Economics Education

Economic Dualism

2013-11-12T00:52:00.004-08:00

Economic Dualism is one of the factors inhibiting economic development of a country. This occurs and is a problem for developing countries.

Economic Dualism is a concept that shows the differences between rich nations and poor, and the differences between the various segments of society.

Economic dualism has 4 main characteristics, namely:

1. Two different situations: one situation is superior and others are inferior that coexist in the same space and time

Example:
Modern production methods in urban and rural traditional production methods. Another example, powerful industrial nations and rich nations are weak and poor, and so on.

2. Chronic nature of the differences, not the transitional

The two conditions mentioned above side by side not merely circumstances are temporary, which will disappear by itself over time.

Example:

Prosperity and poverty internationally is not a simple phenomenon that can be lost because of the time alone.

3. Degree of superiority and inferiority are not showing a declining trend, even on the rise.

The gaps between the two states was even more severe, the more superior the country soared ahead, while inferior country worse off.

Example:
Differences in the productivity of developed countries to developing countries productivity.

4. Linkages between elements of the superior and inferior elements indicate that the superior elemental state only a small effect or no effect at all in elevating inferior elements. In fact, it is often an element of the superior cause retardation conditions (underdevelopment).

Learning Games

2013-05-29T16:54:00.005-07:00

Learning Games

The game is an activity where players follow different rules to the reality of trying to live up to their goals.

Profit

1. Attractive / interesting

The game provides an interesting framework for learning activities. Interesting game because the game fun. Children and adults are equally likely to react positively to an invitation to play.

2. The existence of new things

As with any departure from the usual classes, the game raises concern because of the fun new things.

3. Atmosphere

Fun, relaxed atmosphere with game development can be beneficial for those who avoid the types of other structured learning activities.

4. Time for the task

Games can keep students interested in repetitive tasks, such as memorizing multiplication tables, etc.

Loss

1. Competition

Activity can be counterproductive competition for students who are less interested in competing.

2. Confusion

Without good management and questioning, students can not get all the excitement of the game and failed to focus on the real goal.

3. Bad Design

Learning to be meaningful, game activity must provide the actual training of academic skills. Fatal weakness of the design is not a good game is the player spends a lot of time to wait for their turn to play, roll the dice, and take action similar trivial.

Entrepreneurship: Entering the Global Market (Part 1)

2013-05-19T19:51:00.001-07:00

Motivation For Global Market Entry

The advantage, of course, is one of the most significant reasons for entering the global market. Profits are negatively affected by the cost of preparation to enter the global market, which is too low estimate of the associated costs, and losses due to errors.

The difference between planned results and actual results may be quite large in the first attempt to enter the global market. It is usually recognized by employers. However, there are other things that trigger motivation more entrepreneurs to enter the global market.

The motivation is as follows:

1. Profit

2. Competitive pressures

3. Products or services that are unique

4. Excess production capacity

5. Sales declined in the country dalama

6. Unique market opportunity

7. Economies of scale

8. Advantages in terms of technology

9. Tax advantages

Strategic effects to Global Market Entry

While cause various types of environments and new ways of doing business, global market entry is also accompanied by a set of diverse and widespread problem, which is completely new. Physical and psychological proximity to international markets affect some global entrepreneurs.

Geographical proximity to foreign markets may not always provide a closeness that is felt by foreign consumers. Sometimes the variables of culture, language, and legal factors can create a foreign market is geographically close look a lot psychologically.

Selection of Market Competitors

With so many countries with prospects, critical problems for global operators are foreign market selection and entry strategies. Global entrepreneur must always remember that each data point does not make a trend, so the data are based on less than three periods should be interpreted with caution.

Data were collected and analyzed for the selection of the market will also be used in developing marketing strategies and plans go right. While some market selection models available, one good method to use a five-step approach.

1. Develop appropriate indicators

2. Collect data and turn it into indicators that can be compared

3. Assign weights to each indicator

4. Analyze the data

5. Choosing the right market from market rank

Definition and Types of Learning Model

2013-05-14T04:50:00.003-07:00

Definition of Learning Model
Winataputra in Sugiyanto (2008) suggests that the learning model is a conceptual framework that describes a systematic procedure in organizing learning experiences to achieve specific learning objectives and serves as a guide for learning and crier proclaimed and teachers in implementing learning activities.

Types of Learning ModelSugiyanto (2008) suggests that there are many models of learning are developed by experts in an effort to optimize student learning outcomes. The learning model include the following:

1. Contextual Learning Model
Contextual learning model is the concept of learning that encourages teachers to connect between what is taught by real-world situations students. This lesson also encourages students to make connections between their knowledge and their application in everyday life. Knowledge and skills obtained from the students construct their own knowledge and skills as students learn.

2. Cooperative Learning Model
Models of cooperative learning is a learning approach that focuses on the use of small groups of students to work together to maximize the learning conditions to achieve learning objectives.

3. Quantum Learning Model
Quantum learning model is assembled from a variety of theories or views of cognitive psychology and neurology that much programming already exist.

4. Integrated Learning Model
Integrated learning is a learning model that allows students either individually or in groups actively seek, explore, and discover concepts and principles in a holistic manner. This is a learning model that try to combine several subjects.

5. Problem Based Learning (PBL)
Problem Based Learning is a learning cognitive psychology that takes as its theoretical support. The focus is more on what the student is doing but on what students think as long as they do it. Enabling teachers themselves as mentors and facilitators so that students can learn to think and solve their own problems.

What's the Difference and Similarities between the Investment Education Investment Health When Associated with Economic Growth?

2012-08-09T01:16:00.001-07:00

Equation

Niken Sulistyowati, et al (2010) says in his study "The improvement of education, leading to increased labor productivity. Increased productivity of labor and other production inputs lead to output increases. Increase in output leads to an increase government revenue. Effects could further encourage increased investment and infrastructure spending. "This suggests that investments in education have a positive impact on economic growth, the higher one's education investment will enhance economic growth.

