Rajan's blog

Serum and plasma preparation

2023-07-22T20:07:00.000+05:30

Serum preparation

-Begin by collecting blood from animals with sterile syringes.

- Place the blood in a clean tube and let it at room temperature for 15-30 minutes.

- Place the tube in the centrifuge machine and spin it for 10-15 minutes at 3000 RPM to separate the serum from the blood cells.

- After centrifuging the sample, the clot particles settle to the bottom and yellowish serum liquid comes on the surface.

- Extract the serum with a Pasteur pipette and preserve it for laboratory tests.

plasma preparation

When whole blood is collected in anticoagulant-treated tubes, plasma gets created. The blood does not clot in the plasma tube. Centrifugation is used to separate the cells. Using a Pasteur pipette, the supernatant, known as plasma, is carefully separated from the cell particle.

Composition of blood- Flowchart

2023-07-21T22:20:00.002+05:30

HOT TRENDING TOPIC “MURRHA” BECOMING POPULAR IN NEPAL:

2023-07-19T22:50:00.000+05:30

What does "Murrha" means?

The unique breed known as the murrha was first discovered in the Indian state of Punjab. Murrha is world’s finest milk producing buffalo which is popular in dairy farming and also meat production.

The average male and female body weights are 500–550 kg and 400–450 kg, respectively. First calving time is 42-43 month on average. It can yield 1550–2500 Ltr of milk each lactation. The fat proportion in milk is 7-8% and SNF (solid not fat) 10-12%.

Why is murrha popular right now?

A memorandum of agreement was agreed upon during Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal's recent visit to India to deliver the Murrah buffalo bulls to Nepal.

A substantial increase in milk production will result from crossbreeding using artificial insemination on at least 100,000 buffaloes after the production of 150,000 doses of semen from 15 Murrah buffalo bulls in a year after three years, according to a statement released on Sunday by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development. The primary goal is to grade Nepalese buffaloes, which are crossbred locally. When inseminated calves reached growing up, grading up helped buffaloes produce more milk of higher quality.

According to the Ministry, the Murrah buffalo bulls were retained under the NARC (Nepal agriculture research center) from the Government of Nepal with India on various dates based on the Nepal-India Joint Agriculture Group conference in 2018.

According to reliable sources, Nepali researchers and technicians are prepared to visit Indian farms to study their technological features.When the technical aspects are finalized, the Murrah buffalo bulls will be made available to the Nepali side at Nepal's customs points. The Department of Livestock Services' National Livestock Breeding Offices in Pokhara, Nepalgunj, and Lahan would be in supervision of the Murrah buffalo bulls.

Source:- https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/murrah-buffalo-bull

Enterotoxemia: A common problems in Sheep and Goat

2022-06-24T18:57:00.035+05:30

ENTEROTOXEMIA

ETIOLOGY

• Caused by clostridium perfringens that produce toxin starting from A to F of which clostridium type A, B, C, D, E are important.

INTRODUCTION

It is an infectious disease of ruminant which is caused by clostridum perfringens gram positive bacteria which produce toxin. It`s mainly effected maximum 2-10 month of animal.

The bacteria of this disease are found in soil, feaces and intestine of ruminant. Excess milk feeding,grasses increase the number of bacteria which produce toxin that goes in blood and transfer to whole body of animal.

TYPES OF CASUATIVE AGENTS

1. Clostridium perfringens type-A:

eexact role of type A in relation to disease in cattle,calves and lambs is not clear. It produce toxin.enterotoxaemic jaundice is seen in sheep and cattle.The affected animal show respiratory distress, bloody foam from mouth and nostrils.

2. Clostridium perfringens type-B:

The organism

produce a disease known as lamb dysentery. Organism produces α, β and Σ toxin. The β toxin produces enteritis (inflammation of small intestine) and Σ toxin affect the neural tissue. The disease is characterised by servere dysentery abdominal pain, aimless wandering. Peracute case will lead to sudden death without showing any clinical manifestation.

