https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/pages/currenttoc.aspx en-us Fri, 08 Aug 2025 04:14:20 -0500 Wolters Kluwer Health RSS Generator https://images.journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/XLargeThumb.00124278-202508000-00000.CV.jpeg https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/pages/currenttoc.aspx https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/volume_equated_high_load_resisted_sprint_training_.1.aspx Botter, A, Cross, MR, Da Lozzo, G, Floreani, M, Samozino, P, Morin, J-B, and Rejc, E. Volume-equated high-load resisted-sprint training: determining the longitudinal effects of varying distance and repetitions on acceleration performance in rugby players. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): 823–828, 2025—Understanding how to precisely program resisted sprinting to enhance sprint phase-based adaptations is an important yet underexplored topic. This pilot study examined the impact of high-load sled-resisted sprint training when varying distance and repetitions for the same overall volume on acceleration capabilities and performance. Twenty under-19 national-level rugby players were divided into 2 groups, performing sprint sets of short or long distances over an 8-week intervention. Resistance (∼50% individual maximal velocity decrement, through load-velocity profiling) and overall volume (distance × repetitions) were equated across groups. Preintervention and postintervention testing included 10, 20, and 30 m split times, and acceleration-speed profiles to characterize maximal acceleration and speed capacities. The main effects of group, time, and their interaction were assessed using linear mixed-effects models, with the athletes as random effects, and subsequent analyses of variance. Statistically significant large mean effects were observed across for 10 m split times, maximal theoretical acceleration, and the slope of the acceleration-speed profile (omega-squared = 0.19–0.34, p < 0.044). No significant group or interaction effects were observed for any variables (p > 0.05). The findings align with existing research suggesting that high-load resisted sprinting specifically enhances acceleration capabilities. The absence of clear differences in training outcomes between the groups may be attributed to the similarity of stimuli, indicating a need for greater variation in volume distribution (e.g., increased distances per repetition) to discern effects. However, our results imply that acceleration performance improvements might be less sensitive to volume distribution variations than expected, allowing practitioners flexibility in their programming within this study's parameters.]]> Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00001 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/effects_of_nordic_hamstring_exercise_set.2.aspx Bounias, T, Henry, G, Goswami, R, Moran, J, Behm, DG, and Drury, B. Effects of Nordic hamstring exercise set configuration on eccentric hamstring strength changes in youth female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): 829–836, 2025—Anterior cruciate ligament injury poses a significant risk in youth female athletes. The Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) can improve eccentric hamstring strength (EHS), a key factor related to anterior cruciate ligament injury risk, yet limited research exists in this population. This study compared 2 NHE set configurations—traditional sets (TS) and rest redistribution (RR)—on EHS in youth female athletes. Subjects (age: 13.93 ± 1.58 years; body mass: 48.95 kg ± 11.15 kg; percentage of predicted adult height: 96.50% ± 4.30%) were randomly assigned to TS (n = 17) or RR (n = 18) groups. Both groups performed a 6-week NHE program, increasing weekly volume from 6 to 18 repetitions. Pretests and post-tests assessed EHS changes using the NordBord and isokinetic testing at 60°·s−1 and 180°·s−1, assessing peak torque (PT), angle of peak torque (°PT), and torque at 20°, 40°, 60°, and 80° of knee flexion. Both TS and RR significantly increased NordBord EHS (g = 0.34–0.98). Isokinetic data at 60°·s−1 and 180°·s−1 revealed significant small increases in PT and torque at 40°, 60°, and 80° (g = 0.22–0.46). Yet, no changes were observed in torque at 20° (g = 0.01–0.23) and the °PT increased (g = 0.33–0.83). No between-group differences were observed for any measure. These findings suggest that TS or RR set configurations can effectively enhance EHS in youth female athletes. However, to target EHS at longer muscle lengths, practitioners should include additional exercises beyond the NHE.]]> Tue, 10 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00002 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/increasing_eccentric_proportion_of_repetitions.3.aspx Trask, BF, Montgomery, TR Jr, Honea, C, Remotigue, EB, Sears, KN, Hammer, SM, and Dinyer-McNeely, TK. Increasing eccentric proportion of repetitions leads to increased time to task failure. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): 837–844, 2025—This study examined the effect of altered concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) phases of a repetition on repetitions completed, performance fatigability, electromyographic (EMG) amplitude (AMP), and mean power frequency (MPF), and muscle oxygen saturation (SAT). Subjects (n = 23) performed fatiguing, single-limb leg extension at 40% 1 repetition maximum at 3 cadences: 3sCON,1sECC (3C:1E), 1sCON, 3sECC (1C:3E), 2sCON, 2sECC (2C:2E). A 1-way (cadence: 1C:3E, 3C:1E, 2C:2E) repeated-measures ANOVA examined differences in repetitions completed and performance fatigability (%Δ pre–post exercise maximal voluntary isometric contraction force). Separate 2 (phase: CON, ECC) × 3 (cadence: 1C:3E, 3C:1E, 2C:2E) repeated-measures ANOVAs examined differences in %Δ for EMG AMP, EMG MPF, and SAT . Significance was set at p < 0.05. More repetitions were completed during 1C:3E (20 ± 3) than during 2C:2E (18 ± 3, p = 0.006) and 3C:1E (16 ± 3, p < 0.001). Performance fatigability was similar between cadences (3C:1E: −37 ± 11%, 1C:3E: −41 ± 9%, 2C:2E: −38 ± 11%, p = 0.414). The %Δ in EMG AMP was greater during CON (61.1 ± 28.4%) than during ECC (40.2 ± 34.2%, p < 0.001). The %Δ in EMG MPF was similar between phases (p = 0.706) and cadences (p = 0.494). %Δ in SAT was greater during CON (−12.0 ± 5.8%) than during ECC (−10.0 ± 5.1%, p < 0.001). Decreasing CON and increasing ECC proportion within a repetition extended the time to task failure. This adjustment allows practitioners to prolong exercise bouts without significantly altering acute neuromuscular or muscle oxygen SAT responses. These findings may be particularly useful in rehabilitation or athletic settings, because incorporating a higher proportion of ECC phase can enhance muscular endurance and improve resistance to fatigue during a single bout of exercise.]]> Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00003 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/effects_of_different_back_squat_protocols_on.4.aspx Leitão, L, Pareja-Blanco, F, Marinho, D, and Neiva, H. Effects of different back squat protocols on prefrontal cortex oxygenation responses. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): 845–849, 2025—The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in the execution of the various motor tasks that an athlete performs because the brain is involved in the process of starting and ending every exercise. However, the cerebral oxygenation responses to resistance exercise until muscle failure induced by distinct loads are unclear. Therefore, we examined the PFC oxygenation responses to different loads in the back squat exercise. Eighteen men (4.3 ± 1.4 years of experience, 28.1 ± 3.8 years, 74.8 ± 8.8 kg, 1.78 ± 0.05 m, 14.9 ± 3.9% body fat) performed 3 back squat protocols to task failure with distinct loading conditions: 3, 6, and 10RM. Prefrontal cortex oxygenation (oxygenated-HbO2 and deoxygenated-HHb hemoglobin; total hemoglobin-tHb; and tissue oxygenation index-TOI) was analyzed during the protocols by near-infrared spectroscopy. HbO2 and tHb increased throughout the protocols for all loading conditions (p < 0.01). The 10RM load resulted in decreases in HHb in the last repetition and lower increases in HbO2 and tHB than the other protocols (p < 0.05). By contrast, 3RM induced higher increases in HbO2 and tHb than 6RM and 10RM (p < 0.05). Although HbO2 and tHb increased until failure in all protocols, loads influence the magnitude of PFC oxygenation response. These findings support the role of higher exercise intensities in eliciting central changes in brain activity.]]> Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00004 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/comparison_of_strength_development_in_traditional.5.aspx McDowell, K, Long, A, Chae, S, Nelson, A, Goode, N, Lis, R, Mizuguchi, S, Baur, M, Duca, M, Wagle, JP, Fry, AC, Daniel, G, and Stone, MH. Comparison of strength development in traditional set-rep configuration vs. accentuated eccentric loading training over a 4-week strength-endurance block. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): 850–856, 2025—This study investigated the chronic effects of accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) paired with cluster sets (CS) on strength. Seventeen (11 men and 6 women) recreationally active subjects (23.18 ± 4.15 years, 1.72 ± 0.1 m, 81.29 ± 22.18 kg) were randomly assigned to AEL (n = 9) and traditional (TRAD) (n = 8) groups. During 4 weeks of training, AEL group performed 3 sets of (5 × 2) repetitions of back squat and bench press using weight releasers and CS, whereas TRAD group performed the same total sets and reps and exercises using traditional loading and set structures. Dynamic (back squat and bench press 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) and isometric (midthigh pull peak force and rate of force development) strength were tested before and after training and analyzed using a 2-way analysis of variance. There was a main effect of time for back squat 1RM (p = 0.008; 125.0 ± 42.4–131.0 ± 42.2 kg) and back squat + bench press 1RM (p = 0.02; 213.0 ± 74.6–220.0 ± 75.3 kg). No significant interaction effects were observed in any variables posttraining (p > 0.05). Although the isometric rate of force development decreased in both groups, TRAD showed a shaper decline than AEL after training (−20.57% [g = −0.33] vs. −0.93% [g = −0.01]). The benefit of AEL paired with CS in maximum dynamic strength may not outweigh its logistical burden. However, practitioners may consider this method in maintaining the isometric rate of force development during high-volume training.]]> Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00005 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/effects_of_daytime_floatation_restricted.6.aspx Vatne, E, Merrigan, JJ, Stone, JD, Saenz, C, Kraemer, WJ, and Hagen, JA. Effects of daytime floatation-restricted environmental stimulation therapy on nocturnal cardiovascular physiology, sleep, and subjective recovery in collegiate student-athletes: A comprehensive observational study. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): 857–867, 2025—The primary aim of this study was to explore the relationship between floatation-restricted environmental stimulation therapy (floatation-REST) and nocturnal cardiovascular physiology and sleep in collegiate athletes. The secondary aim was to describe the perceived changes in soreness, mood, fatigue, energy level, and overall experience after floatation-REST in collegiate athletes. Data included 214 records of nocturnal cardiovascular physiology and sleep collected using an acceptably valid and reliable wearable device (Ōura Ring, Ōura Health, Oulu, Finland) from 97 athletes (52.57% women) on 12 varsity teams, and 2,319 survey responses collected immediately after floatation-REST from 898 athletes (48.88% women) on 36 varsity teams. Nocturnal cardiovascular physiology was assessed through resting heart rate, heart rate variability, and respiration rate, while sleep was summarized using total sleep time, time in bed, and sleep efficiency. The representation of teams was varied, with football and men's and women's swimming heavily represented. Male and female athletes were analyzed separately to prevent overlooking sex-specific physiologic differences. Resting heart rate was significantly lower after floatation-REST than at night immediately before the session in female athletes (p < 0.001, effect size [ES] = −0.223) and male athletes (p < 0.001, ES = −0.186). Heart rate variability and sleep metrics showed no specific changes. In total, 98.7% of athletes reported an overall positive floatation-REST experience, and 85.3% felt better postsession, citing reduced soreness, stress, and fatigue, with improved energy. Thus, although more research is needed, these data provide a positive outlook for the use of this recovery technology in collegiate athletes.]]> Tue, 29 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00006 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/custom_regional_segmental_lower_limb_lean_soft.7.aspx Joniak, KE, Moore, SR, Ladan, AN, Cantu, EI, Britton, ME, and Smith-Ryan, AE. Custom regional segmental lower limb lean soft tissue analysis in male and female Division I athletes. