TWU Health Studies

We've moved to twuhealth.wordpress.com!

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 Oct 2015 20:58:00 +0000

Now you can find us at twuhealth.wordpress.com.

Faculty Spotlight - KRLD 1080 interviews Mandy Golman, Ph.D.

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 25 Sep 2015 18:26:00 +0000

Assistant Professor Mandy Golman, Ph.D., of TWU Health Studies discusses with KRLD 1080 the "alarmingly high birth rates" among adolescent girls, ages 15 to 19 in several zip codes in the Dallas area.

"We have several zip codes in the Dallas County and Dallas area that have significantly higher birth rates [...]" Dr. Golman explains as she emphasizes: "Alarmingly higher birth rates than the national birth rates!"

Here are the facts that Dr. Golman gives in terms of numbers.

Nationally the birth rate is 26 per 1,000 girls, ages 15-19, every year.
In Texas that hovers around 41.
In Dallas that number is around 50 girls per 1,000 - ages 15 to 19, per year.

"In some of these [Dallas] zip codes, we have anywhere from 84 up to 112." Dr. Golman concludes.

Source: Paul Mann (News Director). (Sep. 24 2015) News Radio 1080 KRLD, CBS Dallas/Fort Worth.

Undergraduate Students to Present Research Findings at Regional Conference

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 24 Sep 2015 21:55:00 +0000

Right to left: Nicole Tien, Karen Asay,
Megan Nawrocki, and Mariah Lewchuk

TWU undergraduate students in the department of Health Studies Mariah Lewchuk, Karen Asay, Megan Nawrocki, and Nicole Tien will have the opportunity to present their findings on Dallas teen pregnancy rates at a state conference with the Texas Society for Public Health Education (TSOPHE), a regional professional service organization formed to promote public health across Texas.

“Presenting research findings at a state conference is a big thing for undergraduate students because they usually don’t get research opportunities,” explains TSHOPE President Laura Valentino.

As part of a project extension in their Community Health class with professor Mandy Golman, Ph.D., these four students will present their research poster entitled ‘Adolescent Pregnancy Rates in the Dallas Area’ during the 2015 TSOPHE Conference on October 23, 2015 in Austin TX.

Professor Golman is also part of a recent $4.9 million grant project that seeks to address teen birth rates in Dallas.

September: National Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 21 Sep 2015 18:23:00 +0000

Am I at Risk For Ovarian Cancer?

Every woman is at risk of developing ovarian cancer. Because there are no early detection tests, many women are diagnosed when the disease is in advanced stage. A woman’s risk of getting ovarian cancer during her lifetime is about 1 in 75. A woman’s lifetime chance of dying from ovarian cancer is about 1 in 100. Early diagnosis is the key to survival.

What is Ovarian Cancer?

Ovarian cancer begins in the ovaries. Ovaries are the female sex organs that produce eggs and make the hormones estrogen and progesterone. It accounts for 3% cancers among women, but causes more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system.

Risk Factors for Ovarian Cancer

Family history of ovarian cancer
Age - Average age of diagnosis is 63
More common after menopause and using hormone therapy may increase risk.
Obesity
Reproductive history – women who have been pregnant and carried it to term before age 26 have a lower risk of ovarian cancer than women who have not.

Symptoms

Abdominal bloating
Feeling of pressure in abdomen
Abdominal or pelvic pain
Frequent urination
Feeling satiated quickly when eating.

Prevention Strategies

Pregnancy – women who had never given birth are more likely to develop ovarian cancer than those who have biological children
Breastfeeding
Birth control pills
Tubal ligation (tied tubes) or hysterectomy
Removal of ovaries
Diet
Increase intake of fruits, vegetables and whole grains
Decrease intake of fat
Minimize intake of cured, pickled and smoked foods
Maintain a healthy weight
Exercise.

Screening tests

Only recommended for women at high risk
Ultrasound of the ovaries
Measurement of levels of protein called CA-125 in the blood.