Small necrotic area, surrounded by zone of haemorrage are noted in the intestinal mucosa. Liver is enlarged and friable.

3. Clostridium perfringens type-C

It affect sheep, goat, and cattle. It produce hemorrhagic enterotoaxemia which is an acute disease of young calves. It produce both α and β toxin. Excess feeding of milk causing intestinal stasis favour the multiplication of the organism and thereby production of toxin. Clinical sign include abdomin pain, weakness, depression, failure to nurse, hemorrhagic diarrhoea.

The lesions are found in small intestine particularly in jejunum and ileum characterized by hemorrhagic changes. There is also necrotic and ulcerative change.

4. Clostridium perfringens type

It is a disease of sheep but cattle and goat are occasionally affected.It produce α toxin. The young sheep and calves are affected. There is diffuse reddening of abomasal mucosa, sub- endocardial and myocardial hemorrhage. The central nervous system(CNS) may be affected. For this, animal may become blind. Sheep may show the sign of glycosuria. Straw coloured fluid is found in the periteneal, pleural and pericardial sac.

In sheep the disease is also known as pulpy kidney disease. Affected lamb may jump in the air, fall in ground go in convulsion and die within few minutes.

The sheep that die suddenly may not show any post mortem lesions. Haemorrhagic lesions are seen in peritoneum, epicardium, endocardium, diaphgram, abomasum and duodenum. There is softening of kidney. Kidney change develop in 3 to 4 hr following death.

5. Clostridium perfringens type-E:

It produce α and β toxin. There is fatal infection leading to death. There is hemorrhagic changes in the intestine.

6. Clostridium perfringens type-F:

The organism produces potent toxin and causes diarrhoea in calves and lambs. It is not certainly known as to be causative agent of any fatal disease of animal.

Sign and Symptoms;

• Maximum animal die without showing any symptoms.

• Affected animal temperature became 107°F.

• Redness of eye.

• Problem in breathing.

• Diarrhoea

• Dehydration

• Abdomin pain

Treatment;

• Penicillin inj. 10,000 unit per kg body wt or strepto penicillin 5 gram in large animal and 1-2 gram in small animal twice a day for 3days in intra muscular can be given.

• Oral and systematic antibiotic may be tried but treatment does not yeild satisfactory response.

• Antitoxin if available can be given soon after birth.

• Vaccination can be done.

PHYSICS

2020-08-17T17:58:00.005+05:30

PHYSICS

Chapter:- Radioactivity

Theory

PDF file download here

Topic included:- Definition and types of radioactivity, properties of alfa ray particles, properties of beta rays particles, properties of beta-gamma particles, Laws of radioactive disintegration, Decay equation, Half-life, Radiocarbon dating, medical uses of radiation

Numerical

PDF file download here

Topic included:- Decay law of N, Relation between half-life and decay constant, Law of radioactivity.

Chapter:- Photo-electricity

PDF file download here

Topic included:- Photo Electric effect, Quantum Theory of Radiation, Threshold energy or Work function (∅), Stopping Potential, Einstein’s Photo Electric Equation, Uses of the photoelectric effect, Bohr’s Theory of H- Atom, Numerical problems.

Chapter:- Properties of Nucleus

PDF file download here

Topic included:- Nucleus, Types of Nucleus, Properties of Nucleus, Atomic mass unit (a.m.u) and its

equivalent energy, Mass defect, Binding Energy, Binding Energy per Nucleon, Einstein’s Mass-Energy Relation, Nuclear Fission, Nuclear Fusion, Difference Between Fission and Fusion, Numerical Problems

Chapter:- X-Rays

PDF file download here

Topic included:- Definition, Production of X-rays - Modern Coolidge tube, Properties of X-rays, Application (uses) of X-rays, Short questions and numerical

CHEMISTRY

2020-08-04T14:03:00.007+05:30

DIPLOMA IN AGRICULTURE (FIRST YEAR)

1) CHEMISTRY= PDF DOWNLOAD

Note:-
Topic included: Functional groups, Homologous series, IUPAC Nomencleature system, Alkanes,

2)CHEMISTRY= PDF DOWNLOAD

Note:-

Topic included: Ketones, Aldehydes, Ethers, Isomerism, Alkyl halides.