While Arum Atmawikarta (2002) states "At the micro level, namely at the level of individual and family health is the basis for labor productivity and capacity to learn at school. A healthy workforce is physically and mentally more energetic and stronger, more productive, and earn a high income. At the macro level, residents with a level of good health is an input (input) is important for poverty reduction, economic growth, and long-term economic development. Some of the historical experience proves the success of economic takeoff, rapid economic growth is supported by a significant breakthrough in the field of public health, combating disease and improving nutrition. "So it can bdisimpulkan that health investment is also bringing a positive impact on a country's economic growth.

Based on the description it can be concluded that investments in education and health investment are equally positive effect on a country's economic growth rate. Both (between investments in education and health) are equally have an impact on the productivity of one's work, and which will have an impact on economic growth.

Difference

Good health investment with investment in education is to result in increased economic growth, but after research conducted by Rasidin K. Sitepu and M. Bonar Sinaga (2007) was the effect of health investment on economic growth in Indonesia is greater when compared to investments in education. One result of these studies is that in the event of an increase in government spending on education by 20%, increase real GDP by 2.19% nationally. While at the time there was an increase in government spending on health by 20%, increase real GDP by 3.68% nationally. In addition, at the end of his research conclusions Rasidin K. Sitepu and M. Bonar Sinaga (2007) says that "health investment can reduce poverty by a greater percentage when compared to investments in education."

Based on the description it can be concluded that the health investment over a big impact on economic growth when compared to health investment. In this health investment over a major effect on the national increase in real GDP and reduce poverty.

Distance Education System

2012-07-30T16:20:00.003-07:00

As a direct or conventional education system, distance education system also requires a supporting infrastructure of education, so that the general purpose of education can be realized accordance with education levels. Means of supporting usually a lesson modules are sent to students. Facilities can also implement information technology. The emergence of information and communication technologies in distance education is very helpful at all. As can be seen, with the advent of online education or web-school or cyber-school, using the internet facility. Systems approach to teaching is to do with teaching directly or by using the system as the concentration of knowledge. This allows the formation of an opportunity for anyone to participate in various educational levels from kindergarten through college (PT).

Unlike direct the education system, the system requires the management of distance education and educational management of "special", both from the students and the instructor (teacher) for educational purposes can be realized. Education must focus on the instructional needs of students.

From the instructor (teacher), several factors are important to the success of distance education systems is a concern, confident teachers, experience, easy to use equipment, creativity, active learning, and ability to establish interaction and communication with students remotely. Also consider the technical obstacles that may occur, so that distance education can take place effectively.

From the student side, one important factor is the seriousness of the following teaching and learning process at the time the instructor (teacher) does not deal directly with students. At this level, the involvement and the presence of 'the people' around, including a family member plays an important and strategic. Its presence can support the ongoing learning process effectively, but the opposite could also be a barrier. Another factor that is active learning and effective communication. Active participation of students of distance education affects how they relate to the material to be studied.

The success of distance education system supported by the interaction and effective communication and a maximum of teachers and students, interaction between students with different educational facilities such as modules mudul interaction between students with 'the people' around, and the patterns of education active in each of these interactions. Also liveliness and independence of students in the deepening of the material, do the exam, and creativity to find supporting material from other sources such as internet or digital-library.

Definition of Learning Technology

2012-07-30T16:10:00.001-07:00

Formulation of the notion of Learning Technology has undergone some changes, in line with the history and development of learning technology itself. Below are a few definitions of Instructional Technology that has an influence on the development of Learning Technologies.

Definitions Association for Educational Communications Technology (AECT) 1963

"Audio-visual communication is a branch of educational theory and practice that are primarily concerned with the design, and use the messages to control the learning process, include the following activities: (a) learn the weaknesses and strengths of a message in the learning process, (b) structuring and systematization by the and instruments in environmental education, including: planning, production, selection, management and utilization of the components and the overall learning system. The practical aim is the use of each method and medium of communication effectively to help learners to the maximum development potential."

Although still use the term audio-visual communication, the above definition has produced a basic framework for the subsequent development of Learning Technology and to encourage an increase in learning.

Commission definition on the Instruction Technology (CIT) 1970

"In a more general sense, is defined as a medium of learning technology that was born as a result of the communication revolution that can be used for teaching purposes in addition to teachers, textbooks, and the board ..... forming part of the learning technology is television, film, OHP, computer and the other hardware or software."

1994 AECT definition

"Instructional Technology is the theory and practice in the design, development, utilization, management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning."

Although formulated in a more simple sentences, this definition implies that in fact. This definition seeks to strengthen the learning technology as a field and profession, which must be supported by a foundation of solid theory and practice. This definition is also working to improve the region or area of learning technology field activities. In addition, this definition is trying to emphasize the importance of process and product.

If we observe the contents of the content of learning technology definitions above, it appears from time to time undergone a process of learning technology "metamorphosis" to perfection. Which was originally only viewed as a means to a more extensive, than only to the practice-oriented theory and practice, from the product go to processes and products, and finally through the current evolutionary journey of learning technology has become a field and profession.

In line with the development and advancement of science and technology so rapidly, especially in education, psychology and communication it is not impossible in the future of learning technologies will increasingly continue to grow and strengthen themselves as a discipline and profession that can further benefit the achievement of effectiveness and learning efficiency.

Nevertheless, it must be admitted that the development of learning technology and professional fields in Indonesia is still arguably not optimal, both in terms of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation. Businesses would still need a genuine struggle of all parties related to learning technology, both from academics, researchers and practitioners.

ABCD Learning Stated Objectives of the Good

2012-07-29T01:44:00.002-07:00

ABCD of the goals stated by either giving us an easy process followed to determine the learning objectives.

Audience

Learning objectives to focus on what the pemelajar will know and can do so after the subject was over, and not what teachers do to teach them, then it is important to clearly identify the target pemelajar.

Behavior

The essence of the destination is a verb that describes the new capabilities of the learners will have after teaching. This verb is most likely to communicate our goals clearly when expressed as observable behaviors. We must try to get the behavior or the performance of students who reflect a deep understanding of the real world and ability.

Condition

A statement of learning objectives should include the conditions under which performance will be assessed. In other words, the material or any device that is allowed or not allowed to wear menampilakan students in the mastery of these objectives.