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): 868–874, 2025—Asymmetries in lean soft tissue (LST) may affect athlete availability and injury risk. Segmental custom regions of interest (C-ROI) analyses may reveal LST differences that could go undetected by whole limb analysis using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The purpose of the study was to describe a novel C-ROI LST segmental analysis method using DXA, and to characterize asymmetry across the sample and identify meaningful difference cut points for C-ROI segmental analyses in elite athletes. Full-body DXA testing was performed on 581 NCAA Division I athletes (46% female, mean ± SD; Age = 20.2 ± 1.4 years, mass = 83.3 ± 26.0 kg) from August 2015 to July 2023. Custom regions of interest analyses were completed for glute, thigh, and calf segments on each leg. Regional percent differences ([segment LST difference]/[total segment LST/2] × 100) were calculated and meaningful differences were established from mean and standard deviations between limbs of each segment. The C-ROI method demonstrated high inter-reliability at each segment (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.874–0.999). Average LST segmental limb differences for male athletes were (mean ± SD): glute = 1.4 ± 4.4%, thigh = 0.3 ± 2.9%, calf = 0.6 ± 4.7%; and for female athletes: glute = 2.0 ± 4.4%, thigh = 0.3 ± 4.2%, calf = 0.8 ± 4.6%. Values >2 standard deviations for male athletes (glute: 10.2%, thigh: 6.1%, calf: 9.9%) and female athletes (glute: 10.9%, thigh: 8.6%, calf: 10.0%) seemed to be clinically meaningful. Using meaningful regional difference cut points may provide staff (i.e., athletic trainers, dietitians, and strength coaches) insight into acceptable LST asymmetries to better support athlete performance and return to play.]]> Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00007 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/the_relationship_between_relative_rest_and_team.8.aspx Pinzone, AG, Abu-Amara, Y, Gant, RW, Rivera, J, Tagesen, EC, Barkley, JE, and Jajtner, AR. The relationship between relative rest and team performance across competitive seasons in the National Football League. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): 875–879, 2025—This investigation aimed to assess the relationship between relative rest index (RRI) and team performance across multiple seasons of National Football League (NFL) competition. To examine this relationship, all NFL regular season games from the 1970–71 to 2022–23 NFL seasons (N = 12,290) were analyzed with rest intervals calculated for each team on a game-to-game basis as the number of days between current and previous games. Next, RRI was calculated as the discrepancy in rest intervals between competing teams for all games and averaged for all teams across all seasons with teams categorized by season average RRI (<−0.70; −0.7 to −0.5; −0.5 to −0.25; −0.25 to 0; 0 to 0.25; 0.25 to 0.5; 0.5 to 0.7; >0.70). Win percentage and playoff depth (lost in wild card round; lost in divisional round; lost in conference championship; lost in Super Bowl; won Super Bowl; did not make playoffs) quantified team performance. Pearson product correlations were implemented to assess the relationship between season average RRI and win percentage. One-way analyses of variance assessed differences in win percentage across RRI categories and RRI across playoff depth categories. A trivial negative correlation between RRI and win percentage across all seasons was noted. Moreover, win percentage did not differ across RRI categories, while RRI was attenuated among teams that lost in the Super Bowl and divisional round compared with teams that did not qualify for the playoffs, suggesting that RRI has no significant effect on team performance with competitive eras of NFL competition collated.]]> Tue, 24 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00008 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/is_countermovement_jump_height_and_one_repetition.9.aspx Oláh, V, Třebický, V, Maleček, J, Michalička, V, Wąsik, J, and Vágner, M. Is countermovement jump height and one repetition maximum back squat associated with the peak force of a front kick with and without carried load? J Strength Cond Res 39(8): 880–889, 2025—The front kick is a fundamental technique used in self-defense and hand to hand combat. This study aimed to test whether front kick performance, both with and without a 30-kg carried load, can be effectively estimated or tracked through commonly available testing procedures such as the countermovement jumps (CMJ) and one repetition maximum back squat (1RM BS). In 2 testing sessions, 21 male participants (mean age = 22.7 years, SD = 1.9) performed 1RM BS, 5 front kicks peak force (FK) without and with 30-kg carried load (FK30), and 3 CMJ without and with 30-kg carried load (CMJ30). A force plate measured the peak force (N) of the FK and FK30 and the height (cm) of the CMJ and CMJ30. Statistically significant correlations were found between CMJ and FK (r = 0.55 [0.225–1], p = 0.005) and CMJ and 1RM BS (r = 0.54 [0.219–1, p = 0.005]). Carried load reduced both CMJ height by 61% (d = 3.35 [2.543–∞], p < 0.001) and FK peak force by 23% (d = 1.33 [0.828–∞], p < 0.001), compared without load condition. A regression model using 1RM BS and CMJ explained 31.5% of FK variance, with only the height of CMJ being statistically significantly associated, β = 0.626, p = 0.015. The study demonstrates that although there is a relationship between explosive power and maximum strengths, FK is more related to CMJ height than 1RM BS. From a practical standpoint, the study suggests that explosive power shows a better association with the FK than the maximal strength. Thus, training programs focused on lower limb explosive power could allow athletes and military personnel to achieve higher FK. Combat sports trainers and hand-to-hand combat instructors may thus consider accordingly updating their training schemes, emphasizing plyometrics and other explosive training methods for enhancing the peak force of kicks.]]> Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00009 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/the_effects_of_mixed_martial_arts_gloves_on_grip.10.aspx Peveler, WW, Schoffstall, J, Kilian, J, Glauser, J, Coots, J, and Peveler, R. The effects of mixed martial arts gloves on grip strength in trained fighters. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): 890–892, 2025—Grip strength is a key component during grappling segments of a mixed martial arts (MMA) competition. Gloves are worn during MMA competitions to reduce damage to the striker and the opponent during contact. Fighters often complain that MMA gloves reduce the ability to grip an opponent effectively. However, the reported decrease in grip strength has yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of mixed martial arts gloves on grip strength. Fourteen trained fighters volunteered to participate in this study. Grip strength was measured using a hand grip strength dynamometer during 2 counterbalanced trials (1 with an MMA glove and 1 without). Grip strength was measured 3 times during each trial, with 1 minute of recovery between each attempt. The highest recorded grip strength was used for each condition. Means for dependent measures (highest grip strength for both conditions) were compared using a paired sample t-test with an alpha of 0.05. Grip strength was significantly greater in the no glove condition (46.21 ± 6.14 kg) than in the glove condition (35.57 ± 6.12 kg) at p ≤ 0.001, d = −3.09. Findings from this study indicate that MMA gloves significantly decrease grip strength by 23% in relation to the no glove condition. This reduction in strength could be significant enough to result in a decrease in the ability of the fighter to control an opponent's movement. Fighters should spend more training time grappling in MMA gloves, and MMA glove redesign should be considered.]]> Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00010 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/assessment_of_muscular_fatigue_on_hip_and_torso.11.aspx Johnson, AL, Kokott, W, Dziuk, C, and Cross, JA. Assessment of muscular fatigue on hip and torso biomechanics in adolescent baseball pitchers. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): 893–899, 2025—Muscular fatigue is an injury risk indicator, and its effect on pitching biomechanics warrants investigation. This study evaluated hip and torso biomechanics to measure muscular fatigue after a limited number of pitches thrown. We hypothesized that postpitching tests would reveal reduced stride length and hip and torso strength, altering hip and torso kinematics and increasing throwing arm kinetics. Adolescent male baseball pitchers' hip and abdominal oblique strength were measured before and after a short pitching session. Pitching biomechanics were calculated from pitches within the first 5 and last 5 of a single throwing session. Means and standard deviations were calculated, and a linear regression model examined the relationships between total number of pitches and dependent variables, with significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Seventeen adolescent male baseball pitchers (age: 17.1 ± 1.0 years, height: 183.9 ± 7.1 cm, mass: 82.9 ± 10.3 kg) completed an average 35 pitches. Significant decreases were found for torso rotation angle and body separation angle at ball release, along with decreased timing of maximum shoulder internal rotation velocity. Strength measurements significantly decreased for back hip extension, lead hip extension, back hip external rotation, lead hip external rotation, and lead hip internal rotation. The linear regression model showed 3 significant observations: body separation angle at foot contact, body separation angle at ball release, and peak pelvis rotation velocity. Scatter plots demonstrated a bimodal distribution between 35 and 40 pitches, with more variability at higher pitch counts. Significant changes in pre- and postpitching tests highlight the impact of muscular fatigue, demonstrating areas for targeted strength training in adolescent baseball pitchers.]]> Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00011 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/acute_endocrine_responses_with_long_term_weight.12.aspx Eserhaut, DA, Fry, AC, Stone, MH, and Kraemer, WJ. Acute endocrine responses with long-term weightlifting in a 51-year-old male weightlifter. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): 900–907, 2025—To study the effects of long-term (>35 years) competitive weightlifting on acute endocrine activity, a 51-year-old male two-time Olympian in weightlifting (Subject A) was compared with highly trained young male weightlifters (controls, n = 23; age = 17.7 ± 0.3 years). Between 1400 and 1700 hours, subjects performed 15 maximum effort vertical jumps, a series of single repetitions of the snatch progressing to a maximal effort, and 3 × 10 snatch pulls at 60% 1 repetition maximum. Blood sampling occurred at 0700 hours, pre-exercise, and +5 and +15 minutes postexercise. Exercise performances were comparable between Subject A and controls and elicited similar lactate responses at +5 minutes (mmol·L−1; A = 9.2; controls = 8.1 ± 0.4). Resting testosterone at 0700 hours was lower for Subject A than for the controls (nmol·L−1; A = 13.9; controls = 25.4 ± 2.0), although acute responses at +5 minutes were comparable (A = 21.6; controls 18.3 ± 1.5). Cortisol responses (nmol·L−1; A = 468.4, controls = 540.6 ± 32.3) and testosterone:cortisol ratio (A = 0.0461; controls = 0.0376 ± 0.004) were similar at +5 minutes. Subject A showed no 22 kDa growth hormone response at +5 minutes, while controls exhibited a substantial increase (µg·L−1; A = 0.4; controls = 16.7 ± 2.6). β-endorphin responses were no different at +15 minutes for Subject A relative to controls (pmol·L−1; A = 30.1; controls = 33.8 ± 3.7). Resting and exercise-induced endocrine physiology is partially modified with aging despite long-term participation in competitive weightlifting. Importantly, Subject A's testosterone response was largely preserved.]]> Thu, 24 Oct 2024 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00012 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/polyphenol_rich_sorghum_bicolor_extract_enhances.17.aspx Mitchinson, CJ, Kwak, M, Succi, PJ, Benitez, B, and Bergstrom, HC. Polyphenol-rich sorghum bicolor extract enhances strength recovery after eccentric exercise. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): e951–e959, 2025—This randomized, double-blind, placebo (PL) controlled trial examined the effects of a polyphenol-rich supplement on muscular strength recovery after eccentric exercise. Twenty-nine men (mean ± SD, age = 23.1 ± 3.8 years) were randomly assigned to a high- (500 mg·d−1; n = 9) or low- (250 mg·d−1; n = 10) dose polyphenol-rich sorghum bicolor extract, or PL (n = 10) group and completed a 17- to 18-day supplementation period, with eccentric exercise on day 14 + 1. Unilateral forearm flexion strength, muscle thickness (MT), pain pressure threshold (PPT), perceived recovery, and pain ratings were recorded before (baseline) and at 24, 48, and 72 hours after maximal eccentric exercise. Analyses included mixed-model ANCOVAs, ANOVAs, and post hoc Bonferroni corrected pairwise comparisons (p < 0.05). After 18–25% strength losses from baseline to 24 hours, strength increased significantly from 24 to 48 hours for the high-dose group (mean difference [CI95%] = 5.7 N·m [2.2–9.3]; p < 0.001; d = 0.568) and from 24 to 72 hours for the low-dose group (8.3 N·m [4.4–12.2]; p < 0.001; d = 0.848), while strength remained unchanged from 24 to 72 hours for the PL group (p = 0.101–1.000). There were no changes in MT or PPT from 24 to 72 hours. Pain ratings significantly decreased, and perceived recovery increased at 72 hours relative to 24 and 48 hours for all groups across time (p = 0.001–0.012). Supplementation with a high- and low-dose polyphenol-rich sorghum bicolor extract increased recovery of muscular strength at faster rates than PL after eccentric exercise but had no meaningful effect on muscle swelling, perceived pain, or recovery. A polyphenol-rich supplement may enhance performance in subsequent exercise sessions and promote increased training volume.]]> Tue, 24 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00017 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/effects_of_moderate_intensity_resistance_training.18.aspx Zhang, Y, Ou, M, Cheng, M, Ying, X, Hu, H, and Korivi, M. Effects of moderate-intensity resistance training on vascular endothelial function and arterial stiffness in young healthy men. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): e960–e966, 2025—This study aimed to ascertain the effects of moderate-intensity resistance exercise (RE) training on arterial stiffness (AS) and endothelial function (EF) in healthy young men. Thirty-two young male adults were randomly assigned to RE and control groups. The RE group performed moderate-intensity (65% 1 repetition maximum) RE training sessions 3 times a week for 8 weeks, while the control group maintained their usual lifestyle without any exercise intervention. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) were measured before and after the intervention. The results showed that time and group had large interaction effects on arterial resting diameter (p = 0.020, η2p = 0.168) and FMD (p = 0.017, η2p = 0.175), but not on maximum diameter, HR, or BP. Compared with baseline, resting diameter increased (p < 0.01), maximum diameter remained unchanged, and FMD decreased (p < 0.01) in the RE group after RE intervention. Time and group also had large interaction effects on baPWV (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.380) and cfPWV (p = 0.014, η2p = 0.186). The baPWV decreased from 9.33 ± 1.44 to 7.91 ± 1.11 m·s−1 (p < 0.01), and the cfPWV decreased from 6.14 ± 0.86 to 5.37 ± 0.65 m·s−1 (p < 0.01) after RE training. In conclusion, moderate-intensity RE training can improve AS, increase resting diameter but reduce FMD without changing maximum diameter, HR, and BP in healthy young men. These imply that it may be necessary to consider changes in arterial diameter in addition to FMD when evaluating the benefits of exercise interventions on EF.]]> Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00018 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/trends_in_mean_hand_grip_strength,_cutoff_value,.19.aspx Kim, YK, Lee, HB, and Lee, SH. Trends in mean hand grip strength, cutoff value, and prevalence of low hand grip strength: An analysis of 2014–2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): e967–e973, 2025—The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2) defines probable sarcopenia as low muscle strength detected by hand grip strength (HGS). According to this guideline, cutoff for low HGS is determined using a T-score of −2.5 based on age group showing the highest HGS (aged 30–39 years). Our hypothesis is that temporal changes in mean HGS of Koreans may lead to changes in the cutoff values for low HGS and the prevalence of probable sarcopenia as defined by the EWGSOP2 guidelines. We analyzed trends of HGS using 6 years of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. We used the EWGSOP2 guidelines to set yearly cutoff values for low HGS and calculated the prevalence of low HGS. The cutoff value for low HGS and the prevalence rate of low HGS in individuals aged 70 years or older were analyzed using linear regression and trend analysis. We observed a significant decreasing trend from 2014 to 2019 in annual cutoff values for low HGS, ranging from 24.5 to 30.9 kg in men and 13.1–17.3 kg in women. Correspondingly, the prevalence of low HGS (probable sarcopenia) varied significantly from 10.4 to 34.2% in men and 9.1–20.8% in women, indicating notable year-to-year fluctuations (p < 0.001). While pooling multiyear data reduces some variability, it does not fully address fluctuations in prevalence of probable sarcopenia. To enhance the reliability and clinical relevance of low HGS cutoff values, future guidelines should integrate outcome-based criteria with normative data, ensuring adaptability to temporal trends and population-specific characteristics.]]> Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00019 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/reference_standards_for_vertical_jump_power_and.20.aspx Baptista, F, de Marco, RL, Zymbal, V, and Janz, KF. Reference standards for vertical jump power and handgrip strength for screening the risk of low bone and muscle mass for age in youth. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): e974–e981, 2025—This study examined the predictive validity of vertical jump power and handgrip strength to discriminate at-risk youth for low muscle mass and bone mass for age. The sample consisted of 529 subjects of ages 10–18 years. Handgrip strength and vertical jump power were assessed using a hand dynamometer and a countermovement jump performed on a force platform. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess lean body mass normalized for body height (kg·m−2) and bone mineral density (g·cm−2) of the whole body less head. These variables were used to determine the risk of low bone and muscle mass, defined by a Z-score ≤ −1.0 for both variables. All variables were standardized by the lambda–mu–sigma method according to sex and age group, using the sample as a reference. By sex, the analysis included the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity (Se), and specificity (Sp). The ability to discriminate the risk of low bone and muscle mass through the assessment of musculoskeletal fitness was good to exceptional for vertical jump power (AUCs ≥0.88, Se and Sp = 78–91%) and acceptable to good for handgrip strength (AUCs = 0.75–0.88, Se and Sp = 68–73%). Risk Z-scores for musculoskeletal fitness ranged from −0.5 to −0.8, depending on the test and sex. Handgrip strength and especially vertical jump power can be used to screen the risk of pediatric low bone and muscle mass. Slight decreases in musculoskeletal fitness can be an inexpensive and noninvasive indicator of muscle and bone health.]]