidarity with <em>Gaza</em>. They view their struggle as part of a broader, long-standing refusal to accept the dictates of the "Zio-American empire" (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="650" aria-label="10 minutes, 50 seconds">10:50</span> - <span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="720" aria-label="12 minutes">12:00</span>, <span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="4260" aria-label="1 hour, 11 minutes">1:11:00</span> - <span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="4410" aria-label="1 hour, 13 minutes, 30 seconds">1:13:30</span>).</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>International Overtures:</strong> Contrary to the image of an "isolated" nation, the video highlights how leaders like <em>Imam Yahya</em> and <em>Imam Ahmed</em> made strategic diplomatic connections with diverse global powers, including the <em>Soviet Union</em>, <em>Italy</em>, <em>Yugoslavia</em>, and others, to protect their sovereignty (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="4010" aria-label="1 hour, 6 minutes, 50 seconds">1:06:50</span> - <span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="4080" aria-label="1 hour, 8 minutes">1:08:00</span>, <span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="4440" aria-label="1 hour, 14 minutes">1:14:00</span> - <span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="4540" aria-label="1 hour, 15 minutes, 40 seconds">1:15:40</span>).</span></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/blackband-thick.jpg" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content" data-penci-link="internal"><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-256753" src="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/blackband-thick.jpg" alt="" width="768" height="18" srcset="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/blackband-thick.jpg 768w, https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/blackband-thick-350x8.jpg 350w, https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/blackband-thick-600x14.jpg 600w, https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/blackband-thick-520x12.jpg 520w, https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/blackband-thick-740x17.jpg 740w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" /></a><span style="font-family: arial black, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; background-color: #ff6600;">  Part 2.           </span></p>
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<h3 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata"><span style="font-size: 28px;">Yemen: Solidarity &amp; Resistance w/ Isa Blumi, Part 2</span></h3>
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<div id="owner" class="item style-scope ytd-watch-metadata"><strong><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-video-owner-renderer" tabindex="-1" href="https://www.youtube.com/@adnanhusainshow" data-penci-link="external"><img decoding="async" id="img" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow alignleft" draggable="false" src="https://yt3.ggpht.com/rVvPweW5i6NldfJAf2aN4o05SBRZ9-aGZCa-7MY8GDQg22m1UIJ1O6Wm21jz4qpuQ1xDtW5MaQ=s48-c-k-c0x00ffffff-no-rj" alt="Adnan Husain" width="40" /></a></span></strong></p>
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<div id="text-container" class="style-scope ytd-channel-name"><strong><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" spellcheck="false" href="https://www.youtube.com/@adnanhusainshow" data-penci-link="external">Adnan Husain</a></span></strong></div>
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<div id="info-container" class="style-scope ytd-watch-info-text"><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Aug 13, 2025</span></div>
<div id="expanded" class="style-scope ytd-text-inline-expander"><span class="ytAttributedStringHost ytAttributedStringWhiteSpacePreWrap" dir="auto"><span class="ytAttributedStringLinkInheritColor" dir="auto"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The second half of Dr. Isa Blumi's brilliant exposition of the history of Yemen. Our conversation reviews how the earlier history continued to inform the fierce resistance to imperialism and its agents through the 2010's with <strong>the Saudi/Gulf/ZioAmerican attack and siege upon Yemen.</strong> Isa analyzes how Ansarullah's diverse coalition has combated the destruction of the country while forging new paths in the annals of the history of solidarity and resistance against genocide. Do not miss this episode!</span></span></span></div>
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		<title>Trump Declares TOTAL WAR at UN! Iran HITS BACK with Anti-Ship Missiles</title>
		<link>https://www.greanvillepost.com/trump-declares-total-war-at-un-iran-hits-back-with-anti-ship-missiles/</link>
					<comments>https://www.greanvillepost.com/trump-declares-total-war-at-un-iran-hits-back-with-anti-ship-missiles/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Danny Haiphong]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2026 22:15:55 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[ACTIVISTS & HEROES]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ALT MEDIA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[AMER MICIMATT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CAPITALIST SICKNESS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CHINA RUSSIA IRAN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[US EXCEPTIONALISM]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.greanvillepost.com/?p=410964</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[DH—This video, presented by Danny Haiphong, provides an analysis of a recent speech by Donald Trump at the UN General Assembly, characterizing his remarks as a declaration of total war against Iran (0:01-0:28).

Key themes and events covered so far:

Trump's UN Speech: The narrator critiques Trump's rhetoric, which includes threats to potentially "annihilate" the Islamic Republic of Iran (0:44-1:03), interpreting these comments as alarming and potentially genocidal (4:24-4:35).
Iranian Response: Iran responded by firing cruise missiles at a cargo vessel in the Strait of Hormuz (1:37-2:06). Additionally, Iran has introduced a new policy to impose a 20% cargo value fine on vessels, with the power to seize ships for enforcement (2:47-3:41).
Geopolitical Context: The narrator argues that the US is in a weakened position militarily and economically (10:20-13:30, 35:19-36:04), emphasizing that the US has depleted critical munitions (10:45-11:20) and is facing significant challenges in maintaining its influence in the region (44:46-46:15).
The "Axis of Resistance": The video suggests that countries like Iran, China, and Russia are growing stronger, creating a shift toward a multipolar world order that challenges US hegemony.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-arrow-circle-2" data-scroll-offset="0" data-anchor-in-url="no"><div class="su-spoiler-title" tabindex="0" role="button"><span class="su-spoiler-icon"></span>Be sure to share these materials with friends, kin, and workmates. </div><div class="su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim">
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial black, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Danny Haiphong</span><br />
<a href="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-24-at-5.45.55-PM.png" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content" data-penci-link="internal"><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter  wp-image-410966" src="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-24-at-5.45.55-PM.png" alt="danny haiphong" width="163" height="175" /></a></p>
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<h5 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata">Trump Declares TOTAL WAR at UN! Iran HITS BACK with Anti-Ship Missiles</h5>
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<div id="owner" class="item style-scope ytd-watch-metadata"><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-video-owner-renderer" tabindex="-1" href="https://www.youtube.com/@DannyHaiphongYT" data-penci-link="external"><img decoding="async" id="img" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow alignleft" draggable="false" src="https://yt3.ggpht.com/0nMuQ3-g3RAJ4foy6lN9S9rD7UxJP96ERTFGnK7J4f6HFhOFn1-WrjTkENLDh7Mmbv7e1XxHYA=s48-c-k-c0x00ffffff-no-rj" alt="Danny Haiphong" width="40" /></a></p>
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<div id="info-container" class="style-scope ytd-watch-info-text"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">Streamed live on Sep 23, 2026</span> <a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" spellcheck="false" href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/iranwar" data-penci-link="external">#iranwar</a> <a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" spellcheck="false" href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/trump" data-penci-link="external">#trump</a> <a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" spellcheck="false" href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/yemen" data-penci-link="external">#yemen</a></span></div>
<div id="expanded" class="style-scope ytd-text-inline-expander"><span class="ytAttributedStringHost ytAttributedStringWhiteSpacePreWrap" dir="auto" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="ytAttributedStringHost ytAttributedStringWhiteSpacePreWrap" dir="auto" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="ytAttributedStringLinkInheritColor" dir="auto">Danny Haiphong reacts to the shocking declaration of total war made by Trump at the UN General Assembly and Iran's furious response as the war enters a new and dangerous phase.</span></span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">This video, presented by <em>Danny Haiphong</em>, provides an analysis of a recent speech by <em>Donald Trump</em> at the <em>UN General Assembly</em>, characterizing his remarks as a declaration of total war against <em>Iran</em> (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="1" aria-label="1 second">0:01</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="28" aria-label="28 seconds">0:28</span>).</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Key themes and events covered so far:</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Trump's UN Speech:</strong> The narrator critiques <em>Trump</em>'s rhetoric, which includes threats to potentially "annihilate" the Islamic Republic of <em>Iran</em> (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="44" aria-label="44 seconds">0:44</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="63" aria-label="1 minute, 3 seconds">1:03</span>), interpreting these comments as alarming and potentially genocidal (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="264" aria-label="4 minutes, 24 seconds">4:24</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="275" aria-label="4 minutes, 35 seconds">4:35</span>).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Iranian Response:</strong> <em>Iran</em> responded by firing cruise missiles at a cargo vessel in the <em>Strait of Hormuz</em> (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="97" aria-label="1 minute, 37 seconds">1:37</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="126" aria-label="2 minutes, 6 seconds">2:06</span>). Additionally, <em>Iran</em> has introduced a new policy to impose a 20% cargo value fine on vessels, with the power to seize ships for enforcement (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="167" aria-label="2 minutes, 47 seconds">2:47</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="221" aria-label="3 minutes, 41 seconds">3:41</span>).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Geopolitical Context:</strong> The narrator argues that the <em>US</em> is in a weakened position militarily and economically (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="620" aria-label="10 minutes, 20 seconds">10:20</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="810" aria-label="13 minutes, 30 seconds">13:30</span>, <span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="2119" aria-label="35 minutes, 19 seconds">35:19</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="2164" aria-label="36 minutes, 4 seconds">36:04</span>), emphasizing that the <em>US</em> has depleted critical munitions (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="645" aria-label="10 minutes, 45 seconds">10:45</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="680" aria-label="11 minutes, 20 seconds">11:20</span>) and is facing significant challenges in maintaining its influence in the region (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="2686" aria-label="44 minutes, 46 seconds">44:46</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="2775" aria-label="46 minutes, 15 seconds">46:15</span>).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>The "Axis of Resistance":</strong> The video suggests that countries like <em>Iran</em>, <em>China</em>, and <em>Russia</em> are growing stronger, creating a shift toward a multipolar world order that challenges <em>US</em> hegemony (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="2929" aria-label="48 minutes, 49 seconds">48:49</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="2974" aria-label="49 minutes, 34 seconds">49:34</span>).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Criticism of Media:</strong> The narrator frequently criticizes mainstream media for "normalizing" aggressive rhetoric and failing to condemn violations of international law (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="364" aria-label="6 minutes, 4 seconds">6:04</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="372" aria-label="6 minutes, 12 seconds">6:12</span>, <span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="422" aria-label="7 minutes, 2 seconds">7:02</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="445" aria-label="7 minutes, 25 seconds">7:25</span>).</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Coming up later in the video:</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Further discussion on the upcoming <em>Trump</em>-<em>Xi</em> summit (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="2097" aria-label="34 minutes, 57 seconds">34:57</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="2180" aria-label="36 minutes, 20 seconds">36:20</span>).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The importance of resisting "geopolitical despair" to maintain a clear understanding of global struggles (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="3241" aria-label="54 minutes, 1 second">54:01</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="3390" aria-label="56 minutes, 30 seconds">56:30</span>).</span></li>
</ul>
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		<title>DW Dispatch: Military Developments in Northern Yemen / Qatar Pitches Iran-Gulf Security Framework at Trump’s UN Meeting</title>
		<link>https://www.greanvillepost.com/dw-dispatch-military-developments-in-northern-yemen-qatar-pitches-iran-gulf-security-framework-at-trumps-un-meeting/</link>
					<comments>https://www.greanvillepost.com/dw-dispatch-military-developments-in-northern-yemen-qatar-pitches-iran-gulf-security-framework-at-trumps-un-meeting/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Laith Marouf]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2026 21:37:17 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[ALT MEDIA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[AMER MICIMATT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[AMERICAN BRAINWASH]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[AMERICAN DUPLICITY]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CHINA RUSSIA IRAN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CITIZENS COUNTER-PROPAGANDA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[US EXCEPTIONALISM]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.greanvillepost.com/?p=410949</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[DW—In this interview, Laith Marouf discusses current military and geopolitical tensions in Yemen and the broader region. The discussion covers several key areas:

Military Developments in Yemen: Marouf explains that the Yemeni armed forces have slowed their advance towards Adan to avoid urban warfare. He highlights the strategic importance of the Mibba axis and the northern border crossing in Al-Jawf, noting that capturing this area would isolate mercenary forces in the south.
•••••••••••••••••••••
Role of International Forces: Marouf argues that Western refuelers are assisting NATO jets rather than the Saudi air force (which has its own), claiming that NATO has played a direct, significant but silent role in regional conflicts.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-arrow-circle-2" data-scroll-offset="0" data-anchor-in-url="no"><div class="su-spoiler-title" tabindex="0" role="button"><span class="su-spoiler-icon"></span>Be sure to share these materials with friends, kin, and workmates. </div><div class="su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim">
<h5 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial black, sans-serif;">Dialogue Works</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial black, sans-serif;">with</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial black, sans-serif;">NIMA ALKHORSHID<br />
</span></h5>
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<td style="width: 50%;"><a href="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-24-at-4.48.02-PM-1.png" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content" data-penci-link="internal"><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-410954 size-full" src="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-24-at-4.48.02-PM-1.png" alt="Laith Marouf" width="114" height="122" /></a></td>
<td style="width: 25%;"><a href="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Elijah-Magnier.png" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content" data-penci-link="internal"><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-410955" src="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Elijah-Magnier.png" alt="" width="114" height="144" /></a></td>
<td style="width: 25%;"><a href="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Nima-Alkhorshid.png" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content" data-penci-link="internal"><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-410956" src="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Nima-Alkhorshid.png" alt="" width="114" height="156" /></a></td>
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<h5 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">From left: Laith Marouf, Elijah Magnier, Nima Alkhorshid</span></h5>
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<h5 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata">Laith Marouf: Military Developments in Northern Yemen</h5>
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<div><span style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Streamed live Sep 24, 2026</span></div>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In this interview, <em>Laith Marouf</em> discusses current military and geopolitical tensions in <em>Yemen</em> and the broader region. The discussion covers the following key areas:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Military Developments in Yemen:</strong> <em>Marouf</em> explains that the Yemeni armed forces have slowed their advance towards <em>Adan</em> to avoid urban warfare (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="0" aria-label="0 seconds">0:00</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="41" aria-label="41 seconds">0:41</span>). He highlights the strategic importance of the <em>Mibba</em> axis and the northern border crossing in <em>Al-Jawf</em>, noting that capturing this area would isolate mercenary forces in the south (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="47" aria-label="47 seconds">0:47</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="123" aria-label="2 minutes, 3 seconds">2:03</span>).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Role of International Forces:</strong> The guest argues that Western refuelers are assisting <em>NATO</em> jets rather than the <em>Saudi</em> air force, claiming that <em>NATO</em> has played a direct, significant role in regional conflicts (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="140" aria-label="2 minutes, 20 seconds">2:20</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="356" aria-label="5 minutes, 56 seconds">5:56</span>).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Geopolitics and Public Opinion:</strong> <em>Marouf</em> expresses skepticism regarding statements from various world leaders about the situation in <em>Palestine</em>, labeling their actions as hypocritical (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="410" aria-label="6 minutes, 50 seconds">6:50</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="518" aria-label="8 minutes, 38 seconds">8:38</span>). He also touches on the concept of Zionism, arguing that it extends beyond any single faith and is opposed by the vast majority of people globally (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="646" aria-label="10 minutes, 46 seconds">10:46</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="896" aria-label="14 minutes, 56 seconds">14:56</span>).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>UN General Assembly Walkout:</strong> The video concludes with footage of delegates leaving the hall during a speech (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="906" aria-label="15 minutes, 6 seconds">15:06</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="963" aria-label="16 minutes, 3 seconds">16:03</span>), which <em>Marouf</em> attributes to a global shift in public opinion viewing <em>Israel </em>negatively (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="967" aria-label="16 minutes, 7 seconds">16:07</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="1017" aria-label="16 minutes, 57 seconds">16:57</span>).</span></li>
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<div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">According to the speaker, public opinion of Israel has experienced a <strong>significant shift</strong> over the last three years. While the American public was previously largely supportive of Israel due to propaganda, current surveys now indicate that Israel is viewed as one of the <strong>most hated nations</strong> on the planet. The speaker claims that approximately <strong>65% of Americans</strong> now perceive Israel as an "enemy of humanity" and a "burden" on the United States.</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: arial black, sans-serif;">Part 2</span></p>
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<h2 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata">Elijah Magnier: Qatar Pitches Iran-Gulf Security Framework at Trump’s UN Meeting</h2>
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<strong><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Streamed live on Sep 23, 2026</span></strong></div>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>This video features a discussion between <em>Nima Al-Khorshid</em> and military analyst <em>Elijah Magnier</em> </strong>(<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="12" aria-label="12 seconds">0:12</span>) regarding the current geopolitical landscape in <em>West Asia</em>, specifically focusing on security proposals involving the <em>GCC</em> states, <em>Iran</em>, and the <em>United States</em>.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Key takeaways from the discussion:</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Security Framework Proposal:</strong> <em>Qatar</em> has proposed a new security framework for the region aimed at providing guarantees to <em>GCC </em>states while increasing economic interdependence with <em>Iran</em> (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="24" aria-label="24 seconds">0:24</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="70" aria-label="1 minute, 10 seconds">1:10</span>). <strong><em>Magnier</em> expresses skepticism about the success of these talks, noting the lack of trust and the fundamental disagreements between the parties.</strong></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Energy Markets and War Impacts:</strong> <em>Magnier</em> argues that the <em>United States</em> is providing an overly optimistic narrative regarding oil flow through the <em>Strait of Hormuz</em> (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="161" aria-label="2 minutes, 41 seconds">2:41</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="222" aria-label="3 minutes, 42 seconds">3:42</span>). He notes that current exports remain well below capacity, which continues to impact global energy prices and supply chains.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>The Conflict in Yemen:</strong> The conversation covers the ongoing conflict in <em>Yemen</em>, highlighting the strategic importance of <em>Marib</em> (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="1237" aria-label="20 minutes, 37 seconds">20:37</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="1273" aria-label="21 minutes, 13 seconds">21:13</span>). <strong><em>Magnier</em> explains that the conflict is unlikely to end soon, as <em>Ansar Allah</em> aims to end the <em>Saudi</em> blockade and regain control of national resources (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="1332" aria-label="22 minutes, 12 seconds">22:12</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="1435" aria-label="23 minutes, 55 seconds">23:55</span>).</strong></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Syria and Israel:</strong> The speakers discuss the situation in <em>Syria</em>, with <em>Magnier</em> noting that <em>Israel</em> frequently targets military infrastructure in the region (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="2457" aria-label="40 minutes, 57 seconds">40:57</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="2472" aria-label="41 minutes, 12 seconds">41:12</span>), often undermining potential diplomatic breakthroughs (<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="2479" aria-label="41 minutes, 19 seconds">41:19</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="2573" aria-label="42 minutes, 53 seconds">42:53</span>).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>International Stance on Palestine:</strong> The speakers criticize the international community's response to the situation in <em>Gaza</em>, <span style="color: #993300;"><strong>arguing that western powers prioritize alliances over humanitarian concerns and international law</strong> </span>(<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="2926" aria-label="48 minutes, 46 seconds">48:46</span>-<span class="ytwMarkdownDivTimestamp" tabindex="0" role="button" data-time="3245" aria-label="54 minutes, 5 seconds">54:05</span>).</span></li>
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		<title>Global Crisis Roundup</title>
		<link>https://www.greanvillepost.com/global-crisis-roundup/</link>
					<comments>https://www.greanvillepost.com/global-crisis-roundup/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Oliver Boyd-Barrett]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2026 18:54:09 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[ALT MEDIA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[AMER MICIMATT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[AMERICAN BRAINWASH]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[AMERICAN DUPLICITY]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[AMERICAN OLIGARCHY]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[BRITISH/ EU/ NATO COMPLICITY]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CHINA RUSSIA IRAN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[US EXCEPTIONALISM]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[VENEZUELA]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[OBB—At the United Nations yesterday, US President Trump threatened the annihilation of Iran (under the Geneva Convention, an egregious war crime in itself, but one that barely merits a yawn in Western mainstream media); gloated over the violent US re-colonization of Venezuela - whose smiley, puppet (“interim president”) leader met with Trump at the UN; and confirmed the US economic strangulation-until-death of Cuba.

