TIMES OF EDUCATION GK

CIRCULATORY OR CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and HEART

2020-05-16T03:13:00.000-07:00

TIMES OF EDUCATION GK
What is circulation?

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OR CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:
What is cardiac muscle?
Cardiac muscle:
cardiac muscle One of the three muscle types (the others are skeletal and smooth); found in the walls of the heart, each rectangular heart muscle cell has one central nucleuslike smooth muscle, but it is striated like skeletal muscle. These cells are joined by intercalated discs, physical connections between the fibers of the myocardium, that relay each heartbeat through gap junctions (electrical synapses). Each strong and rhythmical contraction of the cardiac muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and is involuntary.
Circulatory system The human circulatory system; the heart and all the vessels that transport blood to and from the heart.
Open Circulatory system:
A type of circulatory system where the internal transport of blood flows through the body cavity and bathes the organs directly and not through a system of vessels.
Closed Circulatory system:
A type of circulatory system where the blood is contained within a system of vessels and the heart; blood vessels carry blood through all the organs.

What is heart?
HEART:

A muscular organs composed of cardiac muscle that pumps blood throughout the body.
Parts of The Heart:

Viens:
A thin-walled blood vessel that carries blood to the heart. Smaller veins called venules connect veins to capillaries. In plants, they are the vascular bundles in leaves that consist of xylem and phloem. The veins are large along the leaf midvein and petiole and get smaller as they radiate out into the leaf, becoming known as veinlets.
Arteries:
A blood vessel that carries oxygenated (except the pulmonary artery) blood away from the heart via the right and left ventricles to organs throughout the body.The pulmonary artery carries unoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
Capillaries:

The smallest blood vessels in the circulatory system. Capillaries have thin walls that facilitate the transfer of oxygen and glucose into a cell and the removal of waste products such as carbon dioxide back out into the blood stream, to be carried away and taken out of the body via the lungs. They act as the bridge between the arteries, which carry blood away from the heart, and the veins, which carry blood back to the heart.
Aorta:

The main trunk of the arterial system in the body is called the aorta. The aortic divisions are the abdominal aorta, thoracic aorta, aortic artery, and ascending aorta.
Ventricles:

The chamber of the heart that receives blood from the atrium (chamber that collects blood returning from the rest of the body) and contracts and pumps blood away from the heart. There are two ventricles in mammals and birds. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery; the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta. The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium and the right ventricle and prevents backflow from the ventricle to the atrium. The mitral valve separates the left atrium and the left ventricle and prevents backflow from the ventricle to the atrium. The aortic valve prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle. There are four brain ventricles. The right and left lateral ventricles lie within the cerebral cortex and connect with the very narrow third ventricle by way of openings called interventricular foramina. This third ventricle lies between the two halves of the thalamus and connects to the fourth ventricle via a long, thin tube called the cerebral aqueduct. The fourth ventricle lies in the hindbrain, under the cerebellum and dorsal to the pons and medulla.
Atrium:

An upper chamber that receives blood from the veins returning to the vertebrate heart and then pushes the blood to the ventricles, the lower chambers. There is a left and right atrium. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs into the left atrium and gets pushed down to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the blood out to the rest of the body, transporting the oxygen to parts of the body that need it. Blood returning from its voyage trough the lungs again to get more oxygen and the cycle continously repeats itself.

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IMMUNE SYSTEM OR IMMUNITY

2020-05-10T20:04:00.001-07:00

Times Of Education Gk
What is immune system?

IMMUNE SYSTEM:

The process by which the body of an organism recognizes and fights invasion of microorganisms, viruses, and other substances (antigens) that may be harmful to the body; the total time from recognition of the intrusion to attack or tolerance of the antigen.

