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<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" media="screen" href="/~d/styles/atom10full.xsl"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" media="screen" href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~d/styles/itemcontent.css"?><feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263</id><updated>2009-08-17T20:42:24.355-03:00</updated><title type="text">Trading quantitativo no mercado de futuros brasileiro</title><subtitle type="html">Espaço destinado a publicações sobre especulação por trading quantitativo (inteligência artificial, modelos matemáticos, redes neurais, lógica, estatística e probabilidades, teoria do caos, teoria dos jogos, trading systems e gestão de risco) aplicado aos mercados de Futuros.</subtitle><link rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/" /><link rel="hub" href="http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/" /><link rel="next" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email></author><generator version="7.00" uri="http://www.blogger.com">Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>63</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><link rel="self" href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/TradingQuantitativo" type="application/atom+xml" /><atom10:link xmlns:atom10="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" rel="hub" href="http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com" /><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-2918328494920851103</id><published>2007-11-29T15:37:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-11-29T15:46:00.894-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Opiniões" /><title type="text">Desmistificando Futuros Administrados</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.fotosearch.com/thumb/csk/CSK111/KS1068.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 200px;" src="http://www.fotosearch.com/thumb/csk/CSK111/KS1068.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Excelente paper (&lt;a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://trendfollowing.com/whitepaper/Demystifyingmanagedfutures.pdf"&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;) da&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="font-weight: bold;" href="https://www.maninvestments.com/home/index.jhtml?_requestid=42961"&gt;Man Investments&lt;/a&gt; sobre Trading Quantitativo de Futuros.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-2918328494920851103?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/2918328494920851103/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=2918328494920851103&amp;isPopup=true" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/2918328494920851103" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/2918328494920851103" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/11/desmistificando-futuros-administrados.html" title="Desmistificando Futuros Administrados" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-7120111293796347934</id><published>2007-11-04T14:02:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-11-05T09:00:10.014-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Trading Systems" /><title type="text">Estatísticas para criação de sistemas: Conhecendo "risco overnight" e "risco intraday"</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/12/051205161956.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 311px; height: 246px;" src="http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/12/051205161956.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Não privilegio nem desconsidero daytrade ou qualquer outra frequencia de operações, porém acho muito importante &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"conhecer"&lt;/span&gt; os mercados para os quais você pretende modelar e quantificar suas idéias operacionais. Este post trata exatamente como&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; "encontrar"&lt;/span&gt; os riscos do mercado, tanto para as posições exclusivamente &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"dormidas"&lt;/span&gt; quanto para posições exclusivamente &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"intraday"&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:130%;" &gt;Experiência 1 - Econtrando o&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; "Risco Overnight"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um exemplo de como encontrar esse risco é um teste simples que consiste em:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;1 - Compre uma posição hoje no fechamento&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;2 - Venda esta posição amanhã na abertura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Desta forma apenas vamos computar os resultados da diferença entre o &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"fechamento de hoje e a abertura de amanhã"&lt;/span&gt; num periodo de amostragem significativo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abaixo o resultado aplicado ao Dolar Futuro:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Ry5g8_3CdFI/AAAAAAAAAGM/CIClbcb6ExY/s1600-h/CompraFechamento-VendeAbertura-Dolar.GIF"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Ry5g8_3CdFI/AAAAAAAAAGM/CIClbcb6ExY/s400/CompraFechamento-VendeAbertura-Dolar.GIF" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5129143626672272466" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perceba que o risco de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"exclusivamente dormir comprado"&lt;/span&gt; no Dolar Futuro, desde 2004, foi significante. Uma estratégia que compra no fechamento, e vende esta posicao na próxima abertura foi uma receita para &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"perder dinheiro consistentemente"&lt;/span&gt;. Neste caso o dolar vem caindo a alguns anos, e o resultado do teste pode fazer algum sentido lógico.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vamos ver agora como foi o risco de dormir posicionado no Ibovespa Futuro:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Ry5hdv3CdGI/AAAAAAAAAGU/Zvoc2qr3G6I/s1600-h/CompraFechamento-VendeAbertura-Ibov.GIF"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Ry5hdv3CdGI/AAAAAAAAAGU/Zvoc2qr3G6I/s400/CompraFechamento-VendeAbertura-Ibov.GIF" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5129144189312988258" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apesar do mercado só subir a alguns anos, note que a curva de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;equity &lt;/span&gt;parece perder dinheiro de forma muito consistente. Dessa forma, independente da tendencia geral do mercado, a estratégia de comprar no fechamento e vender a posição na abertura foi uma receita absolutamente perfeita para se perder dinheiro consistentemente também, mostrando claro risco e desvantagem estatistica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:130%;" &gt;Experiência 2 - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Invertendo a lógica: &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"Risco Intraday"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Invertemos a lógica para:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;1 - Compre uma posição hoje na abertura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;2 - Venda esta mesma posição hoje no fechamento.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Os resultados foram os seguintes, aplicados ao Dolar Futuro:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Ry5lqf3CdHI/AAAAAAAAAGc/afcq-DMe9BU/s1600-h/Compra+Abertura-VendeFechamento-Dolar.GIF"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Ry5lqf3CdHI/AAAAAAAAAGc/afcq-DMe9BU/s400/Compra+Abertura-VendeFechamento-Dolar.GIF" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5129148806402831474" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mesmo carregando posições apenas durante o pregão, esta estratégia também se mostrou bastante ineficiente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agora vamos ver essa mesma lógica aplicada ao Ibovespa Futuro:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Ry7tX_3CdII/AAAAAAAAAGk/qVPkkLzYzIA/s1600-h/Compra+Abertura-VendeFechamento-Ibov.GIF"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Ry7tX_3CdII/AAAAAAAAAGk/qVPkkLzYzIA/s400/Compra+Abertura-VendeFechamento-Ibov.GIF" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5129298022156629122" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Perceba que agora os riscos foram um pouco menores, e houveram casos onde se tiveram lucros e prejuizos diluidos ao longo do tempo, gerando uma curva de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;equity &lt;/span&gt;com pouca tendência. Da mesma forma, não foi uma estratégia interessante para se obter lucros.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:130%;" &gt;Concluindo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Testes estatísticos como esse são importantes para quebrar paradigmas a cerca de estratégias e comportamentos que antes julgaríamos fazer sentido. Assim passamos a conhecer um pouco mais sobre os riscos dos mercados para os quais queremos modelar estratégias quantitativas, e temos a chance de evoluir mais nossas idéias e criatividade nessa área.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Com isso, questões do tipo &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"qual o melhor momento para abrir/fechar posições neste mercado, de acordo com minha estratégia?"&lt;/span&gt; podem ser repondidas.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-7120111293796347934?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/7120111293796347934/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=7120111293796347934&amp;isPopup=true" title="2 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/7120111293796347934" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/7120111293796347934" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/11/estatsticas-para-criao-de-sistemas.html" title="Estatísticas para criação de sistemas: Conhecendo &quot;risco overnight&quot; e &quot;risco intraday&quot;" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Ry5g8_3CdFI/AAAAAAAAAGM/CIClbcb6ExY/s72-c/CompraFechamento-VendeAbertura-Dolar.GIF" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-2148770420245109126</id><published>2007-10-31T08:34:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-11-05T21:11:04.291-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Rentec" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Notícia" /><title type="text">Notícia: From Quant to Riches(mais sobre a Renaissance Technologies)</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.rentec.com/img/logoline.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 419px; height: 61px;" src="http://www.rentec.com/img/logoline.png" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NEW YORK (HedgeWorld.com)—Jim Simons, the legendary mathematician and hedge fund manager who runs Renaissance Technologies Corp., may use black boxes on his trading floors, but as a person he is open and forthcoming: a mixture of humility, common sense and pragmatism. At the International Association of Financial Engineers annual conference, this year titled "From Quant to Riches," and held in New York on Monday [May 21], Mr. Simons gave a speech in which he offered self-effacing insights about himself and his investment style.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mr. Simons is probably the most successful hedge fund manager of all time. His $26 billion hedge fund has yielded returns exceeding 30% for more than a decade. He also brought home $1.5 billion last year, according to Trader Magazine, tops among his peers in compensation. And yet, he remains modest and attributes a lot of his successful career to luck.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"There is no real substitute for common sense except for good luck, which is a perfect substitute for everything," Mr. Simons said at the conference. "I had luck as a mathematician. I became very famous but I had very little to do with it."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mr. Simons' success may be the result of several factors. One is certainly the rare ability to be at the same time a top trader and a high-end mathematician. In some instances, Mr. Simons the mathematician almost appears to be a different person than Mr. Simons the trader. And yet, the man is all of that. Who would have thought, for instance that Mr. Simons viewed himself as a speculator? But he does. &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;"Speculation comes in and destroys trends. I am a speculator. It accelerates the trend. It gets you closer to the truth faster,"&lt;/span&gt; he said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One interesting revelation was that the champion of statistical arbitrage and computer-generated trading started as a directional trader. The master of quantitative finance started with his business partner as a commodity trader. Both made wild bets and in 1974 the two launched their fund with $600,000. In seven months, they had grown in size by a factor of 10. Mr. Simons' partner "never made any money as a commodity trader after that for the rest of his life," said Mr. Simons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the 1970s, Mr. Simons made a lot of his fortune with sugar. In his speech, he said he bought sugar at 20 cents per pound. The commodity went up to 60 cents per pound in a short time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then came a time when the directional trader slowly moved toward models. But the evolution did not happen overnight. During that transition time, Mr. Simons hired a partner, Lenny Baum, to write models for him. Mr. Baum concentrated on writing currency models, and it worked out well. But after some time, Mr. Baum grew tired and bored of it, said Mr. Simons. At some point, Mr. Baum decided to buy the British pound. "The pound went through the roof. Lenny never looked at a model again," said Mr. Simons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;During the first two years after the two partners gave up modeling altogether, they multiplied their capital by a factor of 12.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mr. Simons credited both luck and common sense in explaining his success. In an anecdote, he explained how he came to sell his gold during a gold rally. "My broker said his wife had sold his [gold] cuff. I told my broker to sell my gold position. He didn't want to but I told him: ‘I'm the boss.' Gold was up the next day, but the following day, it was the end of the gold rally. I was lucky. But that was also common sense."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Two of Mr. Simons' other interesting personality traits, ones that are necessary to be a master trader, are his adaptability and flexibility.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mr. Simons took his currency model and applied it to commodities. At the end of the 1980s, he switched styles. "We decided that systematic trading was best. Fundamental trading gave me ulcers."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mr. Simons also needed traders. But he felt that he did not know how to pick a good trader. &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;"Science, I understood. I decided to just focus on making models."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That's when the Medallion Fund started in 1988 with $25 million. It's worth noting that during these early years Mr. Simons did not completely settle for quantitative finance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mr. Simons, who does not suffer from an inflated ego, said that even at that time, he had a lot to learn. "It took us six years to learn how to trade stocks," he said. But the learning paid off. Five years after Medallion launched, the fund was closed to new investors. And by the end of 2002, Medallion had almost $7 billion under management. Judging that it was too much, Mr. Simons in 2005 returned all the money to investors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This marked another milestone, at which point Mr. Simons again reinvented himself. "We understood the limitations of very high-speed trading techniques. We looked at other factors besides intraday fluctuations," he said. From high-frequency trading,&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt; Mr. Simons evolved to a system that focused on the long end of the frequency spectrum. In addition, his new systems integrated elements of fundamental analysis, such as balance sheets or income statements.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His new research began at the start of 2004 and in July of 2005, Renaissance launched its Renaissance Institutional Equities Fund (RIEF).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The launch was newsworthy due to its phenomenal size. "We targeted $100 billion. It attracted a great deal of attention, which I intended to do," Mr. Simons said. "The $100 billion was a template for research. This fund can only charge low fees. In order to make it worthwhile, you have to make it very big, otherwise, it doesn't make sense."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Renaissance has charged incentive fees of up to 44% for some of its products in the past. RIEF charges a 1% management fee and 10% for performance with high water mark, according to a marketing document obtained by HedgeWorld.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So far, the fund is growing at a steady pace and has reached $26 billion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mr. Simons said that &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;"trend-following is not such a good model. It's simply eroded."&lt;/span&gt; Things change and being able to adjust is what made Mr. Simons so successful. &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;"Statistic predictor signals erode over the next several years; it can be five years or 10 years. You have to keep coming up with new things because the market is against us. If you don't keep getting better, you're going to do worse." &lt;/span&gt;Mr. Simons said that his models change weekly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mr. Simons talked about Renaissance's little-known fund of funds, arguing as a good contrarian that "past performance is to some degree indicative of what it's going to be in the future." He then rephrased his statement to make it acceptable to the Securities and Exchange Commission: &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;"Past performance is certainly not a guarantee, but somewhat, it's likely correlated,"&lt;/span&gt; he said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mr. Simons said that Renaissance comprises 300 people. Here again, the myth of secrecy collapsed. "Our atmosphere is 100% open," he said. "It's the best way to do science. There's a weekly meeting with everybody."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As is widely known, Mr. Simons works with scientists, not traders. "We use a lot of mathematicians, physicists, astronomers, computer scientists. We haven't hired out of Wall Street at all."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 2004, Mr. Simons, along with a group of mathematicians and business people, founded Math for America to improve math education in U.S. public schools. The organization is behind a new bill called America Competes—a bill to expand basic research and development and promote math and science education—which Mr. Simons said he hopes will get passed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So what's in Mr. Simons' black box? He won't say of course. But if there is a secret, it's a pretty simple one "It's 100% automated. It's as automated as it can be. The computer does its thing. It generates its trade, and the trade gets executed. No one sticks its head to the door, and says: ‘Jeez! You should buy IBM!' We couldn't model that."&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-2148770420245109126?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/2148770420245109126/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=2148770420245109126&amp;isPopup=true" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/2148770420245109126" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/2148770420245109126" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/10/notcia-um-pouco-mais-sobre-renaissance.html" title="Notícia: From Quant to Riches(mais sobre a Renaissance Technologies)" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-1660034725581585447</id><published>2007-10-27T11:12:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-10-27T21:36:18.045-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Trading Systems" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mean Reversion" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Definições" /><title type="text">Trading de Pares Estatístico (Pairs Trading)</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.pairtrader.com/images/pears-trading.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 344px; height: 308px;" src="http://www.pairtrader.com/images/pears-trading.