The Steal of Venezuela

As for Venezuela, US President Donald Trump has held talks with Venezuela’s interim President Delcy Rodríguez at the UN General Assembly, their first face-to-face meeting since Rodríguez succeeded the violent US kidnapping of legitimate President, Nicolás Maduro and his wife in January 2026. The meeting took place a few kilometers from the New York jail where Maduro is awaiting trial for drug trafficking and other charges. According to the BBC (BBC), Rodríguez said she and Trump (and Rubio) discussed “advancing a cooperation agenda in strategic areas such as energy, mining, and security”.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-arrow-circle-2" data-scroll-offset="0" data-anchor-in-url="no"><div class="su-spoiler-title" tabindex="0" role="button"><span class="su-spoiler-icon"></span>Be sure to share these materials with friends, kin, and workmates. </div><div class="su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim">
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial black, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Oliver Boyd-Barrett<br />
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<h5 class="header-anchor-post"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><strong>War Crime President</p>
<p></strong></em></span></h5>
<div id="attachment_410944" style="width: 675px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-24-at-2.45.25-PM.png" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content" data-penci-link="internal"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-410944" class="wp-image-410944 size-full" src="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-24-at-2.45.25-PM.png" alt="Trump, UN speech" width="665" height="378" srcset="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-24-at-2.45.25-PM.png 665w, https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-24-at-2.45.25-PM-585x333.png 585w" sizes="(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-410944" class="wp-caption-text">Trump bloviating at the UN. The cowardly response has been more pathetic than Trump's own performance.</p></div>
<h5 class="header-anchor-post"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><strong> </strong></em></span></h5>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">At the United Nations yesterday, US President Trump threatened the annihilation of Iran (under the Geneva Convention, an egregious war crime in itself, but one that barely merits a yawn in Western mainstream media); gloated over the violent US re-colonization of Venezuela - whose smiley, puppet (“interim president”) leader met with Trump at the UN; and confirmed the US economic strangulation-until-death of Cuba.</span></p>
<h5 class="header-anchor-post"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><strong>The Steal of Venezuela</strong></em></span></h5>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">As for Venezuela, US President Donald Trump has held talks with Venezuela’s interim President Delcy Rodríguez at the UN General Assembly, their first face-to-face meeting since Rodríguez succeeded the violent US kidnapping of legitimate President, Nicolás Maduro and his wife in January 2026. The meeting took place a few kilometers from the New York jail where Maduro is awaiting trial for drug trafficking and other charges. According to the BBC <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj207y30wp0lo" data-penci-link="external">(BBC)</a>, Rodríguez said she and Trump (and Rubio) discussed “advancing a cooperation agenda in strategic areas such as energy, mining, and security”. Rodríguez’s government has already signed an agreement allowing the US to control more than 65 billion barrels of its oil, more than a fifth of the country’s reserves. The agreement-at-gunpoint grants a US-led company 100-year concessions over 17 oilfields in Venezuela.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In Responsible Statecraft, Orlando Perez <a href="https://responsiblestatecraft.org/china-middle-east-military/" data-penci-link="external">(RS)</a> notes significant discrepancies between different accounts of the deal. Rodriguez talks of a 25-year deal, the White House says 100.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Rodriguez’ account does not square with that of Trump who says there will be majority American ownership of the reserves - illegal under Article 12 of Venezuela’s constitution. A US official told AP that Washington would control 55% of the output of a new private company called North American Blue Energy Partners (NABEP), the second largest oil producer in Venezuela, with an ownership stake and the right to buy crude at cost for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, and the military. The State Department apparently gets the right to buy 20% of output at cost.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">According to the Washington Post, cited by Perez, the Pentagon’s Office of Strategic Capital, established by Biden in 2022, could oversee and help fund the oilfield licenses - but nothing in the law contemplates financing foreign upstream oil development. Since the Pentagon does not have authority to take an ownership stake in private companies it cannot deliver the 35% the administration has described.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In effect the Administration is forcing the US taxpayer to take on debt that private companies have eschewed. The financing authority floated to support the arrangement could sunset in 2028, unless Congress acts to reauthorize it. And because the Pentagon’s loans and guarantees need not be made public, no one can scrutinize the real cost to the taxpayer.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In the meantime, Article 12 of Venezuela’s constitution makes hydrocarbon deposits property of the government - property that is inalienable and non-transferable. Article 302 reserves the petroleum industry to the state, and Article 303 requires the state to hold all shares of PDVSA, as the state oil company is known. Rodriguez lacks the power to violate the Constitution. The White House claims to have veto power over whoever sits on the NAVBEP board although the current incumbent is sought by Swiss prosecutors on suspicion of financial crimes.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">These fundamental problems with the proposed US deal are already inciting protests in Caracas, and not before time. Ratification requires a legislature, and the only chamber capable of acting is the 2025 National Assembly, led by Delcy’s brother Jorge and whose constitutional legitimacy remains unsettled.</span></p>
<h5 class="header-anchor-post"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><strong>The Houthi Offensive and Global Oil</strong></em></span></h5>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Over the past 24 hours, the conflict in the Red Sea and Gulf regions has escalated significantly, marked by intense Houthi ground offensives in Yemen’s highlands and coordinated international defense support for Riyadh.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Houthi forces are actively fighting to capture the strategic Kahab mountains. This offensive aims to completely sever the Red Sea coast from the southern territories held by Saudi-backed Yemeni government forces. They also allow the Houthis superior advantage over vessels in the Red Sea.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Senior Houthi officials issued a direct warning that any direct US military intervention or air support for Saudi Arabia would result in the group targeting all US regional interests. They threatened to fully close the critical Bab el-Mandeb Strait to American shipping if Washington intervenes. Houthi Supreme Leader Abdulmalik al-Houthi publicly rejected Saudi-proposed truce offers. The group demands direct control over Yemen’s oil and gas revenues to fund public salaries before agreeing to any cessation of hostilities. The Houthis continue to leverage assurances given to the Trump administration that they will not target US-flagged vessels. This dynamic has successfully complicated the U.S.-Saudi alliance, leaving Washington hesitant to launch direct counter-strikes.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>The Guardian</em> has reported that up to 169 people, including fighters and civilians, have been killed in Yemen over the past three days due to strikes and fighting on the ground.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Saudi Arabia has successfully restarted its vital East-West Crude Pipeline, albeit at a reduced operational capacity. The pipeline had been offline for nine days following an Iranian-backed drone strike. This has allowed Saudi Arabia to resume partial oil exports via the Red Sea port of Yanbu. Brent crude spot trades around $100.51 per barrel, while near-term futures hover near $99.32 to $102.62, reflecting persistent geopolitical risks in the Middle East. High as these are relative to the situation before the start of the US war of choice (second in less than a year) against Iran in February 2026, they do not appear, in my judgment, to be accurate reflections of the gravity of the crisis.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Not the least of it is, in addition to the destruction of Gulf sources of oil production, rising prices (especially of diesel and aviation fuel, not to mention gasoline), insufficient supplies of crude oil for refinement into diesel, the (partial) closure of the Strait of Hormuz, the US blockade of vessels carrying Iranian fuel through the Arabian Sea, the Houthi blockade of Saudi tankers through the Bab al-Mendab strait on the Red Sea, and Ukraine’s hits on Russian refineries, there is an increasing shortage in the availability of large tankers, many of these stuck on much longer-than-usual journeys around the Cape of Good Hope and other excessively long journeys to get Middle East oil to Asian clients.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">An expert source cited yesterday by Larry Johnson <a href="https://sonar21.com/" data-penci-link="external">(Sonar21)</a>argues that in recent decades China has developed a supply network that does not depend on the open-water tanker trade the way the West does, allowing it to pull crude down pipelines from Russia and Central Asia and sit on surpluses. It has never before been as expensive to move oil around. Some long-distance crude trades are no longer economic. Refiners respond by bidding up whatever sweet crude sits <em>near</em> them, which lifts regional prices for the accessible grades. The fuel used to run the tanker fleet is itself going short, pushing shipping rates up again.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">But China is just fine, since it runs much of its supply through pipelines that no tanker rate can touch. Its own exports are booming. Says Johnson:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>“The country that everyone predicted would be crippled by a Gulf shutdown is instead exporting fuel into the shortage, at its own discretion and on its own terms.”</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">To the partial relief of Saudi Arabia and its allies, the United Kingdom’s Royal Air Force has formally committed to providing defensive air-to-air refueling support to help Saudi fighter jets counter Houthi aerial threats. David Camp in Antiwar.com today cites <em>Middle East Eye</em> to the effect that British Defense Minister Luke Pollard said that the UK would deploy a refueling plane, a Voyager, from a base in Cyprus to provide “air-to-air refueling” for Saudi warplanes to support “defensive” activity<strong>. </strong>France has indicated readiness to help secure Saudi energy corridors and infrastructure.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Leaders of the G7 nations issued a joint statement strongly condemning the recent Houthi missile and drone strikes against Saudi territory, reinforcing diplomatic support for Riyadh.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Panic over the short-term future of oil supplies is pushing countries like Great Britain and France into consolidating their subservience fo the US at the very historical moment that they should be asserting their independence. They are quite incapable of new, original and safer strategic thinking.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The Saudis say their air defense systems (imported from the US, of course, and largely managed by the US) have successfully tracked and intercepted multiple Houthi ballistic missiles and drone clusters targeting civilian infrastructure in Riyadh, Taif, Yanbu, and Bisha, preventing further domestic casualties although, clearly, many missiles got through and have inflicted significant damage on Saudi oil infrastructure and US military assets. Around 2,700 U.S. military personnel are stationed in Saudi Arabia, located primarily at the Prince Sultan Air Base which is located roughly 40 to 60 kilometers south of Riyadh.</span></p>
<h5 class="header-anchor-post"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><strong>Wavering on the Precipice of Negotiation or Conflict in the Gulf</strong></em></span></h5>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In the Strait of Hormuz and the Arabian Sea the balance of power on the water continues to fluctuate daily. Over the past day, the UKMTO has reported that an additional cargo vessel and a Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) tanker were struck by unknown projectiles, suspected to be fired by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Preliminary data shows that only three commodity vessels transited the Strait on Tuesday, down from four the previous day, and drastically lower than the 10-day moving average of 15 ships.</span></p>
<h5 class="header-anchor-post"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><strong>“On All Fronts?”</strong></em></span></h5>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">On the diplomatic front, Iran’s security chief Mohsen Rezaei has issued a strict five-day deadline for the U.S. to meet Tehran’s terms to open the Strait, <strong>threatening to ground flights from neighboring Arab states that cooperate with the US.</strong> Reports suggest that<span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong> Iran is looking, at a minimum, for the lifting of the US blockade, an unfreezing of frozen Iranian assets held by the US, together with up to $270 billion in reparations.</strong></span> Other recent statements suggest that Iran is also holding to its demand in the now-defunct MOU (that the US and Iran both signed in June) that there be an immediate ceasefire “on all fronts,” widely understood to mean that Israel would have to stop killing Palestinians in Gaza and in the West Bank and withdraw from those territories, and to stop the killings in and withdraw its invading forces from Lebanon and Syria.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Clearly, Israel is not about to do any of these things, but is rather transfixed by evil: Israeli Defense Minister Israel Katz, for example, has threatened to force about a million people in Gaza City to flee south if an Israeli soldier or civilian is kidnapped, citing what he called “various intentions and intelligence”.<strong> This is amidst numerous official statements in support of genocide or forced evacuation.</strong> In a statement that clings to the illusion of the possibility of a two-state solution (the dismantling of the apartheid State of Israel is the only plausible solution), UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres has warned that Israeli violence, displacement and illegal settlement expansion in the occupied West Bank are undermining prospects for peace and raising the risk of “ethnic cleansing”. (sic)</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Guterres used his final address to the General Assembly to denounce the scale of Israel’s “onslaught” on Gaza and warn that developments in the occupied West Bank were threatening Palestinians with ethnic cleansing. As Antiwar.com reports <a href="https://www.palestinechronicle.com/unlike-anything-i-have-witnessed-guterres-condemns-gaza-onslaught-in-final-un-address/" data-penci-link="external">(Antiwar.com)</a> that Guterres, with reference to Israel’s genocide in Gaza, said what followed October 2023 “was an onslaught on Palestinians in Gaza, with a scale of killing and destruction unlike anything I have witnessed in all my years as secretary general.”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Even as Qatar and Pakistan continue their mediation efforts with Iran (with little to show for it, so far), the US Navy has continued to escort vital crude oil vessels out of the Persian Gulf, utilizing a widened route closer to Oman to bypass localized IRGC naval forces.</strong> Assessments as to the efficacy of this strategy are contradictory. Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araqchi held a rare direct meeting with U.S. Special Envoy Steve Witkoff on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">A new threat to global oil supplies comes from Libya where an unnamed armed group shut a valve on a pipeline from a major Libyan oil field, causing a drop in production, as confirmed by the National Oil Corporation (NOC). According to AfricaNews <a href="https://www.africanews.com/2026/09/22/libya-oil-production-hit-after-armed-group-shuts-pipeline-valve/" data-penci-link="external">(AN)</a> the disruption threatens production from the Al-Sharara field, a key source of crude for Libya, an OPEC member that holds Africa’s largest proven oil reserves. The Al-Sharara field is located 900 kilometers (560 miles) south of Tripoli, connecting with the coastal city of Zawiya, home to one of the country’s main export terminals.</span></p>
<h5 class="header-anchor-post"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><strong>Israeli Aggressions: Syria</strong></em></span></h5>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In Syria, Israel says it will remain on Syrian Mount Hermon (Jabal al-Shaykh) indefinitely despite the Syrian government’s repeated demands for the “immediate and unconditional withdrawal” of Israeli forces to the lines held before December 8, 2024. Drop Site News <a href="https://www.dropsitenews.com/p/syria-golan-israeli-occupation-resistance-damascus?utm_source=post-email-title&amp;publication_id=2510348&amp;post_id=217105170&amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;r=52gsq&amp;triedRedirect=true&amp;utm_medium=email" data-penci-link="external">(DSN)</a> reports that in southwestern Syria’s Quneitra, Dara’a, and Rif Dimashq (Damascus Countryside) provinces, which abut the UN-patrolled buffer zone, Israeli incursions are almost daily, with night patrols, house raids, checkpoints, and drone flights overhead. Israeli troops are digging a continuous barrier of earthen walls and trenches four meters deep and four meters wide that stretches from the northern Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, down to the southern border tripoint between the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, Jordan, and Syria, with increased surveillance over the entire area.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">There are nine Israeli military bases between Mount Hermon on the Syria-Lebanon border in the north to the Yarmouk River in the southern border with Jordan. The newly occupied bases have become launching points for Israeli patrols and military operations against locals.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Syria’s illegal and former-AQ/ISIS president Ahmed al-Sharaa, has accused Israel at the UN of violating Syria’s sovereignty, and called for Israeli troops to withdraw from Syrian territory to the lines set under a 1974 disengagement agreement. Since December 2024, he claimed, Israel had carried out nearly 500 air and artillery strikes, conducted more than 1,200 incursions into Syria, and detained around 300 people. Residents in southwestern Syria confronting Israeli forces on the ground say the government in Damascus has done little to come to their aid.</span></p>
<h5 class="header-anchor-post"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><strong>NATO v Russia</strong></em></span></h5>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">As for NATO’s war with Russia over NATO’s proxy (not a member of NATO, nor ever likely to be), Ukraine, recent updates show persistent hybrid pressures and strategic positioning by both sides, though no single decisive shift occurred in the exact last 24 hours.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">More and more, Western sources are conceding <strong>that Russia maintains the attritional advantage,</strong> with a higher production rate for basic ammunition, drones, and precision missiles than Western industrial output. Dwindling stocks of interceptors like Patriots leave Ukrainian infrastructure vulnerable to ballistic strikes, to the extent that Russia, in its almost daily attacks on Kiev (the latest taking place in daylight hours), seems no longer to require ballistic missiles but leaves the job to drones, Geran and others, confident that many, if not most of these, will find their targets.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The recent Duma elections have increased the representation of United Russia in which Putin’s party officially secured well over 50% of the vote. IntelliNews is skeptical, noting that while on paper it won 57.83% of the party-list vote and 355 of 450 seats in the almost final count - thus clearly meeting the 300+ threshold for a constitutional majority - this does not jibe at all with the expectations of even state pollsters before the election, who predicted that United Russia would get 35.6% of the vote, equivalent only to 219 seats (beneath the 226 seats needed for a straight majority).</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Without evidence (to my knowledge), IntelliNews assumes that an additional 20% of the vote was somehow magically lopped on to the unsatisfactory 35%. <strong>That this has not caused more public consternation, IntelliNews speculates, is because of the war factor and the continuing popularity (over 70%) of Putin, which puts all other European leaders to shame.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Certainly, the results are a great deal more robust than those of recent elections in Europe’s strongest (but flailing) economy, Germany.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The recent regional elections held on September 20, 2026, delivered a historic reshaping of the political landscape in Germany, resulting in a “disaster” for Chancellor Friedrich Merz’s center-right Christian Democratic Union (CDU). The vote highlighted extreme political polarization, with the “far-right” Alternative for Germany (AfD) securing major gains in the northeast and the “far-left” Die Linke dominating the capital. In Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, AfD (Alternative for Germany) won 37.9% - 38%. Co-leader Alice Weidel declared the party had officially reached the mainstream. The CDU (Christian Democratic Union) received only 4.9%. The Chancellor’s party fell just short of the 5% threshold required to enter the state legislature. In Berlin, Die Linke was a clear winner, while the ruling CDU lost significant ground.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The results came two weeks after another major AfD victory in Saxony-Anhalt. Public dissatisfaction with Chancellor Merz’s war and energy policies which have increased German debt, cut social benefits and deindustrialized Germany along with questionable economic reforms, high housing costs, and energy prices, heavily influenced voters. Merz has vowed to remain in office and push through his economic agenda.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Together with the recent electoralm ousting of Keir Starmer in Great Britain, the likely success of Marine Le Pen’s National Assembly party in France in April 2027, the rapid growth of AfD in Germany is deeply troubling to the warmongers of the European Commission.</span></p>
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		<title>Nukes, Bonds, Rumors Of False Flags</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Mark Wauck]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2026 17:17:43 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[ALT MEDIA]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[TGP-MW—Posing this ship-to-shore drone warfare threat is an attempt by NATO to expand the current NATO-Russia war, currently using Ukraine as its kinetic missile launching pad.

If ship-to-shore “Russian” (false-flag) drone operations are given credibility, the NATO-Russia war can expand to allow NATO to attack Russian merchant ships anywhere. “They might be ready to launch more drones!”

We are swiftly moving to “unrestricted naval warfare.”

1. USN sub torpedoes the unarmed Iranian Dena frigate near Sri Lanka, killing ~100 crew.

2. Russian ship Ursa Major sunk in western Med, “still a mystery.”

