Saving Tiger - Tiger Safari - Indian Wildlife

Bandhavgarh National Park

2026-02-16T14:32:00.001+05:30

Situated in Umaria District Bandhavgarh is one of most popular national park in the state of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. Bandhavgarh National Park was notified in the year 1968 and a tiger reserve under the Project Tiger in the year in 1993.

The present area is of the reserve is 1536.98 and core is 703 sq.km. The core area is 713 sq.km while the buffer area is 820.035 sq.km each. The core area is also known as critical tiger habitat while the buffer is an outer protective habitat. The core area is completely inviolate with no human habitats except the huts of sentinals who guard the forest and its inhabitats. A part of the core zone and also that of the buffer zone is reserved as that for tourism zone.Tourism is allowed on open jeeps and canters registered with the forest departments.

While the core supports major population of the tigers and all other animals due to dense tiger habitat the buffer is less inhabited with tigers and all other animals. The buffers is usually less dense and may be denuded at places nevertheless it acts as a safer zone for animals. In amost all buffer zones human habitat may be present albiet relocation is taking place with due compensation.

Achanakmar Tiger Reserve

2026-01-21T17:08:00.018+05:30

Achanakmar Tiger Reserve is a heaven for wildlife and is situated in Chhattisgarh State of India. It is part of larger Achanakmar Biosphere Reserve.

The tiger reserve spans over 914 sq.km it spans over Mungeri District of Chhattisgarh State and over Anuppur and Dindori District of Madhya Pradesh. Its status as wildlife sanctuary was upgraded to National Park in the year 1975 and subsequently it was notified as tiger reserve in the year 2009.

The tiger reserve is divided into core zone which is critical habitat and an outer protection layer notified as buffer zone. The area of the core zone is 626. 19 sq.km. The outer layer or the buffer zone is 287.882 sq.km.

The population of tigers in the reserve is now 18 rising from 5 whence they were translocated from other reserves. Tigers are breeding well at Achanakmar Tiger Reserve with a population of ten adults and 8 cubs.

Best time to visit Achanakmar Tiger Reserve is November to December although the park is open from October onwards. The park is closed for tourism from July to September every year.

Onfoot safari is not allowed in the park the best means of safari in the park is on open jeep. An entrance fee and forest guide charge has to paid apart from jeep cost for the safari. The cost can be shared or the jeep hired privately for the family. Most of the wildlife photographers or film makers hire the safari jeep privately. The accompaniment of the forest guide is a must for the safari. The guide is designated in the permit issued at the entrance gate along with the route. The prescribed route is fixed and cannot be changed.

Veerangana Durgawati Tiger Reserve

2026-01-19T15:28:00.000+05:30

Veerangana Tiger Reserve is the 7th tiger reserve of Madhya Pradesh incorporates two wildlife sanctuaries Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary and Durgavati Wildlife Sanctuary. Veerangana Durgawati Tiger Reserve is situated in the districts of Damoh, Sagar and Narsinghpur of Madhya Pradesh.

Veerangana Tiger Reserve is home to tigers, leopards and many mammals. The reserve is home to over 200 birds including migrants.

Veerangana Rani Durgawati Tiger encompasses 2339 sq.km and it is named after the legendary warrior queen Durgawati. Durgawati belongs to gond tribes of Madhya Pradesh with its capital at Garha in Jabalpur Town.

Rani Durgawati built a number of fortresses in and around Jabalpur. One of the noteable forts built by the Gonds was Singorgarh. Singorgarh is within the confines of Veerangana Rani Durgawati Tiger Reserve.

Conservation of Nauradehi Tiger Reserve

2026-01-18T22:12:00.004+05:30

Nauradehi is slated to be the country's 3rd Cheetah Site. Thus tiger conservation at Nauradehi has been integrated with Cheetah conservation giving a further boost to over all conservation efforts encompassing Rani Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve.

Nauradehi is a mixed dry deciduous forest but also encompasses extensive grasslands that is most suited habitat for the fleet footed black buck. The diverse habitats thus supports a wide range of species very few tiger reserves exhibit such amazing range in India.

Though not very popular as a tourist destination with the introduction of tigers and the proposed introduction of Cheetah the park so far hidden away from limelight is once again regaining its lost glory.

Veerangana Tiger Reserve of which Nauradehi is a part is managed by a field director and a DFO along with a retinue of staff ranging for deputies to forest guards.

Conserving the tiger reserve is not easy as it is compounded by a number of villages in the periphery. As a programme of Project Tiger Reserve the villages are being relocated after due compensation. A number of villages have been already shifted outside the reserve and the process is being continued.

Nauradehi Veeranga Tiger Reserve

2026-01-14T15:14:00.000+05:30

Situated near Jabalpur encompassing Damoh Sagar and Narsingpur Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary is within the jurisdiction of Veeranga Tiger Reserve. Home to tigers it is a large tiger reserve covering an area of 1000 sq.km. Along with Veerangana Tiger and Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary the critical tiger conservation area covers 2339 sq.km. The tiger reserve is an amalgamation of Veerangana Durgawati wildlife sanctuary and Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary.

Veerangana Tiger Reserve as critical tiger reserve is home to a number of species of mammals, reptiles and more than 200 species of birds.

Once teeming with tigers Nauradehi lost all its tigers to hunters and poachers. For a long time the sanctuary was without the big cats till some where translocated from other tiger reserves. At present there are more than 14 tigers which includes a family of afive. Slowly and slowly the big cats are find back their foot hold in these forests.

Veerangana Durgawati Tiger Reserve of which Nauradehi is a part may soon be home to Cheetahs translocated from Nigeria in Africa.

Verangana Durgawati Reserve is part of the state of Madhya Pradesh. Thus with the translocation of Cheetahs the state will be home to three big cats and will be a major tourist attraction. The main approach to Nauradehi is via Sagar 50 km and Jabalpur at 90 km.

2023-11-08T08:36:00.001+05:30

Best places for Tiger and Wildlife Photography in India

Read about the best places for tiger and wildlife photography in India. Here is some more information about each of these national parks:

Bandhavgarh National Park:

Located in Madhya Pradesh, Bandhavgarh is known for its high density of tigers. It offers excellent opportunities for Tiger Photography Bandhavgarh, along with other wildlife such as leopards, sloth bears, and various bird species.

Kanha National Park:

Also situated in Madhya Pradesh, Kanha is one of India's largest national parks. It is renowned for its diverse flora and fauna, including tigers, leopards, Indian wild dogs, and several species of deer. The lush landscapes and picturesque meadows make it a great place for wildlife photography.

Ranthambore National Park:

Situated in Rajasthan, Ranthambore is famous for its population of Bengal tigers. The park's ancient ruins and scenic lakes add to the beauty of the wildlife sightings. Ranthambore is also home to other wildlife such as leopards, sloth bears, crocodiles, and various bird species.

Tadoba National Park:

Located in Maharashtra, Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve is known for its rich biodiversity. It offers opportunities to photograph tigers, leopards, Indian bison, and a wide range of bird species. The park's dense forests and picturesque landscapes make it a favorite among wildlife photographers.

Corbett National Park:

Situated in Uttarakhand, Jim Corbett National Park is India's oldest national park and a popular destination for wildlife enthusiasts. Apart from tigers, it is home to a variety of animals such as elephants, leopards, Himalayan black bears, and several species of deer. The park's location near the foothills of the Himalayas provides a stunning backdrop for wildlife photography.

These national parks provide well-organized safari tours and have experienced guides who can assist you in spotting and capturing wildlife in their natural habitats. However, it's important to remember to maintain a safe distance and follow the guidelines to ensure the well-being of both the animals and yourself.

The best time to visit these national parks for wildlife and tiger photography can vary based on the seasons and weather conditions. Here are the recommended months for both summer and winter visits:

Summer Wildlife and Tiger Photography Opportunity:

Bandhavgarh National Park: April to June
Kanha National Park: April to June
Ranthambore National Park: April to June
Tadoba National Park: March to June
Corbett National Park: March to June

During the summer months, animals tend to come out more frequently near to the water sources due to the high temperatures, increasing the chances of wildlife sightings and tiger encounters. However, please note that summer months can be extremely hot in some regions, so be prepared for the heat, and carry necessary precautions like sunscreen, hats, and ample water.

Winter Wildlife and Tiger Photography Opportunity:

Bandhavgarh National Park: November to February
Kanha National Park: November to February
Ranthambore National Park: November to February
Tadoba National Park: November to February
Corbett National Park: November to February

Winter months offer pleasant weather with cooler temperatures, making it an ideal time for wildlife photography. During this time, animals are often more active during the day, providing ample opportunities for capturing stunning photographs.

Real-Time Tiger Sightings: Stay Updated on Recent Encounters research

To conduct research on the best national parks in India for wildlife photography, you can utilize various sources and platforms. Here are some suggestions:

Social media: Platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter can be valuable sources of information. Search for hashtags related to wildlife photography in India, such as #wildlifephotographyindia or #tigerphotography, to discover posts from photographers who have visited different national parks. Follow wildlife photography accounts or join relevant groups and communities to stay updated with the latest news and discussions.

News: Stay informed about wildlife-related news and updates through online news portals, nature magazines, and publications dedicated to wildlife conservation. They often cover stories and articles on national parks, tiger sightings, and photography opportunities. Websites of prominent newspapers like The Times of India, Hindustan Times, or The Indian Express may have dedicated sections for wildlife or travel that can provide useful insights.

Connect with photographers or wildlife lovers: Engage with photographers or wildlife enthusiasts who have visited national parks in India. You can do this through photography forums, online communities, or platforms like Flickr. Reach out to them directly to gather first hand experiences, tips, and recommendations on the best national parks for wildlife and tiger photography.

WhatsApp groups: Joining WhatsApp groups dedicated to wildlife photography or Indian national parks can be an excellent way to connect with like-minded individuals. These groups often share updates, sightings, and valuable information about various national parks. Look for photography or nature-based groups on platforms like Facebook or photography forums, where members might share WhatsApp group invites.

To connect with local guides, drivers, and naturalists for your wildlife photography trip to national parks in India, you can follow these steps:

Research local tour operators: Look for reputable tour operators that specialize in wildlife tours and photography expeditions in the specific national parks you plan to visit. Check their websites, read reviews, and assess their expertise in organizing wildlife photography trips. Local tour operators usually have a network of experienced guides, drivers, and naturalists.

Join online forums and communities: Join online forums, travel communities, and photography groups where members discuss their experiences in Indian national parks. Seek recommendations from fellow photographers or travelers who have visited these parks before. They may share contact details of reliable guides, drivers, or naturalists they have personally engaged with.

Reach out to local photography associations: Check if there are local photography associations or wildlife conservation organizations in the regions of the national parks you plan to visit. These associations often have members who are professional guides, drivers, or naturalists with extensive knowledge of the area. Contact them for recommendations or assistance in connecting with local experts.

When interacting with potential guides, drivers, or naturalists, ensure to discuss your specific photography requirements, preferred itinerary, and budget. Use their experience in wildlife photography and their familiarity with the national park. It's also essential to verify their credentials and licenses to ensure they are authorized to operate within the parks.