Degree

Ultimate requirements of a well-stated objective is that it indicates the purpose of the standard or criteria for judging acceptable performance. The accuracy or fluency as to what should be shown by the learners.

Essence of Education-Based Entrepreneurship

2012-07-28T00:31:00.002-07:00

Superiority of a nation linked to the ability of its competitiveness with other nations. Necessary to be able to compete with the advantages of both competitive advantage (the ability of HR) and comparative (related to natural resources that are available). Competitiveness refers to the ability to compete a person, group, community or nation against individuals, groups, societies, or other people related to the value of competing against its competitors.

Entrepreneurship-based education is learning the values of entrepreneurship through the planting and maintenance of habituation behavior and attitudes. The curriculum is made must refer to the needs of the nation's competitiveness, as well as vision and mission of the school in producing graduates. Changes in vision and mission is needed in order to produce graduates who are able to increase the competitiveness of the nation, the graduates are not just looking for work but also graduates who are able to create job opportunities.

Indeed, not all fields of science today can be applied in the real world let alone the corporate world, the challenge is to design a curriculum-based entrepreneurship. Curriculum-based entrepreneurship curriculum is expected to be the key that will be the measure of success of the school creates a highly competitive graduate job market.

Entrepreneurship education is one government program, especially the Ministry of National Education which aims to build and develop the creative human spirit, inovati, sportsmanship and self-employment. Entrepreneurship education is at the associate and integrate with other programs, such as character education, economic education and creative entrepreneurship education into school curricula. To build a spirit of entrepreneurship and increase entrepreneurs,

Learning system is currently not fully effective learners build a noble character and national character including the character of entrepreneurship. This is partly indicated by the relatively high unemployment, the number of entrepreneurs who are still relatively few, and moral degradation. Policies to tackle these problems, especially problems associated with entrepreneurship, among others, can be done by way of instilling entrepreneurship education into all subjects, teaching material, extracurricular, and personal development activities, developing educational curricula that provide entrepreneurial education payload that can enhance the understanding of entrepreneurship , cultivate character and entrepreneurship skills, and foster entrepreneurship culture in the school environment.

There are many entrepreneurial values that are considered most essential and appropriate to developmental level of students as much as 17 (seventeen) value should be owned by students and citizens of other schools. Implementation of the core values of entrepreneurship are not directly implemented by the education unit at the same time, but done in stages. The first phase of implementation of entrepreneurial values taken 6 (six) core values, namely:

Independent, is the attitude and behavior that is not easy to depend on others in completing tasks
Creative, is thinking and doing things to make way for the results differ from the products / services that already exist
Dare to take risks, is the ability for someone to love the job yangmenantang, courageous and able to take the risk of work
Action-oriented is to take the initiative to act, and not wait, before an undesirable event occurs.
Leadership is an attitude and behavior of someone who is always open to suggestions and criticism, it is easy to get along, cooperate, and directing others
Hard work, are behaviors that demonstrate serious efforts in completing tasks and overcome obstacles.

It is not meant to limit the planting of values (internalization) of entrepreneurship to all school uniform, but every level of education units can internalize the values of other entrepreneurial independently in accordance with school needs.

Quality education must be improved continuously. The quality of education related to quality processes and products. The quality of the process can be achieved when the learning takes place effectively and learners can experience and undergo the learning process significantly. Product quality is achieved when the students demonstrated a high level of mastery of tugastugas learn according to their needs and demands of life that needs to be applied kerja.untuk world of entrepreneurship education at all levels / levels of education. The education program targeted entrepreneurship education is a unit of education from early childhood education to upper secondary education and non formal education. Through this program are expected to graduate students in all types and levels of education, and citizens of other school has a soul and the spirit of entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurial Strategy: Generating and Exploiting New Business

2012-07-26T16:57:00.001-07:00

One important effort in entrepreneurship are new ventures, new businesses include: 1. offers all new products to market; 2. offer an existing product; 3.menciptakan a new organisasai regardless of whether the product is new to competition or consumers.

Creation of a New Business Opportunities

Resources as a source of competitive advantage, when a company starting a new business, these resources can be combined to provide the capacity for firms to achieve superior performance yng, that resource becomes the basis of superior performance over its competitors, resources must be valuable, rare and can not be imitated.

To make a note of the growing business market and technological knowledge, and assess the benefits from new business opportunities.

Strategy for the Exploitation of Business New Business

Source of competitive advantage is to be the first in introducing new products or creating new business for the new venture could allow a profit that could improve performance. Hi this include:

Develop an early mover advantage means the cost to be the first to sell a product on the market
Early mover competitive competition, the first few customers continues to grow and will eventually disappear
Early mover in the use of distribution channels, since the beginning have the opportunity to choose and develop strong relationships with suppliers and distribution channels of the most important.
Early mover in consumer satisfaction with goods dihasillkan taste, according to market share target
Early movers gain the skills learned through participation in existing products, to monitor changes in the market that it becomes difficult, building a network.

Consumer uncertainty and disadvantage First Mover

Introducing new products to the market that involves all the elements and there is no uncertainty for consumers about new products that are not convinced that the new product has the advantage of old products, and consumers are reluctant to move new keproduk, the proper way to introduce new products with advertising that is often through the media print and electronic, and with the direction or demonstrating new products at the show or efen-specific efen so that consumers could be interested and willing to become repeat customers.

Internal Audit – Marketing

2012-07-26T16:45:00.001-07:00

Marketing is the process of defining, pengantisipasian, creation and fulfillment of needs and desires of consumers for products and services. There are seven functions of marketing, namely:

Consumer Analysis

An observation and evaluasai needs, desires and wants of consumers. Consumer analysis involves the procurement of consumer surveys, analyzing consumer information, evaluating strategic market positioning, floating consumer profiles, market segmentation and the determination of the optimal strategy.

Sales of Products / Services

Sales include a lot of marketing activities, such as advertising, sales promotion, publicity, personal selling, sales force management, customer relations, and dealer relations.

Planning Products and Services

Planning products and services include various activities such as test marketing, product and brand positioning, use of the warranty, packaging, determining the choice of products, product features, product style, product quality, the removal of old products, and providing customer service. Test marketing is one of the techniques of planning products and services that are most effective as a test market allows an organization to test alternative marketing plans and new product sales forecasting.