3. British commandos seize Russian “ghost fleet” tanker and imprison the captain and officers.

i could list more examples, but my point is we’re very close to unrestricted warfare at sea.]]></description>
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<h5 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial black, avant garde; font-size: 16px;">Mark Wauck<br />
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<h5 class="post-title published title-X77sOw" dir="auto">Nukes, Bonds, Rumors Of False Flags</h5>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="su-dropcap su-dropcap-style-light" style="font-size:2.5em">E</span>verything is connected in this war on the world, so let’s do some connecting. We start by recalling Trump’s disgusting display at the UN—threatening to nuke Iran.</span></p>
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<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">Aaron Rupar @atrupar</span></h5>
<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">Sep 22<br />
</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">Trump to the UN: <strong>“Do I annihilate the Islamic Republic, and do it quickly? Do I drive them into hell?”</strong></span></h5>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">That led to this exchange:</span></p>
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<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">Warwick Powell | 鲍韶山 @baoshaoshan</span></h5>
<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">Sep 23</span></h5>
<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;"><strong>This is the Liberal Rules Based International Order at its essence; American exceptionalism and violence has been the </strong><em><strong>sine qua non</strong></em><strong> of the LRBO. The slogan was ideological gaslighting, a con-job, a deceit and a western conceit.</strong></span></h5>
<blockquote>
<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">Jostein Hauge @haugejostein</span></h5>
<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;"><strong>I say this with the utmost seriousness as a scholar of international political economy: the rules-based international order is dead.</strong></span></h5>
<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;"><strong>At the UN General Assembly, Trump, in very casual language, talks about annihilating another country.</strong><em><strong> The room stays quiet. No collective protest. No formal objection.</strong></em></span></h5>
<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;"><strong>And this goes far beyond rhetoric.</strong></span></h5>
<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;"><strong>The US *has* bombed Iran</strong>, in clear violation of international law.</span></h5>
<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;"><strong>The US *has* kidnapped Venezuela’s head of state and is in the process of looting the country’s natural resources</strong>, in clear violation of international law.</span></h5>
<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;"><strong>The US *has* tightened its blockade on Cuba</strong>, in clear violation of international law.</span></h5>
<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;"><strong>Then there is, of course, the genocide in Gaza, for which the US has provided unconditional support.</strong></span></h5>
<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">After World War II, the US was one of the primary architects of a system meant to encourage global cooperation. But <strong>the US has consistently broken that system’s rules to advance its imperial interests.</strong></span></h5>
<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;"><strong>The system has therefore lost all its legitimacy.</strong></span></h5>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Kathleen Tyson, reflecting on this, linked to another disgusting display:</span></p>
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<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000; font-size: 14px;">Acyn @Acyn</span></h5>
<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000; font-size: 14px;">18h</span></h5>
<div id="attachment_410936" style="width: 170px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-24-at-1.04.11-PM.png" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content" data-penci-link="internal"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-410936" class="wp-image-410936" src="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-24-at-1.04.11-PM.png" alt="US Senator John Kennedy (LA-R)" width="160" height="195" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-410936" class="wp-caption-text">Scum clogging the US Congress. Par for the course in US politics.</p></div>
<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000; font-size: 14px;">[US Sen. John] Kennedy <span style="color: #ff6600;">(Louisiana Republican):</span> I think that<strong> the people running Iran are reptiles. And they’re part of a colony of reptiles. China, Russia</strong>, North Korea, and as I said, Iran. <strong>The chief reptile is President XI in China.</strong> You can’t trust any of them. All of them are the same. <strong>It’s like the same hooker in different dresses</strong></span></h5>
<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000; font-size: 14px;"><a style="color: #000000;" href="https://x.com/Acyn/status/2102854962732748937/video/1" data-penci-link="external">/video/1</a></span></h5>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In the aftermath of Trump’s despicable display, an embarrassment to all decent Americans, we saw a major upward surge of US Treasury bond rates. It’s almost as if the bond market, having hovered at crisis levels for weeks, took this in and delivered a vote of no confidence in the US regime by surging up to unsustainable levels.</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">The Kobeissi Letter @KobeissiLetter</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">3h</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">BREAKING: <strong>The US 30Y Note Yield rises to 5.44%, its highest level since June 2004.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;"><strong>We are nearing a +500 basis point gain from the 2020 low.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;"><strong>Where is the US Treasury?</strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">And to pile on with some data points, to illustrate that the regime’s ability to manipulate markets is increasingly constrained:</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">The Kobeissi Letter @KobeissiLetter</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">41m</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;"><strong>BREAKING: Brent crude oil prices rise above $105/barrel as peace talks between the US and Iran appear to have stalled again.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">1h</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">BREAKING: <strong>Oracle stock, $ORCL, falls -5% after declaring “force majeure” on a massive data center being built in New Mexico.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">Oracle has reportedly made the move in order to shield itself from rapidly rising expenses on the project.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Here’s the connection. Prof Pape made this comment in a long recent video—he connects the chatter about using tactical nukes on Pickaxe Mountain to the US bond market:</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEz8xyC7sas" data-penci-link="external"><span style="font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">Is America’s Strategy in Iran Backfiring? with Robert Pape | TGS 235</span></a></strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;"><strong>Chapter 13: Pickaxe Mountain &amp; The October Surprise</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">Well, the problem here is <strong>there’s a real worst case to using tactical nuclear weapons, and that worst case starts with the fact we’re $40 trillion in debt, and we need people to buy our bonds.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;"><strong>The interest rate on the 30 year is, what, 5.3% this morning</strong>--something like that? <strong>Yesterday 10-year notes hit 5% for the first time in decades. So let’s say those jack up to 8% or 9%. It would kill the economy.</strong> The problem here is not that nobody will ever buy the bonds at any price. It’s that people are gonna be doggone mad at the United States, and if they take a hit in the value of their bonds, that’s... I’m just telling you, <strong>people are saying, </strong><em><strong>“Oh, no, they’ll always buy our bonds, you know. They, they need us.”</strong></em><strong> I’m telling you, this is too dangerous. We’re playing with fire, and we gotta understand the way the world is gonna think about that</strong> and what they’re really gonna think about America as pariah.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>The other day I cited Trump’s most recent post aimed at Russia, in which he claimed that Russia had “lost control” of its diesel refinement capability. Now, the implication of that statement—probably aimed at the Russian public, was that Russia was being defeated—and so Trump called on Putin to do a ceasefire or something like that.</strong> My point was that this may well have been not an effort to prevent diesel prices in the US from rising, but instead another attempt to defeat Russia. It was a fairly open acknowledgement that this whole drone offensive was an Anglo-Zionist project—because anyone with an IQ above room temperature knows that the targeting intel and guidance comes directly via the CIA.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Today there’s a fair amount of coverage of another story that also illustrates that Trump is still all in with regard to the Anglo-Zionist war on Russia. It appears that the CIA may be plotting a false flag attack that could lead to a widespread war on the high seas—a potentially global expansion of the Anglo-Zionists’ current drone and missile offensive from their Ukraine launchpad.</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">￼Matt Bracken @Matt_Bracken48</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">2h￼</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;"><strong>Posing this ship-to-shore drone warfare threat is an attempt by NATO to expand the current NATO-Russia war, currently using Ukraine as its kinetic missile launching pad.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #000000;">If ship-to-shore “Russian” (false-flag) drone operations are given credibility, <strong>the NATO-Russia war can expand to allow NATO to attack Russian merchant ships anywhere.</strong> “They might be ready to launch more drones!”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #993300;"><strong>We are swiftly moving to “unrestricted naval warfare.”</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #993300;">1. USN sub torpedoes the unarmed Iranian Dena frigate near Sri Lanka, killing ~100 crew.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #993300;">2. Russian ship Ursa Major sunk in western Med, “still a mystery.”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #993300;">3. British commandos seize Russian “ghost fleet” tanker and imprison the captain and officers.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #993300;"><strong>i could list more examples, but my point is we’re very close to unrestricted warfare at sea.</strong></span></p>
</blockquote>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Other examples: France and Norway have seized Russian vessels.</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p><span style="color: #000000;"><strong><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Example: If an LNG tanker in the middle of the ocean disappears in a fireball, satellites will see it, but nobody on earth will see or hear it. There will be no survivors and no witnesses, other than the submarine skipper via his periscope. So, whodunnit? False flag, or a “Russian” submarine attack?</span></strong></span><br />
<a href="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-24-at-1.02.20-PM.png" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content" data-penci-link="internal"><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-410939 alignleft" src="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-24-at-1.02.20-PM.png" alt="Map of Spanish/French Mediteranean" width="636" height="690" srcset="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-24-at-1.02.20-PM.png 636w, https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-24-at-1.02.20-PM-585x635.png 585w" sizes="(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px" /></a></p>
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<p><span style="color: #000000;"><strong><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">￼Chay Bowes @BowesChay￼</span></strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000;"><strong><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">CIA warns Spain, France, and Italy that Russia might launch Gerbera drones from containers in the Mediterranean.</span></strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000;"><strong><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">No evidence, no proof, of course.</span></strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #800000;"><strong><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Just another round of anti-Russian hysteria.</span></strong></span></p>
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<p><strong><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">There is speculation that CIA Ratcliffe’s mission to Moscow included some sort of warning of escalation unless Russia—for example—didn’t stop supporting Iran.</span></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="background-color: #ff6600;">This war isn’t winding down—the people behind it will not allow that, no matter what.</span></strong> And, as a reminder, there was never any declaration of war. Congress is in recess.</span></p>
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		<title>The True Origins of China’s “Social Credit System” Part I</title>
		<link>https://www.greanvillepost.com/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social-credit-system-part-i/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Cynthia Chung]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 22:21:50 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[ALT MEDIA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[AMERICAN BRAINWASH]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[AMERICAN OLIGARCHY]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CHINA RUSSIA IRAN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[US EXCEPTIONALISM]]></category>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial black, avant garde; font-size: 16px;">CYNTHIA CHUNG<br />
<a href="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/cynthiaChung-new.jpeg" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content" data-penci-link="internal"><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter  wp-image-340408" src="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/cynthiaChung-new.jpeg" alt="" width="116" height="116" srcset="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/cynthiaChung-new.jpeg 512w, https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/cynthiaChung-new-150x150.jpeg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 116px) 100vw, 116px" /></a></span></p>
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<h1 class="post-title published title-X77sOw" dir="auto">The True Origins of China’s “Social Credit System” Part I</h1>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">One of the most infamous criticisms of China over the past several years that has formed the basis for viewing the country as an Orwellian surveillance state and its citizens as mere drone-like-automatons is its supposed “social credit system.” But what if I were to tell you that the origin of this Orwellian “social credit system” and the fintech (financial technology) credit loan bubble crises were actually created by the same <strong>Anglo-American institutions</strong> that also created the United States’ 2008 financial crisis? Or that fintechs such as Alipay, Antpay (both created by Jack Ma) and Wepay (Tencent) are not truly Chinese creations but have in fact <strong>been managed and funded by Anglo-American institutions that overlap heavily with Project Stargate</strong>? Or that China in fact cracked down on this back in 2020 which was portrayed by western press as a global scandal when the poor Big Tech billionaire Jack Ma was taken down a few pegs?</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">As this four-part series will go through in great detail, the reality was that these Big Fintech companies were giving out predatory loans on the level of what sparked the 2008 financial crisis. These Big Tech companies, like Alibaba and Tencent didn’t hold skin in the game and were going to come out on top, even if mass defaults of loan payments were to occur and which were already happening. This is something that even by a western viewpoint, should not be left unchecked. Alibaba and Tencent were effectively acting as banks while holding no responsibility of a bank. It was a powder keg ready to explode, and as I will showcase in this series, was engineered to do so.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In addition to this, these Big Tech giants Alibaba and Tencent, had created their own social credit scoring and were creating rewards and punishments based off of a user’s score that would determine what discounts/deals they would receive as a consumer on their platforms (think of Amazon, Apple Pay and Google Pay on steroids), or whether the penalised user would have limited access or temporary banning etc. to these platforms, such as music or films, video games, online shopping, restaurants, loans, rental deals on apartment units etc., thus, penalties meant you didn’t have full access or the best “deals” offered on their platforms.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Basically, think of a “Ready Player One” sort of world as the ideal for Big Tech. If you can get consumers to increasingly live their “reality” in a digital world, then who controls that digital world is like a God are they not? Well, you could say in 2020, Jack Ma was on a god-like high.</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iYZ4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6485765-e928-4273-97f7-6ac6ca4d93eb_308x410.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iYZ4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6485765-e928-4273-97f7-6ac6ca4d93eb_308x410.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iYZ4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6485765-e928-4273-97f7-6ac6ca4d93eb_308x410.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iYZ4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6485765-e928-4273-97f7-6ac6ca4d93eb_308x410.jpeg 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /></picture></span></span><br />
<div style="width: 388px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iYZ4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6485765-e928-4273-97f7-6ac6ca4d93eb_308x410.jpeg" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content" data-penci-link="external"><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iYZ4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6485765-e928-4273-97f7-6ac6ca4d93eb_308x410.jpeg" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iYZ4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6485765-e928-4273-97f7-6ac6ca4d93eb_308x410.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iYZ4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6485765-e928-4273-97f7-6ac6ca4d93eb_308x410.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iYZ4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6485765-e928-4273-97f7-6ac6ca4d93eb_308x410.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iYZ4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6485765-e928-4273-97f7-6ac6ca4d93eb_308x410.jpeg 1456w" alt="" width="378" height="446" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a6485765-e928-4273-97f7-6ac6ca4d93eb_308x410.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:410,&quot;width&quot;:308,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:378,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Ready Player One: the premise is people are living in trailer parks, and the entire economy is video games where you receive rewards or punishments according to your behaviour and performance in video games.</p></div>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Alibaba and Tencent are still global giants in Fintech, however, they are beholden to proper banking regulation now which put an end to the predatory loaning (they no longer give out P2P loans), as well as their reward and punishment social credit system. Thus, China clamped down on Big Tech’s social credit system and deemed it illegal to create rewards and punishments.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In truth, there is a double standard that is repeatedly applied to China. In this case, criticizing China for having been too lax on these Big Tech giants, which led to the P2P (peer-to-peer fintech loans) crisis that hit a boiling point in China from 2013-2018, and then when China regulates these Big Tech giants’ actions such that predatory actions are not tolerated, the West howls that China is being authoritarian. As we will see in this series, <strong>China’s P2P crisis was an Anglo-American construct, the same construct that also triggered the 2008 financial crisis within the United States.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In this series we will go through the history of how China clamped down on Big Tech in great detail, including members of its own government that were found guilty of corruption and went to jail. Yes, you heard right, China, unlike in the United States, responded to this financial crisis sparked by predatory loans by actually sending high-ranking government officials to jail.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Meanwhile, these very institutions continue to go largely unchecked in the West with the most recent <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/has-the-iran-war-accelerated-a-realignment" data-penci-link="external">BigTech Private Credit Loan bubble ready to burst</a>in the United States. Even the former Goldman Sachs CEO who led the bank through the 2008 financial crash, Lloyd Blankfein, <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2026/03/02/i-smell-a-crash-coming-goldman-sachs-boss/?msockid=1e66efbf72236fb12e51f952738f6e4e" data-penci-link="external">told the </a><em><a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2026/03/02/i-smell-a-crash-coming-goldman-sachs-boss/?msockid=1e66efbf72236fb12e51f952738f6e4e" data-penci-link="external">Telegraph</a></em> recently that he “smells [another] crash coming.” <strong>The question is - is this just all reckless happenstance, or is it an engineered “reboot” of the financial system where Big Tech comes out on top?</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">As we will see, Goldman Sachs will play a central role in this story…</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">One example of Big Tech attempting to enter the banking world is Libra,<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn1" data-penci-link="external">[1]</a>later called Diem, a stablecoin payment system proposed by U.S. social media company Facebook, that was ultimately rejected by U.S. regulators. The plan included a private currency implemented as a cryptocurrency. The launch was originally planned to be in 2020, the same year that China shutdown Jack Ma’s Ant IPO, what was to be the largest IPO in history.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Facebook’s bold attempt to create its own digital currency, if approved, would have had <strong>as its ultimate goal the eventual right to establish its own bank for said digital currency</strong>. It would not be long before other Big Techs would follow suit, such as Apple, Google, Amazon, Twitter X, Uber, DoorDash etc. With such a development, Big Tech would be in the position to give away risky loans, equivalent to loan sharking, with penalties if the borrower was late or defaulted on a payment.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In other words, these platforms could penalise a borrower by limiting or blocking their services to said borrower on platforms such as Facebook, Apple, Google, Amazon, Twitter X, Uber, DoorDash etc. etc. The reader should be aware that Apple Pay and Google Pay are already highly integrated into much of American consumer society.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Presently these companies do not have the right to give out loans or own their own bank, however, as we will see in this paper, fintech in the United States and Europe does have this right to give out P2P loans and own their own banks. It is only the merger of these consumer-based platforms mentioned above that are kept separate, however, massive pressure is whittling away at this flimsy barrier that is ready to break at any moment. <strong>In fact, Goldman Sachs is leading this charge into a “Ready Player One World” as we will soon see.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">This had been something that was allowed to fester in China through Big Tech private credit loans such as Jack Ma’s Alipay and Antpay, along with WeChat pay (Tencent), something that had run amok earlier during their P2P crisis before the Chinese government began to clamp down, which led ultimately to the global scandal in 2020 when Jack Ma was taken down several pegs. The significance of this should be especially viewed in context to <strong>the fact that Alipay, Antpay, and Wepay are not truly Chinese companies but are funded and managed by powerful Anglo-American institutions as this paper will lay out.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">This four-part series will showcase how not only are the origins of the social credit system not to be found in China, <strong>but that China had in fact blocked the attempt from Big Tech to essentially attempt a coup d’etat on its national banking/financial system</strong>. This series will go into great detail as to how this came about, as well as where the true origins of the social credit system lie. In Part III, we will discuss accusations of China using an Orwellian social credit system within their legal system, which we will see consists of a lot of hot air. Finally, in Part IV we will discuss what is China’s digital currency and how it differs from what Big Tech is attempting to bring about.</span></p>
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<h2> </h2>
<h5 class="header-anchor-post"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The 2008 U.S. Financial Crisis as a model for China’s P2P (Peer-to-Peer) Loan Crisis</span></h5>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In order to understand what hit China between 2013-2018 in their P2P crisis, we must first understand what the 2008 financial crisis was that hit the United States banking and financial system with catastrophic global effects – <strong>for it was this crisis that was the model used against China’s own banking and financial system.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Two especially big players that would play a prominent role in the U.S.’s 2008 financial crisis, were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Marketplace" data-penci-link="external">Prosper</a> (f. 2005) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LendingClub" data-penci-link="external">LendingClub</a> (f. 2006), which were both founded in San Francisco, California.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Prosper is one of the first peer-to-peer lending platforms</strong>. Prosper specialises in personal loans, home equity loans, home equity lines of credit and open credit cards<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn2" data-penci-link="external">[2]</a>. <strong>LendingClub is the first peer-to-peer lender to register its offerings as securities with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)</strong> and to offer loan trading on a secondary market. At its height, LendingClub was the world’s largest peer-to-peer lending platform.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn3" data-penci-link="external">[3]</a>Both Prosper and LendingClub connect borrowers with investors directly with loan amounts ranging from $1,000 to $50,000. Since its launch, Prosper has facilitated over $28 billion in loans.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn4" data-penci-link="external">[4]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">However, Prosper and LendingClub, though the first P2P lenders in the United States were not the origin of P2P loans. <strong>That title belongs to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zopa" data-penci-link="external">Zopa Bank Ltd</a>. which was founded in the United Kingdom in March 2005</strong>. Zopa Bank Ltd. is a British online bank which offers deposit accounts, personal loans and credit cards and is the world’s first P2P lending company, <strong>gaining a full banking licence in that eventful year of 2020</strong> (the same year that Facebook’s Libra (Diem) attempted to get U.S. approval of its own digital currency and Jack Ma attempt to get approval for his Ant IPO in China).</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The P2P side of Zopa closed in December 2021. It should be emphasized here that San Francisco-based Prosper was created on the very heels of Zopa, which is likely not a coincidence. Neobanks such as Zopa Bank, are fintech companies offering banking-like services and are growing in presence within western countries.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn5" data-penci-link="external">[5]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Zopa, in turn, was created by the internet banking company <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_Banking" data-penci-link="external">Egg Banking</a>. Egg, also headquartered in the United Kingdom, was founded in 1998. Egg was born out of the banking arm of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_plc" data-penci-link="external">Prudential</a>, a British multinational insurance and asset management company headquartered in London and Hong Kong.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The reader should be reminded here that Hong Kong was a British colony for 99 years, part of the British Empire’s spoils from the Opium Wars and was only released back to China in 1997. However, there is still a great deal of pressure on China to stay out of the Hong Kong arena, with the “One Country, Two Systems” slogan (something that was promoted by the very British colonialists themselves) used to somehow justify keeping Hong Kong and Macau out of the Chinese government jurisdiction even though they are officially recognised as part of China.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">To give the reader a quick and effective example of how much influence Britain continues to hold over Hong Kong banking, we only need to look at who actually controls its money supply. Hong Kong has a currency that is separate from the Chinese Yuan ¥, called the Hong Kong dollar $. The date of its introduction was 1846. The First Opium War was from 1839 to 1842. One of the consequences of China losing this war against Britain was the signing of the Treaty of Nanking, which gave British subjects extraterritorial privileges in treaty ports, especially in the region of Hong Kong. This forceful “opening” up of China to European trade was mainly in opium. And it is clear that the Hong Kong dollar was born out of this nefarious history.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Today, three banks control the printing of Hong Kong money: HSBC, Standard Chartered and the Bank of China. Only the Bank of China is an actual Chinese bank. HSBC and Standard Chartered are British banks with their headquarters in the City of London.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus, HSBC (<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/hsbc-never-left-the-dope-trade-nor-73a?utm_source=publication-search" data-penci-link="external">a bank that has continued to be caught in dope and money laundering</a>) has reserved the right to this day, the authority to print 1/3 of Hong Kong currency, the only other two allowed agencies being Standard Chartered Bank (another British multinational bank with headquarters in the City of London) and Bank of China, the only Chinese owned bank. <strong>In other words, China has the authority to only print 1/3 of Hong Kong currency even though Hong Kong is legally recognised as part of China</strong>. And this despite HSBC being on a blacklist of foreign companies in China.</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Y1n!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff684ee19-9f0e-491b-91f3-931dd1851094_624x310.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Y1n!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff684ee19-9f0e-491b-91f3-931dd1851094_624x310.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Y1n!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff684ee19-9f0e-491b-91f3-931dd1851094_624x310.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Y1n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff684ee19-9f0e-491b-91f3-931dd1851094_624x310.png 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Y1n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff684ee19-9f0e-491b-91f3-931dd1851094_624x310.png" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Y1n!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff684ee19-9f0e-491b-91f3-931dd1851094_624x310.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Y1n!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff684ee19-9f0e-491b-91f3-931dd1851094_624x310.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Y1n!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff684ee19-9f0e-491b-91f3-931dd1851094_624x310.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Y1n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff684ee19-9f0e-491b-91f3-931dd1851094_624x310.png 1456w" alt="" width="624" height="310" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f684ee19-9f0e-491b-91f3-931dd1851094_624x310.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:310,&quot;width&quot;:624,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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</div><figcaption class="image-caption"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Image of a $100 bill printed by HSBC for circulation in Hong Kong. On mainland China, the currency is in Yuan ¥. Note that the building in the above image is the actual HSBC bank in Hong Kong and that there are two (assuming mock) cannons positioned on its roof which happen to be pointing at….the Bank of China!! According to <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/hsbc-building-feng-shui-cannons" data-penci-link="external">Atlas Obscura</a> this is to deter the “negative feng shui” that the Bank of China is giving off. A rather flimsy cover for the incredible arrogance HSBC holds in regards to China, the cannons a reminder of the Opium War days and China’s loss of Hong Kong sovereignty. The lion is clearly meant as a symbol of the British Empire.</span></figcaption></figure>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Standard Chartered, along with HSBC, <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/hsbc-never-left-the-dope-trade-nor-73a?utm_source=publication-search" data-penci-link="external">are both British dope banks</a> that were founded in service to Britain’s opium trade. Standard Chartered was founded in 1853 and opened its first branches in Bombay and Calcutta (India), as well as Shanghai and Hong Kong (China). Britain had colonised India and was where the opium production was centered with China chosen to be its main consumer in the name of <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-difference-between-william-mckinleys-eec" data-penci-link="external">British “free trade.”</a> HSBC was founded in 1865, as the name implies in both Shanghai and Hong Kong (<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-real-global-agenda-pushing-for?utm_source=publication-search" data-penci-link="external">for more on this story refer here</a>).</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>It is these two old British banks that were created specifically for opium trading that control the majority of Hong Kong’s money supply to this day.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">China has until recently, not been strong enough to take on these old British banks, however, the tides are changing.</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mVvL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2457fcdf-92de-491b-b799-b099e6b46490_398x331.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mVvL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2457fcdf-92de-491b-b799-b099e6b46490_398x331.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mVvL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2457fcdf-92de-491b-b799-b099e6b46490_398x331.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mVvL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2457fcdf-92de-491b-b799-b099e6b46490_398x331.jpeg 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /></picture></span></span><br />