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Breve história do Pairs Trading&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Trading de Pares Estatístico (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;também conhecido por statistical pairs trading&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) é o nome que se dá a uma técnica de especulação de curto prazo (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;ou uma vertente de estratégias de trading&lt;/span&gt;) que estudam relacionamentos matemáticos entre preços de dois ou mais instrumentos financeiros, com objetivo de encontrar oportunidades de lucro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Originalmente surgiu nos anos 80 em meio a um grupo de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;quants &lt;/span&gt;do banco Morgan Stanley. Desde então se difundiu bastante entre investidores institucionais, hedge funds, operações proprietárias e tesourarias dos maiores bancos de investimentos do mundo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Permaneceu em &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"segredo" &lt;/span&gt;do público por muitos anos sendo largamente utilizado exclusivamente por profissionais do mercado praticamente até o advento da Internet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RyNEUv3CdDI/AAAAAAAAAF8/BTgbF01kIgQ/s1600-h/pairs+trading.GIF"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RyNEUv3CdDI/AAAAAAAAAF8/BTgbF01kIgQ/s400/pairs+trading.GIF" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5126015924113142834" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;O que é Pairs Trading? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pairs trading é uma estratégia pura &lt;span&gt;de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;market neutral&lt;/span&gt; (não direcional - não sofre influência alguma sobre o futuro econômico, já que apenas se baseia nas relações entre preços dos instrumentos financeiros selecionados). O conceito básico por trás do &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Pairs Trading&lt;/span&gt; é extremamente simples: encontre 2 instrumentos financeiros cujos preços tenham se movido juntos historicamente (alta correlação), durante um período significativo. Quando o spread (diferença de preços) entre estes 2 ativos aumentar, compre o perdedor e venda a descoberto (short) o ganhador. Se a história se repetir, os preços irão convergir e o arbitrador fará um bom lucro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O mais impressionante é que uma estratégia conceitualmente simples baseada em histórico de relacionamento e dinâmica entre preços, empregada com princípios contrários de investimento &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(convergência, &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/01/filosofia-de-mean-reversion-reverso.html"&gt;reversão a média&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;, pode ser lucrativa &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(porém com certa complexidade para implementação prática)&lt;/span&gt;. Se o mercado fosse eficiente, os retornos ajustados ao risco de estratégias de &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;pairs trading&lt;/span&gt; não deveriam ser positivos.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-1660034725581585447?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/1660034725581585447/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=1660034725581585447&amp;isPopup=true" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/1660034725581585447" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/1660034725581585447" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/10/trading-de-pares-estatstico-pairs.html" title="Trading de Pares Estatístico (Pairs Trading)" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RyNEUv3CdDI/AAAAAAAAAF8/BTgbF01kIgQ/s72-c/pairs+trading.GIF" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-6210701338687377981</id><published>2007-10-22T22:47:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-10-27T14:03:59.603-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Opiniões" /><title type="text">Lições e reflexões "quantitativas"....</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rx1TywZ1aEI/AAAAAAAAAFk/1Ob5M7X3PSY/s1600-h/company.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rx1TywZ1aEI/AAAAAAAAAFk/1Ob5M7X3PSY/s320/company.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5124344082469316674" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/o-que-seria-anlise-quantitativa.html"&gt;Trading quantitativo&lt;/a&gt;, se bem empregado, permite tirar vantagem de anomalias estatísticas em séries temporais. Essas anomalias tornam as mudanças de preço futuras um pouco diferentes de uma chance de 50%.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Toda estratégia quantitativa deve capturar comportamentos persistentes e explicáveis dos participantes do mercado. Depois de alguns anos de pesquisa, descobri que apenas um único princípio estatístico funciona consistentemente: &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;o efeito do medo nos mercados financeiros&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Transformando-se em técnicas quantitativas, seriam elas: pullback, convergência, &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/search/label/Mean%20Reversion"&gt;reversão a média &lt;/a&gt;e etc... Todas estas técnicas lidam com os mesmos efeitos estatísticos. É possível encontrar estes efeitos em frequência horária, diária, semanal, mensal e até mesmo anual.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Percebi que as frequencias mais interessantes (pra mim) são compreendidas entre 2 a 6 dias. Ao mesmo tempo, &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/robustz-de-indicadores-tcnicos-criando.html"&gt;nenhum indicador matemático linear&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(os chamados indicadores técnicos clássicos)&lt;/span&gt; podem ser usados com sucesso na exploração destas ineficiências dos mercados.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Na minha opinião, o risco é melhor controlado através do uso de um &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/mais-sobre-probabilidades-e-esperana.html"&gt;grande número de pequenas apostas&lt;/a&gt; em detrimento a realização de grandes e poucas operações. Também acredito fortemente na &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/06/diversificar-ou-no.html"&gt;diversificação&lt;/a&gt; de risco através da &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/12/gerando-alfa-positivo-atravs-da.html"&gt;diversificação de estratégias&lt;/a&gt;, frequências temporais, mercados, e até mesmo regiões geográficas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Como a lógica demonstra, estratégias que produzem resultados bons em longos períodos de amostragem certamente serão &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/09/usando-dados-sintticos-para-aumento-de.html"&gt;mais robustas&lt;/a&gt; do que estratégias que demonstrem lucros interessantes em certos periodos isolados, mas que necessitem de constante otimização. &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/01/um-pouco-sobre-otimizao.html"&gt;Otimizar sempre&lt;/a&gt; é enganar-se constantemente....Testar estratégias em &lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/N%C3%83%C2%A3o%20tenha%20pr%C3%83%C2%A9-conceitos%20a%20cerca%20de%20nenhuma%20estrat%C3%83%C2%A9gia,%20t%C3%83%C2%A9cnica%20ou%20etc..%20%28voc%C3%83%C2%AA%20pode%20deixar%20de%20descobrir%20ou%20aprender%20muita%20coisa%20por%20causa%20disto%29.%20Tamb%C3%83%C2%A9m%20n%C3%83%C2%A3o%20confie%20em%20nenhum%20guru,%20livro%20ou%20artigo%20%28como%20este%20meu%29.%20Seja%20c%C3%83%C2%A9tico.%20Teste%20matematicamente%20qualquer%20efeito,%20anomalia,%20id%C3%83%C2%A9ia,%20antes%20de%20usar%20na%20pr%C3%83%C2%A1tica...geralmente%20a%20maioria%20das%20novas%20id%C3%83%C2%A9ias%20s%C3%83%C2%A3o%20in%C3%83%C2%BAteis%20no%20mundo%20real..."&gt;bases de dados sintéticas&lt;/a&gt; derivadas de séries temporais reais pode ser uma excelente ferramenta para evolução e melhoria constante. Tentar prever os preços do futuro com ciência em muitos casos pode não ser tão eficiente, porém tentar prever retornos de um sistema &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(análise de comportamento, análise de processo e etc)..&lt;/span&gt; usando o &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/02/resumo-anlise-e-monitoramento-de.html"&gt;estado da arte em tecnologia&lt;/a&gt; pode ser um grande diferencial para um gestor. Esteja aberto a novas tecnologias e evoluções...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A lógica do ser humano é &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/por-que-no-acredito-em-anlise-tcnica.html"&gt;incompatível com lucros&lt;/a&gt; na hora de especular. Nunca desvie de sua estratégia, por maior que seja a "tentação". Use sua intuição e imaginação para criar novas estratégias e novas idéias de trading, &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/psicologia-do-especulador-x-trading.html"&gt;mas nas as use na hora de operar ou gerenciar risco&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A combinação de vários indices/métricas de performance (retorno, &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/entenda-o-drawdown.html"&gt;drawdown&lt;/a&gt;, sharpe ratio, sortino ratio, &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/mais-sobre-probabilidades-e-esperana.html"&gt;probabilidades&lt;/a&gt;, volatilidade, &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/encontrando-esperana-matemtica.html"&gt;esperança matemática&lt;/a&gt; e etc..) são sempre melhores do que apenas um sozinho.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/07/cuide-dos-seus-stops.html"&gt;Stops nem sempre são boas formas de se fechar uma posição perdedora&lt;/a&gt;. Ao contrário do que se diz ou se lê, eles pioram muito qualquer estratégia na grande maioria dos casos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Soma zero obedece a &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/por-que-eu-no-acredito-em-anlise.html"&gt;Teoria dos Jogos&lt;/a&gt;. Por este motivo esqueça qualquer técnica de domínio público (&lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/por-que-no-acredito-em-anlise-tcnica.html"&gt;inclusive análise técnica&lt;/a&gt;): você precisa se diferenciar da massa pra tentar conseguir auferir algum lucro. Mercados emergentes são sempre mais ineficientes &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(e mais arriscados)&lt;/span&gt; do que mercados bem desenvolvidos &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(já que nos mercados desenvolvidos tem-se muito mais competidores, maior volume financeiro e uma vasta variedade de estratégias que se utilizam de muita  &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/por-que-no-acredito-em-anlise-tcnica.html"&gt;tecnologia de ponta na corrida por lucros&lt;/a&gt;...)&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seja autêntico: produza sua própria pesquisa filosofias e convicções...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Não tenha pré-conceitos a cerca de nenhuma estratégia, filosofia operacional, técnica ou etc.. &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(você pode deixar de descobrir ou aprender muita coisa por causa disto)&lt;/span&gt;. Também não confie em nenhum guru, livro ou artigo (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;como este meu&lt;/span&gt;). &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/por-que-no-acredito-em-anlise-tcnica.html"&gt;Seja cético&lt;/a&gt;. Teste matematicamente qualquer efeito, anomalia, idéia, antes de usar na prática...geralmente a maioria das novas idéias são inúteis no mundo real...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Olhe pra frente, evolua....Se você não fizer será engolido pelo mercado!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-6210701338687377981?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/6210701338687377981/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=6210701338687377981&amp;isPopup=true" title="2 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/6210701338687377981" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/6210701338687377981" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/10/lies-e-reflexes-quantitativas.html" title="Lições e reflexões &quot;quantitativas&quot;...." /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://bp3.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rx1TywZ1aEI/AAAAAAAAAFk/1Ob5M7X3PSY/s72-c/company.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-5214840133901641246</id><published>2007-09-15T19:54:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2007-09-17T09:54:56.678-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Recomendação de Livros" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Trading Systems" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização" /><title type="text">Usando dados sintéticos para aumento de robustez</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://img265.imageshack.us/img265/3663/untitledlo7.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 261px; height: 103px;" src="http://img265.imageshack.us/img265/3663/untitledlo7.png" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um dos grandes problemas encontrados quando alguem se depara com o desenvolvimento de trading systems são falta de dados suficientes para produzir resultados e testes confiáveis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No livro &lt;a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Qfr_pC_WXDEC&amp;amp;dq=&amp;amp;pg=PP1&amp;amp;ots=2FzQrlTjO0&amp;amp;sig=4-sVGQLjO_nXPvuoAyZ2JjpkrMA&amp;amp;prev=http://www.google.com/search%3Fq%3DBeyond%2BTechnical%2BAnalysis%26ie%3Dutf-8%26oe%3Dutf-8%26aq%3Dt%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:pt-BR:official%26client%3Dfirefox-a&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;oi=print&amp;amp;ct=title"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"Beyond Technical Analysis, 2nd Ed.,"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;o Dr. Tushar Chande traz a tona este problema e demonstra como desenvolver dados de preços sintéticos usando um método que ele denomina &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"data scrambling".&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sua idéia básica é iniciar pela série real e randomicamente se basear nela para criar uma série de preços sintética.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:130%;" &gt;Por que a técnica é interessante?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Todos os métodos de criação de dados sintéticos que são comumente utilizados geram dados puramente randômicos. O mercado não se comporta, na maioria das vezes, como um random walk puro. A diferença da técnica de Chande para as outras é que ela se baseia na série de preços real para criar sua série sintética.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;Desta forma o resultado fica mais distante de um "ra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;ndom walk" e mais próximo de uma "realidade paralela/alternativa".&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Modificando a técnica do Dr. Chande&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Enquanto Chande utiliza 4 valores randômicos para &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Abertura/Minima/Maxima/Fechamento&lt;/span&gt;, utilizei apenas a diferença entre o &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"fechamento de ontem" &lt;/span&gt;e a &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"abertura de hoje"&lt;/span&gt; da série de preços real aplicada a uma função randômica, mantendo assim todas as propriedades da &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"barra de hoje". &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Creio que desta forma podemos produzir dados &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;sintéticos muito mais próximos do que realmente poderiam ter sido.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um exemplo dos tipos de dados gerados com esta técnica de Chande com ligeira modificação pode ser visto abaixo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://img206.imageshack.us/img206/944/originalmt3.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://img206.imageshack.us/img206/944/originalmt3.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:85%;" &gt;dados reais (ibovespa futuro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:85%;" &gt;- clique para ampliar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://img181.imageshack.us/img181/5963/random1kz0.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://img181.imageshack.us/img181/5963/random1kz0.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:85%;" &gt;dados sintéticos 1 (ibovespa futuro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:85%;" &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:85%;" &gt; "alternativo" &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:85%;" &gt;- clique para ampliar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:85%;" &gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://img252.imageshack.us/img252/1932/random3za4.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://img252.imageshack.us/img252/1932/random3za4.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:85%;" &gt;dados sintéticos 2 (ibovespa futuro &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:85%;" &gt; "alternativo" &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:85%;" &gt;- clique para ampliar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://img181.imageshack.us/img181/8769/random4rp3.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://img181.imageshack.us/img181/8769/random4rp3.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:85%;" &gt;dados sintéticos 3 (ibovespa futuro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:85%;" &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:85%;" &gt; "alternativo" &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:85%;" &gt;- clique para ampliar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:85%;" &gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://img181.imageshack.us/img181/1050/random5oz1.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://img181.imageshack.us/img181/1050/random5oz1.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;dados sintéticos 4 (ibovespa futuro "alternativo" - clique para ampliar)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;Resultados em comum entre as Séries Sintéticas e a Série Real:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Mesmo &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;número de barras&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Mesma &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;data (e hora, se for o caso) &lt;/span&gt;de todas as barras&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Mesma distrubuicão de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;volume&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Mesma distribuição de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Maxima/Abertura, Minima/Abertura, Fechamento/Abertura&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Mesma distribuição de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Abertura(hoje)/Fechamento (Ontem)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Aproximadamente o mesmo lucro &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"buy and hold"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:130%;" &gt;Quais os benefícios práticos?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Com esta técnica de geração de bases sintéticas, é possível testar exaustivamente seu sistema contra vulnerabilidades &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(altos drawdowns, alta volatilidade financeira) &lt;/span&gt;que &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"ainda não ocorreram"&lt;/span&gt; com as séries reais.&lt;br /&gt;Independente da filosofia e estratégia utilizada por seu trading system &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(e seja ela preditiva ou reativa)&lt;/span&gt;, você será capaz de encontrar possíveis vulnerabilidades e prejuizos desastrosos que não chegou a ver &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(backtesting)&lt;/span&gt; ou vivenciar &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(presente)&lt;/span&gt; com os dados reais. Se um sistema consegue trabalhar bem ao mesmo tempo com dados sintéticos e dados reais, ele terá um nível de robustez muito superior.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://img252.imageshack.us/img252/1932/random3za4.gif"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-5214840133901641246?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/5214840133901641246/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=5214840133901641246&amp;isPopup=true" title="2 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/5214840133901641246" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/5214840133901641246" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/09/usando-dados-sintticos-para-aumento-de.html" title="Usando dados sintéticos para aumento de robustez" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-8586313596874537439</id><published>2007-09-15T09:04:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2007-09-15T14:44:13.750-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Trading Systems" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização" /><title type="text">Trend Following com perfeição!