Diagnosis

Sampling of the ovarian tissue (biopsy)

Resources:

American Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.org/

Foundation for Women’s Cancer. http://www.foundationforwomenscancer.org

Bola Sijuwade, RN, RHIA, CPHRM, BSN, MS

I am a Registered Nurse and I have been in the health care field in both clinical practice and health education for over thirty years. I have a Bachelor’s degree in Nursing and Health Information Management and a Master’s degree in Health Care Administration. I am currently a doctoral candidate in the Health Studies department at Texas Woman’s University.

Faculty Spotlight: Mandy Golman, Ph.D. (Health Studies), and Nila Ricks, Ph.D. (Social Work) Partner in $5 Million Grant

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 14 Sep 2015 19:29:00 +0000

"Texas Woman’s University faculty members Mandy Golman, Ph.D., [right] and Nila Ricks, Ph.D., are part of a North Texas coalition working to reduce teen pregnancy in Dallas County through a $4.9 million grant ($987,500 a year for five years) from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Golman, an assistant professor of health studies..." -TWU Press release. Read more here.

2 Graduate Research Assistant Positions

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 01 Sep 2015 18:28:00 +0000

Applications are invited for a graduate level research assistant (GRA) position to begin immediately. Dr. Mandy Golman, Department of Health Studies, and Dr. Nila Ricks, Department of Social Work are seeking two GRA positions to participate in a teen pregnancy prevention research project funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Adolescent Health. The project is a 5 year project, refunded annually. The GRA position will be renewed each semester.
This project includes conducting a community needs assessment in 5 targeted zip codes in South and West Dallas for the first six months. Subsequent months will be focused on managing the program intervention with several community partners. Hours will be flexible as will require some weekend and evening data collection.

Potential Job Tasks:

Conducting focus groups with parents, teens, and teen parents
Distributing surveys to community partners.
Intervention fidelity monitoring and data collection and entry.
Working on quantitative and qualitative research projects using statistical software.
Providing assistance in all phases of this project, including data collection, analysis, presentation, and dissemination.
Helping to make results accessible for lay audiences (newsletter articles, results flyer).
Frequent travel to Dallas to the program locations.

Preferred qualifications:

Interests in community health, public health, women’s health, adolescent health, health disparities, social work, sociology, psychology.
Ability to communicate effectively both orally and in writing.
Strong computer skills.
Mode of transportation for travel to Dallas.
Women and members of underrepresented minority groups are strongly encouraged to apply.

To apply:

Submit your name, CV or resume, and a one paragraph statement of interest to mgolman@twu.edu as soon as possible.

Guest Post: August is National Psoriasis Awareness Month by R. Courtney Fiess

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Aug 2015 20:40:00 +0000

You may have seen someone with the red, itchy, scaly skin condition known as psoriasis, but did you know that psoriasis can develop into a disease that is much more serious than just an annoying skin ailment? August is National Psoriasis Awareness Month, so it is a great time to learn more about this disease.

What is Psoriasis?

Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin condition where skin layers sluff off due to over production, which results in spots and lesions on affected skin areas (National Psoriasis Foundation, 2015a). The skin condition itches, stings, and burns, and can be very uncomfortable for those with the disease. As alarming as Psoriasis skin patches may look on an individual’s skin, the disease is not contagious. Psoriasis is caused by genetic factors in a person’s body, that are activated by an event, such as a skin injury, stress, some types of infections, or taking certain medications (National Psoriasis Foundation, 2015a). Scientists are still researching the exact genes involved and what triggers the infection in multiple clinical trials and research studies to learn more of the specifics about the disease and how to treat it.

It is believed that around 10% of the population has the genetic markers for Psoriasis, but only 2-3 %actually have the disease activated to cause the skin reaction (National Psoriasis Foundation, 2015a). Around 10% of those with Psoriasis will develop Psoriasis Arthritis, which is swelling of the joints and joint pain due to Psoriasis (National Psoriasis Foundation, 2015a). Severe cases of Psoriasis Arthritis can be debilitating and cause major lifestyle disruption. Being overweight increases the chances of severe complications from Psoriasis, and Psoriasis can be linked to other diseases, such as diabetes or kidney disease (National Psoriasis Foundation, 2015b).