Main Parts of immune system:
White blood cells (WBC)
Antibodies
Complement system
Lymphatic system
Spleen
Bone marrow
Thymus

WBC(White Blood Cells):

A type of blood cell that contains a nucleus but has no pigment. White blood cells (WBC) are found in the blood and are involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances. They are produced in the bone marrow along with other types of blood cells. There are five types of white blood cell within two main groups, and each has its own characteristics. The polymorphonuclear or granulocyte group comprises the neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. The mononuclear group comprises the monocytes and lymphocytes. White blood cells are the main attackers of foreign substances as part of the immune system. Neutrophils move out of the blood vessels into the infected tissue and engulf the foreign substances (phagocytosis). Eosinophils migrate to body tissues and release toxic substances to kill foreign substances. Basophils, also called granular leukocytes, digest foreign objects from granules containing toxic chemicals. Monocytes, which contain chemicals and enzymes, ingest dead cells through phagocytosis and develop into macrophages (large white blood cells) as they migrate into various tissues. Lymphocytes, which inhabit the blood, produce antibodies and cells that go after foreign substances. Lymphocytes subtypes are B cells, T cells, NK cells, and null cells.
Antibodies:

A soluble immunoglobulin blood protein produced by the B cells, white blood cells, that develop in the bone marrow (also known as B lymphocytes, plasma cells) in response to an antigen (a foreign substance). Antibodies are produced in response to disease and help the body fight against a particular disease by binding to the antigen and killing it, or making it more vulnerable to action by white blood cells. They help the body develop an immunity to diseases.for brief information please click below:
https://timeofeducationgk.blogspot.com/2020/05/antibody.html?m=1

Complement system:

A set of 30 glycoproteins in the blood serum in the form of components, factors, or other regulators that work at the surface of cells as receptors. Inactive until activated by immune responses, the system acts to dissolve and remove immune complexes and kill foreign cells.

Lymphatic system:

What is lymph?
lymph A clear, colorless, watery fluid that contains white blood cells and antibodies. Lymph bathes the tissues, passes through lymph-node filters and returns to the blood stream. The Lymphatic system: is a system of vessels and lymph nodes that returns fluid and protein to the blood, and it is separate from but parallel to the circulatory system. Lymph flows through lymph nodes and is transformed into lymphocytes, a special kind of white blood cell that helps create the immune system and comprises up to 50 percent of all white blood cells.

Spleen:

The spleen is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen. It has two main functions, acting as part of the immune system and as a filter. There are two distinct components of the spleen, the red pulp and the white pulp. It plays an important role in immune system activities as part of the lymphatic system.
Bone marrow:
soft tissue at the center of the bones which produces blood cells.

Thymus:

A major component of the lymphatic system. In the thymus, lymphoid cells undergo a process of maturation and education prior to release into circulation. This process allows T cells to develop self-tolerance (distinguishing self from nonself). While developing in the thymus gland, any T cell that reacts to the thymus’s major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is eliminated. T cells that tolerate the MHC learn to cooperate with cells expressing MHC molecules and are allowed to mature and leave the thymus. The result is that surviving T lymphocytes tolerate the body’s cells and cooperate with them when needed. However, some T lymphocytes lose this ability to differentiate self from nonself, which results in the autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus or multiple sclerosis.

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ANTIBODY

2020-05-10T20:00:00.001-07:00

TIMES OF EDUCATION GK
What is antibody?

ANTIBODY:

A short definition of antibody:
An antibody is a blood protein that is produced in response to and that counteracts an antigen. Antibodies are produced in response to disease and help the body fight against particular diseases. In this way, antibodies help the body develop an immunity to disease.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ANTIBODIES:
A soluble immunoglobulin blood protein produced by the B cells, white blood cells, that develop in the bone marrow (also known as B lymphocytes, plasma cells) in response to an antigen (a foreign substance). Antibodies are produced in response to disease and help the body fight against a particular disease by binding to the antigen and killing it, or making it more vulnerable to action by white blood cells. They help the body develop an immunity to diseases. Each antibody has two light (L) and two heavy (H) immunoglobulin polypeptide chains linked together by disulfide bonds, with two antigen-binding sites. There are more than 1,000 possible variations, yet each antibody recognizes only one specific antigen. Antibodies are normally bound to a B cell, but when an antibody encounters an antigen, the B cell produces copies of the antibody with the assistance of helper T cells (a lymphocyte that undergoes a developmental stage in the thymus). The released antibodies then go after and bind to the antigen, either killing it or marking it for destruction by phagocytes. There are five immunoglobulins: IgC, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. IgA, or immunoglobulin A, comprises about 10–15 percent of the body’s total immunoglobulins and is found in external secretions such as saliva, tears, breast milk, and mucous, both intestinal and bronchial. They are secreted on the surface of the body as a first defense against bacteria and viral antigens in an attempt to prevent them from entering the body. IgM or immunoglobulin M antibodies are produced in response to new or repeat infections and stay in the body for a short time after infection. They make up from 5 to 10 percent of the total immunoglobulins and are the first to show up in the serum after an antigen enters. IgM is produced during the primary immune response. It is the IgMs that capture and bind antigens to form large insoluble complexes that are cleared from the blood. IgG or immunoglobulin G (gamma globulin) antibodies remain in the body for long periods of time after infection and are the most common type, comprising about 80 percent of the body’s total immunoglobulins. They are in the serum and are produced in substantial quantities during the secondary immune response, and along with IgM activate the complement system, which results in the destruction of the membrane of pathogens. The IgGs act by agglutinating, by opsonising, by activating complement-mediated reactions against cellular pathogens, and by neutralizing toxins. IgE or immunoglobulin E is associated with mast cells, which are basophils, a type of granular white blood cell that has left the bloodstream and entered a tissue. Mast cells release histamine and heparin, chemicals that mediate allergic reactions. Not surprisingly, IgE is responsible for immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions and immune defense against parasites. IgD or immunoglobulin D is a specialized immunoglobulin, but its function is currently unknown. It is found in small amounts in the serum.