</title><content type="html">Quem leu o título deve ter estranhado...perfeição? sem dradowns? lucro máximo?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sim, é possível....&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://img149.imageshack.us/img149/5646/perfectsystemyn3.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://img149.imageshack.us/img149/5646/perfectsystemyn3.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:78%;" &gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:100%;" &gt;clique para ampliar&lt;br /&gt;(grafico indice ibovespa futuro - 2003-2007)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:130%;" &gt;Mas não se deixe enganar!!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Infelizmente, isto só é possível depois que o mercado já criou suas tendências de alta e de baixa, e se passaram muitas barras após o fato...Dessa forma, estive testando e implementando um código, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;para &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;fins didáticos&lt;/span&gt;, que tem a capacidade de encontrar o melhor momento de entradas e saidas, operando tendência &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(trend following)&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;nu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;ma sequência de preços do passado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O interessante nisso tudo, é que o sistema foi capaz de achar tendências de curtissimo prazo e outras que perduraram anos, num horizonte de 20 anos, com um drawdown máximo de apenas &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;-5,97%&lt;/span&gt;, volatilidade anual de &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;15,58% &lt;/span&gt;e um lucro de &lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;+933,3k %&lt;/span&gt; .... Posso dizer que isto está bem &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"próximo da perfeição"&lt;/span&gt;, e definitivamente serve como uma métrica pra desenvolvimento de outros sistemas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Outra utilidade para este sistema seria uma &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"analise técnica perfeita" &lt;/span&gt;- é fácil perceber os topos e fundos o sistema conseguiu encontrar...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://img206.imageshack.us/img206/4058/perfectsystemzoomci1.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://img206.imageshack.us/img206/4058/perfectsystemzoomci1.png" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:85%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;dados recentes (2006-Hoje, incluindo a crise da China e crise do Subprime)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:130%;" &gt;Como funciona?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perceba,  na imagem acima,  que o sistema está comprado desde o dia 20/08/2007. Imagine agora que o mercado venha abaixo nas próximas barras (futuro), fazendo uma mínima muito menor que a do dia 16/08. Se isto acontecer entao o software irá dizer que "vendeu" esta posicao  já comprada no melhor ponto possível no passado (e ele só saberá isto depois que o fato ocorreu).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Desta forma, "sistemas didáticos" são inúteis para operação, mas são ferramentas interessantes para fins de estudo, auxílio no desenvolvimento e vizualização do passado...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-8586313596874537439?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/8586313596874537439/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=8586313596874537439&amp;isPopup=true" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/8586313596874537439" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/8586313596874537439" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/09/trend-following-perfeito.html" title="Trend Following com perfeição!" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-4926222844859207742</id><published>2007-07-10T22:06:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2007-07-11T21:51:11.851-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Trading Systems" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização de Portifólio" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Stops" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização" /><title type="text">Cuide dos seus Stops</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:jJwC5ClL66hPmM:www.amgmedia.com/freephotos/stop-sign.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 130px; height: 174px;" src="http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:jJwC5ClL66hPmM:www.amgmedia.com/freephotos/stop-sign.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Cuide dos seus Stops&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(um estudo estatístico relacionada a stops &amp; sistemas quantitativos)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;A grande maioria das literaturas disponíveis sobre trading tratam apenas entradas(abertura de posições), e poucas dizem respeito sobre saídas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Foi feito um teste onde a entrada no mercado é aleatória. Assim que a posição anterior é fechada, usamos um gerador randomico para saber se devemos operar comprados ou vendidos na próxima barra. Como resultado este sistema está 100% do tempo no mercado.&lt;br /&gt;Algum comportamento basico e óbvio foi observado:&lt;ul style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Devido a entrada aleatória, não há esperança de lucros.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Quanto mais apertados os stops, mais curtos os trades, maiores as oportunidades.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Um stop curto será atingido mais frequentemente do que um stop distante.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Um trailing stop vai frequentemente encerrar o trade cedo demais.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Resultados&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alguns resultados não sao óbvios A maioria não é discutida em lugar algum.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Trading é um jogo justo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se usarmos um StopLoss e um Lucro Alvo simétricos em volta do nosso preço de entrada, teremos uma chance &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"justa" &lt;/span&gt;(razoáel). A taxa de ganhos/perdas tende a exatos 50%. &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/encontrando-esperana-matemtica.html"&gt;Esperança matemática &lt;/a&gt;e lucros tendem a 0 &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;menos&lt;/span&gt; corretagens e demais custos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Obs&lt;/span&gt;: Estes resultados foram conseguidos independentemente das condições de mercado (tanto para o &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Buy N Hold&lt;/span&gt; com resultados positivos ou negativos).&lt;br /&gt;Dados estes resultados, é compreensível por que a maioria dos sistemas perde dinheiro no mercado.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Duração do Trade&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A duração média dos trades (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;média de barras posicionado&lt;/span&gt;) depende da distância do lucro alvo e do StopLoss. Devido aos movimentos dos preços serem praticamente aleatórios, &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;os preços alcançarão a saída num período proporcional ao quadrado da distância&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RpTTcI-3VZI/AAAAAAAAAD0/UV7U-ji2azA/s1600-h/duracao-trade-indice.GIF"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 263px; height: 86px;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RpTTcI-3VZI/AAAAAAAAAD0/UV7U-ji2azA/s200/duracao-trade-indice.GIF" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5085922359609087378" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(clique para ampliar)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;Stops Assimétricos não mudam a &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/encontrando-esperana-matemtica.html"&gt;Esperança Matemática&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/encontrando-esperana-matemtica.html"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;StopLoss/Lucros-Alvo&lt;/span&gt; assimétricos modificam as taxas de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;ganho/perdas&lt;/span&gt; e &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;média de ganhos / médias de perdas&lt;/span&gt; de acordo, porém não mudam a esperança matemática e os lucros. Se os seus &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;stops/alvo &lt;/span&gt;forem muito distantes, a probabilidade de serem atingidos pode ser baixa, porém,  talvez baixa demais para o periodo histórico que forem utilizados.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Trailing Stops?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Modificam pra baixo as taxas de&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; ganhos/perdas&lt;/span&gt;, média de perdas também cai, e a esperança matemática não muda. Contrário ao que senso comum nos diz, o stoploss não modifica o lucro esperado de um sistema. De fato ele piora as taxas de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;ganhos/perdas&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-weight: bold;"&gt;Uso de Timeouts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Muitos trading systems usam &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;timeouts&lt;/span&gt;. Se o trade não for pra lugar algum depois de determinado tempo, ele é encerrado &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(no lucro ou no prejuizo)&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Como esperado, a combinação de timeouts com stops simétricos não altera o lucro, porém o interessante é que &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;timeouts &lt;/span&gt;combinados com &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;stops assimétricos&lt;/span&gt; poderão aumentar a esperança matemática, fazendo com que os trades perdedores fiquem mais "lentos", com a utilização de stops mais distantes e utilização de lucros-alvo mais curtos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Deixe os lucros fluirem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Velho ditado encontrado em todo lugar. Modo testado: depois de certo periodo o trade mostrou prejuizo, é acionado o stop. Se for lucrativo, deixe-o perdurar mais. Resultados: esperança matemática zero!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-weight: bold;"&gt;Observações&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Todos estes resultados acima se basearam em entradas aleatórias. Se houver algum tipo de entrada,  indicador, técnica ou condição que seja &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"melhor que o randômico"&lt;/span&gt;, eles deverão mostrar algum lucro imediatamente. Ao mesmo tempo, se houver uma condição de saída melhor que a randômica, ela deverá melhorar o lucro esperado. Significa que este estudo pode ser tomado como base na criação da sua própria estratégia quantitativa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-4926222844859207742?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/4926222844859207742/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=4926222844859207742&amp;isPopup=true" title="7 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/4926222844859207742" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/4926222844859207742" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/07/cuide-dos-seus-stops.html" title="Cuide dos seus Stops" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RpTTcI-3VZI/AAAAAAAAAD0/UV7U-ji2azA/s72-c/duracao-trade-indice.GIF" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">7</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-3498531790443768590</id><published>2007-06-30T20:19:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2007-07-01T18:38:17.976-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização de Portifólio" /><title type="text">Criando seu próprio Hedge Fund de maneira sintética</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/opr0016l.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 173px; height: 241px;" src="http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/opr0016l.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Investir em Hedge Funds pode trazer diversos &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;benefícios, como a baixa correlação com o mercado de ações, a consequente proteção em mercados baixistas e um melhor perfil de retorno-risco&lt;/span&gt;. Infelizmente, &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;Hedge Funds apresentam também diversas desvantagens, como as taxas excessivas (usualmente 2% de taxa de administração mais 20% sobre os lucros), falta de transparência e problemas de liquidez e capacidade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Desta maneira, alguns pesquisadores começaram a investigar métodos quantitativos de se gerar retornos parecidos com os dos Hedge Funds, negociando-se apenas instrumentos financeiros mais líquidos, como contratos futuros e títulos de renda fixa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A primeira abordagem tentada foi a chamada &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;"replicação por modelos de fatores"&lt;/span&gt;, em que o objetivo é reproduzir o mesmo retorno do fundo original mês a mês. Em outras palavras, se o fundo apresenta um retorno de 1.5% este mês a técnica procura criar uma réplica composta de ações, títulos e outros instrumentos que irá gerar o mesmo retorno de 1.5% aquele mês. O problema com esta abordagem é a dificuldade de se identificar fatores que explicam com precisão as estratégias de investimentos dos Hedge Funds. Além disto, muito dos fatores são "não negociáveis" diretamente no mercado. Dadas estas dificuldades, uma abordagem alternativa foi proposta pelo Professor Harry Kat da Cass Business School em Londres, em um trabalho conjunto com o brasileiro Helder Palaro. &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;A idéia não é replicar o mesmo retorno do fundo original mês a mês, o que seria muito ambicioso, mas obter a mesma distribuição de retornos no longo prazo.&lt;/span&gt; Com isto, os retornos do fundo original e da réplica podem vir em uma ordem completamente diferente, mas após um certo número de meses o fundo original e a réplica irão convergir para o mesmo nível de risco (medido pela volatilidade e assimetria) e o mesmo nível de correlação com os mercados. Os pesquisadores aplicaram o método para 2000 Hedge Funds e 875 Funds of Funds sempre utilizando dados "fora-da-amostra". &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;O resultado foi impressionante, cerca de 80% destes fundos poderiam ser replicados por uma cesta de 7 contratos  uturos (S&amp;P500, 30YBond, Russell 2000, GSCI, 5YNote, 10YNote and 3MLibor), e a réplica obtida possuiria um retorno mais alto que o fundo original&lt;/span&gt;. Para os 20% melhores o nível de risco ainda seria replicado, mas o retorno obtido pelo fundo original seria maior. Um dos motivos para a provável facilidade em replicar a maioria destes fundos seria as altas taxas cobradas por eles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alguns exemplos de aplicação deste método podem ser encontrados no site http://www.fundcreator.com. &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Em um dos exemplos, o investidor estaria interessado em criar uma réplica (fundo sintético) com 12% de volatilidade ao ano e com correlação zero com sua carteira, composta de ações e títulos de renda fixa&lt;/span&gt;. Após algum tempo negociando-se diariamente uma cesta de 7 contratos futuros, o nível de risco desejado é rapidamente atingido, e o retorno médio converge para cerca de 11% ao ano, bastante expressivo para um fundo deste nível de risco.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;Para os Hedge Funds que apresentam performance positiva (dado seu nível de risco), técnicas de replicação como esta não apresentam ameaça alguma&lt;/span&gt;. Porém de uma maneira geral estas técnicas irão provavelmente forçar as taxas médias da indústria de Hedge Funds para baixo, em um processo parecido com o que ocorreu na indústria de Mutual Funds, onde uma parte significante dos recursos migrou para os chamados fundos passivos ou indexados.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-3498531790443768590?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/3498531790443768590/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=3498531790443768590&amp;isPopup=true" title="6 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/3498531790443768590" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/3498531790443768590" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/06/criando-seu-prprio-hedge-fund-de.html" title="Criando seu próprio Hedge Fund de maneira sintética" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-5528481240909137252</id><published>2007-06-15T08:54:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2007-11-05T21:11:40.227-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Rentec" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Notícia" /><title type="text">O matemático considerado como melhor gestor de fundos do mundo...</title><content type="html">&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Simons, o novo Soros&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;| 14.06.2007&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Mito em Wall Street, o matemático que comanda a gestora Renaissance ganha mais de 3 000 dólares por minuto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.seedmagazine.com/news/uploads/simons_article.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px;" src="http://www.seedmagazine.com/news/uploads/simons_article.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Harris_Simons"&gt;James Simons&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;rentabilidade anual de 39% há 16 anos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Por Eduardo Salgado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;EXAME Perto das remunerações anuais dos principais nomes do mercado financeiro internacional, qualquer salário ganha uma dimensão microscópica. Mesmo levando-se em conta esse padrão milionário, porém, os rendimentos do matemático americano James Simons, de 69 anos, têm deixado muita gente em Wall Street roxa de inveja. No ano passado, Simons, dono da gestora de recursos &lt;a href="http://www.rentec.com/"&gt;Renaissance Technologies&lt;/a&gt;, de Nova York, levou para casa a fábula de 1,7 bilhão de dólares, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;quase o dobro da remuneração de George Soros&lt;/span&gt;, o lendário investidor que fez fama e fortuna ao derrubar a moeda britânica no começo dos anos 90. Em média, Simons, um senhor descrito por quem o conhece como um tipo "com os pés no chão" a despeito da fortuna que possui, ganhou mais de 190 000 dólares por dia -- incluindo sábados, domingos e feriados --, ou 3 190 dólares a cada minuto do dia e da noite. Essa quantia leva em conta os lucros obtidos por ele com taxas de administração e de performance cobradas de seus clientes, além dos ganhos que teve aplicando o próprio dinheiro nos seus fundos. A título de comparação, a remuneração de Lloyd Blankfein, principal executivo do banco de investimentos Goldman Sachs, um dos maiores ícones do capitalismo mundial, foi de 54 milhões de dólares no ano passado. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Nem dá para dizer que 2006 foi um ano de sorte para Simons. Em 2005, ele já tinha embolsado 1,5 bilhão de dólares.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Um matemático no topo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Na lista dos barões dos fundos de hedge, James Simons é o número 1. Em 2006, ele foi o que teve a melhor remuneração anual, quase o dobro da de Soros (em dólares)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1º James Simons     1,7 bilhão&lt;br /&gt;2º Kenneth Griffin     1,4 bilhão&lt;br /&gt;3º Edward Lampert     1,3 bilhão&lt;br /&gt;4º George Soros     950 milhões&lt;br /&gt;5º Steven Cohen     900 milhões&lt;br /&gt;6º Bruce Kovner     715 milhões&lt;br /&gt;7º Paul Tudor Jones II     690 milhões&lt;br /&gt;8º Timothy Barakett     675 milhões&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Fonte: Alpha Magazine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Simons atua num segmento específico do mercado, os fundos de hedge, considerados há muito a elite do sistema financeiro pelo arrojo e pela capacidade de fazer, simultaneamente, operações em moedas, ações, commodities e títulos. Ao longo da última década, esses gestores se firmaram, de forma indiscutível, como elite também em termos de remuneração. Além de Simons, outros dois controladores de fundos de hedge ganharam mais de 1 bilhão de dólares no ano passado, segundo aponta um levantamento publicado recentemente pela revista americana Alpha. Juntos, os 25 profissionais que mais faturaram no segmento de fundos de hedge acumularam 14 bilhões de dólares em 2006, número três vezes maior que o registrado em 2003 e de magnitude comparável ao PIB do Uruguai.