Psoriasis Treatment

There are a variety of treatments available for Psoriasis, including oral medications, Ultraviolet light therapy and topical ointments and creams (National Psoriasis Foundation, 2015a; National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, 2013). In addition therapy for the stress and depression associated with the condition is valuable for patients.

If you have skin symptoms or joint pain that you believe may be linked to Psoriasis, you should see your doctor or a local clinic for diagnosis.

For More Information

The following websites are good resources to learn more about Psoriasis:

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/psoriasis/index.htm
The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases:
http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/psoriasis/default.asp
National Psoriasis Foundation: https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis (This website is full or resources such as online support groups and webcasts of Psoriasis information).

References:

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Psoriasis. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/psoriasis/index.htm

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. (2013). Questions and answers about Psoriasis. Retrieved from: http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/psoriasis/default.asp

National Psoriasis Foundation. (2015a). About Psoriasis. Retrieved from: https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis

National Psoriasis Foundation. (2015b). Psoriasis Awareness Month. Retrieved from: https://www.psoriasis.org/wellness

Written by: R. Courtney Fiess.

Ms. Fiess is a Masters student in Health Studies at Texas Woman’s University. She earned her Bachelors of Science in Environmental Science from the University of Houston. Her current focuses in Health Studies are West Nile Virus and Women’s Health.

Guest Post: UV Safety by James Banks

Hydration: A Must to Stay Healthy

Insights on Internship: Interview with Serena De La Cruz

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 13 Aug 2015 14:16:00 +0000

Serena De La Cruz is one of our recent graduates. Serena graciously took time out of her busy schedule to share her experience during her internship as well as advice for future interns.

Can you tell us a bit more about your internship?

I completed my internship with the Area Agency on Aging in Northwest Arkansas. My job was to work with multiple senior activity and wellness centers in Northwest Arkansas. Every month, I would develop an interactive presentation on one of the monthly health observances and present these at each of the center's throughout the month. In addition, I wrote an article for the monthly newsletters. I was also fortunate enough to be able to develop my own semester long project. I conducted needs assessments in the senior centers, took that data to find the most needed topic of education, and used that to develop a final event for the seniors. I found a dietitian to come and talk to seniors during a lunch and learn. She covered nutrition specifically for seniors and answered questions. I took what I learned from program planning through evaluation to do this. I was very fortunate to have such a wonderful educational background that prepared me for this activity.

Which Health Studies class has been the most useful during your internship?

It's hard to choose just one class that was the most helpful. I really feel like I used all of my classes combined! If I had to choose one that was specifically helpful during internship, it would be Health Communications. I was working with a population of adults over the age of 60 so how you present the information was crucial. Everything from best format and clear speaking to determining health literacy levels had to be just right in order to reach this population.

What piece of advice do you think is most important when looking for an internship?

Find a place that works with a population that you are passionate about working with. I have always enjoyed working with the elderly and therefore knew that I would wake up every morning excited for my day. I found a site that also allowed me to really take control of my experience and I think that doing so made a huge difference for me. I was able to develop my own activities while also working closely with my preceptor on things that she felt would be helpful to me.

What piece of advice is the most important during the internship?

Network, network, network. This is your chance to meet and develop relationships with others in our field. They will be your "in" after graduation. Take advantage of any opportunity because you never know who you will meet. I got my first job through a woman that I met while attending a class that my preceptor couldn't make it to. She emailed me about 3 months after I graduated with a job posting forwarded from one of her acquaintances. One month later I had a job as a project coordinator for the Northwest Arkansas Tobacco and Drug Free Coalition.

Can you tell us what you are doing now as a Health Studies graduate?

As mentioned previously, I found a job as a project coordinator pretty much straight out of school. I had a wonderful 8 months working in the non-profit world and managed a tobacco grant through the Arkansas Department of Health. I have to say, I would not have been able to do that job without the grant writing class. I had to write a grant proposal to get re-funded!

In March, an opportunity presented itself that I couldn't pass up. I am now working for TrestleTree (a health transformation company) as a health coach. Every day I get to help people with everything from tobacco cessation to weight loss and stress. I am fortunate because I get to see my work make a direct impact in people's lives.

How did your internship help you in obtaining a job and prepare you for your job?