Taj Mahal Temples and Tigers

2023-10-19T10:58:00.004+05:30

Taj Mahal Wonder of the World

India is a land of many wonders among those the Taj Mahal is world-renowned. It is often referred to as the 8th wonder of the world. Made of marble it exhibits one of the finest architecture unique to the Oriental region. It is a mausoleum built to commemorate Shah Jahan the Mogul's most beloved queen Mumtaz Mahal. The ivory-white marble structure is adorned with the finest calligraphy. Shah Jehan himself rests in peace beside his beloved wife. It is situated on the right bank of the Yamuna River. The 17-hectare complex also houses a mosque and a guest house.

Taj Mahal was built by the famous architect Ustad Ahmed Lahori famous for the then Mughal Architecture style. Surrounding the structure is a large garden complex that houses mini gardens all around. The construction of the structure was completed in 1634 after it was commissioned in the year 1631 by Shah Jahan the Mogul Emperor. More structures were built and the work was completed in 1658.

It was designated in the year 1983 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is regarded as the epitome of Mughal architecture. Thus Taj Mahal the wonder of the World is visited by thousands of tourists from India and abroad. It has become the country's landmark and almost all overseas and domestic tourists make a beeline for the mausoleum.

Khajuraho Temples

Khajuraho Group of Temples is a set of three complexes housing Hindu and Jain Temples. Built between 885 CE and 1000 CE they are credited to Chandela Dynasty. According to Ancient the complex housed 85 temples but due to erosion about 24 temples are left in a state of preservation. Some of the temples depict sexual carvings on the outer walls. This has made the temples more popular but the depiction is more of an education for young princes who lived in the hermitages.

Tiger

India now has more than fifty tiger reserves created for the conservation of the tigers. They are accorded complete protection in the reserves. Tourism is organized in the twenty percent of the core area. It is now organized in the buffer as well. Buffer is the outer area of the core. The core is the critical tiger habitat where they breed and survive.

Both the core and buffer tigersafari are organized for the permit holders. The permits are available for a charge which varies from state to state. You can book a permit online or from the respective gates.

Exciting Tiger Safaris in India

2023-07-07T12:16:00.004+05:30

India is the land of the tiger. It has more than 50 percent of the big cats living in the country. The tiger is protected species, and it finds sanctuary in more than 50 tiger reserves. The reserves are known as protected areas, and they are also known as tiger conservation units. They have been created under the Project Tiger Program. The Project Tiger Program is governed by NTCA or National Tiger Conservation Authority in the country.

Among the 50+ tiger reserves, some are more popular than others. The primary reason is the easy sighting of tigers in those parks. These parks are home to many other animals besides the tiger, and they provide an added attraction to tourists. Besides the wildlife, these reserves are a panoramic delight with magnificent terrain.

Besides conservation initiatives, the reserves also organize tours in the core area and the buffer zones. They organize rides in the park in open jeeps and canters. But to enjoy the safaris you need to book a permit. These permits are issued by the State Governments for a charge. You have to pay separately for the jeep hire and canter, and the forest guide that will accompany you.

Tiger Tourism

In the core area, the tiger safari is organized. There are two safaris organized in one day. One is organized in the morning another in the evening. To add to the excitement some reserves organize full-day safaris where you can explore the forests with more time allotted. You get entry half early than the regular rides and half an hour late exit. Permits are bound by tourism zones but on a full-day safari, you can trespass.

Best Tiger Parks

Among more than 50 tiger reserves few are more popular than the rest. These popular parks offer exciting sightings of tigers and other games in panoramic surroundings. These popular parks are known for easier sightings of big cats and that attracts the tourists. They have a well-developed tourism infrastructure that comprises luxury hotels and resorts for extended accommodation.

Some of the popular tiger reserves are:

· Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve
· Corbett National Park
· Tadoba Tiger Reserve
· Kanha National Park
· Bandhavgarh National Park
· Pench Tiger Reserve

Tigers are frequently sighted in these parks. Due to this reason, tourists flock to these reserves in large numbers. You should thus book tiger safari permits in the parks in advance. You can book the tiger safari online or at the gate if the limit of jeep entry has not been exhausted. Always be well prepared before you visit the parks keeping a note of the climate. Carry essentials as most of these reserves are situated in remote confines.

Tiger Safari Zones Bandhavgarh

2023-06-29T10:49:00.004+05:30

Bandhavgarh is a National Park and a tiger reserve situated in the Umaria District of Madhya Pradesh. It is located 170 Km from Jabalpur a large city of Madhya Pradesh or MP. The park is divided into the core zone and buffer zone.

The core zone is inviolate, and no commercial activity or settlements are permitted. The only habitation is that of forest guards, and they number more than 150. The core is the main breeding ground of wild animals and since the place is inviolate wild animals live and breed in peace.

The buffer zone is a multiple-use area, and it is a mix of forests, fields, and tribal villages. Tourism in the buffer is conducted in the remaining forests and movement of humans and livestock is not permitted. Tourism takes place in these restricted forests in day time but night safari takes place in some buffer zones.

Tourism Zones in Core

There are three tourism zones in the core where jeeps on permits are allowed.

The zones are:

· Tala
· Magdhi
· Khitauli

The buffer zones are:

· Dhamokhar
· Panpatha
· Johila

Two-day safaris are organized one in the early morning and the other in the evening. Some parks also organize full-day safaris where there is no zone limitation. You can trespass any zone but meals are allowed in designated places. The entry is half an hour earlier than regular rides and the exit is half an hour later.

In all the zones safaris are permitted on a permit, and the entry of jeeps is limited. The permits can be booked online at MPOnline Portal. You can also book safari permits at the gate provided it is available. If one of your friends and family does not have their name on the permit they can still enjoy the ride through add-on policy. Only six tourists are allowed on one jeep remember? There is also a single-seat booking facility that can be booked and shared by solo tourists.

Bandhavgarh is home to a tiger, leopard, bison, and sloth bear. Except for the bison, other animal sightings are rare. For an exciting wildlife experience book your game rides in advance.

Organizing a Tiger Safari in India

2023-06-04T16:55:00.007+05:30

There are more than fifty tiger reserves in India these are tiger conservation units managed by the State Government and NTCA. Apart from management of the park and making policies they set rules for tiger tourism. Tiger tourism in Indian parks is set by rules and regulations.

Tiger tourism makes it possible for tourists, naturalists, wildlife photographers, and filmmakers to visit the park. The excursions are set by rules and regulations, especially in the core area of the park.

Tiger Parks

The tiger parks are divided into the inner core which is inviolate, and only forest guards are allowed to enter the whole area. Their job is to protect and preserve the ecosystem and the wild animals. They also tend to illegal entries, wood loggers, poachers, and forest fires.

Tourism in Core

Tourists are restricted to 20% of the core which is divided into zones. Each zone is restricted, and visitors cannot trespass. The restriction is placed as per the tourist permit. The safaris are constructed early day and late evening till dusk. A fee is charged for excursions and the forest guard who accompanies the open jeep is registered with the forest department. Some parks allow a whole-day safari where there is no restriction for zones and they can be crossover within the 20% area. Some reserves also allow nocturnal safaris for two and a half hours.

Tourism in Buffer Zone

Tourism is also allowed in the buffer zone which is the outer ring of the park. Areas are marked for buffer safari as the rest of the ring is inhabited by human settlers. Buffer zone safaris could be interesting and tigers and bears can be seen by chance. Animals from the core often venture into the outer ring surprising the tourists. Buffer zone safaris are ideal for birding as the habitat is usually mixed forests with water holes.

Safari Permit

For tiger safaris in the park a permit is required, this permit is issued by the State Government. Some permits are issued online like in the case of the Central Government a site called MPOnline. Other states offer the facility of booking safaris from the field director's office.

Both for overseas and domestic travelers a permit is a must. This permit should be booked in advance as entry is limited. You can book a safari online at MPOnline Portal for reserves in Madhya Pradesh or from the field director's office at other destinations. You can also book permits through tour operators in India or the hotel you have reserved.

Traveling for Tiger Safari

Make sure you book the tiger safari permit much in advance. This is a priority and do this before you make travel arrangements. Tiger reserves like Tadoba, Kanha, Bandhavgarh, Ranthbhore, and Corbett are booked much in advance so take care.

Most of the reserves are situated in remote areas so carry essentials and cash. Carry medicine and beverages and yes camera, wildlife, and bird books. Book reputed luxury hotels and make firm travel arrangements.

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Uday is a naturalist and also provides SEO and SEO Content Writing Services.

He writes for Indiafootprints Wildlife Tour Operator in India. He is a freelancer.

Enjoy Tiger Safari at Nagzira

2023-04-02T14:38:00.003+05:30

Tiger safaris in India are organized by National Park and sanctuaries in the core area and the buffer. The core area is defined as per law where only wild animals have the right to live. Except for the protection guard, no humans are allowed to venture in. No commercial activity or intrusion can take place. The area is strictly guarded and well-protected breeding grounds for wild animals.

The buffer zone is an area outside the limits of the core area and some commercial activities are allowed no heavy industries are permitted. Human settlement, few hotels, and agriculture outside the limits of the reserved forests are permitted.

Safari at Nagzira Navegaon

For tourism purposes, a safari permit is required from the State Government and the permits can be obtained online from the State Government Website of Maharashtra.

Nagzira or Navegaon is a protected area, and it is also a tiger reserve and a wildlife sanctuary situated near Gondia in the State of Maharashtra. It is well known for its tigers and black panthers The black panthers are occasionally seen. The destination is named after the temple of Nag (Cobra Snake) which is right in the middle of the forest. Zira in Marathi is a perennial source of water that flows down from the mountain of Pomgara, thus the name Nagzira. A nearby village called Nangthana also adds up to the name.

It is a picturesque destination and serves as a virtual outdoor museum for visitors who come here often on wildlife, tiger safaris, and birding. The wildlife includes megafauna and small animals some of which are nocturnal. The wild animals that are found here are:

Tiger Safari and Wildlife

Tiger, leopard, gaur, sambar, chital, sloth bear, barking deer, mouse deer, wild boar, wild dog. Nearly 30,000 visitors come here on tiger safari. Among the reptiles, those often seen here are cobra, Russell's Viper, checkered keelback, python, and Bengal monitor. While most of the visitors are holidaymakers, nature lovers, wildlife photographers, and filmmakers also make a beeline for the tiger reserve in Maharashtra.

The safaris are organized in the early morning and late evening. You must book the safari permit for Nagzire Tiger Reserve much in advance. Nagzira Sanctuary is 22km from Sakoli on the Bombay Calcutta Highway. It is 60 km from Gondia.

Tiger Safari at Ranthambore

2023-02-21T14:45:00.004+05:30

Ranthambore is one of the most charismatic parks in India famous for its wildlife and birds. Ranthambore has a history as well. Long ruled by the Rajput clans that created magnificent structures some of which still remain intact. While on safari you can see manmade lakes, a fort, and the famous Ganesh Temple.

Tiger at Ranthambore

The Ranthambore fort is now devoid of humans and only the tigers inhabit it. On a tiger safari tourists see tigers sheltered in the ancient structure and ruins which makes the safari not only exciting but romantic as well.

Ranthambore National Park

The park was first established as Sawai Madhopur Game century in the year 1955. The former hunting ground of the Maharaja or Jaipur the last ruler was declared a Tiger Reserve in the year 1973 and a National Park in the year 1980.