3) CHEMISTRY= PDF DOWNLOAD

Note:-

Topic included: Organic Reaction, Bond fission, Inductive effect, Electrophiles and Nucleophiles, Resonance,

BOTANY

2020-08-04T13:53:00.001+05:30

Diploma in Agriculture (first year) Notes

Algae= pdf file download

Mathematics

2020-07-28T13:45:00.001+05:30

Diploma in Agriculture (first year) Notes

Mathematics

Matrix and determinant = pdf download

The Ultimate Revelation Of Cattle Farming.

2020-06-04T12:47:00.000+05:30

Cattle Farming

Cattle are the fundamental resources of our every day food utilization. From the traditional days itself, they need to become an important part of our livelihood, especially for milk. Those cattle, which provide milk are called milch/dairy animals, Those cattle, which it uses for meat purpose is called beef cattle and are utilized for work object are labour purpose, are called draught cattle. The period after the birth of a calf, when a cow starts to supply milk, is named lactation period. We can improve milk creation by expanding this lactation period. For example, the foreign breeds like Jersey, Holstein-Friesian, Brown Swiss, have long lactation period while local breeds like Scotch-Highland, Red Sindhi, Sahiwal, and Brahman, Brangus are known for their disease-resistant trait. The breeding of these two varieties help us to enhance the quantity and quality of the milk production

Types of cattle farming

Basically, there are two types of animals raised in cattle farming, one is for producing milk and beef while the other is for doing labour work.
In Nepal and India, cattle farming for beef production is strictly prohibited as they are treated as holy animals, so the demand for dairy animals will be high here.
In other countries, the demand for beef generating animals is as high as a dairy cow.

Beef cattle:- Devon, Jersey, British white, Highland, Dexter, Holsten, Ayrshire, Long-horn etc

Milk cattle:- Jersey, Holstein-Fresian, Aryshere, Brown-swiss, Shorthorn etc

Importance of cattle farming

It is important for various factors one of the few are listed below:

For the raise in the Living standard

For the growing meat demand

For the ever-growing demand for Milk and dairy products.

The major importance is for its rich manure obtained from the cattle excreta which is almost the all-powerful influence in organic farming.

To increase in GDP income for an agricultural country

The World’s Most Dangerous Dog Breeds

2020-06-01T22:40:00.002+05:30

The World’s Most Dangerous Dog Breeds

Canines(Dogs) have for quite some time been known as man's (and woman's) closest friends. Canines are faithful and adorable, and they frequently give pity, support, and different administrations to their human partners. In any case, they can likewise be serious.

Dependent upon the animal's youth, feeling, and conditions, any canine can be dangerous. In reality, even a little puppy may bite someone. In all honesty, chihuahuas jump into vets more consistently than some other kind of puppy.

Regardless, certain collections can cause progressively critical harm just taking into account their size or the intensity of their jaws. Taking into account the damage they can do, these are a part of the world's most dangerous pooches, in no particular solicitation.
Tragically, only one out of every odd canine is seen as being as adorable and cuddly as Toto.

Be that as it may, the fundamental motivation behind this article is to unload these insights and disperse a portion of the generalizations encompassing these creatures. Not all canines of a similar family are risky, nor are any of them intrinsically awful monsters. There are various types of dogs which are dangerous and aggressive but here are few details explained below:

Some World’s Most Dangerous Dog Breeds are:

The American Staffordshire

American Staffordshire is stocky, solid bull-type terriers standing 17 to 19 inches at the shoulder. The head is wide, the jaws very much characterized, the cheekbones articulated, and the dim, round eyes are separate wide. AmStaff development is dexterous and elegant, with a springy stride that publicizes the variety's intrinsic certainty. The hardened, gleaming coat comes in numerous hues and examples. AmStaffers portray their canines as distinctly mindful of their environmental factors, game for anything, and adorable "character hounds" around the house.