In terms of obtaining a job, I would have to go back to the networking piece. I really do believe that getting out there and meeting new people is key. I came across my current employer through an informational interview that I set up during my internship. When I think back to how my internship prepared me for my job, I feel that it all comes down to personal and professional development. The time that I spent actually implementing what I learned in my classes was both gratifying and encouraging. I went into my first job very confident that I had the skills to do great work.

*One last piece of advice: Sit for the CHES exam before you graduate if you can. The information is fresh in your mind and it is becoming more and more important to have when applying for jobs!

Insights on Internship: Interview with Cheyenne Peluso

Spotlight - Interview with Kurt Krause, Coordinator of Experiential Learning at the Pioneer Center for Student Excellence

Guest Post: August is National Immunizations Awareness Month by Meredith Molge

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 06 Aug 2015 18:31:00 +0000

Starting August 1^st is the recognition of National Immunization Awareness Month (NIAM). Now I know what you may be thinking. What kind of immunizations do we need to be aware of? According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), NIAM, “provides an opportunity to highlight the value of immunization across the lifespan” (2015). As health educators and professionals it is important for us to recognize the different vaccinations that are out there as well as what populations may need vaccinations the most. We need to be able to talk to our patients or community members about the different vaccinations available while still being respectful and mindful of the person’s beliefs, religion, and cultural traditions. Our job as health educators and professionals is to make sure our patients and community members have every necessary tool and piece of information they need to make the best decision for their health. So let’s highlight some of the major resources that we can use for our own education as well as resources we can provide to help educate others.

According to the CDC, each week of NIAM will be designated to a certain population. Pre-teens and teens will be discussed during the week of the 2^nd through the 8^th, pregnant women the 9^th through the 15^th, adults the 16^th through the 22^nd, and infants and children the 23^rd through the 29^th (2015). The materials for NIAM has been organized by the National Public Health Information Coalition (NPHIC), and includes education toolkits, social media pages, videos in English and Spanish, as well as links to state and local health department to find more specific information for the area in which you live in (CDC, 2015). One of the first useful links provided when you type in http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/events/niam.html to your Internet browser is on the left hand side of the screen listed as education and training.

Within this link you are provided with a surplus of resources. You have a link to continuing education courses that include webcasts and self-studies, net-conferences, and even a link where you can request a speaker to come to your state or region (CDC, 2015). One of the most useful parts for patients and the community is the patient education resources section. There is a total of seven links at the bottom of the page that lead you to handouts you can print out and give to patients or that build your own informational sheet on. One of the links titled “by vaccine- materials for patients” takes you to a page that has a list of vaccines and immunizations that separates the material into a “for parents” section and a “for providers” section (CDC, 2015). This is an important link because there are so many vaccines out there and it can often get confusing for parents, young adults, the elderly, pregnant women, and even providers for what vaccines are needed at different stages in a person's life. Each vaccine is broken down into different sections including clinical, vaccine recommendations, references and resources, provider education, and materials for patients (CDC, 2015). This way we get clear and concise information regarding the vaccine so that we can explain or distribute the information to the community and our patients.

So mark your calendars everyone. August 1^st starts a very important month filled with self-education and patient education. We are here to help provide information to those that need it the most. Transcribing health information into understandable terms can help the community and patients to gain a better understanding of the need and importance for immunizations.

Thank you everyone for taking the time to read this information and I have provided the link below to the main page on the CDC site as well as the link to National Public Health Information Coalition page where you can find the different toolkits discussed in the beginning portion of this blog.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention Link

National Public Health Information Coalition Link

References:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Recognizing National Immunization Awareness Month. Retrieved on July 15th, 2015 from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/events/niam.html.

National Public Health Information Coalition. (2015). Toolkits, Your Online Communication Guides. Retrieved on July 15^th, 2015 from https://www.nphic.org/niam

By: Meredith Molge.

Ms. Molge is a graduate student at Texas Woman’s University. She enjoys her job as an Exercise Technician and EKG Technician where she can apply the knowledge she learns at Texas Woman’s University and make a difference in other people’s lives. When Meredith isn’t working she enjoys running and spending time with her family.