Tigers of Ranthambore

The park was made famous by Machli the tigress who had developed a hunting method in water. She would hide near the lakes in the bushes to wait for the deer to come to the lake to browse aquatic plants. At an opportune moment, she would rush into the waters to kill the panicked deer and drag them into the shores to consume. This is not the end of the story for many times her prey would be grabbed by the crocodiles and an exciting tussle would ensue. This made Ranthambore famous all across the globe and major documentary makers and wildlife photographers arrived on a filming spree to Ranthambore.

Tiger in Lake

Many documentaries have been made of Macchli hunting the deer and a tussle with crocodiles has also been filmed. Ranthambore is famous for its tigers and some of the tigers like Macchli, Ustad, Sundari, Bina, Romeo, Laila, Dollar, Zalim, have become legendary and famous for the period of their rule.

Ranthambore National Park is famous not only for tigers it is host to a number of enchanting mammals. On a tiger safari, you can find leopards, sloth bears, deer, Nilgai, langur monkeys, rhesus macaque, wild boar, wild dogs, and more. There are more than two hundred and fifty avian species that make the park their home.

The park is situated near Sawai Madhopur township at a distance of 14 km. Sawai Madhopur is 175 km from Jaipur the capital city of the State of Rajasthan in India. Jaipur is well connected to New Delhi by, rail, road, and air.

A number of hotels are situated in Sawai Madhopur for accommodation. Ranthambore National Park is famous not only for tigers but it is hosting a number of enchanting mammals. On a tiger safari, you can find leopards, sloth bears, deer, Nilgai, langur monkeys, rhesus macaque, wild boar, wild dogs, and more. There are more than two hundred and fifty avian species that make the park their home.

A number of hotels are situated in Sawai Madhopur for accommodation. The hotels range from budget lodges to high-end hotels. For enjoying a tiger safari at Ranthambore a safari permit is a must. Along with the permit a zone is allotted in the tourism area. You have to keep to the zone.' Remember to book the permit in advance. The rides are conducted two times a day one in the morning and the other in the evening. The safari excursions are conducted on open jeeps and canters.

Indian Wildlife & Ecotourism Tourism

2023-02-12T12:52:00.001+05:30

Since prehistoric times wildlife or wild animals' meat consumption was a regular part of the human diet. Animals were meant to be hunted for food before agrarian practices proliferated. Although human food also comprised vegetables and fruits that grew naturally animals being in plenty constituted a major part of the human diet.

In the modern era, hunting became a sport ruthless one at that and wild animal meat was a regular part of the human diet. Because of this Europe and the Americas lost most of their wilderness. Even in Asia, this has happened.

As the civilizations progressed and guns came into the picture and wildlife persecution in form of sport and food magnified. With greater progress in society, wealth accumulation and greed pushed back the ethos of conservation forever.

In many civilizations, most of the wild animals especially predators were treated as vermin and a bounty was placed on them. They were trapped, snared, or shot down for a small price. With expanding communities the ecosystems or habitats began to vanish as widespread clearance started taking place to grow crops.

Clearance for agriculture and hunting is part of the torturous passage of history pages. Many wild species have become extinct, and mass extinction is threatening wilderness everywhere. During British rule, the Tiger, Lion, Elephant, Cobra, and even small predators were ruthlessly eliminated all for a small price.

When cognizance dawned we are all interlinked with all forms of life on Earth it was quite late. The conservation laws came in to stem the rot albeit quite late. Tigers, lions, rhinos, cheetahs, and leopards are being poached on a horrendous scale to this date.

Even in independent India, these animals were shot before the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 for a paltry fee. Shameful. We cannot blame the British alone for the sad state of affairs that prevails today. It is the protected area concept that has saved much wilderness in the country. Project Tiger is responsible for saving the tiger in the reserves in India. There are more than fifty tiger reserves in the country, and more are being created to save the big cats, wildlife, and the ecosystem.

Ecotourism

Ecotourism in India has been a saving grace and bringing crucial revenue for the conservation of our National Parks and reserves. Organized tiger safaris are playing a major role in conservation. The parks are managed by State Governments under the aegis of NTCA and the results have been encouraging. There are more than 3000 tigers in the country and the future looks bright.

Searching for Tigers in Esoteric Tiger Landscape called Kipling Country

2023-01-19T08:57:00.002+05:30

Kipling Country

Seooni Hills! Kipling referred to this mountain range in Satpuras as the abode of human-like creatures he penned so vividly in his book "The Jungle Book". These hills now comprise Pench National Park and the tiger reserve. Kipling's esoteric emotions can be well understood once you experience the panoramic grandeur of these mixed forests. Hardwood comprising tall trees like teak and its associates dominate the tiger landscape. Mowgli is no more, but you see thousands in the villages around living in harmony with the wilderness around.

Tiger Safari Photo

It is here at Seooni Hills that Mowgli the wolf child was born and reared by the wolves. He was first discovered by Lt.Moor of the British Army in 1800 AD. The child was reared by his foster parents - a pair of wolves who led the pack. He virtually existed as a naked hunting human among the canids.

Elephant Safari

Except for Sher Khan with a propensity to kill humans, especially Mowgli, the rest of the animals had become extremely possessive of the human child living among the wolf. Despite all the myths and depictions in shikar tales, Sher Khan is no more a bloodthirsty human killer in this esoteric land. He is under the aegis of Project Tiger a program designed to save the big cats of India. He is the pride of India as the National Animal.

Tiger Conservation Story

A country steeped deep in conservation ethos since the Vedic Times paradoxically managed to lose 90% of forest land and the tiger. Although the country lived with roots disabled by the invaders and foreign rulers still respects all life forms. Nevertheless, the Royal elites with priestly invocations were also responsible for the massacre of the tigers in India.

Barely 1400 tigers survived the onslaught of the hunters and poachers in the seventies whence the Project Tiger was launched. The merciless onslaught on wildlife was ongoing even after independence. Fortunately, India managed to stem the rot thanks to The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. Fast-spreading agriculture, an imperative to feed teeming millions ravaged most of the ecosystems in the country. This impacted the very existence of the tiger in India but thankfully Project Tiger was launched in the year 1973. The notification of protected areas happened with the inviolate core. The core was a blessing in disguise for the beleaguered species as they could breed in complete privacy devoid of human interference. Only 20% of the core is open to regulated tourism and the big cats are flourishing in the zones.

Pench National Park

Today you explore Pench Wilderness by booking a tiger safari on the jeep in this Indian paradise. If your imagination surpasses Kipling's then you will see living creatures everywhere. They are like humans perhaps more gentle and kind. Do not forget a pat on Mowgli's back in the nearby village and say "Hello" to the wolves as you come across the pack. Remember to book the safari permit in advance. Vehicle entry is limited in the tourism zones. You can book online at MPOnline Portal belong to Madhya Pradesh Government in India.

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Uday has worked as a naturalist and loves to write about tigers and other wildlife forms. He also provides SEO Services and Content for Digital Marketing. He can be contacted at :

pateluday90@hotmail.com

Mob/Watsapp: 9755089323

Best Places to See the Tigers in India

2023-01-13T13:14:00.003+05:30

The largest share of tiger sighting that takes place is between Kanha and Bandhavgarh National Parks. But you can see the tiger at Pench, Ranthambhore, Tadoba, and Corbett frequently as well. For tiger spotting, I recommend Kanha and Bandhavgarh National Parks as these are the parks with a dense population of predators.

Kanha National Park is a habitat of good prey species like the hard-ground swamp deer and bison. Nevertheless, the beauty of Bandhavgarh cliffs and deep valleys is enticing as that of the large grasslands of Kanha. I have spotted many tigers at Pench, but the destination has fewer crossroads in the core area, hence fewer areas can be visited. Nevertheless, "The Spy in The Jungle," says it all, it was a film by BBC. Pench is also known as the Kipling Country since the "Jungle Book. The story is based on the forests of Seoni Hills as mentioned in the book.

To reach Kanha you can fly to Jabalpur, and drive for 3 hours to cover a distance of 165 km. For Bandhavgarh, you can fly to Jabalpur, and drive 170 km to the Tala resort complex. For Bandhavgarh, you can catch an overnight train from New Delhi to reach Umaria railhead at a distance of 32 km from the Tala Gate.

At Corbett, the focus is on birds since it is a fantastic birding destination with more than 500 species on the checklist. Its Terai landscape is intriguing. The tiger reserve is home to many mammals, and you can see the yellow-throated marten, wild elephant, hog deer, king cobra, and goral mountain goat they are rare in India. The sight of crocodiles and gharial in the blue waters of Ramnanaga river is amazing. Corbett takes about 7 hours by car from New Delhi and is overnight to Ramnagar by rail.

Ranthambhore has a good record of tiger spotting. It is included in the Golden Triangle Package begins from New Delhi and covers Agra, Jaipur, and Ranthambore. From Jaipur, it takes about 6 hours to reach Ranthambore using a train or taxi.

I have not been to Tadoba in Maharashtra, but the place has become popular because of frequent tiger spotting. You can fly to Nagpur from New Delhi, and then drive 100-plus kilometers to reach the gate here. Some good resorts have come up lately hence book your permits and accommodation in advance.

I may be biased in favor of Kanha and Bandhavgarh but for those focused on holistic experience these along with Corbett are the best places. These places offer the experience of the wild expanse of Indian forest in exotic settings. Besides the sight of the charismatic tiger, the panoramic grandeur is very pleasing.

Big cats are elusive, but worth an effort to witness nature's amazing charisma. The destinations mentioned here are all good for spotting the big cats. Hence please consider the points of each before booking a tiger safari permit in the reserve of your choice.

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Uday has worked as a naturalist and loves to write about tigers and other wildlife forms. He also provides SEO Services and Content for Digital Marketing. He can be contacted at :

pateluday90@hotmail.com

Mob/Watsapp: 9755089323

Bandhavgarh Niche Habitat

2023-01-13T11:57:00.004+05:30

For regular visitors to Bandhavgarh appears to be pristine forests and grasslands but if you notice the niche habitats it will create a liking for the National Park. Niche habitats bring a deeper understanding of the Bandhavgarh ecosystem works. On my tiger safaris, I always keep an eye on unique intrigue. These niche habitats add to the charismatic beauty of the park.

Sidha Baba

In the Chakradhara swampy meadow, the holy site of Lord Shiva Lingam is first to greet you it is called Sidh Baba. This is the frequented by the tigers on the hunt favored by the slush created. Tourists and guides often stop here to pray to Shiva. The Shiva lingam dates back 2000 years and is perhaps as old as the fort at the top.

Chakradhara Meadow

Chkradhara is a swampy grassland and is close to Charanganga River this is the finest example of a marshy meadow. The swamp grassland is frequented by the prey species which are often hunted by the hungry tigers here. This offers an ideal moment to film or photograph the hunted and the hunter encounters. There is a stream at one side of the grassland which is the rivulet that is perennial and the big cats come to rest here in the cool shade in the hot summer.

Gopalpur Pond

If you wish to spot water and shore birds This is an ideal place and you can also watch the Palearctic migrants that land here in the winter. This is a favorite pond for the big cats during the hot summer and they come to rest here. Many big cats and other wild animals have made Gopalpur pond their regular haunt. You can see interesting wildlife if you wait here silently.

Badi Gufa – The Big Cave

For bat lovers, this is the best multi-chambered cave. you can see the Brahmi script etched on the walls of the cave that acted as court chambers in the 10th Century AD. The walls contain a colony of bats hanging upside down as they usually do. The cave is grilled so wild animals do not enter.