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EXCRETORY SYSTEM

2020-05-10T01:00:00.000-07:00

TIMES OF EDUCATION GK
what is excretion?

EXCRETION:

The process of separating and removing waste products of metabolism from the body through the discharge of urine, feces, or expired air.

KIDNEY:

An organ, paired, in vertebrates that regulates secretion and osmoregulation as part of the urinary system. Filtration takes place at the site of the glomerulus in the Bowman’s capsule, while the loops of Henle are responsible for taking waste material to be excreted. Millions of nephrons within the renal cortex and renal medulla filter the blood and regulate the volume and composition of body fluids during the formation of urine. A ureter from each kidney carries urine produced in the kidney to the bladder for elimination.

NEPHRONS:

A microscopic coiled tubular structure found in each kidney that consists of a GLOMERULUS, a mass of capillaries that filters the blood, and a renal tubule that produces urine for elimination. Each kidney is estimated to contain about 1 million nephrons.

BOWMAN'S CAPSULE:

A cup-shaped receptacle in the kidney that contains the glomerulus, a semipermeable twisted mass of tiny tubes through which the blood passes and is the primary filtering device of the nephron, a tiny structure that produces urine during the process of removing wastes. Each kidney is made up of about 1 million nephrons. Blood is transported into the Bowman’s capsule from the afferent arteriole that branches off of the interlobular artery. The blood is filtered out within the capsule, through the glomerulus, and then passes out by way of the efferent arteriole. The filtered water and aqueous wastes are passed out of the Bowman’s capsule into the proximal convoluted tubule, where it passes through the loop of Heinle and into the distal convoluted tubule. Eventually the urine passes and filters through the tiny ducts of the calyces, the smallest part of the kidney collecting system, where it begins to be collected and passes down into the pelvis of the kidney before it makes its way to the ureter and to the bladder for elimination.

GLOMERULUS:

A structure, a tiny ball, between the afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles within the proximal part of the nephron of the kidney; located within the Bowman’s capsule. It is composed of a cluster of capillary blood vessels and is involved in the filtration of blood. The glomerulus is a semipermeable structure that allows water and soluble wastes to pass through and then discharges them out of the Bowman’s capsule as urine waste at a rate of about 160 liters or 42.7 gallons per 24-hour period. Most of this is reabsorbed back into the blood. The filtered blood then leaves the glomerulus by way of the efferent arteriole to the interlobular vein. Each kidney contains about 1 million glomeruli. Changes in the glomerulus may be responsible for diabetic kidney disease. Also a nest of nerves in invertebrates found in invertebrate olfactory processing centers; a discrete, globular mesh of densely packed dendrites and axons found in the vertebrate olfactory bulb.

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

2020-05-08T12:01:00.001-07:00

TIMES OF EDUCATION GK
what is Nevous system?