<div style="width: 446px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mVvL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2457fcdf-92de-491b-b799-b099e6b46490_398x331.jpeg" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content" data-penci-link="external"><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mVvL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2457fcdf-92de-491b-b799-b099e6b46490_398x331.jpeg" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mVvL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2457fcdf-92de-491b-b799-b099e6b46490_398x331.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mVvL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2457fcdf-92de-491b-b799-b099e6b46490_398x331.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mVvL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2457fcdf-92de-491b-b799-b099e6b46490_398x331.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mVvL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2457fcdf-92de-491b-b799-b099e6b46490_398x331.jpeg 1456w" alt="" width="436" height="360" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2457fcdf-92de-491b-b799-b099e6b46490_398x331.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:331,&quot;width&quot;:398,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:436,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">What China is doing today to combat this will be discussed in a later instalment of this series.</p></div>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Suffice to say, old British banks like HSBC, Standard Chartered and Prudential’s heydays in Hong Kong appear to be numbered.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Now back to our story.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">With this added context in mind, it has been demonstrated that Zopa was born out of Egg Bank, which was in turn, born out of Prudential, a British multinational insurance and asset manager. Prudential was also founded during the Opium War era, in London in May 1848, with a focus on having a strong presence in Hong Kong.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn6" data-penci-link="external">[6]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Prudential would become a market leader in asset acquisitions in the UK, notably in real estate. In 1986 they acquired the American insurer Jackson National Life for $608 million and by 2020 held $297.6 billion in total assets while still owned by Prudential. Jackson National Life Insurance Company is a U.S. company whose subsidiaries specialize in asset management and retail brokerage.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Prudential had also acquired that same year, in 1986, Reeds Rain, the second largest estate agent chain in the United Kingdom.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1998 Prudential set up Egg which created the first ever P2P loan lender, Zopa. Egg was later sold to Citibank in 2007. In December 2008 the Financial Services Authority fined Egg £721,000 for the persistent mis-selling of payment protection insurance (PPI) on its credit cards.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn7" data-penci-link="external">[7]</a> In 2011 Barclays Bank purchased Egg’s more than one million credit card accounts from Citigroup.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2004 Prudential launched a new subsidiary PruHealth, a joint venture with Discovery Holdings of South Africa selling private medical insurance to the UK market.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn8" data-penci-link="external">[8]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2019 Prudential attempted to purchase the pan-Asian life insurance company AIG, American International Assurance (AIA) but the deal later collapsed.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2021, Prudential announced it was to focus solely on African and Asian markets.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Looking at this history one cannot help but be reminded of Blackstone, but with Prudential focusing on African and Asian markets while Blackstone focuses on American and European markets. Blackstone, founded in New York City in 1985, is the largest commercial landlord in the world and is what BlackRock was born out of.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Blackstone made a killing off of the housing bubble bust during the 2008 financial crisis and is a big reason why Americans can no longer afford to purchase a house of their own today.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Blackstone has had a long legacy of buying up American assets such as houses, hospitals, nursing homes, and schools. When these infrastructures such as hospitals and schools came under the ownership of Blackstone all sorts of budget cuts were made to the detriment of health and educational services, including food rations to patients. Blackstone had also acquired the largest physician staffing firm in the United States in 2017 resulting in low-income patients facing far more aggressive debt collection lawsuits.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In addition, Blackstone is responsible for buying up homes and is largely responsible for the inflation of house prices such that most Americans today cannot afford decent housing, in addition to hiking rent rates (<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/why-the-tariff-war-is-going-to-cost?utm_source=publication-search" data-penci-link="external">for more on Blackstone refer here</a>).</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">And not coincidentally, <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/has-the-iran-war-accelerated-a-realignment" data-penci-link="external">Blackstone is at the center of the U.S.’s private credit loan bubble crisis</a> that is threatening a repeat of the 2008 financial crash.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Meanwhile, Blackstone’s spawn, <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/blackrock-is-buying-up-the-worlds" data-penci-link="external">BlackRock is still attempting to acquire 43 of the 53 CK Hutchison ports</a> with China so far blocking the deal from going through, though the two ports in Panama have now been seized.</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LYAw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F705da718-c843-46c2-ac14-fef13681414b_530x416.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LYAw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F705da718-c843-46c2-ac14-fef13681414b_530x416.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LYAw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F705da718-c843-46c2-ac14-fef13681414b_530x416.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LYAw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F705da718-c843-46c2-ac14-fef13681414b_530x416.png 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /></picture></span></span><br />
<div style="width: 540px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LYAw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F705da718-c843-46c2-ac14-fef13681414b_530x416.png" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content" data-penci-link="external"><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LYAw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F705da718-c843-46c2-ac14-fef13681414b_530x416.png" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LYAw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F705da718-c843-46c2-ac14-fef13681414b_530x416.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LYAw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F705da718-c843-46c2-ac14-fef13681414b_530x416.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LYAw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F705da718-c843-46c2-ac14-fef13681414b_530x416.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LYAw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F705da718-c843-46c2-ac14-fef13681414b_530x416.png 1456w" alt="" width="530" height="416" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/705da718-c843-46c2-ac14-fef13681414b_530x416.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:416,&quot;width&quot;:530,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Source: South China Morning Post https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3304397/washington-unsurprised-beijings-anger-hutchisons-panama-ports-deal</p></div>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">BlackRock just so happens to be the world’s largest asset manager, managing over $11 trillion of largely billionaire money. BlackRock was also officially brought in by the G7 to oversee acquiring infrastructure worldwide in service to the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII), which was created to directly oppose China’s Belt and Road Initiative. BlackRock is working in partnership with Microsoft among other tech companies to accomplish this noble task. (<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-real-global-agenda-pushing-for?utm_source=publication-search" data-penci-link="external">For those who would like to know more about China’s BRI and its activities in other countries refer here</a>)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Zopa was the first P2P loan lender, born out of the bowels of Prudential, however, fintech showed its real potential with the launch of the giants Prosper and LendingClub in the United States in 2005 and 2006 respectively.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Prosper is America’s first P2P lending marketplace with over $28 billion in funded loans.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn9" data-penci-link="external">[9]</a> Investors can consider borrowers credit scores, ratings, and histories and the category of loan. <strong>Prosper also offers tools for financial planning and credit monitoring.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Effective December 19, 2010, Prosper filed a new prospectus with the SEC, changing its business model to use pre-set rates determined solely by Prosper based on a formula evaluating each prospective borrower’s credit risk.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn10" data-penci-link="external">[10]</a><strong>In other words, Prosper’s right to generate their own social credit system</strong>. Under the new approach, lenders no longer determine the loan rate via price discovery in an auction. Instead, they simply choose whether or not to invest at the rate which Prosper’s loan pricing algorithm assigns to the loan after it analyzes the borrower’s credit report and financial information.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Thus, Prosper decides the rate a borrower will be charged for borrowing depending on the credit score Prosper has created for them</strong>. The investor can either choose to accept this rate of charge for the loan or reject it, they are not able to change the determined rate decided by Prosper.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In fact, co-founder of Prosper Chris Larsen is known as a “Credit Score Pioneer.” Before founding Prosper, he founded E-LOAN in the early 1990s where he began his expertise in consumer credit scoring. He has also served on the board of Credit Karma, a credit and financial management platform that earns its revenue from lenders who pay the company when they successfully recommend a borrower to them.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">It should also be noted that Chris Larsen went to Stanford University a Project Stargate recruitment hub.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2016, Prosper Marketplace unveiled Prosper Daily, a mobile app. The app is designed to give consumers tools to make financial decisions, including viewing all their financial accounts in one place, budgeting and tracking spending by category, identifying questionable charges, <strong>and monitoring their free credit score</strong>, which is updated monthly.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn11" data-penci-link="external">[11]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Wikipedia writes:<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn12" data-penci-link="external">[12]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Prosper opened to the public on February 5, 2006, and was founded by Chris Larsen (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Loan" data-penci-link="external">the founder of E-loan</a>) and John Witchel. <strong>Prosper is backed by BlackRock</strong>, Sequoia Capital, Accel Partners, Agilus Ventures, Benchmark Capital, CrossLink Capital, DAG Ventures, Draper Fisher Jurvetson, Fidelity Ventures, <strong>Omidyar Network (an investment vehicle of eBay founder Pierre Omidyar)</strong>, Meritech Capital Partners, <strong>TomorrowVentures (an investment vehicle of Google Executive Chairman Eric Schmidt)</strong>, and QED Investors (an investment vehicle of Capital One co-founder Nigel Morris).</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2008, the same year Egg was found guilty of persistent mis-selling of payment protection insurance (PPI) on its credit cards, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) found Prosper to be in violation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933" data-penci-link="external">Securities Act of 1933</a>, that was put in place as a response to the stock market crash of 1929. The 1933 Act is based upon a philosophy of disclosure, meaning that the goal of the law is to require issuers to fully disclose all material information that a reasonable shareholder would need in order to make up his or her mind about the potential investment. If the issuer fails to do this, it is considered a “predatory” loan.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">‘As a result of the SEC’s findings they imposed a cease and desist order on Prosper. In July 2009, Prosper reopened their website for lending (”investing”) and borrowing after having obtained SEC registration for its loans (”notes”).<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn13" data-penci-link="external">[13]</a> After the relaunch, bidding on loans was restricted to residents of 28 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. Borrowers may reside in any of 47 states, <strong>with residents of three states (Iowa, Maine, and North Dakota) not permitted to borrow through Prosper</strong>.’<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn14" data-penci-link="external">[14]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">‘On November 26, 2008, a class action lawsuit was filed against Prosper in the Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco, California. The suit was brought on behalf of all loan note purchasers in Prosper’s online lending platform from January 1, 2006, through October 14, 2008, <strong>and alleges that Prosper offered and sold unqualified and unregistered securities in violation of the California and federal securities laws</strong>. The lawsuit sought class certification, damages, the right of rescission and the award of attorneys’ fees.’<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn15" data-penci-link="external">[15]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>The lawsuit was settled July 19, 2013, for 10 million dollars paid in installments over three years</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn16" data-penci-link="external">[16]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">P2P lending platforms are selling themselves as the solution to the increasing impoverishment of the have-nots, when they are in fact the culprits behind predatory loans. And in the midst of the <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/has-the-iran-war-accelerated-a-realignment" data-penci-link="external">present BigTech Private Credit Loan bubble</a> that threatens another financial crash on an even larger scale than what occurred in 2008, who do you think is going to foot the bill? The American people yet again of course, like they did back in 2008, only to go <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/why-the-tariff-war-is-going-to-cost?utm_source=publication-search" data-penci-link="external">further and further into debt</a>. This mounting debt will soon encompass social credit scores that will be created, managed and controlled by such benevolent fintech companies like Prosper and LendingClub, who are both working with Google, and in the latter case has even managed to purchase a regulated bank to service its financial schemes.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">We are even seeing companies like DoorDash engaging in predatory lending with their “Buy Now, Pay Later” partnership with Klarna. Klarna is another fintech company and digital bank founded in Sweden in 2005 but headquartered in London.</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jZ4R!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95356b22-2d35-4e3b-ba01-f738cf70ba74_484x205.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jZ4R!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95356b22-2d35-4e3b-ba01-f738cf70ba74_484x205.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jZ4R!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95356b22-2d35-4e3b-ba01-f738cf70ba74_484x205.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jZ4R!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95356b22-2d35-4e3b-ba01-f738cf70ba74_484x205.png 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jZ4R!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95356b22-2d35-4e3b-ba01-f738cf70ba74_484x205.png" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jZ4R!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95356b22-2d35-4e3b-ba01-f738cf70ba74_484x205.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jZ4R!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95356b22-2d35-4e3b-ba01-f738cf70ba74_484x205.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jZ4R!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95356b22-2d35-4e3b-ba01-f738cf70ba74_484x205.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jZ4R!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95356b22-2d35-4e3b-ba01-f738cf70ba74_484x205.png 1456w" alt="" width="484" height="205" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/95356b22-2d35-4e3b-ba01-f738cf70ba74_484x205.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:205,&quot;width&quot;:484,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Here’s what US consumers had to say in a poll about the “Buy Now, Pay Later” experience.</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTr4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeb7a2a9-65ab-45fe-87bd-508da34d2325_624x381.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTr4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeb7a2a9-65ab-45fe-87bd-508da34d2325_624x381.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTr4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeb7a2a9-65ab-45fe-87bd-508da34d2325_624x381.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTr4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeb7a2a9-65ab-45fe-87bd-508da34d2325_624x381.png 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTr4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeb7a2a9-65ab-45fe-87bd-508da34d2325_624x381.png" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTr4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeb7a2a9-65ab-45fe-87bd-508da34d2325_624x381.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTr4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeb7a2a9-65ab-45fe-87bd-508da34d2325_624x381.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTr4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeb7a2a9-65ab-45fe-87bd-508da34d2325_624x381.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTr4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffeb7a2a9-65ab-45fe-87bd-508da34d2325_624x381.png 1456w" alt="" width="624" height="381" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/feb7a2a9-65ab-45fe-87bd-508da34d2325_624x381.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:381,&quot;width&quot;:624,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">As for Prosper, in 2022, Forbes gave a negative review of the Prosper credit card. According to Forbes, “Prospering with the Prosper® Card* seems unlikely... We hope you live long and… well, apply for a different credit card.”<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn17" data-penci-link="external">[17]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">And then there is this…</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Wikipedia writes:<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn18" data-penci-link="external">[18]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>In December 2015, the FBI reported that Syed Rizwan Farook, one of the shooters in the 2015 San Bernardino attack, had borrowed $28,500 from Prosper to finance the purchase of weapons and explosives. This was investigated by the FBI, the House Financial Services Committee, and the California Department of Business Oversight. The investigation was concluded with no action taken.</em></span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CEZ6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14b9106f-2329-4da9-8a4b-46469c3018cb_457x364.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CEZ6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14b9106f-2329-4da9-8a4b-46469c3018cb_457x364.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CEZ6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14b9106f-2329-4da9-8a4b-46469c3018cb_457x364.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CEZ6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14b9106f-2329-4da9-8a4b-46469c3018cb_457x364.jpeg 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CEZ6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14b9106f-2329-4da9-8a4b-46469c3018cb_457x364.jpeg" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CEZ6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14b9106f-2329-4da9-8a4b-46469c3018cb_457x364.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CEZ6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14b9106f-2329-4da9-8a4b-46469c3018cb_457x364.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CEZ6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14b9106f-2329-4da9-8a4b-46469c3018cb_457x364.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CEZ6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F14b9106f-2329-4da9-8a4b-46469c3018cb_457x364.jpeg 1456w" alt="" width="457" height="364" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/14b9106f-2329-4da9-8a4b-46469c3018cb_457x364.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:364,&quot;width&quot;:457,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">As already mentioned, LendingClub was the first American P2P to be registered with the SEC <strong>and at its height was the world’s largest P2P lending platform</strong>. In 2014, LendingClub raised $1 billion in what became the largest technology IPO of 2014 in the United States.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn19" data-penci-link="external">[19]</a> However, by 2020 LendingClub shut down its P2P lending platform after a series of scandals in 2016 made it difficult to attract investors.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Interestingly, LendingClub was initially launched on Facebook as one of Facebook’s first applications</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn20" data-penci-link="external">[20]</a><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn21" data-penci-link="external">[21]</a> After receiving $10.26 million in a Series A funding round in August 2007, from venture capital investors Norwest Venture Partners (which merged with Wells Fargo in 1998) and Canaan Partners, LendingClub was developed into a full-scale peer-to-peer lending company.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn22" data-penci-link="external">[22]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Throughout the years it continued to raise funds from venture capital investors such as Morgenthaler Ventures, Foundation Capital, Union Square Ventures and Thomvest, owned by the family of Thomson-Reuters, owner of the Reuters news agency.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn23" data-penci-link="external">[23]</a> Thomson-Reuters founder Peter J. Thomson also invested an unspecified amount of his personal fortune into LendingClub.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn24" data-penci-link="external">[24]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2012 LendingClub secured funding from another venture capital investor Kleiner Perkins Caufield &amp; Byers and $2.5 million of personal investments from John J. Mack, former CEO and chairman of the board at Morgan Stanley (a powerful investment bank and brokerage firm). Kleiner Perkins partner Mary Meeker joined Mack on LendingClub’s board of directors.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn25" data-penci-link="external">[25]</a> In May 2013, Google Capital purchased a stake in LendingClub.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn26" data-penci-link="external">[26]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In April 2015, LendingClub CEO Renaud Laplanche told Forbes that LendingClub would expand into car loans and mortgages.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn27" data-penci-link="external">[27]</a><strong>LendingClub also announced a partnership with Google to extend credit to smaller companies that use Google’s business services</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn28" data-penci-link="external">[28]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>The company signed partnerships with Google, Alibaba</strong>, BancAlliance, and HomeAdvisor, including vetting community bank lenders for BancAlliance (a group of 200 banks), in order to send people on its platform to various community finance institutions.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn29" data-penci-link="external">[29]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">That same year, 2015, LendingClub partnered with Opportunity Fund, announced by former President Bill Clinton at the Clinton Global Initiative. The partnership intended to provide $10 million to small businesses in areas of California that are “underserved by lenders.” <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn30" data-penci-link="external">[30]</a><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn31" data-penci-link="external">[31]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>LendingClub actually partnered with Prosper to provide personal loans in 2015 using small banks including Radius Bank, which was eventually purchased by LendingClub</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn32" data-penci-link="external">[32]</a><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn33" data-penci-link="external">[33]</a><em>American Banker</em> news wrote back in September 2015, “For months, Prosper Marketplace and LendingClub have been teaming up with small banks that refer customers to their online lending platforms.”<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn34" data-penci-link="external">[34]</a> In other words, for those turned away by small banks deemed “too risky” to qualify for a loan, such individuals or businesses were likely to be accepted for a loan by Prosper or LendingClub. This is exactly the sort of predatory loans that are fueling <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/has-the-iran-war-accelerated-a-realignment" data-penci-link="external">the Private Credit Loan crisis as we speak</a>.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2016 LendingClub announced that its CEO Renaud Laplanche had resigned after an internal investigation found improprieties in its lending process, including the altering of millions of dollars’ worth of loans.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn35" data-penci-link="external">[35]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Due to difficulties finding investors after the 2016 scandal, LendingClub had to eventually shutdown its P2P lending platform in 2020. That year, LendingClub announced that it would buy Radius Bank for $185 million in cash and stock.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn36" data-penci-link="external">[36]</a><strong>The deal was the first time a U.S. fintech lender bought a regulated bank, positioning it one step further in becoming a marketplace bank</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn37" data-penci-link="external">[37]</a> In 2021, Radius Bank was integrated into the LendingClub brand.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn38" data-penci-link="external">[38]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Radius had been founded in 1987 as First Trade Union Bank by the carpenters union in Massachusetts, using pension funds.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn39" data-penci-link="external">[39]</a> The bank, however, struggled during the subprime mortgage crisis (i.e. the 2008 financial crisis), when it invested heavily in commercial real estate. In 2014, it was renamed Radius Bank.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn40" data-penci-link="external">[40]</a> In June 2016, private investors had acquired approximately 95% of Radius Bancorp in response to Dodd Frank regulations.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn41" data-penci-link="external">[41]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Here we see a very clear example of the sort of carnage that was a predictable outcome of the 2008 financial crisis, the end of small banks or in this case the actual acquisition of a small bank from a P2P fintech company, which has received almost all of its funding from venture capitalists, members of big banks and lots of old money.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">LendingClub also operates an online-focused community bank headquartered in Lehi, Utah.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn42" data-penci-link="external">[42]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In April 2026, LendingClub announced their pending rebrand to Happen Bank, a formal name change that will become active in July 2026.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn43" data-penci-link="external">[43]</a> Clearly LendingClub agreed they were in need of a facelift after years of scandal.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">With this backdrop on the Anglo-American origins of P2P lending and fintech we are now ready to delve into China’s P2P crisis and how fintech giants Alibaba/Ant Group and Tencent/WePay that are commonly thought of as “Chinese” fintech fit into this Anglo-American picture.</span></p>