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nesse mundo de titãs, Simons roubou de Soros o primeiro posto e hoje é visto como uma espécie de semideus por seus pares. A rentabilidade anual de seu fundo mais conhecido, o Medallion, agora aberto apenas para o próprio Simons e seus funcionários,&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;é de 39% há 16 anos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, um recorde absoluto em Wall Street. O Renaissance Institutional Equities Fund, fundo criado em 2005 e ainda aberto a investidores, rendeu 20% no ano passado. Uma das explicações para tal sucesso é o fato de Simons ser um matemático fora do comum. Sua especialidade&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt; são softwares baseados em algoritmos que fazem análises da trajetória de ativos&lt;/span&gt;, como ações e moedas, em busca de oportunidades -- os chamados &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;fundos quantitativos&lt;/span&gt;, nos quais pelo menos parte da operação financeira é comandada &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;não por gestores, mas pelos computadores&lt;/span&gt;. Os bem-sucedidos programas de Simons são um segredo comparável ao da fórmula da Coca-Cola. Quem trabalha na Renaissance fica conhecendo apenas parte deles. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;"Simons é um gênio da matemática", diz Armínio Fraga&lt;/span&gt;, ex-presidente do Banco Central que teve uma passagem de sucesso pela empresa de George Soros em Nova York. No material usado para apresentar os fundos de Simons a novos clientes, afirma-se que todas as informações que possam afetar, ainda que minimamente, os preços dos ativos são consideradas pelo software. Há, é possível, uma boa dose de exagero nessa afirmação, mas o poder de fogo dos computadores à disposição de Simons serve de indicador da complexidade dos programas que geram os fundos. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;A capacidade de processamento de dados da Renaissance equivale à da Sun Microsystems, uma das maiores companhias de computação do mundo e criadora de tecnologias como o Java.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Simons é um ponto fora da curva também pelo time que formou. Entre seus 270 funcionários, há um exército de 80 doutores de áreas tão distintas como astronomia e lingüística. Em Nova York, sua fama é de ser um chefe preocupado com o bem-estar de seus funcionários e em manter um bom ambiente de trabalho. Isso e os bônus milionários explicam a baixíssima rotatividade da Renaissance. "Simons sempre mostrou interesse em ajudar quem está perto dele", diz David Ebin, diretor do departamento de matemática da Universidade Stony Brook e amigo de Simons há mais de 35 anos. "Além de tudo, tem um ótimo senso de humor." Apesar do clima aparentemente agradável e da remuneração, que fazem da Renaissance uma espécie de oásis no estressado mundo das finanças, a maioria dos analistas nem perde tempo em tentar cavar uma vaga na empresa. "O negócio dele é contratar Ph.Ds. de fora do mercado financeiro", diz o carioca Raul Guimarães, sócio do fundo de hedge Seagul Capital e há 15 anos em Wall Street. "Não dá nem para almejar trabalhar com Simons."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O sucesso da Renaissance, a sexta maior empresa do segmento no mundo, e os ganhos de Simons têm relação direta com o incrível crescimento dos fundos de hedge nos últimos anos. Em 2000, o patrimônio total dos fundos era de 490 bilhões de dólares, segundo estimativa da Hedge Fund Research, uma empresa de pesquisa de Chicago. Hoje, o número é de 1,6 trilhão, inflado pela procura de grandes fundos de pensão interessados em atraentes promessas de retorno. Essa crescente importância do segmento tem causado a ira de gente influente -- caso, por exemplo, do ministro da Fazenda alemão, Peer Steinbruck. Segundo críticos como ele, o sistema financeiro mundial corre o perigo de entrar em colapso se o pânico se instalar por algum motivo no mercado financeiro e os especuladores embarricados nos fundos de hedge saírem vendendo seus ativos desenfreadamente. Steinbruck tentou, sem sucesso, convencer outros ministros econômicos na mais recente reunião do G8, o bloco dos países mais poderosos do mundo, a encampar a tese de algum tipo de controle externo. Outro flanco dos fundos de hedge explorado pelos críticos são os lucros bilionários sem que haja necessariamente a contrapartida em termos de retorno para o investidor. Para muita gente, os gestores ganham dinheiro fácil. Normalmente, um fundo cobra 2% de taxa de administração e 20% de taxa de performance, o que garante um bom retorno mesmo em caso de insucesso das aplicações. O fundo Bridgewater Associates, dos Estados Unidos, por exemplo, entregou a seus clientes um rendimento anual de sofríveis 4% no ano passado, mas ainda assim Raymond Dalio, seu fundador, levou 350 milhões de dólares para casa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Com um histórico vencedor, Simons não pode ser acusado de frustrar a expectativa dos aplicadores. Seu sucesso como gestor é mais um capítulo de uma trajetória marcada pela busca da perfeição. Depois de acabar seu doutorado em matemática na Universidade da Califórnia, nos anos 60, Simons, filho de um empresário do setor calçadista, trabalhou para o Departamento de Defesa na época da Guerra do Vietnã no setor que tentava desvendar os códigos secretos usados pelo inimigo. Nos anos seguintes, seguiu carreira acadêmica e deu aulas nos prestigiosos MIT, Universidade Harvard e Universidade Stony Brook. O sucesso com seus investimentos pessoais fez com que abandonasse a academia no final dos anos 70 e apostasse no mercado financeiro. Como outros expoentes do segmento de fundos de hedge, Simons tem se destacado como doador de causas nobres. Há um ano, anunciou que daria 25 milhões de dólares para a criação de um centro de matemática e física na Universidade Stony Brook. "A vantagem dele é que conhece como a academia funciona. Por isso, além de doar dinheiro, ele opina sobre a forma como será investido", diz Ebin, diretor do departamento de matemática da Stony Brook. Mesmo após todos esses anos longe das salas de aula, Simons ainda não perdeu o ar de professor universitário. Adora conversar sobre ciência e em nada lembra o figurino engomado dos grandes executivos. Para os investidores, esses detalhes são irrelevantes. O que importa são os resultados -- e, nesse quesito, Simons, por quase duas décadas, tem sido rigorosamente impecável.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-5528481240909137252?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/5528481240909137252/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=5528481240909137252&amp;isPopup=true" title="10 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/5528481240909137252" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/5528481240909137252" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/06/o-melhor-gestor-do-mundo.html" title="O matemático considerado como melhor gestor de fundos do mundo..." /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">10</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-7308052928766458141</id><published>2007-06-13T20:24:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2007-06-14T16:16:16.659-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Opiniões" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização de Portifólio" /><title type="text">Diversificar ou Não?</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/tbr/lowres/tbrn10l.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 395px; height: 231px;" src="http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/tbr/lowres/tbrn10l.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Recebi a seguinte mensagem:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;dl style="color: rgb(255, 102, 102); font-style: italic;" id="comments-block"&gt;&lt;dd class="comment-body"&gt;                            &lt;p&gt;"Com o objetivo de reduzir o risco total das aplicações, um investidor deve manter carteiras diversificadas, em vez de concentrá-las em poucos ativos. O grau de redução do risco de um portfólio pela diversificação dependerá da correlação existente entre os ativos nele incluídos."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No excelente livro "Os Axiomas de Zurique", o autor se manifesta contra essa metodologia. Diversificação protege, mas limita seriamente os ganhos. Preservação de capital é importante (como o citado livro também discute e mostra como fazê-lo). Assim, em matéria de se ganhar na bolsa, é concentração que é o mais importante. Você não concorda?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;Eu particularmente endosso pesquisa academica por seu rigor matemático,  sua natureza não polarizada e seu ciclo tortuoso de revisão constante. Contra a matemática não há argumento.&lt;br /&gt;Pra fácil entendendimento, imagine que existam 2 fundos diferentes, cuja correlação entre eles seja negativa (algo do tipo &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;-0.85&lt;/span&gt;). Estes fundos tem uma média de &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;volatilidade histórica anual &lt;/span&gt;de &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;30%&lt;/span&gt; (bem próximas a volatilidade histórica do Ibovespa, portanto com certo grau elevado de risco).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Fundo1&lt;/span&gt; teve um lucro de &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;0%&lt;/span&gt; no período de 3 anos, e o &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;fundo2 &lt;/span&gt;teve lucro de &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;75%&lt;/span&gt; no mesmo período.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Voce agora teve antecipadamente a opção de investir em apenas um dos fundos, ou diversificar seu capital entre eles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se voce optou antecipadamente pelo &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;fundo1&lt;/span&gt;, apesar dos &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;150%&lt;/span&gt; de lucros auferidos no período, o fundo passou por momentos de crise intensos, onde chegou a ter um &lt;a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/entenda-o-drawdown.html"&gt;drawdown &lt;/a&gt;de &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;-50%&lt;/span&gt; do seu patrimonio. Neste caso dificilmente o investidor teria aguentado manter o investimento se todo o seu capital estivesse alocado exclusivamente a este fundo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se voce optou antecipadamente pelo &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;fundo2&lt;/span&gt;, apesar dos &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;75% &lt;/span&gt;de retorno no periodo, o fundo tambem passou por momentos de crise onde o drawdown maximo chegou a &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;35% &lt;/span&gt;de todo o patrimonio investido no fundo. Como no caso acima, o investidor tambem sofreria noites de insonia caso tivesse todo seu capital alocado a este fundo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agora, se o investidor tivesse alocado seu capital &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;50/50&lt;/span&gt; para ambos os fundos, estaria completamente tranquilo, e conseguiria manter ambos investimentos simultaneamente, pois, como os fundos possuiam correlacão negativa, os piores momentos do &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;fundo1 &lt;/span&gt;foram os momentos áuros de lucro para o &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;fundo2&lt;/span&gt;, e vice versa. Dessa forma, o drawdown máximo e real que o investidor sofreu com todo o seu patrimonio foi de &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;-8%&lt;/span&gt; no periodo completamente aceitável para investimentos de alto risco, ao contrário dos drawdowns individuais de &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;-35%&lt;/span&gt; e &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;-50%&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esse meu exemplo foi completamente fantasioso, talvez bastante exagerado. Mas exemplifica claramente a falácia de se investir todo os ovos na mesma cesta, o que sem sombra de dúvidas vai trazer maior volatilidade para o financeiro dos investimentos, independente do retorno. Investir olhando apenas o lucro não funciona no mundo real, pois o ser humano tem emoções, e elas fazem com que um investimento com alto drawdown seja encerrado... Voce pode trocar os  fundos do exemplo por ações, futuros, commmodities, bonds, titulos publicos e etc...o que importa portanto é a correlacao entre eles para que essa diminuição de risco funcione na prática. Diversificação não se limita apenas a ativos diferentes, mas horizontes temporais diferentes, estratégias diferentes e visões diferentes, mercados diferentes...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para mais informações, com exemplos matemáticos, acesse esse post no meu blog:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3 class="post-title"&gt;&lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/12/gerando-alfa-positivo-atravs-da.html#links"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Gerando Alfa Positivo através da combinação de lógicas inversas...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se ainda precisar de mais informações, estude sobre "Otimização de Portifólios", e &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/01/teoria-moderna-de-portiflios-otimizao.html"&gt;teoria de Markowitz (Portifólio)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-7308052928766458141?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/7308052928766458141/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=7308052928766458141&amp;isPopup=true" title="2 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/7308052928766458141" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/7308052928766458141" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/06/diversificar-ou-no.html" title="Diversificar ou Não?" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-696968121988072310</id><published>2007-05-09T10:41:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2007-05-09T11:29:24.416-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Opiniões" /><title type="text">Melhor veículo para especulação: Vantagens de Futuros sobre Ações</title><content type="html">Recebi uma pergunta aqui no blog:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;"...gostaria de saber pq vc só utiliza esse tipo de ferramenta para o mercado de futuros? Vc acha que não se a plica bem para o mercado vista?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Certamente estas ferramentas podem ser utilizadas pra especulação com ações, sem sombra de dúvidas. Todavia, especular com ações seria como usar um trator enorme, limitado, demasiado caro e lento para percorrer uma auto estrada com limite de 200km/h.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dentre as inúmeras e infindáveis vantagens de futuros sobre ações eu posso listar:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Maior liquidez&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Maior alavancagem&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Baixissima margem.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Possibilidade de compra ou venda sem usar dinheiro (utilização de outros ativos como margem ou garantias), não necessitando de dinheiro real para as operações. Desta forma existe a possibilidade de você ganhar tanto nas operações no mercado futuro quanto na sua margem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Menores custos operacionais (corretagem).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Maior "ação", sem a dependência de notícias ou grandes eventos para que isto ocorra.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Limites de oscilacao diária, possibilitando um maior gerenciamento de risco (ex: Na BM&amp;amp;F o Índice Futuro possui limites de oscilação máxima diária de 8%, não podendo haver negócios acima ou  abaixo deste preço em um único dia. Desta forma garante-se uma perda máxima para um horizonte de curto prazo.)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Operações vendidas são tão simples quanto operações compradas, e não fazem diferença para o operador, tanto em termos de margem quanto de risco.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Maior   facilidade no gerenciamento de risco de uma forma geral (já que o mercado trabalha com pontos que pagam valores fixos)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Em alguns mercados como na CBOT em Chicago, os ativos são negociados 24 horas / dia.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;etc...&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Pode ser lucrativa a especulação com ações? Sem dúvida, porém devido as vantagens acima e muitas outras por ventura esquecidas, este não seria o melhor veículo para esta finalidade.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-696968121988072310?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/696968121988072310/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=696968121988072310&amp;isPopup=true" title="13 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/696968121988072310" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/696968121988072310" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/05/veiculos-para-especulao-vantagens-de.html" title="Melhor veículo para especulação: Vantagens de Futuros sobre Ações" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">13</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-5113649637612190644</id><published>2007-05-04T10:42:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2007-05-04T11:00:53.978-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Notícia" /><title type="text">Notícia - Bloomberg: HAL 9000-Style Machines, Kubrick's Fantasy, Outwit Traders</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.freewareppc.com/images/products/misc/hal9000.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 200px;" src="http://www.freewareppc.com/images/products/misc/hal9000.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:130%;" class="news_story_title" &gt;HAL 9000-Style Machines, Kubrick's Fantasy, Outwit Traders &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;By Jason Kelly&lt;/p&gt;                                          &lt;p&gt;      May 3 (Bloomberg) -- Way up in a New York skyscraper, inside the headquarters of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc., Michael Kearns is trying to teach a computer to do something other machines can't: &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;think like a Wall Street trader.&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; In his cubicle overlooking the trading floor, Kearns, 44, consults with Lehman Brothers traders as Ph.D.s tap away at secret software. The programs they're writing are designed to sift through billions of trades and spot subtle patterns in world markets.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Kearns, a computer scientist who has a doctorate from Harvard University, says the code is part of a dream he's been chasing for more than two decades: to imbue computers with artificial intelligence, or AI.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; His vision of Wall Street conjures up science fiction fantasies of HAL 9000, the sentient computer in ``2001: A Space Odyssey.'' Instead of mindlessly crunching numbers, AI-powered circuitry one day will mimic our brains and understand our emotions -- and outsmart human stock pickers, he says.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 102); font-style: italic;"&gt; ``This is going to change the world, and it's going to change Wall Street,''&lt;/span&gt; says Kearns, who spent the 1990s researching AI at Murray Hill, New Jersey-based Bell Laboratories, birthplace of the laser and the transistor.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; As finance Ph.D.s, mathematicians and other computer-loving disciples of quantitative analysis challenge traditional traders and money managers, Kearns and a small band of AI scientists have set out to build the ultimate money machine.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; For decades, investment banks and hedge fund firms have employed quants and their computers to uncover relationships in the markets and exploit them with rapid-fire trades.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Hyperquants&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Quants seek to strip human emotions such as fear and greed out of investing. Today, their brand of computer-guided trading has reached levels undreamed of a decade ago. A third of all U.S. stock trades in 2006 were driven by automatic programs, or algorithms, according to Boston-based consulting firm Aite Group LLC. By 2010, that figure will reach 50 percent, according to Aite.