Price Fixing

Five stakeholders (stakeholders) affect pricing decisions (pricing): consumers, government, suppliers, distributors, and competitors.

Distribution

Distribution includes penggudangan, distribution channels, distribution coverage, location of retail, wolayah sales, inventory levels and locations, courier transport, wholesale, and retail. Distribution becomes very important when a company attempted to implement market development strategies or forward integration.

Market Research

Marketing research is the collection, recording and analyzing systematic data on the various issues regarding the marketing of goods and services. Marketing research activities to support all the main business functions of an organization.

Opportunity Analysis

The analysis involves assessing the opportunity costs, benefits and risks associated with marketing decisions. Three steps are required to make cost-benefit analysis (cost-benefit analysis): (1) calculate the total cost associated with a decision, (2) estimate the total benefits of the decision and (3) compare the total cost of the benefit. If the expected benefits exceed total costs, then it becomes more attractive opportunities.

Aligning internal audit Are you on the right floor?

2012-07-24T23:29:00.001-07:00

Organizational culture is a pattern of behavior that has developed an organization when the organization learned to cope with problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has proven successful enough to be considered valid and taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think and feel.

Lorsch found that culture can be the success of a company but also can inhibit strategic management because:

Sodium absorption ratio is often managers are able to see the changes in external conditions due to be made by the belief that they hold strongly.
When a culture proved successful in the past and it will continue to be held despite major strategy change.

In order to successfully compete in world markets, managers must acquire a good knowledge about the power of historical, cultural and religious memoyivasi and encourage people in other countries.

Resource Based View Perspective

2012-07-24T23:22:00.001-07:00

Adherents believe that the RBV view of operational performance will be largely determined by internal resources are put into three categories:

physical resources, including plant, machinery, raw materials etc.
human resources, including staff, training, experience, skills, etc.
organizational resources, including planning, information systems, patents, etc..

To be valuable, a resource should have an empirical indicators are rare, difficult to imitate and not easy to find a replacement. One can not say absolutely convinced that the external or internal factors that will always or consistently more important in achieving competitive advantage. But more important is how to understand the relationship between both factors.

Types and Levels of Communication Word of Mouth (WOM)

2012-07-24T23:14:00.000-07:00

Hughes (2005) suggested that the types of word of mouth communication (WOM) can be classified into two types: positive word of mouth communication and the communication of negative word of mouth. Positive WOM communication is the process of delivering information through word of mouth that made by one individual to another individual based on the experience that is positive about a product, service, or company. Meanwhile, negative WOM communication is a process of interaction of word of mouth that is based on negative experiences gained from one individual to another individual of a product, service or company.

Experience that is positive implies that the experience gained either an individual or individuals directly or indirectly to the use of a product, service or company along with the satisfaction or fulfillment of individual expectations. Conversely, negative experiences are the experiences gained in the individual either directly or indirectly, that is not accompanied by contentment. In other words, products or services consumed can not meet expectations (Hughes, 2005).

Associated with the types of WOM communications, Hughes (2005) classifies the word of mouth communication (WOM) to 9 level or levels that started from minus 4 to plus 4. At the level of minus 4, the information conveyed through word of mouth are the things that are negative, whereas the level of information conveyed plus 4 are the things that are positive. Positive WOM communication falls into tiers or levels plus 1 to plus 4, while negative WOM communication belong to the level of minus 1 to minus 4.

Levels of word of mouth communication (WOM) can be described as follows (Hughes (2005):

1. Levels of minus 4

Levels of minus 4 describes a condition or state of talks about a product or a company that involves many people who complain or kornplain. At this level are often referred to as a public scandal, which means that all the people moving actively to seek out and advise not to use products or services of their respective companies. This situation could adversely impact the company's products bersangkuan even if no immediate action that is anticipatory of internal party companies.

2. Minus 3 levels

Rate minus 3 describes the condition or circumstances regarding the use of a product or service that is experienced by individuals who continued with the provision of advice to other individuals not to use the product or service in question. Level is different from the level of minus 4 because it has not reached a public scandal.

3. Depth minus 2

Level minus 2 describes the condition or state of dissatisfaction experienced by individuals associated with the use of the product or service. Dissatisfaction in this level is not indicated clearly in the sense that the individual concerned will not remain silent when asked a question related to the product, but dissatisfaction is shown clearly when the individual consulted associated with the same product.

4. Levels minus 1

Rate minus 1 describes the condition or circumstances of the individuals who make complaints against a product or service indirectly. Although not active, the condition is still classified in negative WOM communication, so it needs to do a better marketing effort to minimize negative WOM.

5. Levels of 0

Level 0 in WOM communication describes the condition or circumstances of the individual who uses a product or service without complaint or complaint or indicates satisfaction.

6. Levels plus 1

Rate plus 1 illustrates the conditions or individual circumstances that indicate satisfaction gained in using a product or service by commenting that good or positive about the product or service.

7. Levels plus 2

Level 2 in the drawing WOM communication conditions or individual circumstances that indicate its satisfaction for a product or service by providing a good or positive comments with great interest. At this level, the conventional marketing strategies contributed less meaningful because at this level need an accommodation to any individual situation still talk about the benefits of the product concerned.

8. Levels plus 3

Level 3 describes the condition or circumstances of the individual who tried to convince other people about the advantages of a product or service or in other words, individuals try to convince other people that a particular product or service has a very good quality.

9. Levels plus 4

Level 4 in WOM communication is the level or the highest level in this kind of positive WOM communication. At this level describes the condition of individuals who talk about the benefits of a product or service on an ongoing basis which means that the individual obtains satisfaction in using the product or service in question. In this stage, companies must be able to maintain customer satisfaction or if the consumer or customer because the customer was not met his expectations, then this level will be turned into a kind of negative WOM communication.

Understanding Communication Word of Mouth (WOM)

2012-07-24T00:14:00.002-07:00

The term communication comes from the Latin stage, namely commimicalio, derived from communis, which means the same. For example, if two people conversing, the conversation is said to be communicative if both, in addition to understand the language used, as well as understand the meaning of material dipercakapkan (Onong, 2001).