> Tue, 10 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00020 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/relative_values_of_maximal_isometric_strength_in.21.aspx Martín-Miguel, I, Torrontegi-Ronco, E, Martínez-Ortega, JdD, Moreno-Martín, A, and Montalvo-Zenarruzabeitia, Z. Relative values of maximal isometric strength in lower limbs across different sports disciplines in high-performance athletes. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): e982–e990, 2025—This study aimed to establish reference values for relative strength in lower limb dynamometry among high-performance athletes across various sports disciplines and to compare the differences in relative strength between these disciplines. In total, 297 elite athletes (female athletes:155; male athletes:142) from 26 different sports participated, grouped into categories such as team sports, gymnastics, combat sports, racket sports, endurance, power track and field, weightlifting, and other. Relative strength was measured using a dynamometer through maximal isometric contractions. Knee extension and ankle plantar flexion were the tests with the highest strength application in both sexes, while external hip rotation and hip abduction showed the least force application. Analysis of variance revealed differences based on the test and sports discipline (p < 0.05). Female athletes showed differences in hip abduction, hip extension, hip flexion, knee extension, knee flexion, and ankle plantar flexion, with gymnastic sports demonstrating greater strength, particularly compared with team sports and endurance. In male athletes (p < 0.05), endurance sports showed lower strength in external hip rotation compared with racket sports, and in hip abduction compared with combat sports. The agonist–antagonist ratio indicated greater strength in internal hip rotation, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle plantar flexion in both sexes, and hip abduction in female athletes and hip adduction in male athletes, compared with their antagonists. Significant differences were found in the hip adduction–abduction and ankle plantar–dorsal flexion ratio in gymnastics compared with the rest of sports. These findings can be used to assess athletes' physical condition, prevent injuries, and facilitate rehabilitation to optimize performance.]]> Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00021 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/the_perceptions_of_australian_physical_preparation.22.aspx Letter, RT, Dwyer, DB, Drinkwater, EJ, and Feros, SA. The perceptions of Australian physical preparation coaches about how to enhance ball release speed in elite male and female cricket pace bowlers. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): e991–e1002, 2025—This study describes the perceptions of Australian physical preparation coaches regarding the development of ball release speed in elite male and female cricket pace bowlers. Seven physical preparation coaches, who had at least 3 years' experience and were responsible for the physical development of adult Australian state-, territory-, or national-level male or female pace bowlers volunteered to participate in this study. Coaches engaged in a 30–60-minute semistructured, open-ended interview, where they answered questions regarding their current physical development practices and beliefs, and sex-related considerations in the development of ball release speed from a physical development perspective. A 6-step reflexive thematic analysis was conducted, which revealed 3 central themes (and subthemes): (a) strength qualities (improvement of maximal strength, development of general strength and movement competency that underpins more advanced strength qualities, and improvement of rate of force development and power), (b) conditioning qualities (development and maintenance of aerobic capacity, and improvement of high-speed running qualities), and (c) sex differences (physical qualities and exposure to professional training environments). Most physical preparation coaches believed the following physical qualities should be targeted in both sexes: (a) lower body maximal strength, (b) lower body reactive strength, (c) upper body pulling strength, (d) upper body overhead pulling power, (e) aerobic capacity (an adequate base), and (f) maximal sprint speed. Further observational and experimental studies are required to objectively understand how some of these physical qualities influence ball release speed in each sex.]]> Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00022 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/the_effect_of_elastic_band_variable_resistance.23.aspx Dai, J, Liang, X, Wang, H, Lin, W, Sun, J, Li, D, and Wang, N. The effect of elastic band variable resistance training on the explosive power of lower limbs in college basketball athletes. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): e1003–e1009, 2025—The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of elastic band variable resistance training (VRT) on the explosive power of college basketball players. This study hypothesizes that elastic band VRT is superior to traditional resistance training (RT) in enhancing the lower limb explosive power of college basketball athletes. A total of 28 college basketball players specializing in basketball were randomly assigned to either the VRT group (n = 14) or the traditional RT group (n = 14). A training intervention was conducted twice per week, for a total of 8 weeks. Testing included the countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJA), countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), reaction strength index (RSI), eccentric utilization rate (EUR), standing long jump (SLJ), 10-meter sprint, squat 1 repetition maximum (1RM), and squat index (SI). The analysis of variance revealed significant time main effects for both the VRT group and the RT group in CMJA (p < 0.001), CMJ (p = 0.003), SJ (p < 0.001), RSI (p = 0.014), SLJ (p = 0.004), 10-meter sprint (p < 0.001), squat 1RM (p < 0.001), and SI (p < 0.001). However, the time main effect for the EUR index (p = 0.841) was not significant. There were no significant group main effects for any of the measures (p > 0.05). The time × group interaction effect was significant for the SJ measure (p = 0.026), while it was not significant for the other measures (p > 0.05). The effect of elastic band VRT on improving lower limb maximum strength is similar to that of traditional RT, but it is more effective in enhancing lower limb explosive power. Variable RT enhances the flexibility of RT regimens, resulting in more pronounced and enduring strength gains. When applying VRT, selecting the suitable intensity and techniques is crucial.]]