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; AI proponents say their time is at hand. Vasant Dhar, a former Morgan Stanley quant who teaches at New York University's Stern School of Business in Manhattan's Greenwich Village, is trying to program a computer to predict the ways in which unexpected events, such as the sudden death of an executive, might affect a company's stock price.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Uptown, at Columbia University, computer science professor Kathleen McKeown says she imagines building an electronic Warren Buffett that would be able to answer just about any kind of investing question.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; ``We want to be able to ask a computer, `Tell me about the merger of corporation A and corporation B,' or `Tell me about the impact on the markets of sending more troops to Iraq,'''&lt;/span&gt; McKeown, 52, says.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt; Kubrick's Dream&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Some executives and scientists would rather not talk about AI. It recalls dashed hopes of artificially intelligent machines that would build cities in space and mind the kids at home. In ``2001,'' the novel written by Arthur C. Clarke and made into a movie directed by Stanley Kubrick in 1968, HAL, a computer that can think, talk and see, is invented in the distant future -- 1997.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Things didn't turn out as '60s cyberneticians predicted. Somewhere between sci-fi and sci-fact, the dream fell apart. People began joking that AI stood for ``Almost Implemented.''          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; `&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;`The promise has always been more than the delivery,''&lt;/span&gt; says Brian Hamilton, chief executive officer of Raleigh, North Carolina-based software maker Sageworks Inc., which uses computer formulas to automatically read stock prices, company earnings and other data and spit out reports for investors.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Hamilton, 43, says today's AI-style programs can solve specific problems within a given set of parameters.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:130%;" &gt; Chess vs Markets&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Take chess. Deep Blue, a chess-playing supercomputer developed by International Business Machines Corp., defeated world champion Garry Kasparov in 1997. The rules of chess never change, however. Players have one goal: to capture the opponent's king. There are only so many moves a player can make, and Deep Blue could evaluate 200 million such positions a second.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Financial markets, on the other hand, can be influenced by just about anything, from skirmishes in the Middle East to hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico. In computerspeak, chess is a closed system and the market is an open one.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt; ``AI is very effective when there's a specific solution,''&lt;/span&gt; Hamilton says. `&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;`The real challenge is where judgment is required, and that's where AI has largely failed.''&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; AI researchers have made progress over the years. Peek inside your Web browser or your car's cruise control, and you'll probably find AI at work. Meanwhile, computer chips keep getting more powerful. In February, Santa Clara, California-based Intel Corp. said it had devised a chip the size of a thumbnail that could perform a trillion calculations a second.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt; AI Believers&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Ten years ago, such a computational feat would have required 10,000 processors.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; To believers such as Dhar, Kearns and McKeown, all of this is only the beginning. One day, a subfield of AI known as machine learning, Kearns's specialty, may give computers the ability to develop their own smarts and extract rules from massive data sets. Another branch, called natural language processing, or NLP, holds out the prospect of software that can understand human language, read up on companies, listen to executives and distill what it learns into trading programs.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Collective Intellect Inc., a Boulder, Colorado-based startup, already employs basic NLP programs to comb through 55 million Web logs and turn up information that might make money for hedge funds.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt; ``There's some nuggets of wisdom in the sea,'' &lt;/span&gt;says Collective Intellect Chief Technology Officer Tim Wolters.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Another AI area, neural networking, involves building silicon versions of the cerebral cortex, the part of our brain that governs reason.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; `It's Here'&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; The hope is that these systems will ape living neurons, think like people and, like traders, understand that some things are neither black nor white but rather in varying shades of gray.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Stock analyst Ralph Acampora, who caused a stir in 1999 by correctly predicting that the Dow Jones Industrial Average would top 10,000, says investment banks are racing to profit from advanced computing such as AI.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt; ``It's here, and it's growing,'' &lt;/span&gt;says Acampora, 65, chief technical analyst at Knight Capital Group Inc. in Jersey City, New Jersey. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 102); font-style: italic;"&gt;``Everybody's trying to outdo everyone else.''&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; The computers have done well. A November 2005 study by Darien, Connecticut-based Casey, Quirk &amp; Associates, an investment management consulting firm, says that from 2001 to '05, big-cap U.S. stock funds run by quants beat those run by nonquants.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt; Quants Rise&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; The quants posted a median annualized return of 5.6 percent, while nonquants returned an annualized 4.5 percent. Both groups beat the Standard &amp; Poor's 500 Index, which returned an annualized negative 0.5 percent during that period.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Rex Macey, director of equity management at Wilmington Trust Corp. in Atlanta, says computers can mine data and see relationships that humans can't. Quantitative investing is on the rise, and that's bound to spur interest in AI, says Macey, who previously developed computer models at Marietta, Georgia-based American Financial Advisors LLC, to weigh investment risk and project clients' wealth.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; ``It's all over the place and, greed being what it will, people will try anything to get an edge,''&lt;/span&gt; Macey, 46, says. ``Quant is everywhere, and it's seeping into everything.''          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; AI proponents are positioning themselves to become Wall Street's hyperquants. Kearns, who previously ran the quant team within the equity strategies group at Lehman Brothers, splits his time between the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, where he teaches computer science, and the New York investment bank, where he tries to put theory into practice.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt; Inside Lehman&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Neither he nor Lehman executives would discuss how the firm uses computers to trade, saying the programs are proprietary and that divulging information about them would cost the firm its edge in the markets.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; On an overcast Monday in late January, Kearns is at work in his cubicle on the eighth floor at Lehman Brothers when a few members of his team drop by for advice. At Lehman, Kearns is the big thinker on AI. He leaves most of the actual programming to a handful of Ph.D.s, most of whom he's recruited at universities or computer conferences.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Kearns himself was plucked from Penn. Ian Lowitt, who studied with Kearns at the University of Oxford and is now co-chief administrative officer of Lehman Brothers, persuaded him to come to the firm as a consultant in 2002.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Kearns hardly looks the part of a professor. He has closely cropped black hair and sports a charcoal gray suit and a crisp blue shirt and tie. At Penn, his students compete to design trading strategies for the Penn-Lehman Automated Trading Project, which uses a computerized trading simulator.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt; `Catastrophic Risk'&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Tucking into a lunch of tempura and sashimi at a Japanese restaurant near Lehman Brothers, Kearns says AI's failure to live up to its sci-fi hype has created many doubters on Wall Street. He says people should be skeptical: Trading requires institutional knowledge that is difficult, if not impossible, to program into a computer.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; AI holds perils as well as promise for Wall Street, Kearns says. Right now, even sophisticated AI programs lack common sense, he says.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt; ``When something is going awry in the markets, people can quickly sense it and stop trading,'' he says. ``If you have completely automated something, it might not be able to do that, and that makes you subject to catastrophic risk.''          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; The dream of duplicating human intelligence may be as old as humanity itself. The intellectual roots of AI go back to ancient myths and tales such as Ovid's story of Pygmalion, the sculptor who fell so in love with his creation that the gods brought his work to life. In the 19th century, English mathematician and proto-computer scientist Charles Babbage originated the idea of a programmable computer.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Turing Test&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; It wasn't until 1951, however, that British mathematician Alan Turing proposed a test for a machine's capability for thought. In a paper titled ``Computing Machinery and Intelligence,'' Turing, a computer pioneer who'd worked at Bletchley Park, Britain's World War II code-breaking center, suggested the following:          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; A human judge engages in a text-only conversation with two parties, one human and the other a machine. If the judge can't reliably tell which is which, the machine passes and can be said to possess intelligence.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; No computer has ever done that. Turing committed suicide in 1954. Two years later, computer scientist John McCarthy coined the phrase artificial intelligence to refer to the science of engineering thinking machines.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; The Turing Test, as it's now known, has fueled almost six decades of controversy. Some computer scientists and philosophers say human-like interaction is essential to human-like intelligence. Others say it's not. The debate still shapes AI research and raises questions about whether traders' knowledge, creativity, intuition and appetite for risk can ever be programmed into a computer.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt; Wall Street Smarts&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; During the 1960s and '70s, AI research yielded few commercial applications. As Wall Street firms deployed computer-driven program trading in the '80s to automatically execute orders and allow arbitrage between stocks, options and futures, the AI world began to splinter. Researchers broke away into an array of camps, each focusing on specific applications rather than on building HAL-like machines.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Some scientists went off to develop computers that could mimic the human retina in its ability to see and recognize complex images such as faces. Some began applying AI to robotics. Still others set to work on programs that could read and understand human languages.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Thomas Mitchell, chairman of the Machine Learning Department at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, says many AI researchers have decided to reach for less and accomplish more.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt; ``It's really matured from saying there's one big AI label to being a little more refined and realizing there are some specific areas where we really have made progress,'&lt;/span&gt;' Mitchell, 55, says.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt; Robo-Traders&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Financial service companies have already begun to deploy basic machine-learning programs, Kearns says. Such programs typically work in reverse to solve problems and learn from mistakes.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Like every move a player makes in a game of chess, every trade changes the potential outcome, Kearns says. Machine-learning algorithms are designed to examine possible scenarios at every point along the way, from beginning to middle to end, and figure out the best choice at each moment.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Kearns likens the process to learning to play chess. `&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;`You would never think about teaching a kid to play chess by playing in total silence and then saying at the end, `You won' or `You lost,'''&lt;/span&gt; he says.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; As an exercise, Kearns and his colleagues at Lehman Brothers used such programs to examine orders and improve how the firm executes trades, he says. The programs scanned bids, offers, specific prices and buy and sell orders to find patterns in volatility and prices, he says. Using this information, they taught a computer how to determine the most cost-effective trades.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt; Language Barrier&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; The program worked backward, assessing possible trades and enabling trader-programmers to evaluate the impact of their actions. By working this way, the computer learns how to execute trades going forward.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Language represents one of the biggest gulfs between human and computer intelligence, Dhar says. Closing that divide would mean big money for Wall Street, he says.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Unlike computers, human traders and money managers can glimpse a CEO on television or glance at news reports and sense whether news is good or bad for a stock. In conversation, a person's vocal tone or inflection can alter -- or even reverse -- the meaning of words.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Let's say you ask a trader if he thinks U.S. stocks are cheap and he responds, ``Yeah, right.'' Does he mean stocks are inexpensive or, sarcastically, just the opposite? What matters is not just what people say, but how they say it. Traders also have a feel for what other investors are thinking, so they can make educated guesses about how people will react.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt; `Acid Test'&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; For Dhar, the markets are the ultimate AI lab. &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;``Reality is the acid test,''&lt;/span&gt; says Dhar, a 1978 graduate of the Indian Institutes of Technology, or ITT, whose campuses are India's best schools for engineering and computer science. He collected his doctorate in artificial intelligence from the University of Pittsburgh.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; A professor of information systems at Stern, Dhar left the school to become a principal at Morgan Stanley from 1994 to '97, where he founded the data-mining group and focused on automated trading and the profiling of asset management clients. He still builds computer models to help Wall Street firms predict markets and figure out clients' needs. Since 2002, his models have correctly predicted the stock prices from month to month 61 percent of the time, he says.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt; `Next Frontier'&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Dhar says AI programs typically start with a human hunch about the markets. Let's say you think that rising volatility in stock prices may signal a coming ``breakout,'' Wall Street-speak for an abrupt rise or fall in prices. Dhar says he would select market indicators for volatility and stock prices, feed them into his AI algorithms and let them check whether that intuition is right. If it is, the program would look for market patterns that hold up over time and base trades on them.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Surrounded by stacks of papers and books in his Greenwich Village office, Dhar, wearing jeans and a black V-neck sweater, says many AI scientists are questing after NLP programs that can understand human language.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt; ``That's the next frontier,'' &lt;/span&gt;he says.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; At Columbia, McKeown leads a team of researchers trying to make sense of all the words on the Internet. When she arrived at the university 25 years ago, NLP was still in its infancy. Now, the Internet has revolutionized the field, she says. Just about anyone with a computer can access news reports, blogs and chat rooms in languages from all over the world.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt; Information Flow&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Rather than flowing sequentially, from point A to point B, information moves around the Web haphazardly. So, instead of creating sequential rules to instruct computers to read the information, AI specialists create an array of rules and try to enable computers to figure out what works.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; McKeown, who earned her doctorate from Penn, has spent the past 10 years developing a program called NewsBlaster, which collects and sorts news and information from the Web and draws conclusions from it.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Sitting in her seventh-floor office in a building tucked behind Columbia's Low Library, McKeown describes how NewsBlaster crawls the Web each night to produce summaries on topics from politics to finance. She decided to put the system on line after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, to monitor the unfolding story.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; What if?&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; NewsBlaster, which isn't available for commercial use, can ``read'' two news stories on the same topic, highlight the differences and describe what's changed since it last scanned a report on the subject, McKeown says. The program can be applied to market-moving topics such as corporate takeovers and interest rates, she says.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; McKeown is trying to upgrade her program so it can answer broad ``what-if'' questions, such as,&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt; ``What if there's an earthquake in Indonesia?''&lt;/span&gt; Her hope is that one day, perhaps within a few years, the program will be able to write a few paragraphs or pages of answers to such open-ended questions.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Dhar says computer scientists eventually will stitch together advances in machine learning and NLP and set the combined programs loose on the markets.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; A crucial step will be figuring out the types of data AI programs should employ. The old programmer principle of GIGO -- garbage in, garbage out -- still applies. If you tell a computer to look for relationships between, say, solar flares and the Dow industrials and base trades on the patterns, the computer will do it. You might not make much money, however.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt; Courting Hedge Funds&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt; ``If I give an NLP algorithm ore, it might give me gold,''&lt;/span&gt; Dhar says. `&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;`If I give it garbage, it'll give me back garbage.''&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Collective Intellect, financed by Denver-based venture capital firm Appian Ventures Inc., is trying to sell hedge funds and investment banks on NLP technology.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Wolters says traders and money managers simply can't stay on top of all the information flooding the markets these days.