NERVOUS SYSTEM:
The network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body composed of neurones and nerve fibres, the nervous system is part of the physical body.
NEURONS:

The basic data processing unit of the nervous system; a specialized cell that carries information electrically from one part of the body to another by specialized processes or extensions called dendrites and axons. Widely branched dendrites carry nerve impulses toward the cell body, while axons carry them away and speed up transmitting nerve impulses (conduction) from one neuron to another. Each neuron has a nucleus within a cell body.
NERVES:
A bundle of Axons are called Nerves
There are two types of Nervous System:
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
That part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain receives and processes signals delivered through the spinal cord, where all signals are sent and received from all parts of the body, and in turn the brain then sends directions (signals) to the body.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Part of the nervous system that consists of (a) sensory neurons composed of stimulus receptors that notify the central nervous system that stimuli have occurred and (b) motor neurons, called effectors, that travel from the central nervous system to make muscles and glands react. The peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the sensory-somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

2020-05-08T10:13:00.000-07:00

TIMES OF EDUCATION
What is endocrine system?

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
Is a collection of glands that work interdependently and produce hormones that regulate the body’s growth, metabolism, and sexual development and function. The endocrine system consists of: two adrenal glands, located on the top of each kidney; the pancreas, found in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach; the parathyroid and thyroid, located at the base of the neck; the pituitary, located at the base of the brain; and the ovaries and testes, the female and male sex glands. Each of the endocrine glands produces hormones that are targeted to a particular area of the body and are released into the bloodstream and serve to regulate the activity of various organs, tissues, and body functions.
What is endocrine glands?
Endocrine gland:

Is a ductless organ that produces and secretes hormones into the bloodstream.

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

2020-05-08T06:39:00.000-07:00

TIMES OF EDUCATION GK
What is skeletal system?

A set of bones or cartilage, ligaments, and tendons that acts as a frame and holds the body and its organs together while also allowing locomotion. Endoskeletons are within the body, while exoskeletons surround the outside of the body.
Computer artwork of the human skeletal system. The 206 bones of the skeleton provide protection and support, and their joints allow locomotion. The skull (at top) protects the brain. The ribs of the chest (at upper center) enclose the heart and lungs. The pelvis (at center) protects the lower abdominal organs. The flexible backbone runs from the skull to the pelvis and protects the spinal cord. The long leg and arm bones provide support. The humerus (upper-arm bone) articulates with the radius and ulna (lower-arm bones) at the elbow. The femur (thigh bone) articulates with the fibula and tibia (lower-leg bones) at the knee.

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

2020-05-07T05:35:00.002-07:00

TIMES OF EDUCATION GK
Describe Digestive system?

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

The process by which living organisms break down ingested food in the alimentary tract into more easily absorbed and assimilated products using enzymes and other chemicals.Digestive system is composed of Mouth,oesophagus, stomach,small intestine,large intestine.and Anus. Digestion can occur in aerobic conditions, where waste is decomposed by microbial action in the presence of oxygen, or under anaerobic conditions when waste is decomposed under microbial action in the absence of oxygen. In anaerobic conditions such as in a large animal facility (e.g., a dairy farm), the by-product, a low-energy biogas that is made with the combination of methane and carbon dioxide, can be used as an energy source.

Respiratory System or Lungs

2020-05-07T03:54:00.001-07:00

TIMES OF EDUCATION GK
What is Respiratory system?

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OR FUNCTIONS OF LUNGS:
The basic respiratory organ of air-breathing vertebrates. The basic function of the respiratory system is for lungs to supply oxygen to tissues and remove excess carbon dioxide from the blood. This is accomplished by inspiration, the movement of air into the lungs, and expiration, movement out of the lungs. Exchange of gases occurs at the internal surface of the lungs by diffusing oxygen from the lungs into the blood, while carbon dioxide (CO2) diffuses from the blood into the lungs. Gas is transported in the blood, and the circulatory system distributes oxygen throughout the body while collecting CO2 for return to the lungs. Ventilation, or airflow to the lungs, and perfusion, blood flow through lung capillaries, are the main factors that determine the overall pulmonary function. The ventilation/ perfusion ratio needs to be fairly constant in all parts of the lung for the most effective transfer of respiratory gases. Lungs are saclike structures of varying complexity, depending on the organism. They are connected to the outside by a series of tubes and a small opening. In humans, the lungs can be found in the thoracic cavity and consist of the internal airways; the alveoli, tiny, thin-walled, inflatable sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged; the pulmonary circulatory vessels; and elastic connective tissues. The exchange of gases in the lungs takes place by breathing, chest movements that inhale air and exhale or force gases such as carbon dioxide out.