Guest Post: August is National Breast Feeding Month by Angela Haist

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 27 Jul 2015 16:33:00 +0000

Why should breastfeeding be promoted, supported, and celebrated? Simply put, breastfeeding provides a wealth of benefits, not only for the mother and baby, but also for employers, taxpayers, and the overall health of our nation. Here are just a few of the benefits. Breast milk provides natural immunity for infants; breastfeeding decreases a mother’s risk of ovarian and breast cancers; families can save $1,200-$1,500 the first year; employers see increased worker retention, reduced absences, and lower health care costs; and breastfeeding has the potential to save up to $13 billion in health care costs (U.S. DHHS, 2015).

Every August, the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA) promotes, protects, and supports breastfeeding through World Breastfeeding Week (WBW) – August 1-7. As a response to the 1990 Innocenti Declaration, WABA formed in 1991 by government policymakers, the World Health Organization (WHO), and UNICEF and now involves over 170 countries (WHO, 2015).
Over the years, WBW has highlighted themes like: Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, Mother-Friendly Workplace Initiative, Breastfeeding: Empowering Women, Breastfeeding: A Community Responsibility, Breastfeeding: It’s Your Right, and Exclusive Breastfeeding: the Gold Standard (WABA, 2012).

This year, WBW’s theme is “Breastfeeding and Work: Let’s Make it Work!” With half of all mothers with children younger than 12 months working, this is an important issue (USBC, 2015). Many challenges exist for working mothers who breastfeed resulting in lower initiation rates and shorter duration of breastfeeding (USBC, 2015). The Affordable Care Act included a stipulation for employers to accommodate breastfeeding employees by providing reasonable break time (unpaid) to express their milk and a private, clean place (other than a restroom) to do so (USBC, 2015).
Since breastfeeding is considered the best way to provide babies with the nutrients they need, a rigorous global action to support breastfeeding among working mothers is imperative. WHO recommends “exclusive breastfeeding within one hour after birth until a baby is six months old,” and continued breastfeeding for up to two years or longer (WHO, 2015).

WABA suggests three necessary factors to make it work for working mothers: time, space/proximity, and support (WABA, 2015). Increasing paid maternity leave, providing breastfeeding/pumping breaks, and allowing for flexible hours all help mothers to breastfeed their babies longer (WABA, 2015). Offering private areas to nurse/pump, keeping their infant nearby, and maintaining a clean work environment also help to sustain breastfeeding (WABA, 2015). Finally, informing employees about maternity laws and benefits, receiving support from employers and coworkers, and ensuring job security assist mothers to succeed at breastfeeding their babies for as long possible (WABA, 2015).

What’s being done this month to support working mothers and breastfeeding?

August 1 – The Global Big Latch On: groups of breastfeeding mothers come together at registered locations to all latch on their child at a set time to raise awareness and support breastfeeding.
Texas Breastfeeding Coalition sponsors The Global Big Latch On and supports World Breastfeeding Week.
Texas WIC supports National Breastfeeding Month through a variety of activities: Breastfeeding and Work – Let’s Make it Work! Health Fair, Mother-Friendly Worksite seminars for employers, providing materials and toolkits to support and promote breastfeeding among working mothers (Texas DSHS, 2015).
Texas WIC additionally celebrates African American Breastfeeding Week from August 23-27 to support and promote breastfeeding among African American mothers who typically have the lowest breastfeeding rates (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014 and Texas DSHS, 2015).
Most states sponsor a breastfeeding coalition or task force that provides local information on WBW events and activities. Hospitals and community centers are frequent sponsors of breastfeeding fairs. Common WBW activities include: The Big Latch On, a breastfeeding health fair, free breastfeeding classes/instruction, WBW theme display contests at hospitals, and local walks to support breastfeeding, to name a few.