> Fri, 01 Aug 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00023 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/change_of_direction_density__a_novel_consideration.24.aspx Morgan, OJ, Drust, B, Ade, JD, and Robinson, MA. Change of direction density: A novel consideration of consecutive changes of direction in elite youth soccer. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): e1010–e1016, 2025—This study aimed to characterize change of directions (CODs) based on density (number of CODs within 10 seconds), locomotor activity (walk, jog, stride, and sprint), and movement direction pre- and post-COD (forwards, sideways, and backwards), relative to playing position. In total, 24 elite male English Premier League academy soccer players (mean ± SD; age: 19.0 ± 1.9 years, height: 179.9 ± 7.0 cm and body mass: 71.9 ± 6.4 kg) were individually filmed during 10 competitive matches. In total, 7,399 CODs were observed. Level of significance was p ≤ 0.05. An average of 84 ± 23 multiple COD events per player, per game occurred with no significant difference between position. Six CODs within 10 seconds were the average maximum density across positions (1.4 ± 1.2), with 9 CODs within 10 seconds being the maximum observed. Overall, 94% of multiple COD events were 2, 3, and 4 CODs within 10 seconds collectively, and were each performed significantly more than all other density categories (5–9 CODs in 10 seconds) (p < 0.001). Jogging and striding pre- and post-COD were the most common locomotor activities (p < 0.05). Change of directions were rarely surrounded by sprinting (1.4 ± 1.4) with <1% of total CODs with a sprint (pre and post) with approximately half of CODs (53%) occurring in a forward movement pre- and post-COD. Change of directions seem to be performed as multiple events, in multiple directions, at mostly submaximal locomotor activities, with some positional differences for movement direction and locomotor activity pre- and post-COD. These data provide valuable guidance for practitioners for testing, conditioning, and rehabilitating soccer players.]]> Tue, 10 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00024 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/upper_body_strength_and_range_of_motion_are.25.aspx Gosney, S, Parsonage, J, Worsey, M, Keogh, J, MacDonald, L, Denny, A, and Minahan, C. Upper-body strength and range of motion are associated with sprint-paddling force and performance in competitive female and male surfers. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): e1017–e1025, 2025—Greater upper-body strength has been linked to superior sprint-paddling performance; however, this relationship in female surfers, and the implications of isolated shoulder strength and range of motion, alongside tethered force, are yet to be explored. Thirty-two competitive Australian surfboard riders (i.e., n = 16 female and n = 16 male surfers) considered “Highly Trained/National,” “Elite/International” or “World Class” completed water-based and dryland testing protocols. Water-based testing consisted of 15-m sprint-paddling efforts and 12-second stationary sprint-paddling tethered force efforts, whereas dryland testing consisted of upper-body strength testing (i.e., 1 repetition maximum [1RM] pull-up and isometric internal [IR] and external rotation [ER] shoulder strength) and shoulder range of motion (ROM). Tethered force and upper-body strength measures were expressed as absolute values and relative to surfers' bodyweight. Lasso regression and machine learning analyses determined the tethered force and upper-body strength and ROM variables that indicated faster 5-, 10-, and 15-m sprint-paddling split times (p < 0.05). Analyses revealed that relative measures were superior in identifying variables significantly contributing to sprint-paddling split times and were better at predicting these split times. Greater relative mean tethered force, isometric shoulder strength and ROM ER:IR ratios, as well as relative and absolute 1RM pull-up significantly contributed to faster split times for all surfers. Greater isometric shoulder strength ratios were more indicative of faster split times for male surfers, whereas greater shoulder ROM ratios were more indicative for female surfers. These findings may allow coaches to better implement evidence-informed training strategies into the daily training environment to optimize sprint-paddling performance for female and male surfers.]]> Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00025 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/exertional_heat_strain_after_an_energy_drink_and.26.aspx Bartman, NE, Temple, JL, Hess, HW, Colburn, D, and Hostler, D. Exertional heat strain after an energy drink and caffeine-equivalent beverage in wildland firefighting garments. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): e1026–e1035, 2025—Caffeine is widely consumed for its stimulant properties and potential ergogenic benefits. Wildland firefighters consume caffeine, but caffeinated energy drinks (ED) are discouraged. The purpose of this investigation was to assess physiologic and perceptual strain walking in wildland firefighting garments after consuming an ED or another equally caffeinated beverage (CAF). Twelve subjects {age (mean [95% confidence interval]): 27 (23–32) years, height: 173 (169–177) cm, mass: 76 (70–83) kg, V̇o2max: 43 (36–50) ml·kg−1·min−1} walked on a treadmill 90 min at 40–50% V̇o2max in 30° C, 80% RH conditions after consuming ED or CAF (200 mg caffeine). Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Peak core temperature (CAF: 39.1° C [38.9–39.3° C]; ED: 39.1° C [38.8–39.4° C], p = 0.94), physiologic strain index (CAF: 8.5 [7.9–9.2] score; ED: 8.5 [7.7–9.4] score, p = 0.87), and perceptual strain index (CAF: 7.9 [6.7–9.0] score; ED: 8.0 [6.8–9.1] score, p = 0.75) were not different between conditions. There were no differences in sweat rate (CAF: 18 [10–26] mL·min−1; ED: 19 [14–24] mL·min−1, p = 0.66), peak heart rate (CAF: 175 [167–184] b·min−1; ED: 177 [168–186] b·min−1, p = 0.86), perceived exertion (CAF: 8 [6–9] rating; ED: 8 [7–8] rating, p = 0.68), and fatigue (CAF: 7 [6–9] rating; ED: 7 [5–8] rating, p = 0.07). Consuming ED did not worsen physiologic or perceptual strain compared with consuming caffeine alone. For regular caffeine users, an ED may be an acceptable alternative caffeine source for wildland firefighters hiking in hot conditions.]]> Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00026 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/velocity_based_training_effects_on_functional.27.aspx Calaway, C, Milgrim, W, Kim, Y, Mann, B, Martinez, K, Haq, I, and Signorile, JF. Velocity-based training effects on functional performance and power across multiple time points in Parkinson disease. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): e1036–e1042, 2025—Velocity-based training (VBT) is a unique resistance-training method that uses changes in velocity, rather than load, to dictate progressions. Although VBT can improve performance in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), the impact of training duration on neuromuscular and functional performances has not been investigated. Leg press peak power (LP-PP) at 40–80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) was assessed after a 12-week VBT program using 10 and 30% velocity thresholds. Functional tests included the 5 time sit-to-stand (5xSTS), and 10-m walk test at maximum (10MWT-M) and habitual gait speeds (10MWT-H). For all data from 16 PD patients, repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to assess main effects and interactions at week 1 (wk 1), week 4 (wk 4), week 8 (wk 8), and week 12 (wk 12). A significant time effect was observed for LP-PP with increases from wk 1–wk 12 (Mdiff ± SE = 43.64 ± 13.15 W; p = 0.006), wk 4–wk 8 (47.00 ± 15.86 W; p = 0.012), and wk 4–wk 12 (66.92 ± 20.30 W; p = 0.006). Significant time effects were also seen for the 5xSTS and 10MWT-M with significant improvements in 5xSTS performance between wk 1–wk 8 (−0.751 ± 0.19 s; p = 0.002), wk 1–wk 12 (−1.503 ± 0.447 s; p = 0.005), and wk 4–wk 12 (−1.537 ± 0.521 s, p = 0.011), and 10MWT-M with improvements from wk 1–wk 8 (−0.262 ± 0.082 s; p = 0.007), wk 1–wk 12 (−0.421 ± 0.075; p < 0.001), wk 4–wk 8 (−0.190 ± 0.055 s; p = 0.004), wk 4–wk 12 (−0.349 ± 0.077 s; p < 0.001), and wk 8–wk 12 (−0.159 ± 0.062 s, p = 0.022). Results indicate significant improvements in functional and neuromuscular performances of PD patients require at least 8 weeks of VBT and are maintained throughout the training period.]]> Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00027 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/relative_energy_deficiency_in_sport_in_rock.14.aspx Tan, K and Schöffl, V. Relative energy deficiency in sport in rock climbers: a narrative review. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): 908–917, 2025—Rock climbing has experienced immense growth in popularity over the years and was incorporated into the summer Olympic program as of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Previously known as Female Athlete Triad, relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) refers to a preventable syndrome characterized by impaired physiologic functions because of low energy availability (LEA). This leads to a multitude of symptoms and compromises the health and performance of climbers. Understanding how REDs manifests in the context of climbing is important for injury prevention, ensuring safe and sustainable practices of the sport, and future research. This review comprehensively explores REDs in the setting of climbing, providing a detailed literature review including the most current research published in 2024. We shed light on the latest recommendations made by the International Olympic Committee, discuss the physiology of climbing, and review studies on anthropometry and nutrition, touching on the youth, adult, able-bodied, and para-athlete populations. Because many rock climbers take the profile of having a low BMI and body fat percentage, there is a concerning number of high-level climbers who do not meet the required nutritional status or energy requirements to sustain a moderate level of training. This article highlights the importance of implementing a multidisciplinary team-based approach in developing an individualized dietary plan for climbers with problematic LEA, underscoring the need for recognizing, diagnosing, and implementing holistic care strategies while also highlighting areas that require further advancement in the field.]]> Fri, 01 Aug 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00014 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/development_of_stretch_shortening_cycle_function.29.aspx McGarrigal, LD, Morse, CI, Sims, DT, and Stebbings, GK. Development of stretch-shortening cycle function in girls during maturation and in response to training: A narrative review. J Strength Cond Res 39(8): e1043–e1051, 2025—The aim of this narrative review was to examine stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function and to explore its effects on the athletic performance in girls during maturation and in response to plyometric training (PT), where there has been limited focus to date. The SSC is an integral component of explosive actions such as sprinting and jumping. Literature shows that the SSC develops during maturation because of several morphological, neurophysiological, and structural mechanisms, and that the SSC response can be amplified by training. Research suggests that boys experience “accelerated adaptation” in slow and fast SSC function as they mature, but to date, similar studies in girls are limited and often contradictory. Plyometric training capitalizes on the ability of the SSC to generate greater force production by including an eccentric muscle action quickly followed by a concentric action. However, the number of PT studies involving youth female athletes is lacking, with only 10% of all PT studies including female subjects aged <18 years. This is surprising given that PT can enhance athletic performance and reduce the risk of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in girls. After PT, boys experience “synergistic adaptation,” which is the symbiotic relationship between PT strategically programmed to coincide with the development of the SSC that is being concurrently enhanced by the processes of growth and maturation. Establishing if girls experience periods of accelerated and synergistic adaptation in slow and fast SSC function after PT would likely influence future training in this population, which has traditionally been underserved.]]> Wed, 09 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00029 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/manuscript_clarification_for_sullivan_ve,_ares_ap,.15.aspx No abstract available]]> Tue, 24 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00015 https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2025/08000/authors__response.16.aspx No abstract available]]> Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT-05:00 00124278-202508000-00016