AIDS(Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

2020-05-07T01:56:00.000-07:00

TIMES OF EDUCATION GK

What is AIDS?

AIDS (Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome):

AIDS is the name given to the late stages of HIV infection, first discovered in 1981 in Los Angeles, California. By 1983 the retrovirus responsible for it, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), was first described, and since then millions around the world have died from contracting the disease. It is thought to have originated in central Africa from monkeys or to have developed from contaminated vaccines used in the world’s first mass immunization for polio. AIDS is acquired mostly by sexual contact either through homo- or heterosexual practice by having unprotected sex via vaginal or anal intercourse. The routes of infection include infected blood, semen, and vaginal fluid. The virus can also be transmitted by blood by-products, through maternofetal infection (where the virus is transmitted by an infected mother to the unborn child in the uterus), or by maternal blood during parturition, or by breast milk consumption upon birth. Intravenous drug abuse also is a cause. The virus destroys a subgroup of lymphocytes, essential for combating infections, known as the helper T cells, or CD4 lymphocytes, and suppresses the body’s immune system, leaving it prone to infection. Infection by the virus produces antibodies, but not all those exposed develop chronic infection. For those that do, AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC) bring on a variety of ailments involving the lymph nodes, intermittent fever, loss of weight, diarrheas, fatigue, pneumonia, and tumors. A person infected, known as HIV-positive, can remain disease-free for up to 10 years, as the virus can remain dormant before fullblown AIDS develops. While HIV has been isolated from bodily fluids such as semen to breast milk, the virus does not survive outside the body, and it is considered highly unlikely that ordinary social contact can spread the disease. However, the medical profession has developed high standards to deal with handling blood, blood products, and body fluids from HIV-infected people. In the early discovery stage of the disease, AIDS was almost certainly fatal, but the development of antiviral drugs, such as zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddl), zalcitabine (ddc), lamivudine (3TC), stavudine (DAT), and protease inhibitors used in combination with the others, has showed promise in slowing or eradicating the disease. Initial problems with finding a cure have to do with the fact that glycoproteins encasing the virus display a great deal of variability in their amino acid sequences, making it difficult to prepare a specific AIDS vaccine. During the 1980s and 1990s, an AIDS epidemic brought considerable media coverage to the disease, especially as well-known celebrities such as actors Rock Hudson and Anthony Perkins, Liberace, and others died from it. Hudson was the first to admit having the disease in 1985. During the 1980s and 1990s, the homosexual community became active in lobbying for funds to study the disease, as it early on was considered simply a “gay” disease. ACT UP, acronym for the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, began as a grassroots AIDS organization associated with nonviolent civil disobedience in 1987. ACT UP became the standard-bearer for protest against governmental and societal indifference to the AIDS epidemic. Public attitude changed when heterosexuals became infected, and greater education on the causes of the disease became more widespread, initiated by celebrities such as Elizabeth Taylor and the American Foundation for AIDS Research, where fundraising activities made national news coverage. There have been significant advances in the treatment for HIV/AIDS by attacking the virus itself, strengthening the immune system, and controlling AIDS-related cancers and opportunistic infections. At present, there is still no cure or vaccine.

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ACTINOMORPHIC

2020-05-06T07:00:00.000-07:00

ACTINOMORPHIC
[TIMES OF EDUCATION GK]

ACTINORMOPHIC:
Symmetrical over more than one vertical plane; e.g., flowers that can be separated into symmetrical halves along any plane.

ACTION POTENTIAL:
A localized rapid change in voltage that occurs across the membrane of a muscle or nerve cell when a nerve impulse is initiated. It is caused by a physicochemical change in the membrane during the interaction of the flow and exchange of sodium and potassium ions.

ACTIVE CENTER:
The location in an ENZYME where the specific reaction takes place.

ACTIVE SITE:
The active site of an enzyme is the area— a depressed region comprising a few of the protein’s amino acids—on a portion of an enzyme that binds to its substrate. The enzyme’s specificity is based on the shape of the active area, which can alter itself to snugly fit the substrate to which it is binding by using weak chemical bonds.

ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
The movement of a substance across a biological membrane, such as living cells, against a concentration (diffusion) gradient with the help of metabolic energy, usually provided by ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Active transport serves to maintain the normal balance of ions in cells, in particular ions of sodium and potassium, which play a vital role in nerve and muscle cells. Because a molecule is “pumped” across the membrane against its gradient with the help of metabolic energy, it is referred to as “active” transport. The sodium–potassium “pump” that exchanges sodium (Na+) for potassium (K+) across the plasma membrane of animal cells is an example of the active transport mechanism. It is the carriage of a solute across a biological membrane from low to high concentration that requires the expenditure of metabolic energy.

ACOELOMATE

2020-05-06T01:10:00.000-07:00

What is ACOELOMATE?
[TIMES OF EDUCATION GK]

ACOELOMATE:
A solid-bodied animal lacking a body cavity, the space between the gut (digestive tract) and body wall. Simple animals do not have a body cavity as higher animals do; this body cavity is called a coelom in mammals and contains the gut (a cavity by itself), heart, and lungs, for example. Acoelomates are bilateral animals and are triploblastic (have three layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm). They can move forward and have a degree of cephalization (centralization of neural and sensory organs in the head). Representative phyla of acoelomates are the Platyhelminthes: flatworms that include the Turbellaria (nonconfined flatworms such as planarians), Monogenea (monogeneans), Trematoda (trematodes, or flukes), and Cestoidea (tapeworms). There are more than 20,000 species of flatworms living in wet environments such as marine or freshwater bodies and damp terrestrial areas.
ACONITASE:
A name for citrate (isocitrate) hydro-LYASE (aconitate hydratase), which catalyzes the interconversion of citrate, cis-aconitate ((Z)-prop-1-ene-1,2,3-tricarboxylate), and isocitrate. The active ENZYME contains a catalytic [4FE-4S] CLUSTER.
ACROSOME:
The acrosome is a special area or compartment that is located at the tip of the head of a sperm cell. It contains special digestive enzymes that on
contact with the egg help the sperm head penetrate the egg for fertilization. Directly behind the acrosome is the haploid nucleus (single set of unpaired chromosomes) that contains the genetic material.
ACTIN:
A globular protein found in muscle tissue as thin filaments and in microfilaments that form portions of cell cytoskeletons. Actin links into chains, and paired chains twist helically around each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells. Actin and myosin filaments interact to initiate muscle contraction. Tropomyosin and troponin are two protein molecules associated with actin filaments in muscle. Tropomyosin runs along the length of the actin filament and covers the area of the actin molecule that interacts with myosin when at rest. On the other hand, when a muscle is contracted, tropomyosin is replaced with troponin as it binds to calcium ions. Troponin is located at regular intervals along the actin filament and allows actin to interact with myosin.

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ACID

2020-05-05T23:44:00.000-07:00

WHAT IS ACID?
[Times Of Education Gk]

ACID:
acid Achemical capable of donating a HYDRON (proton, H+) or capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair. An acid increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, and it can react with certain metals, such as zinc, to form hydrogen gas. A strong acid is a relatively good conductor of electricity. Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric (muriatic), nitric, sulfuric, while examples of mild acids are sulfurous and acetic (vinegar). The strength of an acidic solution is usually measured in terms of its pH (a logarithmic function of the H+ ion concentration). Strong acid solutions have low pHs (typically around 0–3), while weak acid solutions have pHs in the range 3–6.
ACIDITY CONSTANT:
The equilibrium constant for splitting off a HYDRON from a BRØNSTED ACID. ACID LABILE SULFIDE:
Refers to sulfide LIGANDs, e.g., the BRIDGING LIGANDs in IRON–SULFUR PROTEINS, which are released as H2S at acid pH.
ACID PRECIPITATION:
Because pure precipitation (e.g., rain) is slightly acidic (due to the reaction between water droplets and carbon dioxide, creating carbonic acid) with a potential pH of 5.6, acid precipitation refers to precipitation with a pH less than 5.6. Acid precipitation includes rain, fog, snow, and dry deposition. Anthropogenic (man-made) pollutants (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, and hydrocarbons) react with water vapor to produce acid precipitation. These pollutants come primarily from burning coal and other fossil fuels. Sulfur dioxide, which reacts readily with water vapor and droplets (i.e., has a short residence time in the atmosphere as a gas), has been linked to the weathering (eating away) of marble structures and the acidification of freshwater lakes (consequently killing fish). Natural interactions within the biosphere can also lead to acid precipitation.