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Breastfeeding report card United States 2014. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1-8. Retrieved April 23, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2014breastfeedingreportcard.pdf

Texas Department State Health Services. (2015, April 22). Texas WIC: National breastfeeding month 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2015, from https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/wichd/bf/2015WBM.aspx

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2015). Global health topics: World breastfeeding week (August 1-7). Retrieved July 10, 2015, from http://www.globalhealth.gov/global-health-topics/maternal-and-child-health/wbw.html

U.S. Breastfeeding Committee. (2015). Employment. Retrieved July 10, 2015, from http://www.usbreastfeeding.org/p/cm/ld/fid=11

World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action. (2012). Nurturing the future through world breastfeeding week. Retrieved July 10, 2015, from http://worldbreastfeedingweek.net/

World Alliance for Breastfeeding Actio. (2015). World breastfeeding week. Retrieved July 10, 2015, from http://worldbreastfeedingweek.org/

World Health Organization. (2015). World breastfeeding week. Retrieved July 10, 2015, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/meetings/2015/world-breastfeeding-week/en/

By: Angela Haist, BS
Ms. Haist received a Bachelor of Science in Health Education and Promotion from Oklahoma State University. Currently, Ms. Haist is pursuing a Master of Science in Health Studies at TWU. She is a breastfeeding advocate, certified personal trainer, and marathon coach who loves helping others reach their goals for healthy living.

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Guest Post - An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: The Importance of Fruits and Vegetables by Susan Karpiel

Guest Post: Women and Heart Disease by Monique Huntley

Guest Post: UV Safety by James Banks

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 21 Jul 2015 14:53:00 +0000

How many times have you been casually driving about on a summer's day and spied a billboard depicting a smiling sun and thought, "That there sun is up to no good." If your answer is, "Always, James!", then your head is in the right place! Don't get me wrong. I'm not saying that the sun isn't smiling at you. It is! I'm just saying that its pearly whites and big happy eyes are emitting unseen dangers upon your helpless human surfacing! What unseen emissions am I speaking of? UV rays!! Eek!

UV, or ultraviolet, rays are a form of radiation that comes from sunlight (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2015a). There are three different types of UV rays. They're all conveniently named which can help us more easily remember them. UVA, UVB and UVC are the three types and of the three there are only two that we need worry about. UVC, as it turns out, doesn’t make its way through our atmosphere (a literal UVC force field) and therefore does not act as a potential danger to our moisturized hides. UVA and UVB, though, do make their way through our atmosphere and are causes of concern when it comes to exposing ourselves to them (ACS, 2015a)!

UVA rays are known to advance the aging process of skin cells and can damage the DNA within. Long-term effects of excessive UVA ray exposure typically present as wrinkles to the skin but it's important to note that damaged DNA can increase the risk of developing cancer (ACS, 2015b). Beware! That tanning bed you visit is actually making a UVA ray sponge out of you! Unfortunately that analogy is somewhat misleading as you cannot simply squeeze those rays away and down some magical UVA ray drain.

UVB rays directly damage the DNA of skin cells. So while you're spared those dreadful wrinkles from the likes of UVA, you're not spared sunburns or the increased risk of skin cancer (ACS, 2015b). That's right, friend, UVB rays are the prime culprit and usual suspect when it comes to sunburns. So next time you snag a gnarly sunburn make sure that you correctly attribute blame in your daily diary entry.

Now that you know a lot more than your friends about UV rays, it's time that you learned even more about what you can do to protect yourself from too much exposure. Knowledge, as they say, is power! First, let's consider the more salient point. UV ray strength is dependent upon a lot of factors and being aware of those factors can help you appropriately gauge your approach to not soaking them all up (ACS, 2015a):

The time of the day - In between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. is when UV rays are the strongest. Midnight beach sessions, anyone?
Season - spring and summer bring us stronger UV rays. This, of course, is because we expect more sunlight during those seasons.
Altitude - This one is almost obvious. The closer you are to the sun the closer you are to the sun's rays. This is like standing next to a fire. The closer you are the hotter you become. See?
Cloud cover - While it's not wise to assume that you're safe from UV because you cannot see the sun, it is enough of a point to make that cloud cover can lower exposure to UV rays. Truly, UV rays still get through. It's just a diminished amount.

Can more be done? Of course! Always remember to wear UV protective clothing (when it's responsible to do so) and seek the shade. Liberally apply lotions containing SPF (Sun Protection Factors) and apply them as directed to continue their helpful effects. Remember though, that SPF lotions don't protect against UVA rays, only UVB rays. This is why you still get a tan but don't get sunburn (see above). Also remember that the higher the SPF percentage the greater amount of UVB rays you're not absorbing (Wang, n.d.). So aim high!