Sesh Shayya

The reclining idol of Lord Vishnu is carved out of an igneous rock that is 20 feet long. The pool on the right is inundated by trickles from the mountain River Charanganga that seep downs from Bandhavgarh Hill. The surrounding canopy comprises dense thickets of shrubs and is an ideal breeding ground for the big cats.

Ketkiya Breaks (Aromatic Kewara)

The aromatic Kewara plants have a distinct niche habitat. The tall stands of Arjun and Jamun Trees act as shade from the Sun and encourage the growth of the shrubs.

Bhitari Bah Niche Habitat

Fed by Bhitari rivulet the slush formation is supported by grass and a thicket of dense herbs. The niche is supported by tall trees. The d grassland is preferred by the herbivores to forage giving ample opportunity for big cats to hunt. This spot is frequented by herbivores and big cats hide in the tickets to hunt for them.

Sita Mandap (Stone Arch)

The arch is a unique geological formation due to erosions under which water flows. A number of rock and cave formations give the place a unique importance. Though closed to visitors one can look down from the top to sight the big cats arriving here to drink. This tigers inhabit is inaccessible to tourists.

Bandhavgarh National Park abounds in niche habitats throughout the park. An extensive survey of Bandhavgarh could result in amazing finds. The formation of Bandhavgarh National Park and its declaration as a protected area under the wildlife protection act 1972 has been a big boon.

All the wonderful geologic formations add to make tiger safari interesting and exciting. One must visit the park on safari. Please remember to book the safari permit online before you arrive. Bandhavgarh can be reached from Jabalpur Airport after driving 170 kilometers.

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Uday has worked as a naturalist and loves to write about tigers and other wildlife forms. He also provides SEO Services and Content for Digital Marketing. He can be contacted at :

pateluday90@hotmail.com

Mob/Watsapp: 9755089323

Charged By A Massive Tiger

2023-01-12T20:01:00.007+05:30

Hi, have you been charged by a massive tiger? I hope not. It is a frightening experience and can cost you your life. While working as a naturalist, I had this horrible experience, I was on an open jeep in the company of my guest from Ahmedabad. We were exploring Kisli Zone in Kanha National Park in search of a tigress and her four little cubs.

That day in summer we decided to wait at Kisli lake, it was a sunny day but the winds near the lake kept the air cool. After a long wait, we did not see the tiger family. The tigress and her cubs were nowhere in sight.

"All the jeeps are gathered here, and the road to Karai Ghati is empty," I said. "Let's go and check". The driver turned the car, and we entered Karai Ghat Road. After a few minutes' drive, we came across a male tiger. He was sitting in the shade on the edge of the road, and we stopped at a short distance from him.

My guest was delighted. He was seeing a tiger for the first time in his life. I was standing on the jeep, and pointing features of the tiger. But then after some time, I saw the tiger's lips quaver a sign of nervousness. It soon dawned upon me that we were too close to the beast.

Before we could reverse, the beast charged at us. Well not exactly at us, he went past the bonnet of the jeep. All I could see was a flash of yellow as he leaped. He entered the bush and stood snarling at us viciously. The fear got into me as we reversed, and went back without making any stop. I was shaky all over, but my guest kept his cool and was delighted by what we had experienced. He wanted to go back again!

I will never forget the frightening encounter. From that day we parked our jeep at a considerable distance from tigers, whenever we encountered them.

Have you experienced such a close call? I hope not. But I would love to know about your tiger encounters during the jeep safaris.

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Uday has worked as a naturalist and loves to write about tigers and other wildlife forms. He also provides SEO Services and Content for Digital Marketing. He can be contacted at :

pateluday90@hotmail.com

Mob/Watsapp: 9755089323

Book My Tiger Safari: Tips to Book Permits in India?

2023-01-04T10:35:00.002+05:30

Have you ever experienced a journey to a wildlife park in India, and spent all the time in the resort? You do this when you go there without booking a permit.

Indian tiger parks or reserves are under the aegis of the State Governments and NTCA (National Tiger Conservation Authority) has a say in the matter. NTCA is a Central Government body responsible for the project tiger program. The dispensations and NTCA are doing a yeomen service to the big cats and their number is steadily increasing year after year.

Tiger Tourism in Indian Parks

There are more than 50 tiger reserves in the country, they are protected areas notified to conserve the tiger species, the ecosystems, and other life forms. Tourism is permissible in twenty percent of the core area and is also organized in the buffer. The PAs are divided into an inviolate core and the buffer comprises the outer area of the park.

Booking A Safari Permit

Tourism is highly organized and regulated in tiger parks, and a permit is required for excursions. The permit is issued by the State Governments, and the purpose is to regulate the safaris. The vehicles used are registered jeeps and canters. There is an entry charge to be paid during the permit booking while the guide charge and jeep hire have to be paid during the visit. Most of the booking is done online but it can also be done at the gates if available. The entry permits cost anywhere from Rs.3000 per safari to Rs.5000 per safari. The guide fee ranges from Rs.300 to Rs. 500 per trip. Jeep hire can cost up to Rs. 5000 per trip. The cost of excursions in the park is substantial hence you should organize the tours well.

While booking a permit online you have to pay the entry fee and notify other passengers using their photo Ids. These ids have to be shown at the gate before entry. A maximum of six tourists are allowed on the jeep. In the case of a single-seat booking, the cost is shared by other tourists sharing the jeep. Mostly the jeeps are booked wholly by family and friends.

Booking Tips

The tourism area is divided into zones and tourist vehicles are restricted to the zone mentioned in the permit.

While booking a tiger safari at any reserve you should know which zone is the best. This is important since tiger spotting is better in some zones in all tiger parks. Thus, booking through tour operators is advantageous since the staff is familiar with the best zones. Locals know the destination much better than the visitors hence you can consult the accommodation provider and tour operators that specialize in wildlife.

Remember tiger safari permit booking is subject to entry limits in each wildlife park. Hence you should book in advance since there is a cap on the entry of vehicles in each zone. Usually, tickets are exhausted at the gates by the time you arrive there. Excursions in the buffer are not that productive. Hence before you finalize the tiger safari holiday, book the permits and then book other travel essentials. Check the weather, route and travel distance, and food available and then book accommodation in the park. If you are keen on wildlife experience hire a naturalist although most hotels and resorts provide the service for free.

In most of the tiger reserves pan India tourism infrastructure is well appointed. You can find travel services and accommodations as per your choice. The lodges range from budget to star resorts with high-end facilities.

Find out more about the reserve before you visit. Keep guidebooks with you if you are an animal lover or a birder. These panoramic biodiversity parks are full of wild animals, reptiles, and birds.

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Uday has worked as a naturalist and loves to write about tigers and other wildlife forms. He also provides SEO Services and Content for Digital Marketing. He can be contacted at :

pateluday90@hotmail.com

Mob/Watsapp: 9755089323

Tiger Conservation : Tiger Tourism Good or Bad - Pertinent Questions & Answers on Non Tourism Area

2022-12-08T11:41:00.006+05:30

Why Tiger Tourism?

What Pays Stays

Tiger Uday Patel

Tiger tourism has taken a much more organized form in recent years. For a long time, visitors to the tiger reserves were limited, but the uptake was experienced when documentaries on Indian wildlife flooded the TV Screens in the late 90s. Documentaries are educational, besides being recreational they are the best form of the virtual classroom on nature and our environment as a whole.

I am visiting Kanha and Bandhavgarh National Parks, since the seventies, and have experienced the evolution of tourism for many years. After the extensive court battle to ban tiger tourism completely, a few years back, tourism in the core was restricted to 20% and that too has been divided into zones. This stops cluttering of the tourist vehicles and prevents intrusion into the lives of wild animals.

Sustainable, regulated, responsible, and eco-friendly, tourism has been a big boon in India. It has not resulted in ecosystem damage, nor impacted breeding, on the contrary, it has led to creating awareness about our precious inheritance and how nature works. It plays a role in inspiring people at the helm of conservation management and practices in India.

A visit to a National Park or a tiger reserve has been like an open classroom. Observing animals closely creates awareness and attachment with other life forms, this augurs conservation among the common man, and those who are responsible for our country's frameworks pertaining to development, conservation and tourism. Tourism is the best open-air classroom on the environment in the World.

Moreover relegated tourism in our reserves generates crucial revenue that is ploughed back into conservation and improvement of the protection infrastructure around the park. This aspect raises another question!

A major contributor to the recent success of tiger conservation has been the establishment of inviolate areas reserved entirely for other life forms. The PAs should remain for eternity.

Tiger Breeding Tourism Areas

Tigers have been breeding successfully in spite of tourism, and their survival rate has not suffered beyond natural causes and internal conflicts. Regulated tourism does not impact breeding at all. I have seen numbers rise in Pench, Bandhavgarh, Corbett and Kanha. They will surely rise in Nauradehi Tiger Reserve....they already are!

Will The Tiger Survive Outside the Tourism Area?

Public Pressure is the Key

Public eye pressure is vital for ascertaining the protection mechanism and conservation initiatives in the parks. Unfortunately, access to tourists in 80% of the non-tourism zone is completely banned. I do not know if the press has access to that area?

Restricted tourism outside twenty per cent has become a grey area, and nothing is known about what is happening there. The growth in tiger numbers is one significant means of assessment that the management and infrastructure upkeep is on the mark in the grey area. But not all reserves are experiencing growth, and this could be due to neglect and bad management practices.

While our foot sentinels are performing well, there are black sheep, and in absence of any pressure, they can be inimical to conservation in these parks. This is human and not hard to understand. I have seen a few of the park bosses with a complete lackadaisical attitude with extreme indulgence in photography and the use of amenities for personal or family gains.

Most of the top management have other roles besides supervision of the protection management and conservation activities, they have to stick to the desk considerably for justified reasons answering queries raised by the dispensation, working on reports, meeting staff for planning, and receiving VIP Guests or dignitaries. Well, and good, and they do make a field visit as much as possible.

Tiger Shri Navneet Maheshwari

For public knowledge, the most crucial role is played by the field managers and staff down the line. Misappropriation of authority and corruption in the staff has led to the complete poaching of the tigers at Panna and Sariska Tiger Reserves and this is public knowledge. These are the reasons I am advocating enhanced public visits since the reserves are our inheritance of one and all and not the prerogative of the department alone.

The Rise in Tiger Numbers & Wildlife Managers

The rise in tiger numbers has been due to their breeding and survival capacity but as far as management impact is considered it has been crucial in the success factor, we have had some of the finest wildlife managers and staff in the last few decades whence the wildlife protection act came into the picture.

Like the buffer, the non-tourism areas can be subject to outside intrusion for illegal purposes some with the connivance of the staff. Way back before the pandemic ultras/villagers have been seen by tourists in the core area of the Kanha National Park. There are frequent talks of the presence of ultras in the buffer as well? This is not verified news but was mentioned by guides during my visits with guests, as I freelance as a nature guide.

It is not all hunky dory on the edge of the parks including the buffer. There are vest interests, mafias, poachers, wood loggers and forest encroachers and maybe those with connections with organized poaching networks. Political goons included. They can easily dominate or corrupt some of the staff on the field, thankfully the field staff is honest and dedicated, but there can be black sheep. Mind You!