The American Staffordshire Terrier should energize the impression of extraordinary for his size, and organized canine, strong, however dexterous and agile, acutely alive to his environmental factors. He ought to be stocky, not long-legged, or suggestive in the plot. His fearlessness is certifiable.

The AmStaff ought to excel on a great pooch food, regardless of whether economically made or home-arranged with your veterinarian's management and endorsement. Any eating routine ought to be fitting to the canine's age (pup, grown-up, or senior). A few mutts are inclined to getting overweight, so watch your canine's calorie utilization and weight level. Treats can be a significant guide in preparing, yet giving too many can cause stoutness. Find out about which human nourishments are ok for mutts, and which are definitely not. Check with your vet on the off chance that you have any worries about your canine's weight or diet. Perfect, new water ought to be accessible consistently.

4. American Bulldogs

Bulldogs can be forceful toward different pooches of similar sex and certain littler creatures. Photograph by Rodolfo Sanches Carvalho on UnsplashBulldogs can be forceful toward different mutts of similar sex and certain littler creatures. Photograph by Rodolfo Sanches Carvalho on Unsplash

Bulldogs can be forceful toward different mutts of similar sex and certain littler creatures, yet take practically any canine to an off-chain park and see what happens when they put their focus on a skittering squirrel. They are vivacious mutts who need steady exercise in case they become raucous, yet once more, this is certainly not a one of a kind bulldog attribute. For the individuals who stay dynamic, bulldogs are well-intentioned, quiet, conscious, and unfathomably faithful.

Past exercise, the most significant thing for any proprietor is to mingle their pooch with different canines and people. They are extremely defensive animals naturally, so it is fundamental to separate those boundaries at an early stage.

In truth, the greater part of the disgrace against bulldogs originates from the way that they marginally take after pit bulls. Along these lines, a few people are awkward around them. For this situation, it is dependent upon the proprietor to demonstrate that the main genuinely perilous thing about bulldogs is that you can suffocate in a puddle of their slobber.

3. German Shepherds

German Shepherds have earned their awful notoriety simply on the grounds that they can be effortlessly prepared to show hostility.

While German shepherds unquestionably have gained notoriety for being horrible mammoths, they are additionally America's second most famous canine variety. On account of this affection, they appear to encounter somewhat less bias than different varieties on this rundown, which is interested considering they are answerable for five a larger number of passings in that multi-year outline than the American bulldog.

They are surprisingly insightful creatures who can commit and put forth a concentrated effort to numerous undertakings. This makes them superb working canines for impeded people, yet for the police, the military, and search and salvage too.

What bias they do encounter will, in general, be founded on appearance. They are huge, strong canines and subsequently, can be very scary. In any case, in all actuality, animosity isn't their characteristic propensity. They have earned their awful notoriety simply on the grounds that they can be handily prepared to show hostility. Think about any wrongdoing spine chiller. What type of pooch is generally ensuring the "products"? Their capacity to show specific practices is actually why certain individuals favour German shepherds as watchman hounds.

2. Rottweiler

The rottweiler is another type of canine that has earned awful notoriety on account of their crude force—consider them a heap of muscle on four legs. Somewhere in the range of 2005 and 2017, they have been liable for 45 human passings. This measurement, in any case, is just a sign of our general numbness encompassing the variety. Randall Lockwood, the Humane Society's VP for explore and instructive effort contend: "It's anything but a rottweiler issue… it is a people issue."

Rottweilers are regional animals essentially. Left unchecked, they can without much of a stretch become forceful in the event that they feel like their house is being compromised. Sadly, numerous people and families lead extremely bustling lives and don't have the opportunity or vitality to prepare their pets. Along these lines, it is dependent upon the purchaser to comprehend what variety of canine is generally good with their way of life.