<h5 class="header-anchor-post"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The Origins of China’s P2P Crisis</span></h5>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">China’s online peer-to-peer (P2P) lending industry launched in 2007, but the market didn’t experience its catastrophic crisis until a massive boom-and-bust cycle between 2013 and 2018. Over 6,000 platforms collapsed, wiping out billions in investments and sparking nationwide investor protests.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus, less than two years after the first P2P lending platform was created in the UK, quickly followed by the Americans, P2P lending platforms began a steady rise in China beginning in 2007, which promised to democratize finance and provide opportunities for young people. However, the ease of access to credit led to a cycle of serious levels of debt for many borrowers, resulting in a financial crisis. The crisis led to a crackdown on the P2P industry, with regulators tightening regulations and shutting down many P2P platforms. The details of how China cracked down on this will be discussed in Part II of this series.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The goal of P2P loan platforms is to offer borrowers loans that are provided by “peers” who accept repayment risk for a fee, hence the name peer-to-peer. While this sounds deceptively simple, the actual programs are complex. Several attributes that continue to make P2P lending attractive is that P2P loans don’t require an interview or going to the bank. You can apply online, and in general, the terms are more flexible. In many cases the borrower can go from application to receipt of funds within several days.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">By digitizing everything and eliminating physical locations and highly paid employees – you’ve got a stripped-down internet loan machine that works 24/7 to connect borrowers to lenders. <strong>What makes P2P even more compelling is that it readily takes on individuals with bad or no credit scores, those who are underserved by traditional banks.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Though, this may seem like a very small portion of a western population, in Asia and especially Africa there is massive percentage of the population that still does not own a bank account. In the case of China during the advent of P2P loans, not only was this the case for most of its rural population but even those that owned a bank account would have limited or no access to a bank. This is because the number of physical branches were not enough to service the population and on top of this, if you happened to have a bank branch relatively close to where you lived, the lines were notoriously long and it was a normal occurrence to wait in line for hours to settle relatively simple matters.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">P2P lending platforms offered to “resolve” these kinks in the system.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Richard Turrin writes in <em>Cashless: China’s Digital Currency Revolution</em>:<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn44" data-penci-link="external">[44]</a>(note: SEC is in reference to the Securities and Exchange Commission within the United States)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>The P2P concept is straightforward but the history of P2P in the U.S. should have been fair warning to China that this market was best not left to its own devices. <strong>Starting in 2006, P2P lenders in the U.S. operated without much regulation</strong>. The early versions of these companies had few restrictions on borrower eligibility. This caused adverse selection, attracting borrowers who would default on their loans, resulting in high loss rates. Still according to the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), by the end of 2007 the P2P market had an estimated volume of $600 million. Perhaps not enough to ruffle the incumbent banks, but certainly enough to draw the attention of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><strong>By early 2008, the SEC closed shop on all P2P lenders, including Prosper</strong>. In what would later turn out to be a stroke of genius [or insider information],<strong> Lending Club voluntarily ceased operations in 2007 just before the SEC closure</strong>. The SEC closed these lenders because it deemed that the notes issued to the lenders could be considered securities offered to the general public, and as such, amounted to investments. Consequently, P2P lenders would have to be registered by the SEC and cease operations until they received the necessary certification. <strong>In another interesting twist, the SEC commented that there was “no alternative regulatory scheme” that could adequately reduce investor’s risk. The SEC essentially admitting that P2P had no regulatory home</strong></em><em><strong>[within the United States], a problem that would also plague China’s P2P market.</strong></em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>One reason why the SEC came down so hard was the prior abuse of sub-prime lending that contributed to the [U.S.] financial crisis. <strong>Raising the stakes for [U.S.] P2P lenders by requiring them to acquire a costly SEC registration resulted in the closing of all but Lending Club and Prosper.</strong></em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>When Lending Club reopened in 2008, it was a different world, one that was desperate for credit…and they were now the only game in town. Prosper opened six months later but was never able to overcome the delay.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><strong>The reason this is so important is that it demonstrates the efforts the SEC made in 2007 to regulate the P2P market in the U.S</strong>. Interestingly, these steps were taken after the lending market was launched, reinforcing the point that the speed of new technology adoption may exceed regulators’ ability to react.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><strong>The factors that made P2P so popular in the U.S. helped propel it to even greater heights in China.</strong> The ease of using online platforms (in a country with a significant unbanked population) </em>[author’s note: unbanked in reference to having no bank account] <em>made it an immediate success. The ability of P2P to provide credit for the masses of SMEs [Small and Medium Enterprises] was both practical and essential in speeding China’s development, and senior officials publicly praised the new system. Sadly, much of this praise would later be manipulated by P2P lenders to entice investors.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>As noted previously, a critical feature of P2P lending is its availability to those with low credit scores. <strong>This is perfect for China, where there were no credit scores for the majority of the population…the national credit scoring didn’t exist in China until the founding of government sponsored Baihang Credit arrived in 2018</strong>. The PBOC did have the Credit Reference Center founded in 2006, but it had access only to bank data on personal account balances.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><strong>The lack of credit rating technology contributed to making bank lending next to impossible for ordinary people, who had no data for the banks to evaluate. That P2P lending could circumvent the banks and deliver a loan to someone who had never borrowed before</strong> and had no history was, and remains, a significant accomplishment. <strong>To fill this gap, Ant Financial and Tencent [devoted] tremendous resources to developing credit scores based on big data on their internet platforms. In the absence of credit ratings, big data [appeared] a logical alternative</strong>…</em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The rise of P2P loans in China was further inflamed by the West’s own 2008 financial crisis which created a rapid drop in factory orders, which caused Chinese businesses and individuals to rely on credit to compensate for the loss in funds.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">We should really take a moment to pause here and let this sink in.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>The timing of the creation of P2P loans could not have been better. As the 2008 financial crisis hit the world, not only within the United States, but businesses around the world were in desperate need for loans as profits began to tank globally.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Richard Turrin writes:<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn45" data-penci-link="external">[45]</a></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Most of the P2P companies did away with the direct matching of borrowers to lenders, and instead used a portfolio of loans (fund pools) whose constituents were impossible to check.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em><strong>Investors received returned based on the portfolio’s performance, essentially a black box, and as along as the returns kept flowing, no one ever asked what was inside</strong>. Perpetuating this particular fraud is even easier for the P2P company, as a company did not need to show actual borrowers’ personal IDs. Dangerously, it gave the P2P company total control of the value of the pool. <strong>There is a certain irony that the assembly of these [Chinese] loan portfolios closely resembled sub-prime loan securitization in U.S. markets, which had similarly disastrous results.</strong></em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>During the run-up to the disaster many P2P lenders moved out of matching personal loans and into business lending creating securitization-like structures <strong>reminiscent of notorious Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs) in the U.S. market</strong>. <strong>P2P lenders had gone full circle to become quasi-banks, and all of their activities were “guaranteed.”</strong></em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>The transactions grew so large that <strong>the entire P2P sector became known as the “shadow banking system,”</strong> given that they supported China’s corporate debt from companies large and small. P2P lenders would regularly make loans to sizable companies who had been rejected by banks or could not even apply. To be fair, the problem for small and medium enterprises (SME) businesses in China was not one of creditworthiness. Many SMEs were simply not well served by banks and had no other route apart from P2P lenders or local loan sharks.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>…</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>As if the news of P2P failures wasn’t disruptive enough, it was followed by the 2015 summer Shanghai Stock Exchange “turbulence” that removed about one-third of the market value. <strong>This shocked the system, laying bare P2P’s excesses and removing any hope of piloting the P2P market to a soft landing</strong>. <strong>Many of the P2P loans had gone to finance purchases of equities and housing down payments that helped fuel bubbles in both markets.</strong></em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>The market turmoil forced massive regulatory changes, <strong>in an interesting parallel with U.S. regulators and the sub-prime crisis. </strong>Regulators made the crucial decision to put P2P lenders under the China Banking Regulatory Commission. China’s regulators also began an extensive campaign to warn investors about the perils of P2P loans. These warnings fell on deaf ears due to China’s extraordinal high growth, nearing eight precent in prior years. People were still investing.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>P2P platforms with the new law were prohibited from financing their own projects, depriving them of the ability to build Ponzi schemes. Rules also put caps on loans.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>These laws fundamentally deleveraged the P2P business model and were prudent. <strong>They forced P2P lenders back into their traditional role of intermediaries rather than acting as shadow banks</strong>. Many P2P lenders found it impossible to support their existing business with such a highly constrained portfolio.</em></span></p>
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</div><figcaption class="image-caption"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Here the Wall Street Journal appears to be promoting P2P lending in China. </em>https://www.wsj.com/articles/peer-to-peer-lending-takes-off-in-china-1433320681</span></figcaption></figure>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">China’s P2P lending started in 2007. Recall the first P2P lenders were Zopa in the United Kingdom in 2005, followed by Prosper in 2005 and LendingClub in 2006 both established in San Francisco, California. <strong>It was these three, which formed the complex algorithm that was then used around the world, in spreading the epidemic of predatory P2P loans.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The largest predatory P2P lender in China was eZuBao, established in Feb. 2014, a subsidiary of Yucheng Group. eZuBao’s total transaction volume had amounted to 74.568 billion yuan (which is $10.998 billion USD) with 909,500 investors deceived.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn46" data-penci-link="external">[46]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">At the end of 2015, eZuBao was investigated for fraud by the Chinese authorities. Subsequently, relevant leaders of Yucheng Group and eZuBao were arrested by police on suspicion of fraud. On January 31, 2016, <em>Xinhua News Agency</em> revealed that eZuBao had illegally raised over 50 billion yuan ($7.375 billion USD), with victim investors spread across various regions of mainland China, totaling more than 900,000 persons.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn47" data-penci-link="external">[47]</a> eZuBao was shutdown Dec. 2015 by the Chinese authorities as a Ponzi scheme.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The former Chairman and founder of Yucheng Group, Ding Ning, who created and controlled eZuBao, was sentenced to life imprisonment in Sept. 2017 by the Beijing First Intermediate People’s Court for the crimes of fund-raising fraud, smuggling precious metals, illegal possession of firearms, and illegal border crossing.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn48" data-penci-link="external">[48]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">What is especially striking in this case, the largest P2P fraud case in China, is that <strong>Yucheng Group is registered in the British Virgin Islands, an Anglo-American tax haven [48a]</strong>. The relevance of this will become even more striking when we look into the cases of Alibaba and Tencent.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">P2P lending in China is now completely gone, with the last P2P lender having closed in November 2020. However, P2P lending continues throughout Europe and the United States today.</span></p>
<h5 class="header-anchor-post"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Who Really Created Alibaba and Tencent Chinese Fintech Giants?</span></h5>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The most powerful P2P platforms in China were, however, from Alibaba and Tencent. Alibaba and its affiliate Ant Group, along with Tencent, still operate in China, however, they have been forced to shutdown their P2P lending platforms, the most lucrative aspect of their business due to China’s enforcement on regulation. With this forced “skin in the game” Alibaba and Tencent could not afford to continue operating as P2P lenders.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">It should be noted here, P2P loans are not illegal, not in the United States nor China. P2P loans can operate legally and there were some in China that were legal or were operating within the realm of “moral hazard” which is a fancy word for saying that if something is immoral or unethical but legal there is nothing “technically” wrong with what you are doing. It became a ubiquitous term throughout the 2008 financial crisis.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus, P2P loans are technically legal, however, most were operating without skin in the game. It comes to a matter of how a country decides to regulate P2P lenders, which again is a relatively new phenomenon. With no real overhead cost and no real loss if a loan is defaulted on, many P2P lenders were found guilty of giving out predatory loans if not of even more serious crimes.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Recall, both Prosper and LendingClub were accused of predatory lending and settled out of court, both still operate in the U.S. today. As we will see in Part II of this series Goldman Sachs was also under investigation.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">It was this new Chinese regulation at the 11<sup>th</sup> hour, enforced “skin in the game,” that costed Ant’s IPO in 2020, what was to be the world’s largest in history if it had been allowed to go through unchecked. The reader should be aware that this decision also costed China heavily in its growing stock market, and their financial markets were set back greatly due to this decision.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Effectively the Chinese government decided that they rather go through this fallback on their stock and financial markets which was quite significant, rather than run the risk of Ant not being “good for the money.” In other words, in 2020 Ant Group was claiming that their practices were legit and not a repeat of China’s P2P crisis (which unleashed carnage and mayhem between 2013 and 2018). However, because the amount in P2P loans from Ant Group were at the levels just before the P2P loan blowout just a few years prior and fast exceeding those levels, China decided it best to slam on the brakes.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">And the new regulation did just that. P2P lending was no longer considered profitable in 2020, and the outcome was that there have been no P2P lenders since 2020 operating in China. Again, the details of this story will be discussed in Part II of this series.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In this paper we will focus on who created and funded the Fintech giants Alibaba and Tencent.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Let us start with the Alibaba Group.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Alibaba was founded in 1999. As the story goes, on June 28, Jack Ma with 17 friends and students founded Alibaba.com in his Hangzhou apartment. In less than four months, Alibaba received $25 million USD in investment <strong>from Investor AB,<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn49" data-penci-link="external">[49]</a> Goldman Sachs and SoftBank</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn50" data-penci-link="external">[50]</a></span></p>
<h5><div class="su-note"  style="border-color:#cad6e0;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;"><div class="su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim" style="background-color:#e4f0fa;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">How did a practically non-existent tech startup from a man that was relatively unknown in the field manage to get such a tremendous sum from three of the most powerful banks in the world in a matter of a couple of months?</span></div></div></h5>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The answer to this question lies with <strong>Joseph Tsai,</strong> the true creator and manager of Alibaba who is the Chairman of Alibaba and has held the roles of chief operating officer, chief financial officer, executive vice chairman and founding board member of Alibaba. Tsai became Alibaba’s executive vice chairman in 2013 and became chairman of the company in 2023. He has become the second-largest individual shareholder of Alibaba after Jack Ma.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Joseph Tsai’s family lineage is an especially interesting one. His grandfather, <strong>Ruchin Tsar was part of the Kuomintang (KMT) and close to its leader Chiang Kai-shek.</strong> The KMT were forced to flee mainland China and installed themselves on the island of Taiwan after losing the Chinese civil war to Mao’s forces.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">According to Tsai’s <a href="https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Joseph%20Tsai/17117" data-penci-link="external">Baidu Wiki page</a>, <strong>Ruchin Tsar served under the Shanghai gangster Du Yusheng</strong>, a Chinese mob boss who was close to Chiang Kai-shek.<span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong> Du Yusheng made his fortune in the opium trade before transforming into a financial tycoon</strong></span>. Du Yusheng joined the notorious Green Gang at the age of 16, who were also affiliated with Chiang’s Kuomintang. It was said that Du Yusheng ‘surrounded himself with White Russian bodyguards.’<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn51" data-penci-link="external">[51]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Wikipedia writes:<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn52" data-penci-link="external">[52]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>By the 1930s, Du controlled much of Shanghai’s gambling dens, prostitution, and protection rackets. With the tacit support of the police and colonial government, <strong>he also now ran the French Concession’s opium trade</strong>, and became heavily addicted to his own drug. <strong>Du had close ties with Chiang Kai-shek, who in turn had ties to both the Green Gang and other organised secret societies</strong> from his early years in Shanghai. In April 1927, Du, along with his sworn brothers Huang Jinrong and Zhang Xiaolin, conspired with Chiang to form the Chinese Progress Association (中华共进会), <strong>a para-militant group masquerading as a left-wing group to prepare for Chiang’s coup.</strong></em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>[When this coup failed] in 1949, on the eve of the fall of Shanghai, <strong>Du moved to British Hong Kong</strong>…</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">For those who are not already aware, it was through Chiang Kai-shek, who worked with Anglo-American players, that the opium trade boomed in China. Recall that Hong Kong, along with Shanghai, were part of the British spoils from the two Opium Wars. Hence the dope bank HSBC, a city of London bank officially named the <em>Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation</em>. Chiang continued to work for Anglo-American institutions including the CIA in the opium trade with Taiwan and Hong Kong helping to facilitate the infamous Golden Triangle, with Chiang controlling Taiwan and Britain controlling Hong Kong. <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-real-global-agenda-pushing-for?utm_source=publication-search" data-penci-link="external">For more on this story refer here.</a> And <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/why-the-peoples-republic-of-china?utm_source=publication-search" data-penci-link="external">also here</a>.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Ruchin Tsar was also an adviser to the Kuomintang government of nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn53" data-penci-link="external">[53]</a> who established the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan (not to be confused with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) which is China’s mainland government). It was the ROC, under Chiang who ruled as a dictator of Taiwan, who worked closely with the CIA in opium production. This money was in turn used by both sides to fund paramilitary groupings. Again, for more on this <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/why-the-peoples-republic-of-china?utm_source=publication-search" data-penci-link="external">refer to my paper here</a>.</span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">This lineage of Joseph Tsai is no small deal and gives us our first stepping stone in understanding where Tsai’s true allegiance lies. And as we will see, many of the Anglo-American institutional players in our story will have also played a role in opium to this very day.</span></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Joseph Tsai’s wife, Clara Wu Tsai, is the granddaughter of Wu San-lien, the first elected mayor of Taipei City, Taiwan. Taipei is the capital of Taiwan. Thus, Wu San-lien was an important and close ally of Chiang, the latter who ruled over Taiwan from 1945 until his death in 1975, a thirty-year dictatorship (as in he was never elected and there were never any elections under his rule).</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Thus, Clara Wu Tsai, like her husband, also comes from a prestigious political lineage of the Taiwanese aristocracy</strong>. Clara went to the elite Lawrenceville School, the same school as we will see that Joseph Tsai went to. She then went on to graduate from both Stanford and Yale.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Clara Wu Tsai serves on the board of trustees of Stanford University (a recruitment hub for Project Stargate)</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn54" data-penci-link="external">[54]</a> The Stanford University’s Neuroscience Institute is named after her, basically in return for the very generous funding by the Tsais’ for Stanford’s neuro research. In addition, Yale University has created the Wu Tsai Institute, which includes the Center for Neurodevelopment and Plasticity, the Center for Neurocognition and Behavior, and the Center for Neurocomputation and Machine Intelligence.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn55" data-penci-link="external">[55]</a>Clara is also on the REFORM Alliance board, which includes Jay-Z as a board member, that focuses on “prisoner rehabilitation.”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Joseph Tsai’s father, Tsai Chung-tsai, became the first student from Taiwan to earn a J.S.D. degree from Yale Law School in 1957. Chang Tsai &amp; Partners is one of the top three private law firms in Taiwan founded by Joseph Tsai’s father and grandfather.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn56" data-penci-link="external">[56]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Joseph Tsai was born in Taiwan. However, at a very young age moved to Canada. At the age of 13 he was sent to the Lawrenceville School in New Jersey, one of America’s most prestigious boarding schools. He then enrolled at Yale in 1982 earning a B.A. in Economics and East Asian studies.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1990 he earned a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Yale Law School. That same year he was hired by the Wall Street law firm Sullivan and Cromwell, a law firm that has employed many a prominent CIA agent, including CIA godfather and Council on Foreign Relations president Allen Dulles. Foster Dulles also worked at Sullivan and Cromwell, who was the U.S. Secretary of State under Eisenhower and worked lock and step with CIA Director Allen Dulles.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn57" data-penci-link="external">[57]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">After three years at the law firm, Tsai switched to private equity and joined Rosecliff, Inc., a small management buyout firm based in New York, as vice president and general counsel. He left for Hong Kong in 1995 to join the Swedish Wallenberg family’s investment conglomerate Investor AB, where he was responsible for its Asian private equity investments.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">It just so happens that Joseph Tsai meets Jack Ma for the first time ever right around the time Ma comes up with the idea for Alibaba.com. As in a matter of a couple of weeks or less. Joseph Tsai is apparently so excited over this business venture that he not only quits his lucrative job with Investor AB and accepts a pittance first-year salary of $600 in total but is the guy who convinces three of the most powerful banks in the world to invest in Jack Ma’s “concept” at the drop of a pin.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">As the story goes, in August 1999, less than two months after Ma comes up with the idea for Alibaba, Tsai persuades Goldman Sachs to invest in Alibaba.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn58" data-penci-link="external">[58]</a> In October of that year, Goldman Sachs led a consortium of institutions including Fidelity Capital, the Singapore Government Technology Development Fund, and Investor AB (Joseph Tsai’s former employer) to invest $5 million in Alibaba. In the same year, Joseph Tsai led the establishment of Alibaba Group’s Hong Kong headquarters.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn59" data-penci-link="external">[59]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">This all happened in less than four months from Ma’s brainstorming session in his apartment with no previous experience with anything on this level or scale.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2000, Tsai takes Ma to Japan to meet Masayoshi Son, the eccentric billionaire of SoftBank and persuades him to invest massively in Alibaba, $20 million USD to be exact.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn60" data-penci-link="external">[60]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Before we go further, let us look into who the Wallenberg family is and SoftBank.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>The Wallenberg family’s own stakes in Swedish companies is worth over $600 billion</strong>. This includes ABB (Swedish-Swiss technology company), Ericsson (Swedish multinational networking and telecommunications company), AstraZeneca (a Swedish-British multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company with its headquarters in Cambridge, UK), SEB Bank (translates to “Scandinavian Private Bank” headquartered in Sweden), SAAB (Swedish Aerospace and Defence) and 30 other corporations.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>In the 1970s, the Wallenberg family businesses employed 40% of Sweden’s industrial workforce and represented 40% of the total worth of the Stockholm stock market.</strong><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn61" data-penci-link="external"><strong>[</strong>61]</a> Their flagship company, Investor AB, has a market capitalization of over $100 billion and is Sweden’s most valuable publicly traded company.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn62" data-penci-link="external">[62]</a> Because of their massive stake ownership in Swedish companies, 40% of the Swedish stock market moves based on the decisions made in the Wallenberg private offices.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>This is who Joseph Tsai stopped working for to embark on this project with the unknown and relatively unaccomplished Jack Ma.</strong> However, when we see how readily these powerful banks poured millions into this project with Joseph Tsai at the helm, it looks like Tsai never really took a gamble on Ma, but was clearly given the blessing from these high-level players in finance to head the Alibaba project with full support from most notably the Wallenberg family (Investor AB), SoftBank and Goldman Sachs who would not have come to the table without Tsai.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">SoftBank is a Japanese bank, a multinational investment holding company headquartered in Tokyo. Part of its focus in investment is AI, biotechnology and robotics. <strong>SoftBank has a history of working very closely with American Big Tech.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In order to see what SoftBank is a part of, besides what gave Alibaba its meal ticket, we will have to go through a bit of a rabbit hole so bear with me, but I promise you, all the names of the institutions that are being brought up are to paint a coherent picture at the end of this. This is especially important to understand since, as we will soon see,<strong> SoftBank is a co-founder and primary funder of Project Stargate</strong>.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In the 1990s SoftBank formed a joint venture with <strong>Yahoo!</strong> creating Yahoo! Japan (now LY Corporation).<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn63" data-penci-link="external">[63]</a> In 2000, as already mentioned it invested heavily in Alibaba, a project that essentially had been given the blessing of the global power-house Goldman Sachs.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In May 2015, Masayoshi Son (founder of SoftBank) said he would appoint Nikesh Arora, a former <strong>Google </strong>executive, as Representative Director and President of SoftBank. Arora had been heading SoftBank’s investment arm.