Kudos to Park Management

We must rightly praise the park management pan India, for the great work they are doing. This is not a criticism article nor does it press upon tourism in the non-tourism areas. I am purely discussing issues.

I write for the general public.

Advocating Tourism in Non-Tourism Areas

Let's consider a few aspects of tourism in the park. The activity is managed by the local staff under the policy framework guided by NTCA and the State Governments. The policy framework has to conform to the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 and the court perhaps.

Managing tourism in the park is difficult keeping in mind animal welfare, tourist safety, infrastructure requirements and the environmental impact. Hence regulated tourism in the non-tourism areas is ruled out. Well not completely.

Regulated visits in organized groups can be conducted in Canter, this will take care of safety factors. Access can be provided on good jungle roads. All parks comprise rest houses that can be points for rest.

The benefit of organizing tourism in the non-tourism areas is;

Enhanced Public Pressure
Enhanced Tourism Revenue
Discouragement to Intrusions

Though the possibility is limited due to issues mentioned in the blog above, nevertheless a few wildlife-watching tours will generate enhanced revenue for conservation. It will also result in extra employment for the locals and the hospitality industry as well. Remember inbound ecotourism is contributing significantly to the exchequer all over the World.

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Uday worked as a freelance naturalist for many years. He provides content, SEO and digital marketing to wildlife resorts, travel, and tour operators and on diverse topics as a versatile writer. He has many years of experience. He writes for the general public on environment and wildlife conservation.

Tadoba a Place of Exciting Safaris Where Taru & The Tiger are Worshipped

2022-11-21T12:49:00.016+05:30

Of Tribal & Tiger

There is a huge assemblage of the tribal at the shrine of Taru, a legendary figure who sacrificed his life fighting a tiger. The assemblage at the shrine takes place during the Hindu month of Pausha. The shrine lies under a large tree at Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR) and is venerated by one and all.

Photo Tadoba Tiger Reserve

The reserve was once ruled by the Gond Tribal worshippers of Lord Shiva and local deities. Like all indigenous people's inclination for nature, nature worship is hence common among the tribal, but it is based on sound logic and promotes nature conservation.

For eons, since humans arrived or evolved on Earth, the locals have been living at Tadoba in perfect harmony with the tigers and other wild inhabitants. Man-animal conflict in tiger habitats of India is minimal and on most occasions accidental or due to rare cases of a mental aberration among wild animals.

Humans are injured or killed but the incidences are far less or negligible when compared with any other cause of death. At Tadoba humanity has engulfed the ecosystem, and there are frequent cases of infringement bringing the animals and man too close for comfort. However, the tourists are completely safe and can enjoy the tiger landscape on safari holidays and go back unscathed. Ha!

Tadoba Tiger Landscape (TATR) in Chaimur Hills

TATR is an amalgamation of the Tadoba and Andhari forests near Chandrapur District in the State of Maharashtra. The Andhari River (Wainganga Basin) is the lifeline of the ecosystem along with many other wetlands. A large Tadoba Lake separates the forests from the farmlands in the southwest acting as a natural wall of protection from human interference.

The National Park is also a tiger reserve under Project Tiger a program to save the endangered big cats. But along with the conservation of the big cats, the ecosystem as a whole and all wild animals in a particular benefit the most. The area of the reserve is 625 sq. km plus, but a large extent of surrounding dense forests and scrub holds incredible wildlife and equally good sighting of tigers and leopards takes place outside the core.

The tropical dry deciduous forests create a magical tapestry of green in the tiger landscape. Unlike Kanha and Bandhavgarh, Sal does not dominate here being a mixed forest, but Saj and its associates are found in abundance in areas with thick crown cover besides bamboo and grasslands. Harwood Teak dominates, but other species found here are semal, dhawa, bija, jamun, tendu, tinsa, ber, pipal, banyan, mahua, hirda, gurar, salai, arjun, palas and karaya gum to name a few.

One of the notable floral elements found here is kach katchauli a climber that grows extensively in the park. It is used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Tiger Biodiversity Jewel at TATR

Tiger! Well, for the uninitiated the mention always slithers down from fables, poems, songs, fictional stories, hunting books, myths, and lore. Projected as an oversized predator with huge claws, deadly long canines, and a nasty roar Grrrrrrr, the animal is also associated with magical power and unmatchable strength. We see it as a deadly man-killer or man-eater always after human blood. Shikaris or hunters always justified the mass killing of this predator on the basis described above.

Nothing stands far from the truth. The tiger is an apex predator part of forest and grassland ecosystems in India. It is a tertial carnivore along with the leopard and at some places like Nauradehi Tiger Reserve with the wolf. It is extremely wary of humans and in my experience frightened to the core.

We are not in the food chain of this apex predator excluded by the fright of the two-legged merciless creature that walks erect for ages. In preserves like Tadoba, a robust prey base is enough for the big cat to subsist on. All reserves in India focus on the prey base so large numbers of these predators can survive and live for eternity.

Tiger at Tadoba

The prey base inhabiting the Tadoba is as follows;

Sambar
Chital
Chausingha
Barking Deer
Wild Boars
Nilgai
Marsh Crocodile
Hanuman or Gray Langur
Rhesus Macaque
Porcupine
Civets
Mongoose
Wild Dog (Co-predator)
Leopard (Co-predator)
Jackal (Co-predator)
Fox (Co-predator)

The last few can hardly be terms as prey base, but the big cats kill all life that moves. I have seen them chewing grass and eating sand probably to aid in digestion or to fulfill mineral deficiency. With such a large prey base being conserved in India, man-killing is accidental or as described a rare instance of mental aberration.

With over a hundred and fifteen tigers, the reserve offers one of the best chances to see the big cats in wild natural surroundings. A trip to Melghat, Pench, and Kanha National Parks can be organized in a package tour for Tadoba Tiger Reserve or TATR. This will accord a greater wildlife experience and offer sightings of the Central Indian landscape.

Birds of Tadoba

More than two hundred species of avian can be found at the National Park. The number includes Pale Arctic Migrants that arrive in the winter.

Some of the noted species are:

Paradise Flycatcher
Peacock Pheasant
Orange-headed thrush,
Golden Backed Woodpecker
Indian pitta,
Crested treeswift,
Shama
Alexandrine Parakeet
White Rumped Vulture
Egyptian Vulture
Honey Buzzard
Crested Serpent Eagle
Crested Hawk Eagle
White Eyed Buzzard
Mottled Wood Owl
Barn Owl
Scops Owl
Jungle Owlet
Stone curlew
Bronze-winged jacana
Black-naped blue flycatcher
Brown Fish Owl
Brown Cheeked Fulvetta
Plum Headed Parakeet
Wire Tailed Swallow
Tickell's Flower Pecker
Thick Billed Flowerpecker
Hume's Warbler
Greenish Warbler
Paddyfield Warbler
Booted Warbler
Pipits
Larks
Nightjars

The list is endless please refer to a hand guide of Indian birds for reference to the region.

How to Explore Tadoba on Tiger Safari?

TATR comes under the jurisdiction of the Maharashtra State Government. A permit is mandatory for excursions in the park. The safari can be booked online at: https://booking.mytadoba.org/safari/

Or you can request your package tour operator for Tadoba for game rides at Tadoba. He will also help organize your travel to the National Park. Please discuss all before making a tour.

It is advisable to book a safari much in advance as entry may be limited. It is also advisable to book accommodations and make travel arrangements after your safari has been booked.

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Uday has worked as a naturalist and loves to write about tigers and other wildlife forms. He also provides SEO Services and Content for Digital Marketing. He can be contacted at :

pateluday90@hotmail.com

Mob/Watsapp: 9755089323

Holy Cow Stray Dog Menace & Feeding A Danger to Humans And Wildlife

2022-11-20T11:26:00.021+05:30

Stray Dog Menace

Indian Wild Dog

In Africa, stray dogs, and domesticated ones near major wildlife habitats like Maasai Mara are vaccinated against rabies and other deadly disease.

Do we take such steps?

"My guess is as good as yours. I guess we do not," Well though it is difficult to say that such vaccination programs are not being carried out by authorities, nevertheless, the dog menace remains a big threat. Dangers lurk the most in our urban areas and villages where the stray dogs roam free and multiply at will.

Deer in Danger

They have started to form packs to hunt down the deer that roam in the forests and those that enter human settlements. Among the most threatened species is the chital deer or the spotted deer (axis axis). They are being hunted down by roaming dogs all over India.

Feeding Wild & Stary Animals

Indians have a penchant for feeding animals without discerning whether it is good or bad for them. Some consider feeding stray and wild animals as a sacred act that will reflect positively on health, wealth, and happiness as a result of good Karma.

We consider the cow holy and that is good, nothing to ridicule. But should we let them survive on throwaways or garbage? Stray cows are a major danger on the roads everywhere, and an International Embarrassment, the owners after milking them leave them on the streets to roam around. The free-roaming cattle are jeopardizing traffic which is leading to a very high number of road accidents and deaths. Is this how we treat our holiest animal?

Shelters for Stray Animals & Vaccination - Cows & Dogs

There should be proper shelters for street cows, and why not for stray dogs if we cannot sterilize and vaccinate them. For example, in absence of proper vaccination, the dairy industry is under threat from lumpy skin disease. The cattle around the reserves have led to the transmission of rinderpest, and foot and mouth disease killing a large number of bison and swamp deer in our forests.

What impact disease-carrying stray dogs are having on the dhole has not been studied? Field biologists contend with research on the instincts and behavior of wild animals in natural surroundings. I hope they are including diverse threat factors especially socio-economic, and political impact created by dense humanity around our forests.

Reason Behind Feeding Wild Animals

Feeding human fodder to Hanuman Langurs, rhesus macaques, and other wild denizens impact their natural instincts and food consumption habit. I have seen scores of langurs and rhesus macaques lined along highways, tourist places, and busy streets of bazaars awaiting morsels thrown by humans. This unnatural assemblage has created a major threat and nuisance all over India.

Hinduism and many indigenous ideologies are inclined toward nature. The sacred elements it considers worthy of holy status comprise other life forms. This is a good belief since the ideology and religious dogmas teach us to respect all life forms that make up the living planet called Earth.

Sensitivity towards other life forms is exalting, but there has to be a line drawn somewhere. Offering human food to stray dogs, or wild animals is not a good practice. Animal adoption as in Zoos, or domesticating a stray dog is the answer. But this does not mean letting them free on the road, they should be offered sanctuary within the house as we do with the pedigree. This is the answer as some NGOs with a court injunction and our own ahimsa does not allow the culling of stray dogs.

Threat to Dholes or Wild Dogs

The greatest threat is perhaps to the wild dogs or dholes in our reserves, and some nonprotected areas that constitute conventional reserve forests. The frequent human habitats in search of prey.

The wild dog population is vacillating in the reserve, and the forests outside. Even in Kanha, where I was working as a naturalist, the packs usually seen in robust numbers are missing from many traditionally dominated areas. Some of them are losing ground with humanity strangling the remaining crown cover in the buffer beside transmitted diseases. Is the reason behind the dwindling status?

I think the same stands true for these least studied animals in other reserves and National Parks.

Will they go down like the Great Indian Bustard, the Indian Wolf, and the Hyena in India?