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Collective Intellect seeds its NLP programs with the names of authors, Web sites and blogs that its programmers think might yield moneymaking information. Then, the company lets the programs search the Web, make connections and come up with lists of sources they can monitor and update. Collective Intellect is pitching the idea to hedge funds, Wolters says.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Technology has upended the financial services industry before. Just think of automated teller machines. Michael Thiemann, CEO of San Diego-based hedge fund firm Investment Science Corp., likens traditional Wall Street traders to personal loan officers at U.S. banks back in the '80s. Many of these loan officers lost their jobs when banks began assigning scores to customers based on a statistical analysis of their credit histories. In the U.S., those are known as FICO scores, after Minneapolis-based Fair Isaac Corp., which developed them.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt; Wall Street's Future&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Computers often did a better job of assessing risk than human loan officers, Thiemann, 50, says.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt; ``And that is where Wall Street is going,'' &lt;/span&gt;he says. Human traders will still provide insights into the markets, he says; more and more, however, those insights will be based on data rather than intuition.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Thiemann, who has a master's degree in engineering from Stanford University and an MBA from Harvard Business School, knows algorithms. During the '90s, he helped HNC Software Inc., now part of Fair Isaac, develop a tracking program called Falcon to spot credit card fraud.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Falcon, which today watches over more than 450 million credit and debit cards, uses computer models to evaluate the likelihood that transactions are bogus. It weighs that risk against customers' value to the credit card issuer and suggests whether to let the charges go through or terminate them.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt; DeepGreen&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt; ``If it's a customer with a questionable transaction and you don't mind losing them as a customer, you just deny it,'' &lt;/span&gt;Thiemann says. `&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;`If it's a great customer and a small transaction, you let it go through, but maybe follow up with a call a day or so later.''&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Thiemann says he's taking a similar approach with a trading system he's building. He calls his program Deep Green. The name recalls IBM's Deep Blue -- and money.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; DeepGreen evaluates market data, learns from it and scores trading strategies for stocks, options and other investments, he says. Thiemann declines to discuss his computerized hedge fund, beyond saying that he's currently investing money for friends and family and that he plans to seek other investors this year.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt; ``This is hard, like a moon launch is hard,'' &lt;/span&gt;Thiemann says of the task ahead of him.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt; Searching for HAL&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; As AI invades Wall Street, even the quants will have to change with the times. The kind of conventional trading programs that hunt out arbitrage opportunities between stocks, options and futures, for example, amount to brute-force computing. Such programs, much like Deep Blue, merely crunch a lot of numbers quickly.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt; ``They just have to be fast and comprehensive,'' &lt;/span&gt;Thiemann says. AI systems, by contrast, are designed to adapt and learn as they go.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; Dhar says he doubts thinking computers will displace human traders anytime soon. Instead, the machines and their creators will learn to work together.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt; ``This doesn't get rid of the rule of human creativity; it actually makes it more important,''&lt;/span&gt; he says. `&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;`You have to be in tune with the market and be able to say, 'I'm smelling something here that's worth learning about.'''&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; At Collective Intellect, Vice President Darren Kelly, a former BMO Nesbitt Burns Inc. stock analyst, says tomorrow's quants will rely on AI to spot patterns that no one has imagined in the free- flowing type of information that can be found in e-mails, on Web pages and in voice recordings. After all, such unstructured information accounts for about 80 percent of all the info out there.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt; ``The next generation of quant may be around unstructured analytics,'' &lt;/span&gt;Kelly says.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; After more than 50 years, the quest for human-level artificial intelligence has yet to yield its HAL 9000. Kearns says he'd settle for making AI pay off on Wall Street          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt; ``We're building systems that can wade out in the human world and understand it,''&lt;/span&gt; Kearns says. Traders may never shoot the breeze with a computer at the bar after work. But the machines just might help them pay the bill.          &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p&gt; To contact the reporter on this story: Jason Kelly in New York at        &lt;span class="httplink"&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:jkelly14@bloomberg.net"&gt;jkelly14@bloomberg.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;               &lt;/p&gt;                       &lt;i&gt;Last Updated: May  3, 2007  00:02 EDT&lt;/i&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-5113649637612190644?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/5113649637612190644/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=5113649637612190644&amp;isPopup=true" title="1 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/5113649637612190644" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/5113649637612190644" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/05/notcia-bloomberg-hal-9000-style.html" title="Notícia - Bloomberg: HAL 9000-Style Machines, Kubrick's Fantasy, Outwit Traders" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-9072954737601025846</id><published>2007-02-14T22:51:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-02-14T22:57:55.357-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização de Portifólio" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Resumos do Blog" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização" /><title type="text">Resumo: Análise e monitoramento de Performance de Trading Systems</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.math.brown.edu/%7Ebanchoff/art/PAC-9603/tour/horizon/JPG/horizon-medium.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 200px;" src="http://www.math.brown.edu/%7Ebanchoff/art/PAC-9603/tour/horizon/JPG/horizon-medium.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Breve resumo sobre este novo tópico iniciado no blog:&lt;br /&gt;Análise e monitoramento de Performance de Trading Systems&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Parte I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/02/melhorando-performance-sharpe-e.html#links"&gt;Melhorando Performance, Sharpe e Drawdown de Trading Systems através de Otimização por Controle Estatístico de Processo e Modelagem Econométrica&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Parte II&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/02/monitorando-performance-de-trading.html#links"&gt;Controlando a Performance de Trading Systems através de TRAMO (Time series Regression with ARIMA noise, Missing values and Outliers)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Parte III&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/02/avaliando-os-forecasts-tramo.html#links"&gt;Avaliando os Forecasts TRAMO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Parte IV&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/02/previses-tramo-aplicadas.html#links"&gt;Previsões TRAMO e Componente Sazonal aplicados na melhoria de performance de Trading Systems&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/02/previses-tramo-aplicadas.html#links"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-9072954737601025846?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/9072954737601025846/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=9072954737601025846&amp;isPopup=true" title="4 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/9072954737601025846" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/9072954737601025846" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/02/resumo-anlise-e-monitoramento-de.html" title="Resumo: Análise e monitoramento de Performance de Trading Systems" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-6235750032749670014</id><published>2007-02-14T20:13:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-02-14T23:23:49.237-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização de Portifólio" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização" /><title type="text">Previsões TRAMO e Componente Sazonal aplicados na melhoria de performance de Trading Systems</title><content type="html">O gráfico abaixo  representa uma  análise de previsão via &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/02/monitorando-performance-de-trading.html#links"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;TRAMO &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;aplicada.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Comparamos  os retornos de um Trading System &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0); font-weight: bold;"&gt;verde&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;contra um benchmark &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;"&gt;azul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;), &lt;/span&gt;e  realizamos as respectivas previsões TRAMO de 24 meses pro futuro. Neste caso as previsões para o Trading System &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"&gt;vermelho&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;são mais favoráveis do que as previsões do benchmark &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255); font-weight: bold;"&gt;azul tracejado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;. Assim sendo, continuaremos operando o sistema, sem otimizações ou qualquer mudança.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Este tipo de análise deve ser feita mensalmente. Caso tenhamos uma previsão melhor para o benchmark  do que para o Sistema, poderemos ter chance de intervir a tempo &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(escolhendo investir no benchmark, otimizar o sistema ou etc..)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RdORzVNEL8I/AAAAAAAAADY/2V3-2EdiWOY/s1600-h/grafico.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RdORzVNEL8I/AAAAAAAAADY/2V3-2EdiWOY/s400/grafico.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5031525519754276802" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;Neste caso a performance passada foi melhor para o Benchmark do que para o Sistema, porém nossa previsão é de que o sistema se sairá melhor que o Benchmark no futuro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;O gráfico abaixo &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(clique para ampliar)&lt;/span&gt; ilustra uma análise de componente Sazonal para o Trading System e para o Benchmark, onde vemos claramente as &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"&gt;linhas vermelhas&lt;/span&gt; como sendo as do ano vigente, as &lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"&gt;linhas marrons&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;de 2006, e as outras linhas, quanto mais espessas mais recentes...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RdOV7VNEL9I/AAAAAAAAADk/nUOYZ7fLi24/s1600-h/Sazonal.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RdOV7VNEL9I/AAAAAAAAADk/nUOYZ7fLi24/s400/Sazonal.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5031530055239741394" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-6235750032749670014?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/6235750032749670014/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=6235750032749670014&amp;isPopup=true" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/6235750032749670014" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/6235750032749670014" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/02/previses-tramo-aplicadas.html" title="Previsões TRAMO e Componente Sazonal aplicados na melhoria de performance de Trading Systems" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://bp2.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RdORzVNEL8I/AAAAAAAAADY/2V3-2EdiWOY/s72-c/grafico.png" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-7534420934524225170</id><published>2007-02-10T17:36:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-02-14T23:03:16.628-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização" /><title type="text">Avaliando a Eficiência dos Forecasts TRAMO</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rc4fdVNEL7I/AAAAAAAAAC4/-RPMRV72kZU/s1600-h/2003.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rc4fdVNEL7I/AAAAAAAAAC4/-RPMRV72kZU/s400/2003.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5029992422588034994" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rc4fZVNEL6I/AAAAAAAAACw/THZyNoE-Pds/s1600-h/2004.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rc4fZVNEL6I/AAAAAAAAACw/THZyNoE-Pds/s400/2004.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5029992353868558242" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rc4fVVNEL5I/AAAAAAAAACo/Umw4boe9wKM/s1600-h/2005.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rc4fVVNEL5I/AAAAAAAAACo/Umw4boe9wKM/s400/2005.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5029992285149081490" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rc4fNlNEL4I/AAAAAAAAACg/J2rXiTdkV4Y/s1600-h/atual.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rc4fNlNEL4I/AAAAAAAAACg/J2rXiTdkV4Y/s400/atual.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5029992152005095298" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rc4e81NEL2I/AAAAAAAAACQ/rcTu4dHhEyg/s1600-h/2003.png"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-7534420934524225170?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/7534420934524225170/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=7534420934524225170&amp;isPopup=true" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/7534420934524225170" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/7534420934524225170" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/02/avaliando-os-forecasts-tramo.html" title="Avaliando a Eficiência dos Forecasts TRAMO" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://bp1.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rc4fdVNEL7I/AAAAAAAAAC4/-RPMRV72kZU/s72-c/2003.png" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-2360641314393949686</id><published>2007-02-07T22:32:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-02-09T21:27:37.498-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Trading Systems" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização de Portifólio" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Definições" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização" /><title type="text">Controlando a Performance de Trading Systems através de TRAMO (Time series Regression with ARIMA noise, Missing values and Outliers)</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rcuv_1NELwI/AAAAAAAAABA/k74O6b6gov0/s1600-h/forecast.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 175px; height: 116px;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rcuv_1NELwI/AAAAAAAAABA/k74O6b6gov0/s320/forecast.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5029306920037789442" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:130%;" &gt;O que são &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;outliers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em estatística, um &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;outlier&lt;/span&gt; é uma observação singular determinística e "muito distante" do restante dos dados. Análises estatísticas produzidas com dados que contém &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;outliers &lt;/span&gt;são completamente distorcidas. Um exemplo seria calcularmos a média de altura entre 10 homens, sendo que em 9 deles as alturas variam entre 1.75m-1.90m, porém 1 homem mede &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;10.0m&lt;/span&gt;. Nesse caso, a média de altura entre todos os homens estaria completamente fora da realidade, se considerarmos esse &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;outlier.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;TRAMO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);" href="http://www.bde.es/servicio/software/econome.htm"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;TRAMO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (pacote de sofware gratuito) é um modelo de ajuste sasonal baseado em &lt;a style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoregressive_moving_average_model"&gt;ARIMA &lt;/a&gt;derivado a partir de análises de séries temporais em estatística, e se tornou o método padrão em vários países. Acrônimo para &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;"Time series Regression with ARIMA noise, Missing values and Outliers"&lt;/span&gt;,  levou 8 anos para ser escrito por excelentes estatísticos e programadores do Banco da Espanha, que se basearam nos muitos anos de trabalhos anteriores realizados pelo Banco da Inglaterra. Hoje o Censo Americano está lentamente adotando e modificando sua metodologia atual, dando lugar ao TRAMO que também já foi adotado pela Agência Européia de Estatística.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);font-size:130%;" &gt;Forecasts como Controle de Performance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Essa nova abordagem não tem interesse direto em quebras estruturais ou performance passada, exceto com uma finalidade: &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"performance passada não é necessariamente indicativo de resultados futuros"&lt;/span&gt;...todo mundo costuma dizer isso, porém ninguém realmente compreende o seu real significado.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Considerando que os Level Shifts (LS) outliers são o mesmo que quebras estruturais, e o TRAMO pode facilmente encontrar esses Level Shifts, não precisamos neste caso realizar uma analise pura e simplesmente em busca de quebras estruturais.&lt;br /&gt;Nosso interesse então se volta exclusivamente a performance futura. Para essa finalidade usaremos previsões TRAMO com 24 meses a frente em cima do gráfico de &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;VAMI &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;(Value Added Monthly Index)&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se a &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;previsão for de baixa&lt;/span&gt;, precisaremos tomar alguma decisão importante como parar de operar o sistema, otimizá-lo ou etc...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se a &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;previsão for de alta&lt;/span&gt;, e o retorno dessa previsão for satisfatório e melhor do que nosso &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;índice de benchmark&lt;/span&gt;, continuaremos operando esse sistema (manutenção da estratégia), independente de qualquer performance passada.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;TRAMO leva em conta os efeitos de todos outliers e quebras estruturais (Level Shifts) em suas previsões.&lt;br /&gt;O gráfico abaixo mostra retornos de um Trading System aplicado a futuros da &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;BM&amp;F &lt;/span&gt;ja linearizado e sem os &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;outliers&lt;/span&gt;, no período de 01/1990 a 02/2007&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; (gráfico gerado pela &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_programming_language"&gt;linguagem R&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; e sua previsão de retornos para os próximos 24 meses utilizando-se TRAMO.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rcu-AVNEL0I/AAAAAAAAAB4/4hSf6huKPGo/s1600-h/Contrarian+Trader+System.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rcu-AVNEL0I/AAAAAAAAAB4/4hSf6huKPGo/s400/Contrarian+Trader+System.