By the same measure, per capita income in Zaire, Burundi, and Niger is currently $249, $479, and $514, respectively.

The research provides the first annual estimates of GDP for England between 1270 and 1700 and for Great Britain between 1700 and 1870. Far more data are available for the pre-1870 period than is widely realised. Britain after the Norman conquest was a literate and numerate society that generated substantial written records, many of which have survived. As a result, the research was aided by a wide variety of records – among them manorial records, tithes, farming records, and probate records.

Professor Broadberry further said that: “Our research shows that the path to the Industrial Revolution began far earlier than commonly has been understood. A widely held view of economic history suggests that the Industrial Revolution of 1800 suddenly took off, in the wake of centuries without sustained economic growth or appreciable improvements in living standards in England from the days of the hunter-gatherer. By contrast, we find that the Industrial Revolution did not come out of the blue. Rather, it was the culmination of a long period of economic development stretching back as far as the late medieval period.”

Source:  Warwick University – Medieval England twice as well off as today’s poorest nations

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est donné par Patrick Coets durant le mois de décembre 2010 à Tunis.

Financial services provider BBVA identified ten nations it believes will do more to aid the worldwide expansion in GDP than a majority of their advanced counterparts over the coming decade.

In order of importance, this selection – which it termed the “EAGLEs” – contained China, India, Brazil, Korea, Indonesia, Russia, Mexico, Turkey, Egypt and Taiwan.

EAGLEs could grow by about 2pp less than what we envisage and still have larger incremental demand than a country like Italy.” A rise in internal consumption is set to play a key role for each of these markets, which typically boast highly favourable demographics.

The supply-side economics behind BBVA forecasts seem safer than for many developed économies. Most EAGLEs can rely on significant population growth versus a relative stabilisation or decline in the G7 countries. This bodes well for their domestic demand. Russia was lower down the rankings than is often the case, and is not clearly one of the countries where you’re going to see that much additional demand. Elsewhere, BBVA named another 11 nations that might augment global GDP to a more substantial degree than the smallest member of the G7, Italy. This cohort encompassed Nigeria, Poland, South Africa, Thailand, Colombia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Argentina, Peru and the Philippines. Each of those economies will generate short but close to €294m; £250m) in new business.

If you wish to know more read : BBVA survey on emerging markets

Following recent estimations, the Chinese urban population could reach 880m people by 2037. The pace of urbanisation in China will have a fundamental effect on all businesses. China is still a developing market. Urbanisation does more than just drive growth; it also makes it more stable. Guangzhou, Wenzhou, Shanghai and Suzhou currently constitute the primary consumer markets, but other cities are quickly gaining ground. To identify the new generation of leading municipalities, the EIU analysed 86 prefectures boasting at least 1million inhabitants, choosing 20 it believed might form a base for expansion. These outlets – collectively termed CHAMPS – were spread throughout the country, and included Baotou, Shenyang, Wuhu, Hohhot, Xiamen, Wuhan, Nanchang and Xuzhou. During the next decade, these urban centres will grow by 27% to 85m people, in which time the 20 wealthiest cities should swell by 19% and hit 100 million.

The richest cities will still be important but they are already crowded markets,” the EIU suggested. “The best growth opportunities for products targeted at high-income earners will in most cases be in the inland cities.” In 2009, the median salary among residents of the 20 most affluent metropolitan hubs was 42% greater than their rapidly-developing peers, a gap falling to 15% by 2020. Annual earnings now stand at approximately 17,000 yuan (€1,870) across the latter group of conurbations, potentially surpassing 30,000 yuan by 2018. Average income may also expand to 57,000 yuan by 2020, measured against 65,000 yuan in the 20 richest areas.

Since CHAMPS consumers tend to be at different income levels from their wealthier counterparts, the types of goods they purchase tend to differ, the EIU said. For instance, every household in Shanghai has, on average, 1.1 PCs, while in Chongqing that number is only 0.6 . Thus the CHAMPS have plenty of scope for rapid growth in household penetration rates.

By 2013, there will be an additional 2.3m mobile phones in the 20 emerging cities per year, 1.8m more personal computers, 1.6m extra TV sets and 700,000 more private cars.

Another benefit of prioritising these markets is that they broadly represent China’s urban population as a whole, thus offering transferable learnings. Within its overall selection, the EIU earmarked six sites which could be particularly advantageous for companies to focus on.