Interferences & Conservation Policies

In India, conservation is impacted by statutory compliance as defined by injunctions, political interventions, and by the pressure of some biased NGOs. Nothing else matters, those Field Managers who do not comply with the limits are literary shown the boot by higher-ups, and the politically powerful lords. Field management practices for the wardens are not a free-hand endeavor, they work under shackles, some are good, while others hinder conservation initiatives.

Conservation policies are not straight-lined policies as we the common citizen believe. The frameworks depend upon many factors that include the impact on financing bodies, vote banks, religious sensitivities, cost, linear development projects, and precedence to human rights over rights of other life forms.

Some good work is being done on the conservation front by ruling dispensations. But! We are also responsible! Let us admit that we are selfish, and run after the moolah. And, the other life forms, the amazing biodiversity is entirely at our mercy as has been happening for centuries. Nothing Surprising.

But it is not right to blame everything on the Government we as common citizens should also aid in preserving nature in our vicinity, and help secure remaining natural spots in neighborhoods, villages, farmlands, towns, and cities with fervor.

In most conservation imbroglios macro solutions work the best. Can we as intelligent voters provide them?

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Uday has worked as a naturalist for a number of years at Kanha National Park in Central India. He is fond of writing on conservation issues and is a storyteller for the common man.

Uday works as SEO for Digital Marketing and Content Writer. He also teaches digital marketing in Jabalpur. He is closely connected to nature as a naturalist.

He can be contacted at:

Mob/Wattsapp: 09755089323

pateluday90@hotmail.com

The Highlands of Central India - Land of Korkus and Gonds

2022-06-26T12:46:00.035+05:30

From Heaven unto the Earth a Land Divine

The Satpura Range Highlands

James Forsyth a wonderful storyteller becoming one perhaps by circumstance unlike Kipling, narrated captivating accounts of this divine land in Central India. If you travel towards Madhya Pradesh from Mumbai somewhere at about 300 miles the land bifurcates with one branch heading towards Allahabad in the Gangetic Valley in the State of Uttar Pradesh, and the other moves southwards towards the Nagpur City in Maharashtra. Ensconced between them lies a wild pristine 10000 sq.km forestland of Satpura Range, the crowning jewel adorns the precious gems of nature, steep hills, tabletop mountains, and charismatic glens through which flow a number of sublime rivers that originate in the mountain tops and have become the lifeline of the prevailing ecosystems. The dense green cover that adorns the mysterious region is due to moist tropical and dry deciduous forests comprising Teak, Sal, Bamboo, and mixed forest zones.

Map of Satpuras

Holy Narmada River in Satpuras

Narmada basin perhaps encapsulates the greater part of this region known as the Satpura Range. The Vindhya Range runs parallel much to the North of Central India, and both converge at the Maikal Hills in a biosphere known as Amarkantak. The Biosphere Reserve encompassing Amarkantak is the origin of Narmada which traverses more than 700 miles to end up in the Arabian Sea. Another river that originates from here is the Son which diverts north towards the Gangetic basin and eventually merges with the river Ganga. Achankmar Tiger Reserve (Chattisgarh) is a part of the Achanakmar - Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve that span 3835.51 km2 and straddles the neighboring state of Chhattisgarh.

Narmada considered holier than the Ganges according to some has given birth to many robust civilizations in Central India. Like other rivers, it is the mother of the forests that maintain an equilibrium among natural forces and thus supports life including ours. From the holy river, a number of tributaries fork out that have become lifelines of this ecoregion in Madhya Pradesh. A large number of towns are based on the shores of the Narmada and are dependent upon it for their existence.

Most of the shores across the span were predominant with dense green cover but with increasing urbanity we are losing the forests and the long-term sustainability of this crucial water source is in question.

Captain James Forsyth’s – The Highlands of Central India

Captain James Forsyth was an acting Conservator of Forests in British India whence he narrated amazing discoveries of this elevated tiger landscape now in the State known as Madhya Pradesh. The vivid account of the forests and their superabundant wildlife are central to his narrative in the book "The Highlands of Central India". The book was first published in the year 1871.

Marble Rocks

The book is a vivid account of all things wonderful that the Satpura encapsulates including the tribes that occupied the region. In the narrative, there is a definite hint of the superiority of his race but no mention deprecates the natives. The natives as he referred to local people are emphatically interwoven in the narrative wherever they are involved mostly as laborers or the local lords and tradesmen. The tiger is interwoven along with the tribal in almost every chapter such was the abundance of this majestic predator in the 19th Century.

Tiger

As mentioned earlier the wildlife in the mountains was central to his focus as an ace hunter. Forsyth nevertheless, opened the remote and mysterious region to India’s urbanity, the Sahibs and the Brown Sahibs a privileged lot that could travel to hunt tigers and the country’s vanishing wild animals.

The book’s each and every page is a captivating account of the highlands. For the reader, each page is a journey into the exotic and the esoteric that Central India was in the 19th Century, the era in which the narrative is based. Each page unfolds the cryptic labyrinth of the mountainous core and its rugged tapestry, it also encapsulates myriad landscapes in plains and rivers, the natural formations of the region. The mountains loom higher than one can imagine and carry a countenance of forlorn sentinels frozen for eternity in the paradigm of time and space. They are a specter of lifeless giants yet they support myriads of life forms paradoxically they represent the harbinger of powerful forces that enliven the Earth

The rivers though not extensively described apart from Narmada are never demoted by the lack of reference.

Narmada Valley

The Gorge in Narmada – Picturesque Jabalpur

Forsyth’s description of Marble Rocks and the Gorge we now call Bhedghat is an ode to the natural formations as well as the beautiful city of Jabalpur. Of the gorge he wrote, the yonder blue sky light of the Sun reflects upon the rocks creating hues of colors that easily outdo a spectrum. The light that reflects at the bottom inverses clearly but breaks into thousands of quavering fragments in the encircling whirlpools that emerge as water surges against the rocks.

Marble Rocks

It is difficult to duplicate Forsyth’s writing style and the overwhelming idiomatic phrases. Each chapter is lively with expressions that only the author could have envisaged, the colloquial is striking, yet the superabundant write-up never subdues meaningful descriptions and the narrative is mature. The readers have to go through the book to understand what I am trying to state.

Banjar River at Kanha

On the gorge, he states that glossy white saccharine rock is seamed by veins of dark green and black volcanic rocks. Perhaps he forgot to mention deep crevices and oval pockmarks paradoxically shapely and graceful created by years of erosion. You see them as the boat rocks past on the pellucid waters.

Of the rocky formations, he describes the monkey leap (Bandar Kudini) as a chasm you come across while boating and he also mentions the mighty footprint in the rock belonging to the celestial elephant of Indra. He was aware of Hindu beliefs but there was no decrying. As you read the chapter on Narmada Valley you become aware of the author’s extensive knowledge of the geography of the country as a whole and not only Central India.

Boats on Narmada

Most of the accounts of this enchanting valley revolve around his hunting trips and natural history references. His descriptions of wild animals chiefly the predators and the herbivore and of the local flora are extensive, no wonder he was an exceptional naturalist of his time.

Temple Complex - Narmada Origin

His account of Rani Durgawati’s battle with the invading Moslems and the Chaoragarh fortification is worth reading. But this is more of a reference to the extensive fortifications on flat-topped scarp-sided mountains of the region South of Narmada and the rising tide of Moslem invaders hell-bent on conquering India. The construction describes matches that of Bandhavgarh Fort and is an interesting read. This also proves the tribal domination of inaccessible mountainous regions of Central India. The belief in Lord Shiva incarnation is evident in the narrative.

Mahadeo Hills- Surreal & Divine

Puchmurree the Crowning Glory

In this chapter, the author emphasizes the Hindu belief in Lord Shiva, and justifies the adobe of Shiva as being impassable, mysterious, and holy but frequented by wild beasts and goblins according to the tribal. Though superabundant with wild beasts the divine land was no home to spooky beings, it was the inaccessibility and the depth that was a frightening prospect. Even to this date, few will venture into the impassable forest, and the steep ascent, for they will lose direction in the deep ravines in the glens of Pachmarhi. This turbulent terrain characteristic is conspicuous by the absence in the inhabited plains including the Satpura Tiger Reserve a protected area.

Pachmarhi Landscape

Forsyth’s journey into the Satpura Range began with the objective of building a hutment in the Mahadeo Hills. The British endeavor to escape the stifling heat of India is a well-documented fact and in time to come Pachmarhi became a cantonment. The impact of British presence is evident in the township bungalows that carry the British architecture with emphasis on geometrical simplicity and yet the aura of grandeur prevails. The salubrious climate, and the verdant greenery all favoured Pachmarhi becoming the summer escape, and eventually the summer capital.

Dhoopgarh Pachmarhi

The description of natural formation found in abundance in the steep inclines of the Satpura is apt in the book. As you proceed you are confused as to who Forsyth was, was he a naturalist, an ethnologist or an explorer for the author exhibits all the specialties combined into one. As usual most of the chapter is dominated by the accounts of hunts, wild animals, and the flora. But lovers of Satpura would revel in his account of the Mahadeo Hill natural formations. The book is a bundle of diverse facets and Hinduism & aboriginal humanity find a distinct place in the whole narrative.

The Aboriginal Tribes

This chapter is dedicated to the tribes chiefly Korkus, Gonds, Rajgond, Baigas, and Bhilalas, and aspects of their customs and mores are well described. The religious beliefs turn syncretic and manifest in a mixed form due to intermarriages, and natural intermixing with Hindus. There is a mention of tribal beliefs and practices along with the influence of Hinduism. However certain population remained bereft of the religious influence and their existence in post-independence era is an ode to Hindu tolerance.

He mentions the creation of subsets of original tribal communities by the influence and religious conversion by the dominating Rajput warlords. There is no decrying the natural flow of subset creation and perhaps the influence was vice a versa since reverence to nature among the Hindus is well documented throughout the history of India beginning Indus Valley Civilization.

There is no conflict mentioned between the two entities rather the tribes were known to participate in the independence wars against foreign rule aka the British Raj. This was one of the reasons for the invasion of Puchmurree, and young Forsyth was instrumental in the conquest. Ironically, a museum has been built in his memory at the Pachmarhi plateau by the present dispensations. Indians forget and pardon!

The religious transformation is also suggestive of slow harmonization of communities in the remote India, the exception being large scale conversion of tribal elsewhere with the connivance of missionaries supported by the British.

While conversion completely erase local cultures and traditions by imposing the exotic, the tribal Hindu communities did not lose their cultural affinities rather a blend was created that was syncretic in nature and supported harmonious existence.

The Tiger Reserves

The destinations he mentions in the book include far off Chikaldhara Plateau and Melghat Tiger Reserve at some distance from Nagpur in Maharashtra of which the former though still endowed with wilderness is fast losing to urbanity while Melghat is a protected area preserved perhaps for keeps.

Gaur

The book revolves around the Narmada Valley and the Tribal. The extensive right up is mostly on the remote inaccessible regions which he had the privilege to explore at the behest of the Empire. He also tables content regarding the Teak and Sal forests. The main reference in the teak belt is the Bori Forests while the Sal forests cover most of our tiger reserves.

Swamp Deer - Barasingha

The Sal forests are represented by most of the tiger reserves in contemporary India, the Bori Forests are a wildlife sanctuary comprising primarily Teak. Bori is now a component of Satpura Biosphere Reserve. The region once contiguous now exists as fragments with varied crown cover.