Like bulldogs and German shepherds, rottweilers will coexist with a great many people and different canines as long as they have been associating since the beginning. They like to show strength, however, when taken care of, they will affectionately submit to their proprietor. With the best possible preparation, they are quiet, sure, and charmingly senseless creatures.

1. Pit Bulls

Pit bulls have been answerable for 284 lethal assaults on people in only twelve years. have been liable for 284 lethal assaults on people in only twelve years. Pit bulls have been liable for 284 deadly assaults on people in only twelve years. have been liable for 284 lethal assaults on people in only twelve years.

For a great part of the twentieth century, pit bulls were broadly loved over the United States. Up until 1980, there was just ever one occurrence of a pit bull assault that stood out as truly newsworthy, however, and still, at the end of the day, the proprietor had purposefully discharged a pack of 26 pooches on a young lady. Has the articulation "there are no awful canines, just awful individuals" at any point rang so obvious?

Be that as it may, as of late, with regards to the delegated champ of awful notorieties, no variety approaches the pit bull. Such a poor picture is expected to some degree to the way that they have been liable for 284 deadly assaults on people in only twelve years.

Truly, pit bulls are probably the most adoring, steadfast, and devoted creature colleagues that we as people can have. This number is so high in view of a few variables, including poor proprietors, ill-advised preparing, or an absence of comprehension with respect to the variety's needs.

Another increasingly explicit explanation goes back to the 1980s when illicit dogfighting gradually restored. Because of their solid form, pit bulls were frequently picked to battle. In view of their creating notoriety as savage canines over the next decades, they before long turned into the favoured creature for individuals associated with illegal exercises and hence, where regularly positioned in vicious circumstances.

Unfortunately, the whole variety has succumbed to generalizations and general dread, inciting a few nations to boycott the poor animals. A few specialists are alluding to this as "canine bigotry," a not really unobtrusive correlation with the racial profiling of people. By spreading reality, proprietors, and creature government assistance aficionados can ideally restore the picture of pit bulls and the other canine varieties on this rundown.

Rajan's blog

Serum and plasma preparation

Serum preparation

plasma preparation

Composition of blood- Flowchart

HOT TRENDING TOPIC “MURRHA” BECOMING POPULAR IN NEPAL:

What does "Murrha" means?

Why is murrha popular right now?

Source:- https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/murrah-buffalo-bull

Enterotoxemia: A common problems in Sheep and Goat

ENTEROTOXEMIA

ETIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF CASUATIVE AGENTS

1. Clostridium perfringens type-A:

2. Clostridium perfringens type-B:

4. Clostridium perfringens type

6. Clostridium perfringens type-F:

Sign and Symptoms;

Treatment;

PHYSICS

PHYSICS

Chapter:- Radioactivity

Theory

PDF file download here

Numerical

PDF file download here

Chapter:- Photo-electricity

PDF file download here

Chapter:- Properties of Nucleus

PDF file download here

Chapter:- X-Rays

PDF file download here

CHEMISTRY

DIPLOMA IN AGRICULTURE (FIRST YEAR)

1) CHEMISTRY= PDF DOWNLOAD

Note:- Topic included: Functional groups, Homologous series, IUPAC Nomencleature system, Alkanes,

2)CHEMISTRY= PDF DOWNLOAD

3) CHEMISTRY= PDF DOWNLOAD

BOTANY

Diploma in Agriculture (first year) Notes

Algae= pdf file download

Mathematics

Diploma in Agriculture (first year) Notes

Mathematics

The Ultimate Revelation Of Cattle Farming.

Cattle Farming

Types of cattle farming

Importance of cattle farming

The World’s Most Dangerous Dog Breeds

The World’s Most Dangerous Dog Breeds

Some World’s Most Dangerous Dog Breeds are:

The American Staffordshire

4. American Bulldogs

3. German Shepherds

2. Rottweiler

1. Pit Bulls

Note:-
Topic included: Functional groups, Homologous series, IUPAC Nomencleature system, Alkanes,