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn64" data-penci-link="external">[64]</a>In 2016, amidst pressure Arora steps down and is replaced by <strong>Baer Capital Partners</strong> (an apparently <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/baer-capital-partners/" data-penci-link="external">unregulated holding company</a>) founder Alok Sama.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn65" data-penci-link="external">[65]</a><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn66" data-penci-link="external">[66]</a> Baer Capital Partners is headquartered in London, England and was founded in 2006 to provide growth capital and financial advisory services.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">On 6, December 2016, after meeting with United States President-elect Donald Trump, Masayoshi Son announced SoftBank would be investing US$50 billion in the United States toward businesses creating 50,000 new jobs.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn67" data-penci-link="external">[67]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">On 14, November 2017, SoftBank agreed to invest $10 billion into<strong> Uber</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn68" data-penci-link="external">[68]</a> On 29 December 2017, it was reported that a SoftBank-led consortium had invested $9 billion into Uber. The deal, to close in January 2018, <strong>would leave SoftBank as Uber’s biggest shareholder, with a 15 percent stake</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn69" data-penci-link="external">[69]</a> The deal was secured after Uber shareholders voted to “sell their shares to the Japanese conglomerate at a discounted price.”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">On 1, March 2018, SoftBank’s Vision Fund led a $535 million investment in <strong>DoorDash</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn70" data-penci-link="external">[70]</a> On 27 September 2018, SoftBank announced the investment of $400 Million in Home-Selling Startup <strong>Opendoor</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn71" data-penci-link="external">[71]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Opendoor Technologies Inc</strong>. is an online company that buys and sells residential real estate. Headquartered in San Francisco, it makes instant cash offers on homes through an online process, makes repairs on the properties it purchases and re-lists them for sale. It also provides mobile application-based home buying services along with financing. As of November 2021, the company operates in 44 markets in the U.S. Basically buying and selling houses as an online company.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Property owners bid to sell their properties on the online platform. When a bid is accepted, Opendoor purchases the property as-is, charging a fee comparable to the commissions real estate agents collect in return for the convenience of closing a sale quickly without home showings.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn72" data-penci-link="external">[72]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In August 2019, Opendoor launched mortgage services through <strong>Opendoor Home Loans</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn73" data-penci-link="external">[73]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">On December 21, 2020 Social Capital Hedosophia Holding Corp II<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn74" data-penci-link="external">[74]</a> finalised its merger with Opendoor. Social Capital Hedosophia Holdings Corp. II is a <strong>Cayman Islands-based</strong> SPAC formed to pursue mergers or acquisitions in the technology sector.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">On August 1, 2022, the Federal Trade Commission reported that Opendoor had agreed to pay <strong>a settlement of $62 million over charges of misleading potential home sellers in its marketing campaigns</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn75" data-penci-link="external">[75]</a><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn76" data-penci-link="external">[76]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">It should be noted that all of these online companies are headquartered in California, with many in Palo Alto and San Francisco as their hub. Again, this is very relevant to Project Stargate.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">SoftBank continued to invest heavily in Alibaba including $10 billion stake under former president of SoftBank Alok Sama.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn77" data-penci-link="external">[77]</a><strong>However, between 2020 and 2024 SoftBank dropped all of its investment into Alibaba despite its business continuing to boom.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">That same year, the year that China clamped down on Alibaba, Ant and Tencent, and crushed Ant’s hope of achieving the largest IPO in history, Jack Ma was forced to step down from SoftBank’s board of directors on June 25, 2020.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn78" data-penci-link="external">[78]</a> This marked the end of his 13-year tenure as a SoftBank board director.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>In other words, the year that China reigned in Alibaba/Ant Group and forces them to be beholden to Chinese regulation is the year SoftBank drops Jack Ma like a sack of potatoes.</strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">It should also be noted here that SoftBank has created the <span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong>SoftBank Vision Fund</strong></span> the world’s largest technology-focused investment fund, specializing in AI, robotics, and advanced technologies with over $166 billion in assets under management.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Though the founder of the SoftBank Vision Fund (2017) is Masayoshi Son who is Japan-based, the <strong>Fund is headquartered in London, England</strong>. Notable investments by Softbank Vision Fund include <strong>OpenAI</strong>, where SoftBank committed over $60 billion for ~13% ownership.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn79" data-penci-link="external">[79]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>In addition, SoftBank owns SB Cayman, an offshore investment holding company in the Cayman Islands which is primarily operating under the umbrella of SoftBank Vision Fund</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn80" data-penci-link="external">[80]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In May 2024, SoftBank launched a joint venture with healthcare technology company Tempus AI. The aim of the venture was to provide precision medical services in Japan by utilising AI.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn81" data-penci-link="external">[81]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In December 2024, it was reported by CNBC that Softbank plans to invest $100 billion in the US over the next 4 years, with funding coming from various sources controlled by Softbank, including the Vision Fund, capital projects or chipmaker Arm Holdings. The investment is said to create 100,000 jobs focused on artificial intelligence and related infrastructure.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn82" data-penci-link="external">[82]</a><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn83" data-penci-link="external">[83]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>In January 2025, SoftBank Group, Oracle Corporation, MGX [Saudi Arabia], OpenAI, and other partners established The Stargate Project as a cooperative venture aimed at building AI infrastructure in the U.S</strong>. With an estimated $500 billion in investment, the program seeks to generate 100,000 new jobs in the U.S. by 2029.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn84" data-penci-link="external">[84]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>In February 2025, SoftBank announced a joint venture with OpenAI called SB OpenAI Japan</strong> which would develop “Advanced Enterprise AI” called “Crystal Intelligence.” SoftBank would spend $3 billion annually to deploy OpenAI solutions across SoftBank companies. The 50:50 joint venture of OpenAI and SoftBank will “serve as a springboard for introducing AI agents tailored to the unique needs of Japanese enterprises.”<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn85" data-penci-link="external">[85]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">On April 23, 2025, Cantor Equity Partners, a SPAC announced a merger with Twenty One (XXI), a bitcoin acquisition company. <strong>SoftBank will own a 25% stake in the business led by stablecoin issuer Tether and bitcoin exchange Bitfinex</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn86" data-penci-link="external">[86]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In October 2025, SoftBank Group announced an agreement to acquire the <strong>ABB Robotics division from the Swiss industrial technology company ABB</strong>for an enterprise value of US$5.375 billion, replacing ABB’s earlier plan to spin off the unit.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn87" data-penci-link="external">[87]</a><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn88" data-penci-link="external">[88]</a> SoftBank chairman and CEO Masayoshi Son described the acquisition as part of the company’s strategy to expand into <strong>“Physical AI,”</strong>combining ABB’s robotics capabilities with SoftBank’s expertise in artificial intelligence and next-generation computing.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In October 2025, SoftBank Group approved a second installment of $22.5 billion <strong>to complete its $30 billion investment into OpenAI</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn89" data-penci-link="external">[89]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">On December 29th, 2025, SoftBank Group announced an agreement to acquire U.S.-based digital infrastructure investment firm <strong>DigitalBridge Group, Inc.</strong> in an all-cash transaction valued at approximately $4 billion. The deal, which would take DigitalBridge private, reflects SoftBank’s continued expansion into artificial intelligence–related infrastructure, including data centers, fiber networks, and wireless assets. DigitalBridge is expected to continue operating as an independent investment platform following the completion of the acquisition, which remains subject to regulatory approvals.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn90" data-penci-link="external">[90]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In February 2026, <strong>SoftBank Group’s investment into OpenAI exceeds $30 billion USD, accumulating an 11% stake</strong>. SoftBank is also presently in talks to invest as much as $30 billion USD more in a round that would value the startup at about $750 billion to $830 billion USD.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn91" data-penci-link="external">[91]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">SoftBank Group announced plans to invest up to €75 billion to develop <strong>5 gigawatts of AI data center capacity in France, stating that it would be its largest AI infrastructure investment in Europe</strong>. The project is expected to create thousands of jobs across data center development, engineering, energy systems, robotics, operations, maintenance, and advanced manufacturing.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn92" data-penci-link="external">[92]</a><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn93" data-penci-link="external">[93]</a></span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vknT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915479e5-68fa-4028-a333-1be74b6ebf89_623x441.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vknT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915479e5-68fa-4028-a333-1be74b6ebf89_623x441.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vknT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915479e5-68fa-4028-a333-1be74b6ebf89_623x441.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vknT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915479e5-68fa-4028-a333-1be74b6ebf89_623x441.jpeg 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vknT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915479e5-68fa-4028-a333-1be74b6ebf89_623x441.jpeg" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vknT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915479e5-68fa-4028-a333-1be74b6ebf89_623x441.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vknT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915479e5-68fa-4028-a333-1be74b6ebf89_623x441.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vknT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915479e5-68fa-4028-a333-1be74b6ebf89_623x441.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vknT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F915479e5-68fa-4028-a333-1be74b6ebf89_623x441.jpeg 1456w" alt="" width="623" height="441" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/915479e5-68fa-4028-a333-1be74b6ebf89_623x441.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:441,&quot;width&quot;:623,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>SoftBank is the third largest stakeholder of OpenAI after OpenAI, and Microsoft.</strong></span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRH-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15711850-fa15-4d7b-8058-46bd6e7390d6_416x520.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRH-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15711850-fa15-4d7b-8058-46bd6e7390d6_416x520.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRH-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15711850-fa15-4d7b-8058-46bd6e7390d6_416x520.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRH-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15711850-fa15-4d7b-8058-46bd6e7390d6_416x520.png 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRH-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15711850-fa15-4d7b-8058-46bd6e7390d6_416x520.png" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRH-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15711850-fa15-4d7b-8058-46bd6e7390d6_416x520.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRH-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15711850-fa15-4d7b-8058-46bd6e7390d6_416x520.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRH-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15711850-fa15-4d7b-8058-46bd6e7390d6_416x520.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dRH-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15711850-fa15-4d7b-8058-46bd6e7390d6_416x520.png 1456w" alt="" width="416" height="520" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/15711850-fa15-4d7b-8058-46bd6e7390d6_416x520.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:520,&quot;width&quot;:416,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>SoftBank is a 40% owner of Project Stargate.</strong></span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1ViE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7a9a3e8-baa5-43ad-a408-6b686d53c1f9_295x383.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1ViE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7a9a3e8-baa5-43ad-a408-6b686d53c1f9_295x383.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1ViE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7a9a3e8-baa5-43ad-a408-6b686d53c1f9_295x383.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1ViE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7a9a3e8-baa5-43ad-a408-6b686d53c1f9_295x383.jpeg 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1ViE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7a9a3e8-baa5-43ad-a408-6b686d53c1f9_295x383.jpeg" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1ViE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7a9a3e8-baa5-43ad-a408-6b686d53c1f9_295x383.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1ViE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7a9a3e8-baa5-43ad-a408-6b686d53c1f9_295x383.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1ViE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7a9a3e8-baa5-43ad-a408-6b686d53c1f9_295x383.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1ViE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7a9a3e8-baa5-43ad-a408-6b686d53c1f9_295x383.jpeg 1456w" alt="" width="295" height="383" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a7a9a3e8-baa5-43ad-a408-6b686d53c1f9_295x383.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:383,&quot;width&quot;:295,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">That was the largest rabbit hole I expect to take you in this paper, though I hope you found that rabbit trail useful in mapping out who is really behind the “Ready Player One” dream.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;">The third large donor to Alibaba in its embryo state back in 1999 was <strong>Goldman Sachs, arguably the largest investment bank in the world</strong>.</span> We will discuss more on Goldman Sachs soon. However, for now I hope the colossal status of these three funders to a start-up which hadn’t even been fleshed out yet is beginning to sink in. <strong>As we have and will see, both SoftBank and Goldman Sachs in particular are deeply embedded and invested in Project Stargate.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Back to Joseph Tsai, the man who brought the Wallenberg family, SoftBank and Goldman Sachs to invest in Alibaba, or was he hired by them?</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Soon after meeting Ma, Tsai quit Investor AB and joined Alibaba’s founding team. He eventually held the roles of chief operating officer, chief financial officer, executive vice chairman and founding board member of Alibaba. Drawing from his background in corporate law and finance, Tsai led efforts to establish Alibaba’s financial and legal structure.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn94" data-penci-link="external">[94]</a> Tsai was clearly running the entire ship.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">He became Alibaba’s executive vice chairman in 2013 and became chairman of the company in 2023. He has become the second-largest individual shareholder of Alibaba after Ma.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn95" data-penci-link="external">[95]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>In 2004, together with his former colleague Alexander West from his old employer Investor AB (the Wallenbergs), he established a hedge fund called Blue Pool Capital in Hong Kong, China.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn96" data-penci-link="external">[96]</a></strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In August 2005, Joseph Tsai led the negotiations for the acquisition of Yahoo China and Yahoo’s investment in Alibaba Group. <strong>After the deal was completed, Alibaba not only received $1 billion from Yahoo but also acquired Yahoo China’s assets worth $700 million</strong>. This transaction also provided Alibaba with ample resources, laying a solid foundation for the subsequent development of Taobao, a Chinese online shopping platform. Later, under Joseph Tsai’s leadership, Alibaba successively acquired several well-known internet companies including AutoNavi, YTO Express, Youku, and UCWeb.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn97" data-penci-link="external">[97]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2013, he stepped down as Alibaba’s Chief Financial Officer and became the Executive Vice Chairman of the Group’s Board of Directors. <strong>In 2014, Joseph Tsai led the company’s IPO and established its strategic investment team.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn98" data-penci-link="external">[98]</a> As we will see, Alibaba’s IPO was run and managed by six behemoth western banks.</strong></span></p>
<div id="attachment_410930" style="width: 688px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Joseph-Tsai.jpeg" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content" data-penci-link="internal"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-410930" class="size-full wp-image-410930" src="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Joseph-Tsai.jpeg" alt="" width="678" height="452" srcset="https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Joseph-Tsai.jpeg 678w, https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Joseph-Tsai-585x390.jpeg 585w, https://www.greanvillepost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Joseph-Tsai-263x175.jpeg 263w" sizes="(max-width: 678px) 100vw, 678px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-410930" class="wp-caption-text">Billionaire Joseph Tsai</p></div>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In July 2015, Jack Ma and Joseph Tsai, following the example of former Google CEO Eric Schmidt, established their own family office, managed jointly by Oliver Weisberg, Managing Director of the hedge fund <strong>Citadel</strong> in Hong Kong, and Blue Pool Capital.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn99" data-penci-link="external">[99]</a> Citadel is an American multinational hedge fund and financial services company, it has more than $67 billion in assets under management as of January 2026.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn100" data-penci-link="external">[100]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>By the end of 2017, Alibaba had conducted $80 billion in strategic investments, overseen by the Alibaba Strategic Investment Department led by Joseph Tsai</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn101" data-penci-link="external">[101]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">There is one other notable character that influences Alibaba and that is J. Michael Evans. Evans is a Canadian technology executive and the President of Alibaba Group. And he just so happens to have spent 20 years working for U.S. investment bank <strong>Goldman Sachs</strong> before becoming president of Alibaba, a position he continues to hold today.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Evans had worked as Vice Chairman of Goldman Sachs and <strong>Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asia</strong> and spent 19 years as a Partner after joining the firm in 1993.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn102" data-penci-link="external">[102]</a> So, Evans was a massive Goldman Sachs player before accepting the Presidency of the Alibaba Group.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In fact, the six banks that led Alibaba’s Giant IPO, the second largest in history…</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZZQX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4e38c24-8eca-469f-9a60-7ed00ee0faf8_631x386.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZZQX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4e38c24-8eca-469f-9a60-7ed00ee0faf8_631x386.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZZQX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4e38c24-8eca-469f-9a60-7ed00ee0faf8_631x386.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZZQX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4e38c24-8eca-469f-9a60-7ed00ee0faf8_631x386.jpeg 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZZQX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4e38c24-8eca-469f-9a60-7ed00ee0faf8_631x386.jpeg" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZZQX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4e38c24-8eca-469f-9a60-7ed00ee0faf8_631x386.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZZQX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4e38c24-8eca-469f-9a60-7ed00ee0faf8_631x386.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZZQX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4e38c24-8eca-469f-9a60-7ed00ee0faf8_631x386.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZZQX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4e38c24-8eca-469f-9a60-7ed00ee0faf8_631x386.jpeg 1456w" alt="" width="631" height="386" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c4e38c24-8eca-469f-9a60-7ed00ee0faf8_631x386.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:386,&quot;width&quot;:631,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:51669,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://cynthiachung.substack.com/i/201566941?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4e38c24-8eca-469f-9a60-7ed00ee0faf8_631x386.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">…<strong>were Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase and Citigroup.</strong></span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YjVY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F59ccf3bf-b8e4-4641-84ae-5ac86948b9d4_624x727.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YjVY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F59ccf3bf-b8e4-4641-84ae-5ac86948b9d4_624x727.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YjVY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F59ccf3bf-b8e4-4641-84ae-5ac86948b9d4_624x727.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YjVY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F59ccf3bf-b8e4-4641-84ae-5ac86948b9d4_624x727.png 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YjVY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F59ccf3bf-b8e4-4641-84ae-5ac86948b9d4_624x727.png" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YjVY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F59ccf3bf-b8e4-4641-84ae-5ac86948b9d4_624x727.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YjVY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F59ccf3bf-b8e4-4641-84ae-5ac86948b9d4_624x727.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YjVY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F59ccf3bf-b8e4-4641-84ae-5ac86948b9d4_624x727.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YjVY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F59ccf3bf-b8e4-4641-84ae-5ac86948b9d4_624x727.png 1456w" alt="" width="624" height="727" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/59ccf3bf-b8e4-4641-84ae-5ac86948b9d4_624x727.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:727,&quot;width&quot;:624,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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</div><figcaption class="image-caption"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/05/06/the-six-banks-who-are-leading-alibabas-giant-i-p-o/</em></span></figcaption></figure>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>The New York Times</em> writes:<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn103" data-penci-link="external">[103]</a></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Six firms were listed as Alibaba’s lead underwriters, listed mostly in alphabetical order: <strong>Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, Morgan Stanley and Citigroup</strong>. They emerged as winners for the honor of running an I.P.O. that could ultimately end up raising more than $20 billion…For months, Wall Street firms competed fiercely for the chance to take a piece of the stock sale.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>…Top banks pulled out the stops, sending top deal makers to Asia to meet with top executives at the Chinese company, notably its founder, Jack Ma, and vice chairman, Joseph Tsai. JPMorgan Chase’s chief executive, Jamie Dimon, for instance, attended a dinner held for Mr. Ma in Hong Kong last year.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>…The six banks listed on Alibaba’s prospectus officially are regarded as having equal status as lead underwriters, with a say on important I.P.O. matters, according to people with direct knowledge of the matter.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>…Two of the firms undeniably had longstanding relationships with Alibaba. Credit Suisse and Morgan Stanley worked with the e-commerce concern well before it attained its sky-high valuations, including on fund-raising rounds in recent years.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Both firms were the main drafters of the prospectus…</em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>…Two prominent banks are notably absent from the list. Bank of America Merrill Lynch and UBS did not receive spots in part because they are working on the forthcoming I.P.O. of <strong>JD.com</strong>, a competing Chinese Internet retailer <strong>backed by Alibaba arch-rival Tencent</strong>, according to people briefed on the matter.</em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>So in reality, the giant Alibaba fintech company threatening China’s banking and financial system, was in fact led and funded by giant western banks!!! More on this in Part II of this series.</strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2019 Evans was charged for his involvement in the 1MDB scandal, which took place during his time at Goldman Sachs. The 1MDB scandal was a massive international financial fraud involving the embezzlement of over US$4.5 billion from Malaysia’s sovereign wealth fund, implicating political leaders, financiers, and global banks. Part II will discuss Goldman Sachs’ role in the 2008 financial crisis and its long list of scandals. We will also talk in detail about Jack Ma in Part II of this series.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Who are the major shareholders of Alibaba Group?</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qV8n!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13900184-ca4d-4722-b18a-9841016486ef_619x700.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qV8n!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13900184-ca4d-4722-b18a-9841016486ef_619x700.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qV8n!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13900184-ca4d-4722-b18a-9841016486ef_619x700.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qV8n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13900184-ca4d-4722-b18a-9841016486ef_619x700.jpeg 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qV8n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13900184-ca4d-4722-b18a-9841016486ef_619x700.jpeg" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qV8n!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13900184-ca4d-4722-b18a-9841016486ef_619x700.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qV8n!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13900184-ca4d-4722-b18a-9841016486ef_619x700.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qV8n!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13900184-ca4d-4722-b18a-9841016486ef_619x700.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qV8n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F13900184-ca4d-4722-b18a-9841016486ef_619x700.jpeg 1456w" alt="" width="619" height="700" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/13900184-ca4d-4722-b18a-9841016486ef_619x700.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:700,&quot;width&quot;:619,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Interestingly, after Jack Ma and Joseph Tsai the largest shareholders of Alibaba are Vanguard with 9% and BlackRock with 5%. The Vanguard Group, Inc. is an American registered investment adviser with approximately $12 trillion in global assets under management as of 2025. It is the largest provider of mutual funds and the second-largest provider of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) in the world after BlackRock’s iShares.</span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Then we have JPMorgan Chase with a 3.5% shareholding.</span></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Finally, we have the “Golden Share”, the only Chinese state-owned entity that holds an influential stake of 1%, which is the Cyberspace Administration of China, established in Dec. 2022. I think it is pretty obvious what this really is. After the clamp down on Alibaba and Jack Ma in particular in 2020, moves like this from the Chinese government are part of the reigning in of Big Tech. The “golden share” gives the Chinese government the right to veto or approve any key decisions made in the Alibaba’s Group structure, function and direction.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Perhaps this is the reason why <span style="color: #ff6600;">Masayoshi Son from SoftBank</span> dropped Jack Ma like a sack of potatoes? He could see the writing on the wall that the Alibaba Group would not be an easy conduit for Project Stargate into China.</strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Where is Alibaba Group registered you might ask? In the British Cayman Islands of course!</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zoyC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e3b2c8-1092-4d8a-9ffb-1af61ee656bf_532x847.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zoyC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e3b2c8-1092-4d8a-9ffb-1af61ee656bf_532x847.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zoyC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e3b2c8-1092-4d8a-9ffb-1af61ee656bf_532x847.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zoyC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e3b2c8-1092-4d8a-9ffb-1af61ee656bf_532x847.jpeg 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zoyC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e3b2c8-1092-4d8a-9ffb-1af61ee656bf_532x847.jpeg" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zoyC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e3b2c8-1092-4d8a-9ffb-1af61ee656bf_532x847.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zoyC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e3b2c8-1092-4d8a-9ffb-1af61ee656bf_532x847.