Communicative communication is needed in building a good relationship between individuals within families and communities. Similarly, in every organization, that communication is very important as an effective tool in promoting and developing the organizations concerned. Here, organizational communication includes information from the employer formally distributed to the subordinate (downward communication) from subordinates to superiors (upward communication), the co-worker (horizontal communication) or between superiors and subordinates in the different units in a organization (cross channel communication).

Related to communication that exist in an organization, according to Hoskins (2007) views of the nature of communication among them is word of mouth communication or oral communication. According to him, communication is necessary for the internal and external organizations. Communication for internal purposes is as a means of coordination, control, any activity or activities in the organization of individuals and communally (together) at the management level and at the level of staff or employees. Here, the organization according to Hoskins (2007) serves as a forum for direct interaction that requires word of mouth communication that is a form of cooperation between two or more people in achieving the objectives to be achieved together. This suggests that any activity that occurs in organizations is the interaction between members of the organization directly to one of them through word of mouth communications. With the communication, an organization alive and growing dynamically. Organization without a communication, will lead all activity stops.

Meanwhile, word of mouth communication to external stakeholders by Hoskins (2007) aims to establish relationships with other organizations or parties concerned. An important organizational relationships with organizations outside of himself. Dalarn business cooperation, the communication through word of mouth will be more effective to establish a good bond with the organization because Iain will be able to build a strong emotional bond.

Kotler & Keller (2007) suggests that word of mouth Communication (WOM) or by word of mouth communication is a communication process for the provision of advice either individually or in groups for a product or service that aims to provide personal information. Communication by word of mouth is one of the channels of communication that is often used by companies that produce both goods and services for communications and word of mouth (word of mouth) is considered very effective in expediting the process of marketing and be able to provide benefits to the company. According to Kotler & Keller (2007), personal communication channel in the form of greeting or word of mouth (word of mouth) may be an effective method of promotion because it is generally delivered from consumers by consumers and for consumers, so consumers or customers can be satisfied to media advertising for the company. In addition, personal communications channels of word of mouth, is relatively large due to the through satisfied customers, referrals or references to products of the company's production will be more easily spread to other consumers (Kotler & Keller, 2007).

In line with the previous opinion, Siverman (2001) suggests the effectiveness of word of mouth communication (WOM) is inseparable from the nature of the communication which he defines as follows: "A form of interpersonal communication consumers Concerning Their personal experiences with a firm or a product".

From the above definition, Siverman (2001) argues that communication is word of mouth (WOM) is an interpersonal communication that occurs between individuals one individual to another based on the experience possessed by each individual to a company or product either in the form of goods or services. Support the notion Siverman, Hughes (2005) suggested the same thing that the word of mouth communication (WOM) is an effective interpersonal communication in affecting a person's attitude as in conveying information about products or services as contained in the definition of word of mouth communication as follows: " Communication about products and service 'Between WHO people are perceived to he independent of the company Providing the product or services, ma medium perceived to be independent of the conipanv ".

Based on the above quote can be interpreted that communication is word of mouth (WOM) is an interpersonal communication between or among individuals about a product or service, with status as a party that has no ties with the companies that produce goods or services. In other words, act as consumers or customers of a particular company or product Hughes (2005).

Transformational Leadership Style

2012-07-23T00:11:00.003-07:00

The word leadership certainly is not foreign to our ears, the word transformational probably unfamiliar to the ear most people (if the transformer must have a lot to know ... :D). Well ... the following will present some understanding of transformational leadership by some experts.

Yulk (1994: 11) says that the leadership (leadership) is the process by which individuals influence other group members to achieve organizational goals. Meanwhile, according to Robbins (2001) leadership is a relationship between a person with another person. Leaders are able to influence others to be willing to work together on tasks related to achieving what is desired.

A research body in his research found several variations of this model for understanding leadership. Some small details are very useful in theoretical research and find a multifactor model of Leadership, Bass, Yamarino, & Hater (in Corrigan et.al, 2002). In this model of transformational leadership put forward as an effective leader helps members of the group that is subordinate to change the shape of the program and develop the needs of their members. Transformational leadership goals achieved through charisma, inspiration, intellectual stimulant, and individual consideration to the interests of subordinates.

In Bernard Bass (1990), transformational leadership is a form of leadership where the leader is able to expand and improve working interest in their subordinates, the leadership system in which its leaders are capable of triggering sensitivity and acceptance of corporate vision, mission and goals, and where its leaders have control over their subordinates so that subordinates- subordinates are able to explore their potential for the progress of each company / group.

According to Burns (in Gardner and Stough, 2002). Transformational leadership in the other sense is the process of motivating subordinates in an attractive way to enhance the goals and values. Transformational leadership is also defined and interpreted as a vision for the organization and then inspire subordinates to participate in generating this view.

Leaders often review and make corrections to the performance of their subordinates and the leader has full control in running their organization. Transformational leadership in this regard to be important in survival. Based on the research of Olga Epitropaki, the system shows that transformational leadership:

Can significantly improve organizational performance
Have a positive impact on long-term sales and customer satisfaction
Enhance organizational commitment of subordinates
Increase the confidence of employees and corporate behavior (organizational citizenship Behaviours)
Improve employee satisfaction with work and leadership
Reduce the pressure of work and improve the welfare of employees

According to Robbins (2001) transformational leadership is a leader who can inspire their employees to better prioritize the progress of the organization rather than self-interest, giving attention both to employees and be able to change the consciousness of its employees in looking at old problems in new ways.

Transformational leadership is defined as involving a change of leadership in organizations. Leadership is also defined as an act of leadership requires the motivation of subordinates in order to be willing to work for high-level goals are considered to be beyond his personal interests at the time. Transformational leadership are indeed interpreted as true leadership, because leadership is really working towards the goal of the act of directing the organization to a destination that never achieved before. (Locke in Yanto 2004).

Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)

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Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is the contribution of individuals who exceed tuntuntan roles in the workplace and in the acquisition of performance-reward task. OCB included behaviors include menolonh behavior of others, to volunteer for extra tasks, adherence to rules and procedures in the workplace. This behavior indicates the existence of more value than employees.