Finally, and best of all, eat more dark chocolate! A recent-ish study found that eating chocolate with high flavanol components can offer greater photoprotection to your skin (Williams, Tamburic & Lally, 2009). A sweet point to end on indeed!

In conclusion, I want you to know that you don't truly have to be fearful of the sun. There are things that are terribly far more frightening (e.g. Venus fly-traps). You just have to be aware of the ways that too much sunlight can damage your skin and be mindful of what you can do to combat those sunlight slights. And now you're cognizant of both. Be safe, friends!

References

American Cancer Society. (2015a). What is ultraviolet (UV) radiation?. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/sunanduvexposure/skincancerpreventionandearlydetection/skin-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-what-is-u-v-radiation

American Cancer Society. (2015b). What Is Cancer? Retrieved from http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/what-is-cancer

Wang, S. Q. (n.d.). ASK THE EXPERT: Does a higher-SPF (sun protection factor) sunscreen always protect your skin better? Retrieved from http://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/ask-the-experts/does-a-higher-spf-sunscreen-always-protect-your-skin-better

Williams, S., Tamburic, S., & Lally, C. (2009). Eating chocolate can significantly protect the skin from UV light. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 8(3), 169-173. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2009.00448.x

By: James Banks.

James Banks is a graduate student at Texas Woman's University. He enjoys his job as a servant of the public for the State of Texas. When James isn't working or studying he enjoys family time, exercising and journaling.

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Hydration: A Must to Stay Healthy

Safety First

Hydration: A Must to Stay Healthy

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 09 Jul 2015 16:37:00 +0000

Surprisingly, our bodies are made up of 50-60% water (U.S.G.S., 2015). When we don’t get enough water to keep up this percentage, our bodies cannot function properly thus causing potentially serious health problems.

Why is hydration necessary?

Water performs many important functions within the human body. Some of these include:

· Temperature regulation – For example, our sweat cools our bodies down when we get too hot. If we don’t have enough water, we won’t produce enough sweat and we can overheat (Holland, 2013).
· Waste flushing – Water is necessary to flush out toxins within our bodies (in the form of urine). If we don’t have enough, toxins can build up and cause illness and even death (U.S.G.S., 2015).
· Saliva production – Without water, we will not make enough saliva. Saliva is necessary for eating, talking, food digestion, and preventing tooth decay (NIH, 2014).
· Joints – Water helps cushion our joints as well as helps lubricate them so they can move freely (CDC, 2014).

How much water do we need to intake daily?

The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies recommends that women consume 2.7 liters or 11 cups of water and men consume 3.2 liters or 13 cups of water daily to stay properly hydrated (2004).

Another way to figure out how much water you need daily is to use the following calculation:

0.5 ounces x Body Weight in Pounds = Daily Fluid Requirement in ounces

To determine how many cups that would be just divide the number by 8.

For those who exercise for prolonged periods of time in the heat (football, swimming, hiking, running, etc.) there is a new recommendation for fluid intake. The Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine (Hew-Butler et al., 2015) recently came out with the recommendation that athletes and those working out in the heat let their thirst determine how much fluid they need. This recommendation was made to prevent the risk of hyponatremia (low sodium levels in the body) that can occur when more fluid is ingested than the body actually needs. See this link for further information: Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine.

How do I know if I’m staying hydrated?

The Mayo Clinic lists several symptoms of dehydration:

· Little to no urine or dark colored urine (I know, this one is pretty gross)
· Dry mouth
· Extreme thirst
· Rapid heartbeat
· Sunken eyes
· Rapid breathing
· Low blood pressure

What do I do to prevent dehydration?

The #1 way to stay hydrated is to drink plenty of water especially in times of extreme heat, exercise, or illness.

In addition:

· Avoid excessive alcohol and caffeinated beverages
· Stay out of the sun
· Eat fruits and vegetables as they are naturally high in water content such as zucchini, celery, eggplant, broccoli, watermelon, and strawberries just to name a few.