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zoyC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e3b2c8-1092-4d8a-9ffb-1af61ee656bf_532x847.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zoyC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e3b2c8-1092-4d8a-9ffb-1af61ee656bf_532x847.jpeg 1456w" alt="" width="532" height="847" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/49e3b2c8-1092-4d8a-9ffb-1af61ee656bf_532x847.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:847,&quot;width&quot;:532,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">It should be noted here that not just any company can be accepted as registered in the <strong>British Cayman Islands</strong>. This is a select elite club for off-shore haven status. The fact that the “Chinese” Alibaba Group is registered in the Cayman Islands shows where its true colors are at.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In addition, note that other locations included in its registration statement are the historically British Hong Kong which still has its own legal system separate from China’s mainland, and New York.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Interestingly of the addresses given for copies of communications are Palo Alto, California. Palo Alto is a Project Stargate hub.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Trident Trust was founded in London in 1978 as a privately owned and independent provider of corporate, fiduciary and fund administration services. In 1983, Trident Trust expanded beyond the UK with an office in Jersey, in the centre of St. Helier, to “serve clients and explore new opportunities in offshore markets.”<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn104" data-penci-link="external">[104]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The island Jersey is an infamous British off-shore haven, a self-governing British Crown Dependency to be exact.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The following year, 1984, marked the company presence in the U.S. and Caribbean and U.S. Virgin Islands. And then later into the British Virgin Islands. <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/sugar-and-spice-and-everything-vice?utm_source=publication-search" data-penci-link="external">For more on the relevance of offshore havens refer to my paper here.</a></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Now let us move on to what is behind the creation of Tencent. Because the length of this paper is already quite long, I will focus here on strictly who built up Tencent, while in Part II we will discuss the function of Tencent in detail.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Interestingly, the origin story of Alibaba Group and Tencent have a lot of similarities. Pony Ma, along with four other individuals<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn105" data-penci-link="external">[105]</a> are credited as the founders of Tencent. However, when we look into Tencent deeper we soon find that the true brain of the operation is Martin Lau, the Executive Director and President of Tencent.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Martin Lau born in Beijing was raised in British Hong Kong and was educated in the United States, graduating from University of Michigan, Northwestern University and <strong>Stanford (Project Stargate recruitment hub).</strong><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn106" data-penci-link="external">[106]</a> Lau studied Science and Electrical Engineering at both Michigan and Stanford and gained an MBA from Northwestern.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">After graduating, Lau was hired by the incredibly competitive and prestigious management consultant firm <strong>McKinsey &amp; Company</strong> before joining <strong>Goldman Sachs</strong>.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Interestingly, we come across another powerful institution caught up in the opioid epidemic which China is typically blamed for: McKinsey &amp; Company.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">McKinsey &amp; Company, headquartered in New York City, has been the subject of significant controversy and is the subject of multiple criminal investigations into its business practices. The company has been criticized for its role promoting OxyContin use throughout the opioid crisis in North America.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn107" data-penci-link="external">[107]</a><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn108" data-penci-link="external">[108]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">McKinsey &amp; Co. has also drawn controversy for its involvement with the notorious Purdue Pharma,<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn109" data-penci-link="external">[109]</a> basically the cause for America’s opioid crisis. <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-us-admits-they-made-up-a-fake?utm_source=publication-search" data-penci-link="external">For more on Purdue Pharma refer to my paper here</a>.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">McKinsey advised opioid makers on how to “turbocharge” sales of OxyContin, proposed strategies to counter the emotional messages from mothers with teenagers who overdosed on OxyContin, and helped opioid makers circumvent regulation.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn110" data-penci-link="external">[110]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">McKinsey &amp; Co. also advised Purdue Pharma to offer pharmacies rebates based on the number of overdoses and addictions they caused.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn111" data-penci-link="external">[111]</a> Records show that McKinsey worked for Purdue Pharma and other opioid makers in a 15-year period, from 2004 to 2019.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn112" data-penci-link="external">[112]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>In February 2021, McKinsey paid $600 million to settle investigations into its role in promoting sales of OxyContin and fuelling the greater opioid epidemic</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn113" data-penci-link="external">[113]</a> In April 2022, the New York Times reported that McKinsey had frequently allowed partners and other consultants to work for both government clients, such as the FDA, and pharmaceutical clients, such as Purdue.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn114" data-penci-link="external">[114]</a> These actions violated McKinsey’s own internal ethical guidelines.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In December 2023, Reuters reported that <strong>McKinsey had agreed to pay an additional $78 million to settle claims with health insurers McKinsey’s consulting helped to fuel “an epidemic of opioid addiction through its work for drug companies”</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn115" data-penci-link="external">[115]</a> Reuters reported the settlement would be the last in a series and that McKinsey “admitted to no wrongdoing.”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">‘In 2024, the company became the subject of a criminal investigation by the U.S. Justice Department into its role in advising opioid manufacturers how to boost sales. A grand jury was convened to determine charges to be brought against the firm. It is also under investigation for obstruction of justice during the period that concerns were mounting about their activities. <strong>The firm settled the investigation in December 2024, for a sum of $650 million and with conditions that it cannot market controlled substances for a period of five years.</strong> This agreement was filed in federal court in Abingdon, Virginia, with aims to resolve criminal charges which were brought up as part of the latest corporate prosecution concerning the marketing of addictive painkillers.’<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn116" data-penci-link="external">[116]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">McKinsey &amp; Co. have also worked with ICE and the Riker Island jail complex with their fair share of controversy.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn117" data-penci-link="external">[117]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>McKinsey &amp; Co. has been associated with a number of other notable scandals, including the 2008 financial crisis<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn118" data-penci-link="external">[118]</a> and facilitating state capture in South Africa.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn119" data-penci-link="external">[119]</a></strong>We will talk about these role in further detail in Part II of this series.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Back to Martin Lau.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">After Martin Lau worked as a management consultant for the notorious McKinsey &amp; Co. he joins Goldman Sachs and becomes the Chief Operating Officer of the Telecommunications, Media and Technology (TMT) group in the Investment Banking Division of <strong>Goldman Sachs Asia</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn120" data-penci-link="external">[120]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Interestingly, in 2004 Lau meets Pony Ma (founder of Tencent) while working for Goldman Sachs’ handling of Tencent’s IPO. Once again, similar to the story of Joseph Tsai and Jack Ma (no relation to Pony Ma), Lau is so enthusiastic about Tencent, which is still in its humble stage, that he quits his incredibly prestigious job with Goldman Sachs worth tens of millions in salary to work for Tencent.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Lau within a short period becomes the Chief Strategy and Investment Officer of Tencent, responsible for the company’s strategy, investments, mergers and acquisitions, and investor relations.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn121" data-penci-link="external">[121]</a> Basically Lau is running the Tencent ship, like Joseph Tsai’s (along with Goldman Sachs J. Michael Evans) running of Alibaba.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Looks increasingly like Goldman Sachs is running the show doesn’t it?</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2007 Lau is promoted to Executive Director in 2007 and served as a Non-executive Director of Kingsoft in 2011. In 2012, he became the Chairman of Tencent E-commerce Holdings, during which he promoted strategic partnerships such as investments in <strong>JD.com (backed by Tencent) <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn122" data-penci-link="external">[122]</a></strong> and Didi Chuxing. Martin Lau has served on the board of JD.com, Didi Chuxing, Tencent Music, Kingsoft, and Meituan.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn123" data-penci-link="external">[123]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Recall, that Bank of America Merrill Lynch and UBS were not part of the Alibaba IPO because they were working on the IPO of Tencents’ JD.com. Interestingly, Goldman Sachs man, Martin Lau served on both the board of JD.com and Tencent. Small world…if you work for Goldman Sachs that is.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Martin Lau’s Baidu Wiki page writes:<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn124" data-penci-link="external">[124]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Before Lau joined, Tencent rarely used external investment methods, preferring to invest internally in departments like R&amp;D, pursuing whatever was trending. <strong>This [Martin Lau’s] approach led to Tencent’s rapid development in areas such as gaming, portals, and internet value-added services, ushering in the company’s subsequent “golden five years.”</strong></em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Who owns Tencent’s holdings?</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Prosus Naspers is the majority stakeholder of Tencent, some estimates go as high as a 29% stake, is headquartered in South Africa, historically part of the British Empire. Prosus and Naspers are technically two different entities that hold majority stake in each other. Naspers has a particularly notorious history, and was heavily involved in the South African apartheid, more on this later in this series.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Suffice to say for now, that is an interesting majority stakeholder for Tencent to have, is it not? Note that BlackRock and Vanguard are again, like the case of Alibaba, among the most significant stakeholders of Tencent.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Another thing that should be noted here is that there are no Chinese state-owned institutions, banks or businesses that hold significant stake in either Alibaba or Tencent. Hmmmm…..</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">As in the case with Alibaba, Tencent has also given the Chinese government a 1% “golden share” which is a fancy way of saying that the Chinese government has the right to veto or approve of any major decisions that Tencent makes in its current and future structuring.</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O197!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61f74c26-d35a-4d99-8c4b-b252cb22def4_509x380.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O197!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61f74c26-d35a-4d99-8c4b-b252cb22def4_509x380.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O197!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61f74c26-d35a-4d99-8c4b-b252cb22def4_509x380.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O197!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61f74c26-d35a-4d99-8c4b-b252cb22def4_509x380.jpeg 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O197!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61f74c26-d35a-4d99-8c4b-b252cb22def4_509x380.jpeg" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O197!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61f74c26-d35a-4d99-8c4b-b252cb22def4_509x380.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O197!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61f74c26-d35a-4d99-8c4b-b252cb22def4_509x380.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O197!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61f74c26-d35a-4d99-8c4b-b252cb22def4_509x380.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!O197!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61f74c26-d35a-4d99-8c4b-b252cb22def4_509x380.jpeg 1456w" alt="" width="509" height="380" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/61f74c26-d35a-4d99-8c4b-b252cb22def4_509x380.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:380,&quot;width&quot;:509,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:104914,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://cynthiachung.substack.com/i/201566941?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61f74c26-d35a-4d99-8c4b-b252cb22def4_509x380.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">And where is Tencent registered? You guessed it, the Cayman Islands yet again!</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4J2U!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F739a8e72-a9f8-45e6-8ef5-c093b0ce3d35_613x159.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4J2U!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F739a8e72-a9f8-45e6-8ef5-c093b0ce3d35_613x159.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4J2U!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F739a8e72-a9f8-45e6-8ef5-c093b0ce3d35_613x159.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4J2U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F739a8e72-a9f8-45e6-8ef5-c093b0ce3d35_613x159.jpeg 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4J2U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F739a8e72-a9f8-45e6-8ef5-c093b0ce3d35_613x159.jpeg" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4J2U!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F739a8e72-a9f8-45e6-8ef5-c093b0ce3d35_613x159.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4J2U!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F739a8e72-a9f8-45e6-8ef5-c093b0ce3d35_613x159.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4J2U!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F739a8e72-a9f8-45e6-8ef5-c093b0ce3d35_613x159.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4J2U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F739a8e72-a9f8-45e6-8ef5-c093b0ce3d35_613x159.jpeg 1456w" alt="" width="613" height="159" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/739a8e72-a9f8-45e6-8ef5-c093b0ce3d35_613x159.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:159,&quot;width&quot;:613,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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<h5 class="header-anchor-post"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Goldman Sachs as the Common Denominator</span></h5>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #ff6600;">I imagine the prevalence of Goldman Sachs role in not only Alibaba and Tencent has been clearly pronounced for you at this point, but as we will see in Part II of this series, Goldman Sachs also played a central role in the 2008 financial crisis.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">For now, let us look further into where the Goldman Sachs tentacles have reached. This will be done here summarily since this paper is getting quite long, however, this discussion will be continued in further detail throughout this series.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">First let us look into Goldman Sachs relationship with Project Stargate.</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Jg6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa6ac650-ef46-487c-8b08-67b15ea0fe94_624x612.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Jg6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa6ac650-ef46-487c-8b08-67b15ea0fe94_624x612.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Jg6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa6ac650-ef46-487c-8b08-67b15ea0fe94_624x612.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Jg6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa6ac650-ef46-487c-8b08-67b15ea0fe94_624x612.png 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Jg6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa6ac650-ef46-487c-8b08-67b15ea0fe94_624x612.png" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Jg6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa6ac650-ef46-487c-8b08-67b15ea0fe94_624x612.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Jg6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa6ac650-ef46-487c-8b08-67b15ea0fe94_624x612.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Jg6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa6ac650-ef46-487c-8b08-67b15ea0fe94_624x612.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Jg6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa6ac650-ef46-487c-8b08-67b15ea0fe94_624x612.png 1456w" alt="" width="624" height="612" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/aa6ac650-ef46-487c-8b08-67b15ea0fe94_624x612.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:612,&quot;width&quot;:624,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Thus, Goldman Sachs is the major financial advisor and financier of Project Stargate and is a leader in shaping and monetizing the AI boom.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Let us look at Goldman Sachs relationship to SoftBank.</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gcNf!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62a6b05b-f46c-4b57-a834-2a2e6f16b2e1_624x556.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gcNf!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62a6b05b-f46c-4b57-a834-2a2e6f16b2e1_624x556.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gcNf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62a6b05b-f46c-4b57-a834-2a2e6f16b2e1_624x556.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gcNf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62a6b05b-f46c-4b57-a834-2a2e6f16b2e1_624x556.jpeg 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gcNf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62a6b05b-f46c-4b57-a834-2a2e6f16b2e1_624x556.jpeg" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gcNf!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62a6b05b-f46c-4b57-a834-2a2e6f16b2e1_624x556.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gcNf!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62a6b05b-f46c-4b57-a834-2a2e6f16b2e1_624x556.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gcNf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62a6b05b-f46c-4b57-a834-2a2e6f16b2e1_624x556.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gcNf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62a6b05b-f46c-4b57-a834-2a2e6f16b2e1_624x556.jpeg 1456w" alt="" width="624" height="556" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/62a6b05b-f46c-4b57-a834-2a2e6f16b2e1_624x556.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:556,&quot;width&quot;:624,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">So, Goldman Sachs and SoftBank have not only a tight financial relationship with each other, but are mutually committed to the AI boom, and more specifically Project Stargate. Recall, SoftBank is a 40% stakeholder in Project Stargate.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">What is Goldman Sachs’ role with OpenAI, the other 40% stakeholder of Project Stargate?</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kCIP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac98e15e-6ab0-4332-abdb-bfd999cc2cb1_657x479.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kCIP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac98e15e-6ab0-4332-abdb-bfd999cc2cb1_657x479.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kCIP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac98e15e-6ab0-4332-abdb-bfd999cc2cb1_657x479.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kCIP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac98e15e-6ab0-4332-abdb-bfd999cc2cb1_657x479.jpeg 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kCIP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac98e15e-6ab0-4332-abdb-bfd999cc2cb1_657x479.jpeg" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kCIP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac98e15e-6ab0-4332-abdb-bfd999cc2cb1_657x479.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kCIP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac98e15e-6ab0-4332-abdb-bfd999cc2cb1_657x479.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kCIP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac98e15e-6ab0-4332-abdb-bfd999cc2cb1_657x479.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kCIP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac98e15e-6ab0-4332-abdb-bfd999cc2cb1_657x479.jpeg 1456w" alt="" width="657" height="479" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ac98e15e-6ab0-4332-abdb-bfd999cc2cb1_657x479.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:479,&quot;width&quot;:657,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus, Goldman Sachs along with Morgan Stanley are handling OpenAI’s IPO right this minute.</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!69bo!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5467e51-dc19-4b09-92be-a7aeb7adfa82_624x449.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!69bo!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5467e51-dc19-4b09-92be-a7aeb7adfa82_624x449.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!69bo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5467e51-dc19-4b09-92be-a7aeb7adfa82_624x449.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!69bo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5467e51-dc19-4b09-92be-a7aeb7adfa82_624x449.png 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!69bo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5467e51-dc19-4b09-92be-a7aeb7adfa82_624x449.png" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!69bo!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5467e51-dc19-4b09-92be-a7aeb7adfa82_624x449.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!69bo!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5467e51-dc19-4b09-92be-a7aeb7adfa82_624x449.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!69bo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5467e51-dc19-4b09-92be-a7aeb7adfa82_624x449.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!69bo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff5467e51-dc19-4b09-92be-a7aeb7adfa82_624x449.png 1456w" alt="" width="624" height="449" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f5467e51-dc19-4b09-92be-a7aeb7adfa82_624x449.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:449,&quot;width&quot;:624,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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</div><figcaption class="image-caption"><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2026/06/08/openai-confidentially-files-for-ipo-prepping-wall-street-for-ai-debut.html" data-penci-link="external"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>https://www.cnbc.com/2026/06/08/openai-confidentially-files-for-ipo-prepping-wall-street-for-ai-debut.html</em></span></a></figcaption></figure>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Who is on the board of OpenAI?</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXZQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0ac975-53c5-4bd7-bfe4-ff0edb2bdf7f_509x520.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXZQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0ac975-53c5-4bd7-bfe4-ff0edb2bdf7f_509x520.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXZQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0ac975-53c5-4bd7-bfe4-ff0edb2bdf7f_509x520.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXZQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0ac975-53c5-4bd7-bfe4-ff0edb2bdf7f_509x520.png 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXZQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0ac975-53c5-4bd7-bfe4-ff0edb2bdf7f_509x520.png" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXZQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0ac975-53c5-4bd7-bfe4-ff0edb2bdf7f_509x520.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXZQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0ac975-53c5-4bd7-bfe4-ff0edb2bdf7f_509x520.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXZQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0ac975-53c5-4bd7-bfe4-ff0edb2bdf7f_509x520.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RXZQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0ac975-53c5-4bd7-bfe4-ff0edb2bdf7f_509x520.png 1456w" alt="" width="509" height="520" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7b0ac975-53c5-4bd7-bfe4-ff0edb2bdf7f_509x520.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:520,&quot;width&quot;:509,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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</div><figcaption class="image-caption"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.rankred.com/who-owns-openai/" data-penci-link="external">https://www.rankred.com/who-owns-openai/</a></span></figcaption></figure>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">GIP (Global Infrastructure Partners) is owned by BlackRock. Among the members of the board of OpenAI are notable affiliations with Microsoft and BlackRock. <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/blackrock-is-buying-up-the-worlds" data-penci-link="external">The two main entities tasked with heading the G7 initiative Global Infrastructure and Investment Partners (GIIP) in buying up infrastructure around the world to counter China’s Belt and Road Initiative</a>.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Thus, this G7/GIP initiative appears to be directly tied with Project Stargate via OpenAI. Recall OpenAI holds a 40% stake in Project Stargate and is one of its co-founders.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">It should also be noted that concerning the attempted purchase of the two Panama ports owned by Hong Kong’s CK Hutchison last year, the consortium for this purchase included BlackRock, GIP and <strong>Terminal Investment Limited, funded by BlackRock and run by the Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) owned by the Swiss-Italian billionaire family Aponte.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">China blocked the deal from going through but since early this year, the two ports were seized by the Panamanian government and handed over to the Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) who is working in partnership with BlackRock and GIP.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The MSC has been implicated in the trafficking of cocaine in numerous circumstances. <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/blackrock-is-buying-up-the-worlds" data-penci-link="external">For more on this refer to my paper here.</a></span></p>
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<div class="pencraft pc-reset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p2DQ!,w_140,h_140,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcaa1f95d-45e9-4899-98d1-ce16ebf45b53_2000x2000.jpeg" type="image/webp" /><img decoding="async" class="img-OACg1c smSquare-NGbPBa pencraft pc-reset" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p2DQ!,w_140,h_140,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcaa1f95d-45e9-4899-98d1-ce16ebf45b53_2000x2000.jpeg" sizes="100vw" alt="BlackRock is buying up the World’s Infrastructure to serve Billionaire Oligarchs as part of the WEF Global Model “You Will Own Nothing and Be Happy”" width="140" height="140" /></picture></span></div>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">What is Goldman Sachs relationship with Microsoft?</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fdEp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F183bcc4d-1e1d-4476-8f0c-2ea9cb2f2118_624x425.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fdEp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F183bcc4d-1e1d-4476-8f0c-2ea9cb2f2118_624x425.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fdEp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F183bcc4d-1e1d-4476-8f0c-2ea9cb2f2118_624x425.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fdEp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F183bcc4d-1e1d-4476-8f0c-2ea9cb2f2118_624x425.png 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fdEp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F183bcc4d-1e1d-4476-8f0c-2ea9cb2f2118_624x425.png" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fdEp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F183bcc4d-1e1d-4476-8f0c-2ea9cb2f2118_624x425.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fdEp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F183bcc4d-1e1d-4476-8f0c-2ea9cb2f2118_624x425.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fdEp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F183bcc4d-1e1d-4476-8f0c-2ea9cb2f2118_624x425.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fdEp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F183bcc4d-1e1d-4476-8f0c-2ea9cb2f2118_624x425.png 1456w" alt="" width="624" height="425" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/183bcc4d-1e1d-4476-8f0c-2ea9cb2f2118_624x425.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:425,&quot;width&quot;:624,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus, Goldman Sachs was the lead book-running manager of Microsoft’s IPO.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">What is Goldman Sachs relationship to GIP, which is owned by BlackRock?</span></p>
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<div class="image2-inset"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><picture><source srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q67x!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17dfb227-dee9-444f-bb4d-9ee1bdc05281_624x524.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q67x!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17dfb227-dee9-444f-bb4d-9ee1bdc05281_624x524.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q67x!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17dfb227-dee9-444f-bb4d-9ee1bdc05281_624x524.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q67x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17dfb227-dee9-444f-bb4d-9ee1bdc05281_624x524.png 1456w" type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" /><img decoding="async" class="sizing-normal aligncenter" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q67x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17dfb227-dee9-444f-bb4d-9ee1bdc05281_624x524.png" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q67x!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17dfb227-dee9-444f-bb4d-9ee1bdc05281_624x524.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q67x!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17dfb227-dee9-444f-bb4d-9ee1bdc05281_624x524.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q67x!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17dfb227-dee9-444f-bb4d-9ee1bdc05281_624x524.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q67x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17dfb227-dee9-444f-bb4d-9ee1bdc05281_624x524.png 1456w" alt="" width="624" height="524" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/17dfb227-dee9-444f-bb4d-9ee1bdc05281_624x524.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:524,&quot;width&quot;:624,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" /></picture></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Adebayo Ogunlesi, who served as the Head of the Global Energy Group of <strong>Credit Suisse</strong> First Boston from 1997 to 2002, founded GIP in 2006. GIP was a joint venture with Credit Suisse and General Electric.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn125" data-penci-link="external">[125]</a> He currently serves as its Chairman and Managing Partner. Recall Credit Suisse was one of the six leading banks that led Alibaba’s IPO, the second largest in history.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Interestingly, Credit Suisse was also entangled in the opioid epidemic and directly tied to Purdue Pharma. It collapsed due to the magnitude of the scandal and was absorbed into UBS</strong>. One of the two leading banks that handled Tencents’ JD.com IPO, which Martin Lau was also on the board of.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2012, Ogunlesis was appointed on the board of director of <strong>Goldman Sachs</strong>and in July 2014 he was named their lead director.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn126" data-penci-link="external">[126]</a><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn127" data-penci-link="external">[127]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2024, BlackRock bought GIP, with five out of the six founding partners continuing on, including Ogunlesi.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In January 2025, Ogunlesi joined the board of directors of <strong>OpenAI</strong>.<a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftn128" data-penci-link="external">[128]</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus, Goldman Sachs, and BlackRock’s GIP are also now tightly intertwined. <a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/blackrock-is-buying-up-the-worlds" data-penci-link="external">For more on relevance of GIP and BlackRock refer here.</a></span></p>