Organ (1988) defines OCB as individual behaviors that are free and are not directly related to the reward system and can improve the functioning of the organization afaktif. According to Organ (1990), organizational citizenship behavior consists of five key dimensions: altruism, civic virtue, conscientiousness, courtesy, and sportsmanship. Some researchers have proposed variations of this framework, but this is the dimension of the five most commonly used in business literature (Organ & Ryan, 1995).

Organizational Citizenship Behavior Dimensions dimension

1. Altruism (concern)

Is defined as taking over "voluntary actions that help others with problems related to work" (Podsakoff & MacKenzie, 1994, p. 351). This refers to taking time out of someone and personal schedule to provide help to someone in need. Altruism among employees can be a help to other employees who work overload.

2. Civic virtue

Characterize a person who "participated in and care about corporate life". (Podsakoff & MacKenzie, 1994, p. 351). Enthusiastic commitment to the organization include a meeting or an actual role or voluntary choice, looking for ways to improve the way businesses operate, or oversee the corporate environment for opportunities or threats.

3. Conscientiousness (Awareness)

Refers to placing a priority on "the presence, use of work time, and support for a wide range of regulations that exceed any minimum standards set forth" (Organ, 1990, p. 47). A person who is conscious of its responsibilities voluntarily take extra responsibility, on time, putting the interests of the keterperincian and quality of work, and generally doing "far above and beyond" the call of duty. Employees who are aware of its responsibility to arrive early, so it's ready to work when schedule starts working.

4. Courtesy (politeness)

Include involvement in the "action to prevent the problems associated with the work and the other" (Podsakoff & MacKenzie, 1994, p. 351), showing body language or careful consideration of others, or "check", or "recognize" others before taking actions that will affect their work "(Organ, 1990, p. 47). Act of courtesy can include communicate regularly with colleagues so that they are not surprised when events fail to open the way they expected.

The Effect Of Implementation Of Product Realization in ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System For Learning Student Achievement

2012-07-16T20:38:00.001-07:00

Abstract

The purpose of this study were to: (1) Determine the significance of the influence of the implementation of Product Realization in ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System which consists of six sub-variables: planning product realization, customer-related processes, design and development, purchasing, production and service provision, and control monitoring and measuring equipment together toward student achievement. (2) Determine the significance of variables influence the planning of product realization of student achievement. (3) Knowing the significance of the influence of process variables associated with the customer on student achievement. (4) Determine the significance of variables influence the design and development of student achievement. (5) Knowing the significance of variables influence the purchase of student achievement. (6) Knowing the significance of variables influence the production and service provision on student achievement. (7) Knowing the significance of control variables influence the monitoring and measurement equipment to student achievement.

Determination of the number of samples using the slovin formula and obtained a sample of 49 teachers. Data collection techniques used were questionnaires and documentation techniques. The data analysis technique used is multiple regression analysis.

Based on the results of this study can be concluded that: (1) There is a significant positive effect between the variable implementation of Product Realizayion in ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System which includes planning product realization, customer-related processes, design and development, purchasing, production and service provision, control equipment monitoring and measurement jointly toward learning achievement. This is indicated by the probability value 0.000 <0.05. (2) There is a significant positive effect between the variables of product realization planning on student achievement. This is indicated by the probability value 0.000 <0.05. (3) There is a significant positive effect between process variables associated with the customer on student achievement.This is indicated by the probability value 0.000 <0.05. (4) There is a significant positive effect between design variables and the development of student achievement.This is indicated by the probability value 0.000 <0.05. (5) There is a significant positive effect between the variables of student achievement. This is indicated by the probability value 0.000 <0.05. (6) There is a significant positive effect between the variables of production and service provision on student achievement. This is indicated by the probability value 0.000 <0.05. (7) There is a significant positive effect between variables controlling monitoring and measurement equipment to student achievement. This is indicated by the probability value 0.000 <0.05.

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Definition and Types of Learning Model

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1. Contextual Learning Model
Contextual learning model is the concept of learning that encourages teachers to link between the material being taught to the students real-world situations. This study also encourages students make connections between knowledge and its application in their daily lives. Knowledge and skills gained from the efforts of students to construct their own knowledge and skills as students learn.

2. Cooperative Learning Model
Model of cooperative learning is a learning approach that focuses on the use of small groups of students to work together in maximizing the learning conditions for achieving learning objectives.

3. Quantum Learning Model
Quantum Learning model is an assembly of various theories or views of cognitive psychology and neurology that much programming already exist.

4. Integrated Learning Model
An integrated learning model of learning that allows students both individually and in groups of actively searching, digging, and found the concepts and principles of holistic. Learning is a model that tried to integrate several subjects.

5. Model Problem Based Learning (PBL)
Model of problem-based learning (PBL) is a cognitive psychology of learning that takes as its theoretical support. The focus is not much on what is being worked on students but on what students think as long as they do. Enabling teachers themselves as mentors and facilitators so that students can learn to think and solve their own problems.

Definition of Quality

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Quality is very important for an organization, be it non-educational organizations and educational organizations. Quality itself has various meanings, as proposed by some experts the following: According to the M. Juran N. Nasution (2001), matches the quality of a product is the use of the product (fitness for use) to meet the needs and customer satisfaction.

Crosby in M. N. Nasution (2001) stated that quality is conformance to requirements, which is in accordance with the requirements or standardized. A product has a quality in accordance with our quality standards have been determined. Quality standards including raw materials, production processes and finished products.

Another opinion by Stanley Sutrisno (2010:8) quality is a "fit between the products or services produced by the organization's requirements or criteria set by the customer". While the National Standardization Agency (BSN) (2008) defines quality as the degree achieved by the inherent characteristics fulfill requirements.

Based on the above understanding, it can be concluded that the quality of the fit between the products produced with the desired requirements of the customer so that customer satisfaction can be realized.

What Actually Needs Consumers?

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We must be careful with what is meant by the word "looking for what the consumer needs," which appear in most definitions of marketing. Consumers do not quite understand exactly what they need. What they really need is a better way to solve their problems, so, one of the major tasks of marketing is to understand customers and their problems in depth so that we can continue to do something that can make their lives easier.