The prominent reserves in the Satpuras are:

• Kanha National Park

• Pench National Park

• Satpura National Park

• Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary

• Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary

• Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary

These are a hub of biodiversity in Central India and are most visited by domestic and overseas crowds every year. The reserves retain their charismatic glory but exist under the pressure of encroaching urbanity and livelihood concerns dominated by unorganized animal husbandry. Poaching is scarce due to the protection mechanism, nevertheless, the threat looms large due to the organized illegal wildlife trade networks and demand for tiger bones by TCM manufacturers. The major threat the wilderness faces is from the increasing man-animal conflicts as populations increases and livelihood pressures enhance the proximity between the wild animals and the people.

Tiger - by Peter Jones

The best way to explore the present-day Satpura is to visit Pachmarhi, Amarkantak, and the tiger reserves mentioned. Jabalpur is the fulcrum for these wild journeys. The destinations are almost equidistance from Jabalpur Airport and the Rail Head. Jabalpur town has a remarkable tourism infrastructure. A stop at Jabalpur is for a much-visited place the Marble Rocks. The town is endowed with many natural stops that can be visited on an extended stay.

The Luxury Hotels:

Satpura Tiger Reserve:

• Forsyth’s Lodge

• Denwa Backwater Escape

• MPT Bison Lodge

Bori Wildlife Sanctuary

Forest Rest House

Pench National Park

• Tathatsu Resort

• Jungle Home Pench

• Mowgli’s Den

Kanha National Park

• Courtyard House Kanha

• Baghira Log Huts MPT

Achanakmar WLS

• MPT Resort at Amarkantak

Noradehi Wildlife Sanctuary is less than a hundred kilometers from Jabalpur and forest accommodations are available for a stay. Please contact Sagar DFO for bookings. A day trip is advised.

Hotels in Jabalpur

• Krishna Hotel Jabalpur

• MPT Kalchuri Hotel

The above-mentioned are family-safe properties in respective destinations. For greater scope please seek a referral or search online. For safari booking please visit MPOnline Portal.

About the Author the Highland of Central India James Forsyth

James Forsyth died young in London UK. His life span was from 1838-1871. Not much information is available about him except that he arrived in India as an army officer and was subsequently appointed as an acting forest conservator. His book published after death regales us with our own inheritance that he so vividly portrayed.

Chambal River Boat Tours

Perspective on Kipling

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Uday has worked as a naturalist for a number of years at Kanha National Park in Central India. He is fond of writing on conservation issues and is a storyteller for the common man.

Uday works as SEO for Digital Marketing and Content Writer. He also teaches digital marketing in Jabalpur. He is closely connected to nature as a naturalist.

He can be contacted at:

Mob/Wattsapp: 09755089323

pateluday90@hotmail.com

Saving the sink precursor to the survival of the tigers in India

2022-06-19T15:21:00.006+05:30

The Contingency & The PA Concept

I remember my first visit to Kanha National Park in the early seventies. The Wildlife Protection Act was promulgated and thankfully the slaughter of our precious wildlife was brought to a much-needed end. Although Kanha had received some form of protection right from the 18th Century onwards whence the British ruled India, the initiatives were limited and infallible. Nevertheless, Halon and Banjar Valley still supported sensitive wild species like the hard-ground swamp deer and the tiger at the commencement of the Project Tiger Program. This was the saving grace for future conservation initiatives, and the results have been spectacular.

The year of my visit was perhaps 1972, and the tiger population in India had plummeted to below the 1400 mark perhaps from over 40,000 at the turn of the century. There seemed no recourse for the doomed species till the Project Tiger Program was initiated. After initial hiccups, the program is right back on the track with a population of the endangered carnivore over the 3000 mark.

The Protected Areas have two components the inner inhabitable and inviolate core, and the outer buffer or the sink area as some conservationists refer to it. The PA and the reserves have delivered a yeomen's service with the active participation of wildlife managers and the sentinels. In a human-dominated conservation landscape, the exploitative nature of our species would have proved disastrous in the absence of the PAs and the WPA Act.

*Note the human presence in the core is limited to the forest guards and their hutments a crucial protection feature. Regulated tourism subject to terms and conditions is allowed in 20% of the core area for the common people.

Us & Them

Sensitive wild species need inviolate areas to breed and survive in an intact ecosystem small or big. Humans are notorious for destroying habitats that support wild species under one excuse or other, and even with judicial intervention albeit rarely. We have nearly lost all grasslands and wetlands in the country that are the first target of agrarian settlers and commercial exploiters. The forests survived, however, limited in extent due to the immense spread and not due to our sagacity.

We have come to own the Earth with no consideration for other life forms, and the environment as whole. The destruction of wetlands, forests, and savannahs, the chaos as regards marine conservation, and the pollution ensuing from unchecked use of fossil fuels all are precursors to species extinction and the global warming that is wreaking havoc in the contemporary era. If this continues human extinction could be imminent. This is not a speculation, an equilibrium the Earth's environment maintains is crucial for our survival and it is unfortunately extremely fragile.

Early Years

A dilapidated and pockmarked single metal road in the interiors led to the park from Chiraidongri township in Mandla District. All around the roads were dark smokey hamlets with tiled or thatched roofs far removed from the modern amenities that were developing in urban India, the people were poverty-stricken, isolated, and living in the absolute past. I still recall the solitude and the smell of fire woods and the staid humble faces (mostly tribal) that stared at us in absolute consternation. Wilderness was to them a natural phenomenon there was nothing exotic about it like it was to us who were at the turn of the century far removed from the inheritance. This critical inheritance is not only the prerogative of the local forest-dwelling communities it belongs to all Indians.

In that era I was armed with little knowledge of how the ecosystem and its components worked, the wilderness was a frightening prospect of an encounter with the ferocious big cats of unimaginable proportions. These misconceptions were thankfully erased from any reckoning as I grew up and tourism was the major interpreter. Despite having many detractors, ecotourism creates awareness and respect for our inheritance and a large human population is better endowed with the knowledge of the precious wilderness nowadays.

Tiger visibility has increased considerably as compared to the seventies a conservation succes yardstick.

Wildlife Protection Act 1972 & Formation of the Protected Areas

An alert Prime Minister passionate about the country's inheritance was at the forefront of nature conservation, a much-needed reprieve after the years of slaughter by the elites and the poachers. Hon. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi invited those at the helm of forestry and conservation like Mr. Kailash Sankhala and the Wildlife Protection Act was formulated that made the hunting of scheduled wild animals an offense and invites punitive measures. The WPA 1972 formed the bulwark against wildlife offenses besides supporting the legal framework as an aid to the dedicated wildlife managers and the staff at the helm.

Project Tiger

There were initial failures as it took time to comprehend how the international poaching and illegal trade network worked with the local complicit in India. An inaccurate consensus also led to fatal complacency. Despite the launch of the program, the numbers had not increased during the period post-initiation, and then the mass slaughter of the tigers at Panna and Sariska Reserves was a shocking disclosure of the ineptitude of the whole exercise. The country's legal system sometimes is lax on criminals due to the age-old framework. It provided loopholes to established and well-known unlawful wildlife parts traders like Sansar Chand who was most likely instrumental in these horrendous poaching incidences and the illegal wildlife trade. In the loop were some staff from the forest department and the local poachers.

The stories made headlines globally, and a shocked department began to reshuffle the protection mechanism and subsequent best practices were inducted keeping in mind the vulnerability of poverty-stricken communities besides the habitual criminals. Due to constant vigilance, evolving conservation strategies, and initiatives the populations in the core of the tiger reserves have increased.

Sink

Tigers are highly territorial predators with an established hierarchical order that is little understood. Being at the top of the food chain they are crucial indicator species that indicate the health of the country's remaining ecosystems designated as tiger reserves.

Although the conservation initiatives in the seventies with subsequent reforms envisaged the coexistence of the wild species with humans this laid down principal at the present juncture is at best chimerical but with strong conservation ethos shaped during the Vedic Era rubbishing this phenomenon in its entirety would be foolhardy. The creation and designation of the core will remain inviolate and well preserved for eternity, and any dilution would be disastrous for not only the tiger but the whole ecosystem.

But due to burgeoning human factors, the buffer or the outer area has been filtered out of stringent conservation measures and humans have some leeway here. Although recent amendments have been merciful on the extent of indulgence, and commercial activities at industrial levels have been prohibited subject to a distance from the core, the buffer zone encapsulates a larger area. As a matter of fact, it expands outside the limits of the buffer areas as designated.

Tigers are limited by an inhabitable area a certain population dynamics prevails among them and this is universal. Transient populations of young males, and the aging tigers unable to face competition move towards the periphery wherever substantial crown cover prevails. To this, we must add an intermediate population of the big cats which have naturally adopted the outer region by birth or due to population pressure. A swelling population of big cats expands the area of inhabitation, and this is limited only by the availability of habitable grounds.

The Challenges

Though tigers are often conditioned to the humans in the core to some extent the situation that prevails in the buffer is overwhelming. In absence of the right conservation initiatives and the protection mechanism, the survival of the big cat population will entirely be limited to a well-managed core.

But is this enough?

Managing the buffer or the sink area with sagacity and expeditiously is imperative. Frequent incidences of man-animal conflicts indicate a lack of well-planned strategies due to the bureaucratic lethargy and overwhelming complexities associated with that particular sink. The biggest culprit is the country's electoral system which has become populistic in nature. The political interference in conservation and environmental protection is very much there. The Forests Rights Act empowers the gram Sabahs to be active participants in conservation or the members at least have a say. Let's wait for the impact although people's participation is a welcoming initiative will this work in a heavily politicized environment?

Most often it is the overwhelming complexities of a human-dominated environment that impacts conservation initiatives and the protection mechanism at work in the sink.

Though the legal framework prohibits intense commercial activities some distance from the core, this will not be enough in the future whence the populations increase further. Extensive tiger landscape management has to be in place with equal emphasis before all is lost. Framing and regulating land-use patterns and restrictions on activities is a management headache for the authorities with volatile public resentment in place with instances easily fomented by vote-hungry politicians.

Although the protection mechanism is present in virtually all the tiger landscapes, the exigencies are not that evident, and frequent incidence of poaching, electrocution, wood logging, and unlawful expansion of agricultural fields besides the expansion of habitable areas prevails. These are the real challenges that forest management faces in the sink area.

Infrastructure projects especially the liner development initiatives are cleared in the country without much consideration of immediate and long-term consequences. There is a fervent zeal to be counted among the advanced Nations. Although very little can be done regarding these interventions in the natural lands at least viability should be measured with greater emphasis. Alternatives like simple underpasses or over bridges have been favorable for animal migration without accidents. Similar alternatives should be in consideration as regards projects that will eventually be executed.

Functional connectivity between forest patches in the buffer is of immediate concern since the expansion of urbanity in these areas is at a rapid pace. The local communities have benefitted immensely from ecotourism in the reserve and that has resulted in higher income figures than in the past. With greater affluence, structural expansion is becoming evident as modern amenities creep in. Unfortunately, this is happening in most of the buffer zones due to rising income. Shopping centers, restaurants, and service providers all are expanding their deliveries overtaking a larger area. This is leading to encroachment of the few viable habitats in the buffer. The tigers and the prey base will be forced to saturate the core leading to unnatural conflicts between the big cats and the prey base.