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ACCLIMATIZATION or ADAPTION

2020-05-05T20:11:00.000-07:00

What is ACCLIMATIZATION or ADAPTION?

[TIMES OF EDUCATION GK]

ACCLIMATIZATION:

Is the progressive physiological adjustment or adaptation by an organism to a change in an environmental factor, such as temperature, or in conditions that would reduce the amount of oxygen to its cells. This adjustment can take place immediately or over a period of days or weeks. For example, the human body produces more erythrocytes (red blood cells) in response to low partial pressures of oxygen at high altitudes; short-term responses include shivering or sweating in warmblooded animals.

ACCOMMODATION:

The automatic reflex adjustment that allows the focal length of the lens of an eye to change to focus on an object. The lens shape, more convex for near objects and less convex for distant objects, is caused by ciliary muscles acting on the elastic property of the lens.

Acetylcholine (ACH):

One of the most common neurotransmitters of the vertebrate nervous system, ACh is a chemical (CH3COOCH2CH2N+(CH3)3) that transmits impulses between the ends of two adjacent nerves or neuromuscular junctions. Released by nerve stimulation (exciting or inhibiting), it is confined largely to the parasympathetic nervous system, where it diffuses across the gap of the synapse and stimulates the adjacent nerve or muscle fiber. It rapidly becomes inactive by the enzyme cholinesterase, allowing further impulses to occur.

Acetyl CoA:
A compound formed in the mitochondria when the thiol group (–SH) of coenzyme A combines with an acetyl group (CH3CO–). It is important in the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration and plays a role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids. Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899–1986), a biochemist, is responsible for discovering coenzyme A and cofactor A, or CoA (A stands for acetylation), in 1947. He shared the 1953 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with HANS KREBS.

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2020-05-05T09:18:00.004-07:00

ABO BLOOD GROUPS

ABO blood groups:
Blood group antibodies (A, B, AB, O) that may destroy red blood cells bearing the antigen to which they are directed; also called “agglutinins.” These red-cell antigens are the phenotypic expression of inherited genes, and the frequency of the four main groups varies in populations throughout the world. The antigens of the ABO system are an integral part of the red-cell membrane as well as all cells throughout the body and are the most important in transfusion practice.
Abortion:
The termination of gestation before the fetus can survive on its own.
Bascisic acid (ABA): A plant hormone (C15H20O4) and weak acid that generally acts to inhibit growth, induces dormancy, and helps the plant tolerate stressful conditions by closing stomata. Abscisic acid was named based on a belief that the hormone caused the abscission (shedding) of leaves from deciduous trees during the fall. At times when a plant needs to slow down growth and assume a resting (dormant) stage, abscisic acid is produced in the terminal bud, which slows down growth and directs the leaf primordia to develop scales that protect the dormant bud during winter. Because the hormone also inhibits cell division in the vascular cambium, both primary and secondary growth are put on hold during winter.This hormone also acts as a stress agent that helps a plant deal with adverse conditions. For example, ABA accumulates on leaves and causes stomata to close, reducing the loss of water when a plant begins to wilt. In 1963, abscisic acid was first identified and characterized by Frederick Addicott and colleagues. In 1965, the chemical structure of ABA was defined, and in 1967, it was formally called abscisic acid.
Absorbtion Spectrum:
Different pigments absorb light of different wavelengths. For example, chlorophyll effectively absorbs blue and red. The absorption spectrum of a pigment is produced by examining, through the pigment and an instrument called a spectroscope, a continuous spectrum of radiation. The energies removed from the continuous spectrum by the absorbing pigment show up as black lines or bands and can be graphed.
abyssal zone: The portion of the ocean floor below 1,000–2,000 m (3,281–6,561 ft.), where light does not penetrate and where temperatures are cold and pressures are intense. It lies seaward of the continental slope and covers approximately 75 percent of the ocean floor. The temperature does not rise above 4°C. Because oxygen is present, a diverse community of invertebrates and fishes do exist, and some have adapted to harsh environments such as hydrothermal vents of volcanic creation. Food-producing organisms at this depth are chemoautotrophic prokaryotes and not photosynthetic producers.

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What is Biology

2020-05-05T00:00:00.004-07:00

BIOLOGY

Times Of Education Gk

What is Biology?

Biology is
the study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution.

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