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5029322321790512962" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;E aqui as previsões encontradas e seus respectivos desvios padrão:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rcu-aVNEL1I/AAAAAAAAACA/h7KxZi7U1rc/s1600-h/forecasts.GIF"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rcu-aVNEL1I/AAAAAAAAACA/h7KxZi7U1rc/s400/forecasts.GIF" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5029322768467111762" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Calculando o que já ficou bastante óbvio pelo gráfico: observação 223 &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;(12.52)&lt;/span&gt;/ observação 200&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;(9.31)&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;34,47%&lt;/span&gt;, o que mostra uma previsão bastante favorável quanto a continuidade de lucros para o futuro próximo.&lt;br /&gt;Calculando pior cenário em 24 meses ficaria : obs223 ( &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;12.51&lt;/span&gt;) - ( desvio padrao &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;0.85 7* 2 &lt;/span&gt;) = &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;11.35&lt;/span&gt;. Pior caso (&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;11.35&lt;/span&gt;)/&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;9.31&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;+21.91%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Com essa abordagem, a performance passada&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; (e a aplicação de métricas de performance como sharpe, sortino ou etc..nesses dados)&lt;/span&gt; é completamente irrelevante, e o que nos realmente interessa é a previsão de performance futura.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;Performance passada utilizada de forma tradicional não é indicativo de performance futura, porém previsões no "&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;estado da arte"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt; podem se tornar variáveis importantes na tomada de decisoes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-2360641314393949686?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/2360641314393949686/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=2360641314393949686&amp;isPopup=true" title="4 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/2360641314393949686" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/2360641314393949686" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/02/monitorando-performance-de-trading.html" title="Controlando a Performance de Trading Systems através de TRAMO (Time series Regression with ARIMA noise, Missing values and Outliers)" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://bp0.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rcuv_1NELwI/AAAAAAAAABA/k74O6b6gov0/s72-c/forecast.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-4939321061194120326</id><published>2007-02-07T17:42:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-02-07T22:29:34.656-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Trading Systems" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização de Portifólio" /><title type="text">A real complexidade de se automatizar com sucesso uma idéia de trading...</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rcor6TumzeI/AAAAAAAAAAk/-wwT_YYD1q4/s1600-h/trading.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rcor6TumzeI/AAAAAAAAAAk/-wwT_YYD1q4/s400/trading.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5028880214640741858" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-4939321061194120326?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/4939321061194120326/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=4939321061194120326&amp;isPopup=true" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/4939321061194120326" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/4939321061194120326" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/02/real-complexidade-de-se-automatizar-com.html" title="A real complexidade de se automatizar com sucesso uma idéia de trading..." /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://bp3.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/Rcor6TumzeI/AAAAAAAAAAk/-wwT_YYD1q4/s72-c/trading.gif" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-2415802426782260254</id><published>2007-02-02T08:51:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-02-09T10:53:57.793-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização" /><title type="text">Melhorando Performance, Sharpe e Drawdown de Trading Systems através de Otimização por Controle Estatístico de Processo e Modelagem Econométrica</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.wkozak.com/Digital%20Drawings%20GIF/Statistics%20at%20Play%20Digital.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 200px;" src="http://www.wkozak.com/Digital%20Drawings%20GIF/Statistics%20at%20Play%20Digital.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Otimização&lt;/span&gt; é um dos itens mais importantes na vida de um trader quantitativo. Ao mesmo tempo que ela pode fazer a toda a diferença, usada de forma errada será desastrosa. É como um remédio essencial que precisa ser milimetricamente dosado, pois caso contrário trará a óbito. Existem &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;N&lt;/span&gt; formas de se trabalhar com otimização, e uma delas nada convencional é utilizar controle estatístico de processo (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;CEP&lt;/span&gt;) e modelagem econométrica. Com essa abordagem, não se faz otimizações frequentes, evitando-se os riscos do chamado &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;curve fitting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;" &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(super otimização)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;limitando-se ao monitoramento e controle de uma mudança de comportamento nos preços ou retornos de um trading system (processo), de forma em se faça otimização apenas quando surgir uma real necessidade para tal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Meu Trading System ainda funciona?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Monitoramento e controle de preços é importante por que:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;1. O desenvolvimento de preços é um processo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;2. Os retornos de um Trading System são gerados por um processo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Existem 2 formas de se analisar um processo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Historicamente: Olhar para o passado e se peguntar em que ponto (caso este ponto exista) o processo se alterou. Por exemplo, se em um &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;backtest&lt;/span&gt; descobrimos que o processo mudou, iremos desejar utilizar apenas dados a partir desta mudança em diante. Se estivermos operando um ativo e construindo um sistema, usaremos dados apenas do novo processo para tal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Monitoramento: Monitorar os novos dados confome eles chegam e se perguntar se algum novo dado modifica o processo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ao analisarmos novos preços de um ativo e novos retornos de um &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Trading System&lt;/span&gt; como sendo partes de um mesmo processo histórico teremos capacidade pra responder perguntas do tipo: A tendência do ativo mudou? O comportamento de um determinado ativo ainda é o mesmo ao longo dos anos? Os últimos retornos do meu Trading System indicam que o sistema não funciona mais como antes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Graças a &lt;a style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_programming_language"&gt;Linguagem R&lt;/a&gt;, essas questões podem ser respondidas.&lt;br /&gt;A mudança em um processo também é chamada de "quebra estrutural".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Análise de Trading System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A figura abaixo se refere um Trading System que opera Ibovespa Futuro (BM&amp;F) de 2000 a 02/2007.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Temos um gráfico VAI (Value Added Index) iniciando em R$1,00, e o gráfico de retornos do sistema.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://img266.imageshack.us/img266/489/28031332ny0.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 443px; height: 406px;" src="http://img266.imageshack.us/img266/489/28031332ny0.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://img255.imageshack.us/img255/5195/23372295ge7.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 403px; height: 432px;" src="http://img255.imageshack.us/img255/5195/23372295ge7.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O grafico acima exemplifica uma quebra estrutural encontrada pelo &lt;a style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);" href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmc/section3/pmc323.htm"&gt;&lt;span&gt;CUSUM &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(em portugues: Carta de Controle de Soma Cumulativa), onde o sistema em questao muda completamente seu comportamento apos essa data. A quebra estrutural cria um marco na serie temporal. Antes da quebra nao tratamos mais do mesmo sistema. Nesse caso, o sistema passou a ter &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;alpha &lt;/span&gt;apos a quebra estrutural, e se tornou um elemento completamente diferente do que era, antes da quebra.&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-2415802426782260254?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/2415802426782260254/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=2415802426782260254&amp;isPopup=true" title="1 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/2415802426782260254" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/2415802426782260254" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/02/melhorando-performance-sharpe-e.html" title="Melhorando Performance, Sharpe e Drawdown de Trading Systems através de Otimização por Controle Estatístico de Processo e Modelagem Econométrica" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-2171367859696462598</id><published>2007-01-31T14:33:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-01-31T21:19:50.147-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização de Portifólio" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Money Management" /><title type="text">Teoria Moderna de Portifólios &amp; Otimização de Portifólio</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RcDLw06LKCI/AAAAAAAAAAY/WcNXYg3Wzck/s1600-h/Capital_Market_Line.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RcDLw06LKCI/AAAAAAAAAAY/WcNXYg3Wzck/s200/Capital_Market_Line.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5026241223842277410" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Teoria Moderna de Portifólios&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Em 1952, Harry Markowitz formulou a moderna teoria do portfólio, cujo funcionamento consiste no uso da estatística para compor portfólios que apresentem o mínimo de risco possível, estabelecendo os fundamentos do método estatístico que propicia a redução da incerteza. Seus esforços lhe renderam o prêmio Nobel de ciência econômica em 1990. Graças a Markowitz, a própria noção de risco passou a ser vista de modo diferente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ao modificar drasticamente a teoria do risco dos mercados financeiros, Markowitz raciocinou em termos de uma carteira. Uma carteira é todo um conjunto de ativos financeiros. Sua lucratividade total é formada pela soma dos retornos de cada ativo ponderada pela participação de seu valor em relação ao total do portfólio. Logo a lucratividade do portfólio é uma média ponderada dos retornos dos papéis que o compõem. E, a volatilidade de uma carteira é menor do que a volatilidade média dos papéis que a integram; é por isso que a diversificação passa a ser um instrumento essencial e importante para qualquer investidor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Teoria Moderna do Portfólio revelou que uma diversificação bem feita pode reduzir ou, até mesmo, eliminar os riscos únicos. De forma simples, se o aumento do preço do petróleo pode prejudicar os resultados de uma empresa de aviação, um investidor poderá reduzir ou anular esse risco (refletido no valor das ações), através da compra de ações (com correlação negativa) de uma empresa petrolífera – obtendo melhores resultados em função do aumento no preço do petróleo. Markowitz também contrapôs as concepções ingenuas de diversificação, segundo as quais bastava colocar os ovos em vários cestos diferentes e, quanto maior o número de cestos, maior a segurança. Entretanto, se existir uma forte e clara correlação entre os ativos, os vários cestos imaginários se comportariam como um único cesto. Pode-se perceber a importância da diversificação através da decomposição do risco total do portfólio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;Com o objetivo de reduzir o risco total das aplicações, um investidor deve manter carteiras diversificadas, em vez de concentrá-las em poucos ativos. O grau de redução do risco de um portfólio pela diversificação dependerá da correlação existente entre os ativos nele incluídos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Otimização de Portifólio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Otimização de Portifólio (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Portfolio Optimization&lt;/span&gt;) seria um passo além do &lt;a href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2006/11/importncia-do-money-management.html#links"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Money Management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, pois permite que se descubra o melhor conjunto de ativos (ou &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;trading systems&lt;/span&gt;) que irão se tornar os de maior utilidade para o usuário de uma forma geral.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em aspectos práticos, se utilizar de sistemas com lógicas completamente diferentes em ativos diferentes, distribuindo o capital da melhor forma possível entre estes veículos trará uma maior utilidade (menor volatilidade, variância, drawdown, maior sharpe...) para a curva de capital.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-2171367859696462598?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/2171367859696462598/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=2171367859696462598&amp;isPopup=true" title="3 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/2171367859696462598" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/2171367859696462598" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/01/teoria-moderna-de-portiflios-otimizao.html" title="Teoria Moderna de Portifólios &amp; Otimização de Portifólio" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://bp0.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RcDLw06LKCI/AAAAAAAAAAY/WcNXYg3Wzck/s72-c/Capital_Market_Line.png" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-5780036574169451664</id><published>2007-01-29T22:43:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-01-29T22:59:16.424-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mean Reversion" /><title type="text">Links - Reversão a Média...</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://tell.fll.purdue.edu/JapanProj/FLClipart/Verbs/think.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 200px;" src="http://tell.fll.purdue.edu/JapanProj/FLClipart/Verbs/think.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://socrates.berkeley.edu/%7Ecraine/econ137_07/Webpage/Notes%20on%20Random%20Walks%20and%20Mean%20Reversion.pdf"&gt;Notes on Random Walks, Mean Reversion and Efficient Markets&lt;/a&gt;, Roger Craine (9/14/03)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://163.1.148.210/%7Emonoyios/docs/mm_sarno_jfm02.pdf"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mean Reversion in Stock Index Futures Markets: a NonLinear Analisys&lt;/a&gt;, Michael Monoyios / Lucio Sarno&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.early-retirement-planning-insights.com/mean-reversion-theory.html"&gt;Mean Reversion Theory,&lt;/a&gt; John Walter Russell (March 11, 2006)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/ec/cer/esrc1/Manzan.pdf"&gt;Nonlinear Mean Reversion in Stock Prices&lt;/a&gt;, Sebastiano Manzan&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-5780036574169451664?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/5780036574169451664/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=5780036574169451664&amp;isPopup=true" title="2 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/5780036574169451664" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/5780036574169451664" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/01/links-reverso-mdia.html" title="Links - Reversão a Média..." /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-1309618279462265350</id><published>2007-01-24T13:43:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-01-24T14:55:26.094-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Opiniões" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mean Reversion" /><title type="text">Mais sobre Reversão a Média...</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.math-inf.uni-greifswald.de/bilder/vspirale_200_rot.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 200px;" src="http://www.math-inf.uni-greifswald.de/bilder/vspirale_200_rot.png" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/profile/08247875356372531665" rel="nofollow" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;"&gt;Chr Investor&lt;/a&gt;    said...       &lt;p style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote style="color: rgb(255, 102, 102); font-style: italic;"&gt;"...Você considera a RM válida, para este caso das moedas ? E como relacionar isso ao mercado acionário ?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abs&lt;br /&gt;CHRistian"&lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;Chr,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eu considero válido o &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-weight: bold;"&gt;RM &lt;/span&gt;mesmo para esse caso das moedas. Porém, falando exclusivamente do mercado de ações (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;onde eu não atuo&lt;/span&gt;) estas questões sobre &lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;RM &lt;/span&gt;nos retornos de ações e na previsibilidade dos retornos de ações são importantes e controversas. Há uns argumentos lógicos bons em ambos os lados do debate. Certamente não existe e nunca existirá comprovação de nenhuma teoria referente a mercado financeiro, já que ele é dinâmico e pode alterar seu padrão a qualquer momento. Felizmente, usando métodos estatísticos corretos, é possível fazer um trabalho empírico usando dados históricos do retorno do mercado com finalidade de tentar encontrar essas respostas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um exemplo aplicado no mercado de ações:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Nós sabemos que o &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;P/L &lt;/span&gt;médio de determinado grupo de ações nos últimos 60 anos é aproximadamente &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;14/ano&lt;/span&gt;. Nós podemos usar dados históricos do mercado e testar as estratégias que compram o papel quando a relação de &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;P/L&lt;/span&gt; está abaixo de &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;14 &lt;/span&gt;e para os vender quando está acima de &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;14&lt;/span&gt;. As estratégias funcionam muito bem e batem o mercado por uma margem razoável nestes testes. Enquanto o timming do mercado se mantiver, e as mesmas estratégias continuarão a funcionar no futuro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;B. Hoje, a relação de &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;P/L &lt;/span&gt;está bem acima de &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;14&lt;/span&gt;. Conseqüentemente, os retornos futuros do mercado de ações estarão bem abaixo da média, e essa estratégia irá falhar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reversão a média é apenas um conceito. Pode ser aplicada em preços, retornos ou qualquer outro parametro imaginável. O desafio portanto é tentar explorar essas vulnerabilidades do mercado de forma lucrativa se baseando nesses conceitos.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-1309618279462265350?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/1309618279462265350/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=1309618279462265350&amp;isPopup=true" title="5 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/1309618279462265350" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/1309618279462265350" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/01/mais-sobre-reverso-mdia.html" title="Mais sobre Reversão a Média..." /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-4871367931399806513</id><published>2007-01-24T08:54:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-01-24T16:10:08.268-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mean Reversion" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Definições" /><title type="text">Introdução a Mean Reversion (Reversão a média )</title><content type="html">Imagine um jogo onde nós façamos uma grande sequência de lances da moeda. Geramos um gráfico desses lances. Cada vez que nós tivermos caras, subimos uma unidade no gráfico. Cada vez que nós tivermos coroas, descemos uma unidade no mesmo gráfco.