Nature controls stressful existence with the reduction in population in the wild. Thus, sooner than later the domino effect will result in plummeting of the tiger population once again this time due to a faulty system in place.

Tigers need large habitable forests and grasslands to survive small inviolate cores will not be functional as populations rise. This is the challenge wildlife managers and policymakers will have to deal with in near future.

The next big challenge being faced is that of corridor creation and management. Corridors are not just conduits for animal migration they could hold a stable population of wild animals as well hence land-use patterns and conflict management is very much applicable to these vital passages.

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Uday has worked as a naturalist for a number of years at Kanha National Park in Central India. He is fond of writing on conservation issues for the common man.

Uday works as SEO for Digital Marketing and Content Writer. He also teaches digital marketing in Jabalpur. He is closely connected to nature as a naturalist.

He can be contacted at:

Mob/Wattsapp: 09755089323

pateluday90@hotmail.com

Bandhavgarh Deserves to be a World Heritage Tiger Reserve

2022-04-05T14:06:00.016+05:30

Bandhavgarh National Park UNESCO Heritage Probable

The purpose of designating a reserve as a UNESCO Heritage Site is to highlight the conservation impetus, and sustainable usage of natural resources, and acknowledge the harmonious existence of humanity in the surroundings.

In the year 2020, one of our tiger reserves at Panna was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Biosphere Reserve. Though rightly placed in the global network of biospheres the buck should not stop here. Another of our amazing tiger reserves Bandhavgarh National Park also situated in Madhya Pradesh is deserving the same status. The 1500 sq. km reserve holds more than eighty tigers and is home to enchanting Central Indian mammalian and reptilian species. More than 250 avian species are found here.

Under the aegis of Project Tiger, Bandhavgarh as a biodiversity hub has an excellent record of tiger conservation in India. The ecosystem was declared a National Park in the year 1968 and subsequently declared a tiger reserve in the year 1993. The erstwhile hunting reserve of the Maharajahs of Rewa is one of the most popular tiger landscapes in India. Not only famous for the tiger the reserve encapsulates an amazing storehouse of architectural remains that depict Hinduism in India.

A fragmented corridor exists between Sanjay Dubri National Park and Bandhavgarh. The former is a reserve where the World's first and only white tiger was discovered by the Maharajah of Rewa. It is one hours drive by road.

Story of Ancient Tribal Civilization

The central structure is the fort complex with the main edifice in complete ruins. Yes, the fort has crumbled with the passage of time to naught. Much remains in the complex to intrigue and enchant visitors. Unfortunately, the fort has no archeological status of historical worth since a visit to the fort complex is barred due to rules that govern excursions or safari in the reserve.

No effort has been made to accord the status of a separate entity to the historical fort that is a place of religious significance as well for the Hindus. Visitors are not allowed here but on some religious occasions, Hindus are allowed to trek on foot to the fort's confines. It is a strenuous trek of 11 km on a rugged jungle road inhabited by tigers.

From the foothill of the Bandhavgarh Mountain (800 MSL), a steep climb takes visitors on a jeep to Sesh Shaiyaa or reclining Vishnu. A reclining idol carved out of igneous rocks situated amongst a fairy pool surrounded by a grove is a mesmerizing spectacle. A place where battle-worn soldiers on horseback came to rest under the cool shade. Even in hot summers, the place remains cool and shady. The fort as the name suggests is a gift by Lord Rama to brother Laxman. A Ram Laxman Janki Temple is situated on the tabletop and is manned by a priest who arrives here almost every day to pray.

Blue Bull

From Shesh Shaiyya the climb to the fort complex on Bandhavgarh Hill is steep and exhausting, but thankfully short. Amidst the dense vegetation, a rugged jungle road leads to the top. The access is through a massive wooden gate with a huge metal lock. Hence the name of the range is TALA (Lock). The arched gateway leads to zoomorphic idols of Lord Vishnu among them most captivating is the one looming tall on the precipice. The time comes to a standstill here and the dazzling drop is mesmerizing, it offers a magnificent view of the panoramic reserve. A number of zoomorphic idols are scattered all around beside remains of small domed chattris, temples, gateways, and small structures. The most prominent are the twelve man-made reservoirs that surround the tribal fort which is in complete ruins. The space all around though engulfed by vegetation is an archeological treasure. The expanse of the tabletop is said to be 4 km square and comprises grasslands that harbor tigers and all wild animals found in the park. In Central India, the Bandhavgarh Hill fort complex is one of the most esoteric places and not to be missed. The National Park is home to a number of historic and religious relics scattered all along with the forests besides man-made caves, stables, courtrooms, and small domed cenotaphs.

The Land of the Tiger

The land of the tiger comprises dense SAL, mixed forests, and mountain rivers that snake through marshy grasslands in the plains. The unique feature of the destination is the thirty-two hillocks with bamboo-covered slopes and bare or scarred at places on the descent as well. The maze of inaccessible hillocks and glens has proven to be an ideal place for the big cats to breed. No wonder the reserve is one of the most picturesque in India and saturated with tigers. Recent conservation measure has been the remarkable comeback of wild cattle gaur by translocation which had become extinct some time back to due disease.

While the tiger is the apex predator in the food chain, the conservation measures gave a lease of life to all endangered species, and have preserved the ecosystem. For wildlife enthusiasts and botanists the microforms of life dwelling in niche habitats are a matter of intense study. The destination with millions of trees and vegetation creates an environmental equilibrium and helps in minimizing carbon footprint. The reserve is a fine example of sustainable resource management with responsible guidelines being followed by the department, rural habitation, and the hotel industry alike.

A lot of ecodevelopment work is being carried out by the forest department. Community initiative by some resorts is reducing man-animal conflict besides harmonizing wild animal existence with humans. While the core is completely inviolate the buffer is a fine example of the coexistence of humans with the surrounding wilderness.

Bandhavgarh is already in the international limelight but a UNESCO status will boost conservation measures, and community initiatives. The status will draw crucial revenue for conservation by attracting a greater number of visitors.

Visitors to Bandhavgarh

Bandhavgarh receives thousands of overseas and domestic visitors every year. It is one of the preferred destinations for wildlife documentary makers besides photographers., researchers, naturalists, and wildlife enthusiasts. It is a major contributor to foreign exchange as well as receiving money for conservation.

The core area of the preserve is 716 sq. km and twenty percent is reserved for tourism. Safaris are available only to permit holders in the core and the buffer area. The excursions and the visit to the interpretation centers are the best means of exploring and learning about charismatic biodiversity and how the ecosystem functions.

The best way to reach the park is from Jabalpur Airport which is at four hours drive. Umaria railways station is at a distance of 32 km and is connected to Jabalpur. Road connectivity via bus and car is excellent and the destination can be accessed from Kanha National Park and Khajuraho Temples.

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Uday Freelances as Naturalist in Central India. He is an avid birder and tiger enthusiast. He blogs on tigers, wildlife, and birds. He also writes on the environment and conservation.

Uday also provides SEO Services and Website Content in English. He teaches Digital Marketing in Jabalpur in Summer Holidays.--------Contact: pateluday90@hotmail.com09755089323

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The Vanishing Wetlands & Swamp Deer in Central India

2022-02-05T11:07:00.014+05:30

Vanishing Wetlands a Historical Perspective

The swamp deer at Kanha had to adapt for its survival on the hard rugged ground and it did. It is the only sub-species (c.d.branderi) found in India at Kanha. Also known as the hard ground barasingha due to the development of a hoof little less splayed, unlike its Northern and Eastern Cousins. The deer is an exemplary evolution miracle that saved the animal from an assured extinction. Barasingha is a grassland dweller and avoids dense forests, a graminivore that sometimes adds aquatic plants to its diet. It is an ecologically sensitive herd animal and cannot survive near human habitation with extensive instrusion. The majestic deer is the pride of Kanha National Park and denotes conservation success not the tiger mind you.

The swamps and marshy grasslands have turned into hard ground due to geological changes over the centuries. But this is not the end of the story most of the wetlands and marshy grasslands have become extinct due to our lack of understanding of natural lands. While we have usurped most of the natural lands during human expansion, wetlands and marshy grasslands were overtaken without guilt as we failed to understand their ecological value and labeled them as wastelands.

The story of abject destruction continues even if we have come to understand the ecological values of these "wastelands". Greed has overtaken ignorance and most coastal cities in India are devouring estuaries, mangroves, lakes, and ponds to name a few. But the takeover of wetlands has not been restricted to coastal areas the destruction has been equal in the case of hinterlands as well where the ravage has been in form of silent encroachment by local industries and agriculture. Brick kilns for example are universally spread across the country thanks to a boom in construction in nearby towns and cities. Such enterprises though seem to be inconsequential are detrimental not only to swamplands but the tropical forests as well. Along with small-scale mining they are overlooked by the authorities as means of subsistence?

Swamp Deer

Barasingha

India is expanding and urbanizing at a rapid pace and dispensations are unable to control intrusion on remaining natural lands comprising great ecological value. In haste, there is no stopping.

The focal point of this rare and endangered swamp deer is Kanha Tiger Reserve and National Park. The gene pool once spread far and wide, the constriction came due to the geological changes at places, but extensive intrusions, hunting, and poaching have taken a heavy toll on this species. In spite of effective conservation measures, the numbers have risen within the core but the herbivore has not stepped out into the buffer or neighboring forests. This speaks a lot about the absence of wetland ecosystems outside the core.

In order to spread the pocketed species, the authorities had to translocate a herd to Satpura Tiger Reserve and Van Vihar Safari at Bhopal the capital of Madhya Pradesh. This is an effective conservation measure against the extinction of species and the gene pool that could likely occur due to disease or a natural calamity. This is the logic behind the conservation of the Asiatic Lion in Gujarat, but parochial loyalties are thwarting the distribution. The predator is susceptible to feline panleukopenia (FPL), a deadly disease capable of wiping out the whole population in an area. The swamp deer too is susceptible to foot and mouth disease and rinderpest like the gaur. These pathogens can easily be spread by massive livestock populations in the periphery and the buffer.

Conservation Initiatives

There were some conservation initiatives taken during British rule. Subsequently, the Halon and Banjar River Valleys were accorded protection post-independence. The valleys now comprise Kanha Tiger Reserve, and the swamp deer thus survived. It was reduced to sixty-plus heads in the sixties whence they were put in an enclosure to ward off predators. The well-planned tactic by George Schaller et.al worked and the population now stands over 600 heads at present. Incidentally, the deer is one of the components of the prey base of the tiger our National animal.

Wetland

The red deer may survive for eternity in pockets, but the wetlands outside the protected areas are vanishing and so are many species associated with them. Will these precious ecosystems hitherto neglected be included in conservation planning and accorded protection long due or will the remaining ones die or lose to a suffocating death. For most cities like Mumbai, these are invaluable open spaces that harbor enchanting marine life as well as provide the metro with fresh unpolluted air. We have to thwart all enterprises big and small from their confines including the menacing real estate if the invaluable ecological units have to survive.

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Uday Freelances as Naturalist in Central India. He is an avid birder and tiger enthusiast. He blogs on tigers, wildlife, and birds. He also writes on the environment and conservation.

Uday also provides SEO Services and Website Contents in English. He teaches Digital Marketing in Jabalpur in Summer Holidays.--------Contact: pateluday90@hotmail.com09755089323

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