Here are some areas that overlap with respect to marketing:

Sales. A chief executive officer excitedly announcing to everyone at the beginning of a seminar, "We only have a narrow time to do marketing in the company until sales have increased!" Confusion between marketing and sales still remains one of the biggest obstacles to overcome.

Consumers who are looking for / choose a product

Product Management. The belief that everything a company needs to be done to succeed is to produce a good product still continues to spread. Beta video cassette recorder from Sony, Apple's Macintosh computers, aircraft Carcorde, and thousands of others who witnessed the miracle product itself bankrupt investors or inventors is proof of this belief wrong.
Advertising. This is another popular confusion. Perbisnisan history is filled with examples are like British Airways, which before hire professional management of the award-winning ads are brilliant while failing to sell its products. Embed advertising budget on an issue is a popular way to overcome the marketing problems that have been entrenched in.
Customer Service. Syndrome "Enjoy the day" is going through a peak period in various countries. The concept was popularized by Peters and Waterman's book In Search of Excellence preformance. Many companies now recognize that the train each employee to apply both to the consumer will not cut much if what is offered is fundamentally wrong. For example, in the case of the railway company Amtrak, although consumers like to be treated well, they feel much more important to them if it can be delivered to its destination on time.
Sell. Selling is one aspect of communication with consumers. To say that that was the only important thing is to ignore the importance of product management, pricing, distribution, and other forms of communication in achieving profitable sales. Selling is part of the process in which a transaction is totally disconnected. It was the culmination of the marketing process, and success is only possible if all other elements of the marketing mix has been managed well in advance. Imagine if you have a horse but no legs at all. More and more attention is given to know what consumers need, build a product to satisfy their needs, set the price according to the benefits provided, creating a distribution, and communicate effectively with the target market, the more likely we exchange contracts through a process of personal selling.

Pareto Effect

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Pareto effect is a phenomenon commonly observed by most of the companies in which a small customer gives a large portion of total sales. This is often referred to as the rule of 80/20, or the Pareto effect, of which about 20 percent of customers contribute to about 80 percent of sales.

A graph of the proportion of customers who provide a specific number of sales can resemble the proportion of the relationship as depicted on the display 3-1. In the graph, customers are categorized into groups A, B, or C according to the proportion of sales that they provide. A customer may represent 25 percent of total subscribers, contributing about 70 percent of total sales; B customers who represent 55 percent of total subscribers, contributing about 20 percent of total sales, and customer C, which represents about 20 percent of the total customer to contribute the rest is about 10 percent.

Display. Pareto Effect: Log Normal Distribution

Pareto effect is found in all types of markets, from industrial capital goods, financial services, to the consumer. Facts about the marketing implications of this seems clear: marketers need to focus efforts and programs to customers with high purchasing. One of the important tasks in marketing planning is to be able to choose the best 20 percent of your market and focus on it.

Market Share

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Very close to the question about the difference between customers and consumers is the question of how big our market share. The majority of business people have to understand that there is any direct relationship between the relatively high market share and high return on the investigation. It is important to be careful about how a market is defined. For example, SMH, a Swiss company, which sells a variety of brand watches, including Omega and Swatch brands famous. Although Omega and Swatch are equally hours, they were not in the same market. Omega is located in the luxury watch market, and Swatch are located in the fashionable accessory market. Appropriate market definition is crucial for the calculation of market share and market growth, the target customers' specifications, re-confirmation of the actual competitors, and most importantly, the formulation of marketing strategy that presents a distinct advantage.

The general rule is that the market definition is an aggregation of all market products that can satisfy the same needs. For example, internal catering services company is considered as one option when it comes time for lunch at the office. It also needs can be satisfied in a public restaurant, fast food restaurants and snack outlets. Emphasis on the definition, thus, clearly the word need.

It is important to be able to achieve a balance between understanding the broad market with a market definition that can be managed. A definition that is too superficial impact on the inhibition of the company and the opportunities that may open a new segment for your business. The other hand, the definition is too broad to make a marketing plan does not mean at all. For example, the TV station said to be in the entertainment market, which turned out to also contain other entertainment organizations, such as theaters, cinemas, and amusement parks, on the other side. It's a pretty broad definition adalh. Therefore, it would be more manageable if the TV station, while trying mensegmentasi their markets, to define their market as the entertainment market and household information. This definition is further abstracted to impart information and entertainment in the market for pre-school households, children, teens, families, or adults.

To help calculate market share, the following definitions may help:

1. Product Class

Cigarettes, computers, fuel, heavy construction equipment.

2. Product Subclass

Filter, personal computer, premium, bulldozer.

3. Brand Products

Marlboro, Compaq, Mobil, Caterpillar.

Coke, as a brand, for the purposes of measuring market share, is only interested in the aggregate of all other brands that satisfy consumers' needs are the same group. However, Coca-Cola company also needs to be alert to trendpenjualan all kinds of drinks.

One of the most common mistakes that they do not understand what the actual market share is to assume that their company only has a market share of product class or subclass of small saja.jika a successful enterprise in sales, the company most likely has its share of the greater in one segment of the market wide labih above. For example, Psion, a British company with annual sales of $ 150 million, a share that is not nothing in the computer market. However, for computers with a weight of less than 1 kilogram, in 1996, Psion has a market share that is very surprising, that 34 percent of the total world market, making it the number one company in the world for that segment.

Although it is tempting to believe that untul given a new definition will add "clutter" the definition of existing markets and there is a danger if the lie to ourselves, not to lose sight of the purpose of market segmentation, to provide a competitive advantage for companies to deliver better value for customers. New York symphony orchestra can define the market being served sebgai viewers if aggregation of all the classic New York orchestra rather than solely as entertainment. The key is that a definition of the market allows it to exceed its competitors and still continues to grow in their behavior. Definition set should continue to be reviewed and corrected.

In summary. Appropriate market definition is important for several tujuab as follows:

Measurement share.
Measurement of growth.
Customer specifications.
Formulation of objectives and marketing strategies.
Consideration of the relevant competitors.

The foregoing brings us to the observation of the market that are more useful and interesting.