Heifei was named as the top-ranked prospect, boosted by impressive levels of disposable expenditure, relatively low living costs and sizeable government investment. Maanshan and Chongqing, both on the Yangtze River, provide low transport costs, while Shenyang, Anshan and Pingdingshan have heavy industry capabilities alongside attracting major resources from the government.

The fact several Chinese cities are becoming increasingly interconnected is a further issue to consider when planning for the future. For example, Guangzhou, Shenzzhen, Dongguan and Foshan are forming the “Pearl River Delta City”, which will yield a combined population of 31.2m by the mid-2030s. Similarly, Beijing and Tianjin, merging into a joint entity colloquially known as Jingjin, should house 31.1m people, while the “Yangtze River Delta City”, comprising Shanghai and Suzhou, contains 14.8m citizens.

As part of collaborations between Belgium and Vietnam, the Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management organizes several postgraduate programs in Hanoi and Ho Chi Min City.

Bernhard Adriaensens, Professor at the University of Brussels and an international consultant will teach marketing as part of an MBA program. It will be at the National Economics University in Hanoi from November 22 to December 4, 2010 and will return in March 2011.

In 2009, he already had taught in Ho Chi Min City.

The experience gained by teaching in Vietnam shows that the young leaders of the country are eager to learn the disciplines of modern managerment. Participants in these programs are very well trained.

Poland followed with a spending increase of 18%, Italy with 15% and Hungary with 11% growth. In the UK, France and Bulgaria, ad spend grew by 10%. Estimates for Germany and Slovakia have been put at 10%-15% and 10% respectively.

Strong growth in Spain was lead by a 28% growth in display which showed higher growth than search for the first time, which also grew by 14%. The strong results have been attributed to growth in the automotive sector, and a maturing market as well as the nations’ performance at the World Cup.

According to Alain Heureux, president and chief executive of the IAB Europe, the European online advertising market could overtake the US by summer next year.

“These half yearly figures suggest that a tipping point has been reached. Every day new companies plan online ad campaigns for the first time, encouraged by reach, return on investment and consumer engagement. Those that are already online are allocating a greater proportion of their ad spend to the medium,” said the belgian born Alain Heureux.

Historically, Chinese consumers visited stores around five times more often each week than their US counterparts, with the average basket size only a quarter of that in America.

In 2010, frequency rates have fallen, shown by a slight drop from 0.6 trips to 0.5 trips in the home and personal care sector per seven days, while the normal value of purchases has grown from 18.42 yuan ($2.76; €1.98) to 24.10 yuan.

“The trend toward fewer but more costly shopping trips reflects the Chinese consumer’s convergence with developed-world norms,” McKinsey said.

Meanwhile, 73% of participants said shopping was a leisure activity, 45% included it in the list of pastimes they enjoyed most, and a majority viewed such excursions as a nice way to spend family time.

Emotional drivers also now play a broader role, given the number of people saying laundry detergents must have a “good scent” hitting 61%, measured against 40% from 2008.

Similarly, 28% of customers wish detergents to carry “appealing package design”, an increase on 16% in 2008, suggesting rising wealth is imparting desires beyond the purely functional.

Equally, 45% of Chinese respondents believed higher prices equated to better quality, a perception shared by just 16% of US customers and 8%in Japan.

However, 23% of contributors in China “would go out of their way to buy from stores that offered the best price,” declining to 18% in America and 12% in Japan, indicating value’s enduring appeal.

McKinsey found 24% of Chinese customers had traded up in at least one category without trading down in another, and 50% balanced choosing more expensive options in one area by selecting cheaper items elsewhere.

Some 5% were boosting either the volume or regularity of goods bought, 7% had not changed their spending rituals and 14% “only traded down.”

In all, a 54% share of the sample actually “traded off”, with those making upgrades covering one-to-three categories typically posting reductions in up to seven.

Over 70% of people trading up in out-of-home dining, and 50% concerning alcohol, were “white-collar men who want to improve their standing” while simultaneously switching to low-cost personal care, snacks and packaged food brands.

Approximately 80% of demand for higher-priced apparel, footwear and accessories originated with lower-middle-income shoppers rather than “fashionistas”, McKinsey added.

Looking forward, McKinsey predicted large pack sizes, bundled promotions, home delivery, loyalty schemes and attractive in-store environments – possibly housing restaurants and play areas – will be key.

Word of mouth remains the most influential medium, and 64% of interviewees said it impacted purchase decisions, an increase from 56% in 2008.

Television is king regarding awareness, as 85% of the panel stated they had received information via TV during the last two months, although this marked a decrease on 98% two years previously.