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<h5><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><em>I will end Part I here. Part II which will continue this story with a focus on the relevance of the 2008 financial crisis, today’s private credit tech bubble which is ready to pop for the next big financial crisis, as Goldman Sachs man Lloyd Blankfein says he “smells coming” and Project Stargate - all for a new Global Reset where we are under a Big Tech/Big Brother Governance and most importantly what China is doing in opposition to this.</em></span></h5>
<p class="header-anchor-post"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #ff6600;">Part II of this series soon!</span></p>
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<div class="embedded-publication-hero-text"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">On matters of geopolitics, counterintelligence, revisionist history and cultural warfare.</span></div>
<div class="embedded-publication-author-name"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">By Cynthia Chung</span></div>
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<h5 class="header-anchor-post"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Footnotes</span></h5>
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<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref1" data-penci-link="external"><span style="font-size: 12px;">[1]</span></a><span style="font-size: 12px;"> Here is an interesting article by the NKAFU Policy Institute an African think tank warning Africans that Facebook Libra is not to be trusted. Facebook’s Libra had set its sights on the large “unbanked” (i.e. people without bank accounts) African population hoping its currency along with its services for purchase and the ability to give out loans, would be a shortcut to forming what would essentially be a banking service for Africans and African businesses, but beholden to Facebook’s social credit system. https://nkafu.org/facebooks-libra-is-bad-and-emerging-markets-will-suffer-the-most/</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref2" data-penci-link="external">[2]</a> An open credit card refers to a type of credit account that allows you to borrow funds up to a predetermined limit and repay them as you go.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref3" data-penci-link="external">[3]</a> Schumpeter <a href="https://www.economist.com/schumpeter/2013/01/05/peer-review" data-penci-link="external">Peer review</a> The Economist January 5, 2013; Accessed June 5, 2026.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref4" data-penci-link="external">[4]</a><a href="https://www.prosper.com/about" data-penci-link="external">https://www.prosper.com/about</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref5" data-penci-link="external">[5]</a> Neobanks are digital-only financial platforms that provide banking services primarily through mobile apps or web interfaces, often with lower fees and enhanced user control compared to traditional banks.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Definition and Core Features: Neobanks, also known as challenger banks, are fintech companies that offer banking-like services without physical branches.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref6" data-penci-link="external">[6]</a> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_plc</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref7" data-penci-link="external">[7]</a> Inman, Phillip (10 December 2008). “<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/money/2008/dec/11/ppi-creditcards" data-penci-link="external">Bank fined £721,000 for misselling credit card insurance</a>“. The Guardian. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref8" data-penci-link="external">[8]</a><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3706970.stm" data-penci-link="external">Insurance boon for health conscious</a>. BBC News, 2004.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref9" data-penci-link="external">[9]</a><a href="https://www.prosper.com/about" data-penci-link="external">https://www.prosper.com/about</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref10" data-penci-link="external">[10]</a> Prosper Marketplace Inc., <a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1416265/000141626510000555/prosperposam310d22d10.htm" data-penci-link="external">Post Effective Amendment to Form S-1</a>, SEC Edgar Archive</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref11" data-penci-link="external">[11]</a> “<a href="https://www.prosper.com/about-us/2016/03/10/prosper-marketplace-unveils-prosper-daily-its-first-mobile-app" data-penci-link="external">Prosper Marketplace and HomeAdvisor Partner to Bring Home Improvement Financing to Millions</a>“. 10 March 2016.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref12" data-penci-link="external">[12]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Marketplace" data-penci-link="external">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Marketplace</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref13" data-penci-link="external">[13]</a> Kim, Jane (28 April 2009). “<a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124088142201761953" data-penci-link="external">Peer-To-Peer Lender Relaunched</a>“. No. Money. United States: The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones &amp; Company Inc.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref14" data-penci-link="external">[14]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Marketplace" data-penci-link="external">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Marketplace</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref15" data-penci-link="external">[15]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Marketplace" data-penci-link="external">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Marketplace</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref16" data-penci-link="external">[16]</a><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1416265/000141626513000504/p8k7d19d2013.htm" data-penci-link="external">U.S. SEC FORM 8-K Report</a>. Sec.gov.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref17" data-penci-link="external">[17]</a><a href="https://www.forbes.com/advisor/credit-cards/reviews/prosper-card/" data-penci-link="external">Prosper Credit Card 2022 Review</a> by Chauncey Crail (contributor), Robin Saks Frankel (Editor),</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref18" data-penci-link="external">[18]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Marketplace" data-penci-link="external">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Marketplace</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref19" data-penci-link="external">[19]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LendingClub" data-penci-link="external">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LendingClub</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref20" data-penci-link="external">[20]</a> Barret, Victoria (December 2, 2010). “<a href="https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/1220/investing-lending-club-credit-cards-personal-loans-for-fun.html" data-penci-link="external">Making Personal Loans For Fun And Profit</a>“. Forbes.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref21" data-penci-link="external">[21]</a> Allen Stern (August 6, 2007). “<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308063509/http:/www.centernetworks.com/lendingclub-founder-and-ceo-renaud-laplanche" data-penci-link="external">LendingClub Founder and CEO, Renaud Laplanche – Interview</a>“. Center Networks. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308063509/http:/www.centernetworks.com/lendingclub-founder-and-ceo-renaud-laplanche" data-penci-link="external">https://web.archive.org/web/20120308063509/http://www.centernetworks.com/lendingclub-founder-and-ceo-renaud-laplanche</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref22" data-penci-link="external">[22]</a> Barret, Victoria (December 2, 2010). “<a href="https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/1220/investing-lending-club-credit-cards-personal-loans-for-fun.html" data-penci-link="external">Making Personal Loans For Fun And Profit</a>“. Forbes</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref23" data-penci-link="external">[23]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LendingClub" data-penci-link="external">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LendingClub</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref24" data-penci-link="external">[24]</a> Wade Roush (September 8, 2011). “<a href="https://www.bioxconomy.com/san-francisco/2011/09/08/thursday-deals-roundup-zagat-platfora-lending-club-more" data-penci-link="external">Thursday Deals Roundup: Zagat, Platfora, Lending Club &amp; More</a>“. Xconomy.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref25" data-penci-link="external">[25]</a> Taylor, Colleen (June 6, 2012). “<a href="https://techcrunch.com/2012/06/06/lending-club-17-5-million-kleiner-perkins-mary-meeker-john-mack/" data-penci-link="external">Lending Club Lands $17.5 Million from Kleiner Perkins and Morgan Stanley Chairman John Mack</a>“. Tech Crunch.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref26" data-penci-link="external">[26]</a> Dakin Campbell &amp; Ari Levy (May 2, 2013). “<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-05-02/google-buys-stake-in-lendingclub-startup-valued-at-1-55-billion" data-penci-link="external">Google Buys Stake in LendingClub Startup Valued at $1.55 Billion</a>“. Bloomberg News.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref27" data-penci-link="external">[27]</a> Baptiste Su, Jean. “Exclusive Interview: Lending Club CEO Plans Expansion Into Car Loans, Mortgages”. Forbes.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref28" data-penci-link="external">[28]</a> Buhayar, Noah (April 23, 2015). “<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-23/lending-club-expands-into-business-loans-with-google-alibaba-help" data-penci-link="external">Lending Club Wants to Broaden Its Membership</a>“. Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref29" data-penci-link="external">[29]</a> Farrell, Maureen (February 10, 2015). “<a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-MBB-33010" data-penci-link="external">Lending Club’s Newest Deal Fuels Investor Excitement</a>“. Wall Street Journal.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref30" data-penci-link="external">[30]</a> “<a href="https://www.nasdaq.com/node/2241781" data-penci-link="external">Will LendingClub-Opportunity Fund Affiliation Spur Growth? - Analyst Blog</a>“</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref31" data-penci-link="external">[31]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LendingClub" data-penci-link="external">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LendingClub</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref32" data-penci-link="external">[32]</a> “<a href="https://www.americanbanker.com/news/this-small-bank-is-putting-its-brand-on-prospers-loan-experience" data-penci-link="external">This Small Bank Is Putting Its Brand on Prosper’s Loan Experience</a>“. American Banker.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref33" data-penci-link="external">[33]</a> “<a href="https://www.prosper.com/blog/prosper-marketplace-and-radius-bank-join-forces-to-offer-personal-loans-through-online-lending-platform" data-penci-link="external">Prosper Marketplace and Radius Bank Join Forces to Offer Personal Loans Through Online Lending Platform | Prosper</a>“. Prosper.com.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref34" data-penci-link="external">[34]</a><a href="https://www.americanbanker.com/news/this-small-bank-is-putting-its-brand-on-prospers-loan-experience" data-penci-link="external">https://www.americanbanker.com/news/this-small-bank-is-putting-its-brand-on-prospers-loan-experience</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref35" data-penci-link="external">[35]</a><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/10/business/dealbook/as-lending-club-stumbles-its-entire-industry-faces-skepticism.html?_r=0" data-penci-link="external">https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/10/business/dealbook/as-lending-club-stumbles-its-entire-industry-faces-skepticism.html?_r=0</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref36" data-penci-link="external">[36]</a> “<a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lendingclub-radius-idUSKBN20C2LR/" data-penci-link="external">LendingClub to acquire Radius Bank for $185 million</a>“. Reuters.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref37" data-penci-link="external">[37]</a> Son, Hugh (February 18, 2020). “<a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/18/lendingclub-buys-radius-bank-in-first-fintech-takeover-of-a-bank.html" data-penci-link="external">LendingClub buys Radius Bank for $185 million in first fintech takeover of a regulated US bank</a>“. CNBC.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref38" data-penci-link="external">[38]</a> “<a href="https://tearsheet.co/new-banks/with-occ-approval-of-radius-bank-lending-club-is-one-step-closer-to-becoming-a-marketplace-bank/" data-penci-link="external">With OCC approval of Radius Bank, LendingClub is one step closer to becoming a marketplace bank – Tearsheet</a>“. tearsheet.co.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref39" data-penci-link="external">[39]</a> Fernandes, Deirdre (November 4, 2014). “<a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/11/03/bank-started-for-carpenters-union-goes-public/jzkX5uvbd6dwVKvwfItUZN/story.html" data-penci-link="external">Union’s bank is set to go public</a>“. The Boston Globe.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref40" data-penci-link="external">[40]</a> Engage121 (September 26, 2014). “<a href="https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2014/09/26/1302282/0/en/First-Trade-Union-Bank-to-Become-Radius-Bank.html" data-penci-link="external">First Trade Union Bank to Become “Radius Bank”</a>“. GlobeNewswire News Room (Press release).</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref41" data-penci-link="external">[41]</a> “<a href="https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2016/06/07/1304003/0/en/Radius-Bank-Announces-Closing-of-Transaction-With-Investor-Group.html" data-penci-link="external">Radius Bank Announces Closing of Transaction With Investor Group</a>“. Marketwired. June 7, 2016.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref42" data-penci-link="external">[42]</a> “<a href="https://www.lendingclub.com/company/contact/corporate-headquarters" data-penci-link="external">Contact Us | Save with LendingClub</a>“. www.lendingclub.com.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref43" data-penci-link="external">[43]</a> “<a href="https://www.meethappen.com/" data-penci-link="external">Happen Bank | New Name, Same Promise</a>“. www.meethappen.com.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref44" data-penci-link="external">[44]</a> Richard Turrin (2021). Cashless: China’s Digital Currency Revolution</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref45" data-penci-link="external">[45]</a> Ibid</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref46" data-penci-link="external">[46]</a><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%E7%A7%9F%E5%AE%9D" data-penci-link="external">https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%E7%A7%9F%E5%AE%9D</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref47" data-penci-link="external">[47]</a> Investigation into the Truth of the “eZubao” Illegal Fundraising Case. Xinhua News Agency. January 31, 2016</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref48" data-penci-link="external">[48]</a> https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Ding%20Ning/34604</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">[48a] https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/E租宝#cite_note-10</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref49" data-penci-link="external">[49]</a> Andersson, Klas (9 May 2014). “Investors mäktiga miljardmiss i kinesiskt megabolag”. Svenska Dagbladet. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref50" data-penci-link="external">[50]</a> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref51" data-penci-link="external">[51]</a> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Yuesheng</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref52" data-penci-link="external">[52]</a> Ibid</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref53" data-penci-link="external">[53]</a> Boudway, Ira (22 January 2020). “Nets Owner Joe Tsai Is Caught Between Brooklyn and Beijing”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref54" data-penci-link="external">[54]</a> Dunn, Sam (2023-06-08). “Clara Wu Tsai’s Game Plan”. Boardroom.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref55" data-penci-link="external">[55]</a> Walsh, Dylan (May 2021). “Interdisciplinary hub for researching the brain”. Yale Alumni Magazine.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref56" data-penci-link="external">[56]</a><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Joseph%20Tsai/17117" data-penci-link="external">https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Joseph%20Tsai/17117</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref57" data-penci-link="external">[57]</a> For more on this story refer to Chapter 4 of my book “The Empire on Which the Black Sun Never Set.”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref58" data-penci-link="external">[58]</a> https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Joseph%20Tsai/17117</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref59" data-penci-link="external">[59]</a> Ibid</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref60" data-penci-link="external">[60]</a> Ibid</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref61" data-penci-link="external">[61]</a> “A Nordic pyramid”. The Economist. 10 March 2016.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref62" data-penci-link="external">[62]</a> Burja, Samo (4 May 2022). “The Family That Finances Sweden”. Medium.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref63" data-penci-link="external">[63]</a> “Mr. Japan.com How Son Captured Japan’s Internet Economy”. money.cnn.com. 16 August 1999.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref64" data-penci-link="external">[64]</a> Martin, Alexander (11 May 2015). “SoftBank CEO Taps a Future Successor in Nikesh Arora”. The Wall Street Journal. The Wall Street Journal.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref65" data-penci-link="external">[65]</a> “SoftBank President Nikesh Arora to Step Down”. The Wall Street Journal. The Wall Street Journal.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref66" data-penci-link="external">[66]</a> Alok Sama is now the Senior Advisor to Warburg Pincus LLC, Chairs the Advisory Board for Valhalla Ventures and is a director of Baer Capital Partners. https://www.linkedin.com/in/aloksama/</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref67" data-penci-link="external">[67]</a> Knutson, Ryan (6 December 2016). “When Billionaires Meet: $50 Billion Pledge From SoftBank to Trump”. The Wall Street Journal.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref68" data-penci-link="external">[68]</a> “Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia’s startup ecosystem”. www.techinasia.com.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref69" data-penci-link="external">[69]</a> Hook, Leslie (29 December 2017). “SoftBank deal helps clear path towards Uber IPO”. Financial Times. London.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref70" data-penci-link="external">[70]</a> “DoorDash is raising $535 million from SoftBank and others at a $1.4 billion valuation”. Recode.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref71" data-penci-link="external">[71]</a> Brown, Eliot; Kusisto, Laura (27 September 2018). “SoftBank Invests $400 Million in Home-Selling Startup Opendoor”. The Wall Street Journal.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref72" data-penci-link="external">[72]</a> “Home-flipping giant Opendoor says it’s time to resume buying”. Bloomberg. 4 May 2020</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref73" data-penci-link="external">[73]</a> Lane, Ben (29 August 2019). “Opendoor is now a mortgage lender, launches Opendoor Home Loans”. HousingWire.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref74" data-penci-link="external">[74]</a> Social Capital Hedosophia Holdings Corp. II (IPOBU) is a blank check company, also known as a SPAC, incorporated in the Cayman Islands on October 18, 2019. Its primary purpose is to effect a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization, or similar business combination with one or more businesses, with a focus on technology companies primarily in the United States.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref75" data-penci-link="external">[75]</a> Herbert, Amy (1 August 2022). “Closing the door on home buying company Opendoor’s false claims”. Federal Trade Commission.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref76" data-penci-link="external">[76]</a> Clark, Patrick (1 August 2022). “Opendoor to pay $62 million to settle FTC claims it misled home sellers”. Los Angeles Times.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref77" data-penci-link="external">[77]</a> https://www.linkedin.com/in/aloksama/</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref78" data-penci-link="external">[78]</a> “Alibaba’s Jack Ma quits SoftBank board after $18B Vision Fund loss”. NYPost. 18 May 2020.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref79" data-penci-link="external">[79]</a> https://www.cnbc.com/2026/05/13/softbank-earnings-fy-2025-vision-fund-openai-stake.html</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref80" data-penci-link="external">[80]</a> https://uk.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/SOFTBANK-GROUP-CORP-40331193/company-group/</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref81" data-penci-link="external">[81]</a> “SoftBank Group Establishes Joint Venture “SB TEMPUS” with Tempus for Further Advancements of Japan’s Healthcare Through the Utilization of Medical Data and AI”. SoftBank Group. 26 June 2024.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref82" data-penci-link="external">[82]</a> Melloy, John (16 December 2024). “Softbank CEO and Trump to announce $100 billion investment in U.S. by firm”. CNBC. Retrieved 16 December 2024.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref83" data-penci-link="external">[83]</a> “Trump, SoftBank CEO announce $100 billion US investment, in echo of 2016 event”. 17 December 2024.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref84" data-penci-link="external">[84]</a> Seetharaman, Deepa. “Tech Leaders Pledge Up to $500 Billion in AI Investment in U.S.” The Wall Street Journal.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref85" data-penci-link="external">[85]</a> “OpenAI and SoftBank Group Partner to Develop and Market Advanced Enterprise AI”. SoftBank Group Corp. 3 February 2025.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref86" data-penci-link="external">[86]</a> “Tether, SoftBank Group, and Jack Mallers Launch Twenty One, a Bitcoin-native Company, Through a Business Combination With Cantor Equity Partners” (Press release). 23 April 2025.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref87" data-penci-link="external">[87]</a> “ABB to divest Robotics division to SoftBank Group”. ABB. 7 October 2025.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref88" data-penci-link="external">[88]</a> “Acquisition of ABB Ltd’s Robotics Business” (PDF).</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref89" data-penci-link="external">[89]</a> “SoftBank approves remaining $22.5 billion of OpenAI investment, the Information reports”. 25 October 2025.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref90" data-penci-link="external">[90]</a> “SoftBank Group to Acquire DigitalBridge for $4 Billion to Scale Next-Gen AI Infrastructure”. DigitalBridge. 29 December 2025.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref91" data-penci-link="external">[91]</a> “SoftBank swings to profit on valuation boost from OpenAI bet”. The Business Times. 12 February 2026.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref92" data-penci-link="external">[92]</a> “SoftBank Group to Build 5 GW of AI Data Center Capacity in France”. SoftBank Group. SoftBank Group.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref93" data-penci-link="external">[93]</a> “SoftBank pledges €75bn to build Europe’s biggest AI facility in France”. Financial Times. Financial Times.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref94" data-penci-link="external">[94]</a> https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Joseph%20Tsai/17117</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref95" data-penci-link="external">[95]</a> Ibid</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref96" data-penci-link="external">[96]</a> Ibid</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref97" data-penci-link="external">[97]</a> Ibid</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref98" data-penci-link="external">[98]</a> Ibid</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref99" data-penci-link="external">[99]</a> https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Joseph%20Tsai/17117</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref100" data-penci-link="external">[100]</a> Burton, Katherine (December 23, 2025). “Citadel to Return $5 Billion of Hedge Fund’s Profits to Clients”. Bloomberg.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref101" data-penci-link="external">[101]</a> https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Joseph%20Tsai/17117</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref102" data-penci-link="external">[102]</a> “Michael Evans: A Closer Look at Goldman Sachs’ New Wonder Boy”. Wall Street Journal. January 27, 2011.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref103" data-penci-link="external">[103]</a> https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/05/06/the-six-banks-who-are-leading-alibabas-giant-i-p-o/</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref104" data-penci-link="external">[104]</a> Grokipedia</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref105" data-penci-link="external">[105]</a> The official founders of Tencent are Pony Ma, Tony Zhang, Xu Chenye, Charles Chen and Zeng Liqing.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref106" data-penci-link="external">[106]</a> https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Martin%20Lau/20870</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref107" data-penci-link="external">[107]</a> Bogdanich, Walt; Forsythe, Michael (December 8, 2020). “McKinsey Issues a Rare Apology for Its Role in OxyContin Sales”. The New York Times.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref108" data-penci-link="external">[108]</a> Foley, Stephen; Barnes, Oliver; Palmer, Stefania (April 24, 2024). “McKinsey Faces US Criminal Investigation over Opioid Industry Work”. Financial Times. London.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref109" data-penci-link="external">[109]</a> Bogdanich, Walt; Forsythe, Michael (November 27, 2020). “McKinsey Proposed Paying Pharmacy Companies Rebates for OxyContin Overdoses”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref110" data-penci-link="external">[110]</a> Forsythe, Michael; Bogdanich, Walt (February 1, 2019). “McKinsey Advised Purdue Pharma How to ‘Turbocharge’ Opioid Sales, Lawsuit Says”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref111" data-penci-link="external">[111]</a> Bogdanich, Walt; Forsythe, Michael (November 27, 2020). “McKinsey Proposed Paying Pharmacy Companies Rebates for OxyContin Overdoses”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref112" data-penci-link="external">[112]</a> Hamby, Chris; Bogdanich, Walt; Forsythe, Michael; Valentino-DeVries, Jennifer (April 13, 2022). “McKinsey Opened a Door in Its Firewall Between Pharma Clients and Regulators”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref113" data-penci-link="external">[113]</a> Forsythe, Michael; Bogdanich, Walt (February 4, 2021). “McKinsey Settles for Nearly $600 Million Over Role in Opioid Crisis”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref114" data-penci-link="external">[114]</a> Hamby, Chris; Bogdanich, Walt; Forsythe, Michael; Valentino-DeVries, Jennifer (April 13, 2022). “McKinsey Opened a Door in Its Firewall Between Pharma Clients and Regulators”. The New York Times.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref115" data-penci-link="external">[115]</a> “McKinsey to pay $78 million in US opioid settlement with health plans”. Reuters.com.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref116" data-penci-link="external">[116]</a> McKinsey and Co. Wikipedia page</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref117" data-penci-link="external">[117]</a> McKinsey advised New York City’s Rikers Island jail complex and tested an anti-violence strategy named <strong>“Restart”</strong> which occurred in Rikers housing units. Jail administrators reported that the strategy resulted in violent crimes dropping more than 70% inside the Rikers housing units. <strong>Later, it was found that McKinsey consultants and jail officials rigged the program by grouping compliant inmates into the housing units, and that violent crimes including “slashings and stabbings” increased over 1000% from 2011 to 2016</strong>.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref118" data-penci-link="external">[118]</a> Chu, Ben (February 7, 2014). “McKinsey: How does it always get away with it?”. The Independent. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref119" data-penci-link="external">[119]</a> Bogdanich, Walt; Forsythe, Michael (June 26, 2018). “How McKinsey Lost Its Way in South Africa”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref120" data-penci-link="external">[120]</a> https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Martin%20Lau/20870</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref121" data-penci-link="external">[121]</a> https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Martin%20Lau/20870</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref122" data-penci-link="external">[122]</a> Tencent holds a 15% stake in JD.com</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref123" data-penci-link="external">[123]</a> Ibid</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref124" data-penci-link="external">[124]</a> https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Martin%20Lau/20870</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref125" data-penci-link="external">[125]</a> “President-elect Trump Establishes the President’s Strategic and Policy Forum” (PDF). Global Infrastructure Partners. New York, NY. 3 December 2016. Archived from the original (Press Release) on 15 December 2016.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref126" data-penci-link="external">[126]</a> “Board of Directors - Adebayo O. Ogunlesi, Lead Director”. Goldman Sachs. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref127" data-penci-link="external">[127]</a> Alden, William (25 July 2014). “Goldman Sachs Names Ogunlesi New Lead Director”. DealBook, The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://cynthiachung.substack.com/p/the-true-origins-of-chinas-social#_ftnref128" data-penci-link="external">[128]</a> Criddle, Cristina; Gara, Antoine (14 January 2025). “OpenAI appoints one of Wall Street’s most powerful dealmakers to its board”. Financial Times.</span></p>
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