Maintenance Company

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In the lower middle category of companies, maintenance is overlooked, because the activities are quite complex and not only done once only. Results of maintenance can not be perceived directly when put through the maintenance, but hasilnva can be felt in the future. If maintenance is not done, then the machines on a regular basis that the facility will be damaged, and eventually will be fatal to the detriment of the company. Felt the most impact is the reduction in economic life and the depreciation rate is high.

Lack of attention to maintenance of which is caused by the amount of funds required, and complexity of maintenance tasks. But for the company's operations, maintenance has become a dual function, namely the implementation and awareness for the maintenance of production facilities.

Maintenance is an activity to preserve or maintain plant facilities or equipment and make repairs or adjustments or replacements are needed so that there is a satisfactory operating condition in accordance with the plan.

The objective of maintenance is:

Enable the achievement of the product through the proper operation of the facility
Maximize the economic life of equipment / production facilities
Maximize production capacity and equipment
Minimize the frequency of damage and failure of the operation process
Maintain security equipment.

Gains derived by performing maintenance adalag as follows:

In order for the operation of machinery and equipment can be used in a relatively longer time
In order for the implementation process in the company's operations run by lancer
Maintaining quality at a level appropriate to the planned
Reduce the cost of maintenance of the machinery and equipment operating
Maintain the safety of the workers.

The types of maintenance are of two kinds, namely:

1. Prefentive Maintenance

Maintenance Prefentive also called preventive measures or overhaul, maintenance and care that is kegitaan to prevent damage to the unexpected and find the conditions or circumstances that lead to more precise operation of the facility. Preventive maintenance when properly planned to prevent the occurrence of failure or damage, because if there is damage the operation of equipment could result in total production bottlenecks.

Maintenance Prefentive alternative is:

By time, by conducting regular maintenance during the period, such as engine oil changes every 3 months.
Based on the work, namely the maintenance after several hours of operation or volume of production, for example, after the car is running 2,000 km, or machine work for 500 hours.
Based on occasion, namely the maintenance carried out when there is occasion for it, for example at work breaks, or holidays.
Planned based on the conditions, which depend on the results of condition monitoring of production facilities, such as replacement of the brake when the car has reached a certain thickness.

Maintenance is very precise Prefentive done, because its usefulness is very effective in dealing with production facilities are included in the critical unit, the equipment or facilities that endanger the health and safety, affecting the products, can cause congestion throughout the production process, and if the invested capital for this facility rebih relatively expensive.

2. Corrective Maintenance

Also known as break down maintenance, namely maintenance and care activities carried out once damage has occurred, failure, or abnormal production facilities that can not function properly.

Factors Affecting Plant Siting

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Plant site selection requires careful consideration. In the current management has decided to operate at a particular location, a lot of costs into fixed and difficult to be reduced. Location decisions often depend on the type of business. For the location decisions of industry, the strategy is a strategy commonly used to meminmalkan cost, is for business and professional services kidding, strategies that focus on maximizing revenue. However, warehouse selection strategy is determined by a combination of cost and speed of delivery. In general, the purpose of location strategy is to maximize profits for the company's location.

The options that exist within the site include:

Do not move, but expanding existing facilities
Maintain the current location, while adding other facilities elsewhere
Close the existing facility and moved to another location.

Plant site selection is influenced by several factors. These factors are different in practice its application for a plant with another plant, according to the product produced. Factors affecting the selection of sites in terms of the resulting product is as follows:

Primary factors, ie factors that must be met, if not, then the operation can not function properly.
Secondary factors, ie factors that should be there, otherwise the operation can still be resolved at a cost of more expensive.

Factors influencing the selection of plant location are as follows:

The location of the consumer or the market, the placement of plants in the region close to the consumer. The reasons underlying the selection of sites closer to consumers is the ease to know the changing tastes of consumers, reducing the risk of damage in transport, if the goods are not produced long-lasting, expensive transport costs, particularly for the production of services.
Sources of raw materials, the placement of plants in the region close to the raw material. The basic consideration is taken when the raw materials used by weight and volume shrinkage, easy rasak raw materials and changing the quality, high-risk raw material shortages.
Source of labor, an alternative that is used is whether unskill labor required, on account of low wages, simple living culture, mobiiitas tingp so that the amount of wages is considered as an attraction, labor or skill, if pemsahaan need fasilifeas better, the thinking bright future, it takes skill, and easier to find another job.
Water, adjusted to the resulting product does require a natural clear water, clear, unnatural, or any water.
Air temperature, these factors affect the smooth operation of process and quality results.
Electricity, generated a product tailored to the required voltage capacity.
Transportation, in the form of air transport, sea, river, rail, and highway transportation.
Environment, society, and attitudes that arise when the factory was set up near where they live, whether accepted or not.
Government regulations, laws and tax systems. General aspects of the law is regulated maximum working hours, minimum wages, minimum working age, and working conditions.
Industrial waste disposal, to do with the level of pollution, waste disposal system for the protection of surrounding natural habitat and maintain balance.
Facilities for the plant, in the form of spare parts, machinery, to reduce costs.
Facilities for employees, in order to boost morale and health.

Along with the globalization, the selection of sites is becoming increasingly complicated. Globalization occurs because:

Market economy
Better international communication
Travel and shipping faster and more reliable
Ease of movement of capital flows between countries
Differentiation of high labor costs.

An approach to select a location in a State is to identify what is believed by the central organization as a factor supporting the success (critical success factors, CSFs) necessary to achieve competitive advantage. Some of the considerations and factors that influence the location decision is described as follows:

Image. Factors affecting location decisions

The importance of the plant site selection is to determine the success of the company with operating costs, selling prices, as well as the company's ability to. compete in the market. Alternative site selection is a dikeiuarkan cost considerations compared with the level of benefits. Alternative site selection is whether the new plant is established, expansion, or relocation of existing plant. The alternative is the selection of a new plant if the new employer or new entrants. Relocation of an alternative selection of the old plant was not meeting the expected standards, and alternatives. selection based on the grounds that the expansion of production facilities deemed outdated, grow and market demand is greater than the productive capacity, and if the support facilities (production factors) is no longer sufficient.