Online’s reach stood at 24%, but 56% of Chinese said it was a credible source, whereas 46% afforded the same status to television, a reversal on 2008, when the web scored 26% and TV generated 55%

(*) McKinsey surveyed 15,000 adults in 49 cities.

La conférence de lancement a attiré près d’une centaine de personnes, avec une participation remarquée des média (presse, TV, radio ).

Le Ministre de la formation Professionnelle et de l’Emploi, S.E. Monsieur Mohamed AGREBI, à mis l’accent sur l’importance des exportations dans le processus de développement de la Tunisie. Nous avons également eu l’honneur d’apprécier une clôture pertinente des débats par le Secrétaire d’Etat au Commerce Extérieur, S.E. Monsieur Chokri MAMOGHLI.

Patrick Coets a déclaré lors de son intervention “que les perspectives importantes de développement du commerce internationale, appelle à maîtriser constamment les outils et les méthodes les plus récents. Cette spécialisation des acteurs passe notamment au travers d’une formation continue.” Luc Vandeputte a présenté le programme de formation, développé par Train4Trade, qui s’articule sur une pédagogie par projet. “Les participants sont notamment confrontés à des cas pratiques à partir desquels ils doivent présenter une solution originale.”

TTC Pilotage (Goupe Time Université) au travers de ses Executives, Dr. Mohamed Damak (Président) et Madame Assa Loukil (Directeur Général) partage la même vision d’un partenariat de qualité avec l’ensemble du Groupe Train4Trade.

Revue de presse (Train4Trade dans la presse) :

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The research firm Ibope reported that economic growth has resulted in 32m people, called “Classe C”, joining the middle class for the first time, swelling overall numbers to 100m. The middle class as a whole, which boasts a large number of relatively young shoppers, currently generates the majority of domestic consumption. Based on a survey of 20,000 people from Classe C, Ibope found a particular demand concerning property and cars, alongside a willingness to pay a premium for high-quality goods in sectors like personal care.

Moreover, this audience is seeking “products matching their values and principles, their lifestyle and attitudes,” its study added.

Fabio Mariano Borges, a professor at the School of Advertising and Marketing in São Paulo, said : “It shows that thèse last years we were targeting the wrong people. Class C now consists of telemarketers, secretaries, receptionists and teachers. Strong public consumption was responsible for taking the country out of the 2008 financial crisis.”

(Data sourced from Diário do Grande ABC)

General Electric has opened, some ten years ago its John F Welch Technology Centre, Bangalore, investing around $175m since then. It has outlined an intention to boost the headcount at this unit by 3,000 scientists, supplementing the 5,500 existing staff, alongside constructing a plant in the country. “India is a very critical market right now. As the outlook for the US and Europe slows … the interest levels here continue to go up,” said John L Flannery, President/CEO, GE India. “We have reorganised the business, created a separate P&L so that we could be more responsive to the market and make decisions quickly.” “If we were to pick a word of what we have to do in India, it is localisation.”

DuPont, which manufactures a range of goods from mobile handsets to chemicals, will allocate some $300m to India over the next three years, via the DuPont Knowledge Center, Hyderabad. The organisation currently generates approximately $500m in Indian sales per annum, and hopes to double this total by 2012. “India is among our top ten revenue contributors,” said Mark P Vergnano, Executive Vice President, DuPont.  “The plan is to make it among the top five. That’s the reason why we are investing more in DKC.” The core sectors DuPont will be targeting include farming and green tech, responding to the distinct requirements of Indian customers.

Nestlé has recently unveiled plans to build a dedicated R&D site in India, which will be fully functional by mid-2012. “The centre will focus on ‘popularly positioned products’, not just for India but also worldwide,” said Klaus Zimmermann, Nestlé’s director of research and development. “These products meet the specific needs of consumers with lower income levels by offering them high-quality, nutritionally enhanced products at affordable prices.” At present, Nestlé receives just 1% of global revenues from India, and is aiming to increase this figure substantially going forward. “The centre would help in developing products for the Indian market across segments for dairy, cereal, beverage, culinary and shelf-stable dairy products,” said Zimmermann.

Procter & Gamble is also attempting to tailor its Indian strategy in line with the corporate mantra of “purpose-inspired” growth. “It’s certainly not an aircraft engine; we don’t always go for the big bang,” said Ashish Chatterjee, head of P&G’s Bangalore Innovation Centre. “Our innovation is driven by consumer inspiration.”

(Data sourced from Livemint, Economic Times, DNA, Mydigitalfc,  and Warc)