&lt;br /&gt;Se a moeda for justa, a probabilidade de nós termos caras ou coroas em toda a amostra de dados é exatamente &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-weight: bold;"&gt;50/50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; não importa o que acontecer em lances precedentes. Começaríamos então uma caminhada aleatória pura sem "&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-weight: bold;"&gt;Reversão a Média&lt;/span&gt;".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O gráfico irá para cima e para baixo. Pode ou não pode cruzar a linha horizontal do centro uma ou mais vezes. Vagueará ao redor aleatoriamente. Cada uma vez que iniciarmos uma longa seqüência das caras, o gráfico irá subir (um &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;bull market&lt;/span&gt; ou uma bolha!). Cada vez em que iniciarmos uma longa seqüência de coroas, o gráfico irá para baixo (&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;bear market&lt;/span&gt; ou crash). Em seqüências longas de lances da moeda, estes &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;bull markets&lt;/span&gt; ou &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;bear markets&lt;/span&gt; são muito mais frequentes do que se imagina.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;valor final esperado &lt;/span&gt;para o gráfico é &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-weight: bold;"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;. Isto significa que, antes que o jogo comece, se nós tivermos que fazer uma aposta a respeito do valor final, nossa melhor suposição seria &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;. Se a moeda for justa, nós “esperamos” que durante a metade do tempo o gráfico subirá com as caras, e na outra metade, descerá com as coroas. Ao mesmo tempo, se jogarmos esse jogo inúmeras vezes, esperamos que o valor final desses jogos esteja acima de &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; em metade do tempo, e que esteja abaixo de &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; na outra metade do tempo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abaixo o gráfico gerado por mil lances de moedas:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RbdAe5MrKaI/AAAAAAAAAAM/Iiua3xFKwFc/s1600-h/untitled.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RbdAe5MrKaI/AAAAAAAAAAM/Iiua3xFKwFc/s400/untitled.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5023554808849312162" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Note que o valor final &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;24 &lt;/span&gt;é bem acima de &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;0. &lt;/span&gt;Nessa simulação, tivemos &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;512 &lt;/span&gt;caras e &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;488 &lt;/span&gt;coroas. com &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;24 &lt;/span&gt;caras a mais que coroas.&lt;br /&gt;Note um nítido &lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;"bull market"&lt;/span&gt; onde o grafico sai de &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; rapidamente e vai para &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;24&lt;/span&gt;. Após esse movimento, vemos um &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;"crash"&lt;/span&gt;, onde o gráfico desce de &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;24 &lt;/span&gt;para &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;9. &lt;/span&gt;Após esse movimento, temos um movimento nitidamente de lado durante um longo período, seguido por outro &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic;"&gt;"bull market"&lt;/span&gt; antes do final da simulação.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:180%;" &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:180%;" &gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"&gt;Reversão a média (Mean Reversion) é uma estratégia baseada na premissa matemática  de que os preços eventualmente se moverão de volta a média recente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 102); font-style: italic;font-size:180%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Suponha que nossa moeda tenha "memória". Sempre que nós obtemos mais caras do que coroas, a probabilidade de obter outra cara seria mais baixa - diríamos que as probabilidades neste caso ficariam &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;40/60 &lt;/span&gt;para &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;caras/coroas&lt;/span&gt;. Inversamente, sempre que nós obtemos mais coroas do que caras, com o gráfico se situando abaixo da linha central horizontal (&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;linha 0&lt;/span&gt;), a probabilidade de obter uma outra coroa seria mais baixa - diríamos que as probabilidades neste caso ficariam &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;60/40&lt;/span&gt; para &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;caras/coroas&lt;/span&gt;. Este é um exemplo de &lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Reversão a Média (RM)&lt;/span&gt;. (Em estatística, “&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;os processos estacionários&lt;/span&gt;” usados para modelar Reversão a Média são mais complexos do que este. Eu simplifiquei e distorci a matemática para torná-lo de mais fácil entendimento).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Com RM, o valor final esperado (0 nesse caso) tem uma tendência de "puxar para si" os valores do gráfico. Nós diríamos então que ao passar do tempo, os "preços" tenderiam a reverter para sua média(0).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sem RM, esse efeito de "puxada" é inexistente. O gráfico pode em algum ponto estar 100 unidades acima ou abaixo da linha central horizontal (0), mas a jogada seguinte ainda teria 50/50 das probabilidades.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Imagine que estamos em algum lugar no meio de nosso jogo. Sem RM, não há nenhuma maneira de prever de forma racional o lance seguinte da moeda - há sempre uma possibilidade uniforme de 50/50 para caras/coroas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Concluindo: para o nosso exemplo de RM, se o gráfico estiver atualmente acima da linha central, nós podemos apostar nas coroas, e se o gráfico estiver atualmente abaixo da linha central, nós podemos apostar nas caras, e em cada caso nossa tacada teria uma possibilidade de 60% de acerto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-4871367931399806513?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/4871367931399806513/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=4871367931399806513&amp;isPopup=true" title="3 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/4871367931399806513" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/4871367931399806513" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/01/filosofia-de-mean-reversion-reverso.html" title="Introdução a Mean Reversion (Reversão a média )" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://bp3.blogger.com/_3fvTAPTf_Ds/RbdAe5MrKaI/AAAAAAAAAAM/Iiua3xFKwFc/s72-c/untitled.JPG" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-116915969668072551</id><published>2007-01-18T20:24:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-01-24T00:16:28.292-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otimização" /><title type="text">Um pouco sobre Otimização</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.math.wustl.edu/wavelet/image/Wavelet3DC1.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 239px; height: 179px;" src="http://www.math.wustl.edu/wavelet/image/Wavelet3DC1.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O processo de otimização consiste em encontrar a melhor resposta possível para um problema.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O que você entende por "&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;melhor solução possível para um problema&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quando falamos de trading, "a melhor solução possível para um problema" trata-se de um conjunto específico de regras, ou até mesmo parâmetros de um sistema, portanto, podemos definir a "melhor solução possível para um problema" como a solução que fornece melhor performance com menor custo!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Como falhar utilizando Otimização?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Primeiro, certifique-se de utilizar uma pequena amostra de dados quando fizer simulações:  quanto menor a amostra , melhor será a fraca representação dos dados reais em que o sistema irá trabalhar no futuro.&lt;br /&gt;Segundo, tenha certeza de que o sistema possua inúmeros itens a serem otimizados: quanto maior o número de variáveis a serem estimadas, mais facilmente ele obterá resultados ruins.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Inferência estátistica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ignorar inferência estatística também ajuda bastante nesse objetivo de falhar com otimização!&lt;br /&gt;Muitos traders armados com computadores e graficos não conhecem nada sobre estatística. Quando medem a performance dos sistemas que estão testando, usam lucro médio por trade. Mas um sistema com, digamos,  uma média de  R$1000,00 em 250 observações com um desvio padrão de  R$25.000,00 nao é o típico sistema em que eu gostaria de usar. Resultados como esse não dão razão alguma para que se possa esperar lucros no futuro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;Amostras pequenas de dados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Otimização aplicada a uma pequena amostra de dados fará com que o otimizador encontre a melhor solução possível. A melhor solução possível para os dados de desenvolvimento no entanto se tornará a pior solução para a amostra posterior, onde os trades serão genuinamente feitos!&lt;br /&gt;A falha se deve não por que o otimizador encontrou uma má solução, mas sim por que ele encontrou &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;uma boa solução para o problema errado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/37434263-116915969668072551?l=statisticaltrading.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/feeds/116915969668072551/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=37434263&amp;postID=116915969668072551&amp;isPopup=true" title="1 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/116915969668072551" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/37434263/posts/default/116915969668072551" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://statisticaltrading.blogspot.com/2007/01/um-pouco-sobre-otimizao.html" title="Um pouco sobre Otimização" /><author><name>MasterChief</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12537334431763006251</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" name="OpenSocialUserId" value="06793333297236913528" /></author><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37434263.post-116835132561872610</id><published>2007-01-09T11:56:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2007-01-24T14:15:00.152-02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Notícia" /><title type="text">Notícia: Day trading on steroids</title><content type="html">&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.tradebotsystems.com/img/tblogoshadow.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 220px; height: 67px;" src="http://www.tradebotsystems.com/img/tblogoshadow.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h1 style="color: rgb(255, 204, 153); text-align: left;" class="headline"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Day trading on steroids&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Kansas City Business Journal - January 9, 2007 by Charlie Anderson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;A flat-screen computer announces: "Crank the volume!"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;The traders on the floor sit silently, clicking their mouses. If you were expecting "Boiler Room" or "Wall Street," you'd be wrong. Jeans and T-shirts are favored over Gordan Gekko-esque cufflinks.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;But Gekko would be proud: Tradebot Systems Inc. trades an estimated 3 percent to 5 percent of all shares exchanged on the Nasdaq market each day, founder and CEO Dave Cummings said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Tradebot trades 50 million to 100 million shares a day. Anywhere from 1 billion to 2 billion shares trade daily on Nasdaq.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;That means billions of dollars worth of equities pass through Tradebot's software-driven trading system each day. At any given time, you might walk in and see that the firm has traded 20 percent of Yahoo! Inc.'s daily volume.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;The stock doesn't stay for long: Tradebot starts each day holding no shares and ends each day holding no shares. It makes profits in the fractions of pennies on each share by quickly buying and selling. When all the gains are added up, you might have a $50,000 day, Cummings said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"It's day-trading on steroids," he said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Tradebot began as a software project in 1999. Today, it might be Kansas City's most fascinating company.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Trader Andy Vos joined Tradebot two years ago, but he still hasn't shaken that amazed look people get when they first walk through the doors.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;He's seated amid 24 computer screens, each of which flashes hundreds of numbers. Vos points out the one that matters: a line chart that shows he's made more than $5,000 after rapidly buying and selling millions of shares of stock.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Most of that profit is off Microsoft stock. Vos and the Tradebot crew have exchanged about 5 million of its shares since the market opened.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"We're 13 percent of Microsoft (volume) -- right here in North Kansas City," Vos said, his eyebrows raised and grin widening.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Around Vos, 15 traders each sit in front of 20 or more screens -- and they're cranking the volume.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Cummings, 35, won't disclose Tradebot's annual revenue, but he said the company enjoys a double-digit profit margin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;On the day Vos was making north of $5,000, Tradebot was having a $50,000 day (the equivalent of a revenue figure).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;All the money is the firm's. It has no customers and uses no outside capital.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Instead, Cummings is slowly ratcheting up the amount of trades using Tradebot's profit each day. He started with $25,000 in a spare bedroom of his house in 1999.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Today, the company has 30 employees and a snazzy storefront location on Armour Road in North Kansas City. Cummings' U-shaped desk is surrounded by 12 flat-screen computer monitors.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Tradebot was born near the tail end of the dot-com era, but its value system is inherently different. Cummings keeps a copy of a book called "Dot Con" in his office.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"We started with the notion, like a lot of dot-coms, that we wanted to get big and wanted to go public," he said. "I've just discarded a lot of that. I basically like where we're at."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Cummings owns 100 percent of the firm after buying out a handful of early investors. What Tradebot does next is fully his call.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"It's a great lifestyle," he said. "But it doesn't need to be as big as Goldman Sachs."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;You might wonder why Goldman Sachs isn't doing what Tradebot does -- or Merrill Lynch or Citigroup or JP Morgan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;The answer lies in Tradebot's secret weapon: Cummings' brain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;He has professional experience as a software coder and as a commodities trader. Where those two uniquely skilled professions meet bore Tradebot.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"I saw the world of computers and trading converging," Cummings said. "So the idea was really to just create a robot that traded like a pit trader."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Cummings doesn't think his idea is unique. Instead, he was uniquely positioned to execute it -- he could code software with a trader's mind.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"A trader might of had this idea, and he might of had some money, and he tried to hire an IT guy to write what he was talking about," Cummings said. "But they didn't speak the same language, and it took forever. They never got it done."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;With a computer engineering degree from Purdue University, he spent the early 1990s at North Kansas City-based Cerner Corp., the area's largest software company.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;After a two-year software project, Cummings decided to go to the floor of the Kansas City Board of Trade as a pit trader. He self-taught by reading books.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;In January 1999, he called it quits and gave himself three months to design a program that could trade stock at hyperspeed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"The third month, we made money," Cummings said. "And every month after that, we made money."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;The software never went through a simulation with fake money. Cummings used his $25,000 and traded small to start, building off his incremental profits.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"I was willing to take the risk," he said. "I just always felt like simulated results weren't worth anything."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;By 2002, Tradebot was trading 100 million shares a day.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"They're the new breed," said Joseph Rizzello, an industry consultant and former president of Pershing Trading Co., a Wall Street trading house. "(Cummings) is one of the pioneers. He figured it out before the big Wall Street firms."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Rizzello said he thinks Tradebot is one of the Nasdaq's top 10 traders, by volume.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;But as trader Eric Boles explained, the risk isn't huge. He buys and sells shares in blocks of 500 or so. The shares are held for seconds before they are disposed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"The software limits the downside," he said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;An example: Tradebot was trading shares of Cerner on April 3, 2003, when the price plummeted from $32.09 to $18.55 within minutes of a missed earnings announcement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;But because Tradebot disposes stock so rapidly, it missed the big plunge and even made money, Vos said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Boles said computers do about 70 percent of the work, using complex algorithms to systematically buy and sell based on variables such as overall market movement and Tradebot's belief in a stock's implied price.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;The traders watch the screens and can tinker with the variables at any time when they spot an unusual trend.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;The work is like playing a video game. Tradebot's software is the arsenal against anyone else day-trading in what amounts to a zero-sum game.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"The stock market's the biggest video game in the world," Cummings said. "It's an intellectual battle between us and our known competitors and our unknown competitors."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;To keep up, a dozen software programmers constantly push out trading models.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"There's no resting," said Joe Ratterman, Tradebot's vice president of business development. "The algorithms that work today may not work tomorrow."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Cummings said Tradebot's future is tied to its ability to innovate fast.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 153);"&gt;"I don't worry about Goldman Sachs," he said. "I worry about the five 22-years-olds in a garage that are just getting started."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='text-align:center; padding: 0px 3px 0.5em 3px;'&gt;
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