So, stay hydrated and stay safe!

References

CDC. (2014, June 3). Drinking water. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/nutrition/

Hew-Butler, T., Rosner, M. H., Fowkes-Godek, S., Dugas, J. P., Hoffman, M. D., Lewis, D. P., & ... Verbalis, J. G. (2015). Statement of the Third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Carlsbad, California, 2015. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine: Official Journal Of The Canadian Academy Of Sport Medicine, 25(4), 303-320. doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000221

Holland, K. (2013, June 4). Thermoregulation. Retrieved from Healthline: http://www.healthline.com/health/thermoregulation#Overview1

Institute of Medicine. (2004). Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate . Washington: The National Academies.

Mayo Clinic. (2014, February 12). Dehydration: Symptoms. Retrieved from Mayo Clinic: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/basics/symptoms/con-20030056

National Insitute of Health (2014, October 9). Dry mouth. Retrieved from National Institute of Health: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research: http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/oralhealth/Topics/DryMouth/DryMouth.htm

United States Geological Survey (2015, May 5). The water in you. Retrieved from The U.S. Geological Survey: http://water.usgs.gov/edu/propertyyou.html

By: Erin Delashmit, RDH, BS

Ms. Delashmit received an Associate of Arts degree from Tarrant County College and a Bachelor of Science in Dental Hygiene from Baylor College of Dentistry. Currently, Ms. Delashmit pursuing Master of Science in Health Studies at TWU.

World Hepatitis Day

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 02 Jul 2015 20:20:00 +0000

The World Health Organization (WHO) has marked July 28th as World Hepatitis Day, a day dedicated to spreading awareness about the various hepatitis viruses and prevention programs that can reduce people's risk of getting infected (World Hepatitis Alliance, 2015). For this particular blog post, I wanted to include some information about how Hepatitis C impacts men in the United States and in other parts of the world.

Basic Information about Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C (HCV) is a virus that causes liver damage such as fibrosis or cirrhosis (WHO, 2014); the virus is usually transmitted from person to person through unprotected sex, sharing needles, blood transfusions using HCV infected blood, and blood transference between a mother and her baby (WHO, 2014). Individuals with acute HCV can carry the virus from 2 weeks to 6 months; whereas people with chronic HCV can carry the virus for a prolonged period of time (WHO, 2014). Also people with acute Hepatitis C may not exhibit any symptoms while people with chronic Hepatitis C may experience pain around the joints, fever, and vomiting (WHO, 2014). Though there is no vaccine for Hepatitis C, people can decrease their risk of contracting Hepatitis C by using condoms during sex and not sharing needles; additionally taking antiviral drugs can decrease the severity of the disease (WHO, 2014).

Men and Hepatitis C in the United States

Men are at risk of contracting Hepatitis C. In 2013 approximately 29, 718 cases of Hepatitis C were reported in the U.S. (CDC, 2015). Of that number, about 0.7 cases per 100,000 men were diagnosed with Hepatitis C from 2010 to 2012 (CDC, 2013b, p.43). Among the male community, homosexual and bisexual men have a higher propensity to contract HCV (Roth, 2014). Also men with Hepatitis C are at risk of contracting other infections such as HIV (CDC, 2013a).

Men and Hepatitis C in Other Nations

Globally, about 130-150 million people are diagnosed with chronic Hepatitis C (WHO, 2014). Though there are no statistics as to how many men are globally infected with HCV, individual countries have done their own studies as to how HCV have impacted men. The following articles are examples of some studies that have been previously done.

-Switzerland: "Prevalence of Hepatitis C in a Swiss sample of men who have sex with men: Whom to screen for HCV infection?" (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890510/)

-England: "Hepatitis C in men who have sex with men in London-a community survey" (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4016752/)

-Thailand: "Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Young Thai Men" (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2911198/)

Conclusion

In celebration of World Hepatitis Day, men are encouraged to get tested for various hepatitis viruses including Hepatitis C. Since men with acute HCV may not exhibit any symptoms, they may not be aware that they are carrying the virus (WHO, 2014). Men should speak with their physicians about their risk of contracting HCV and whether they should be tested for Hepatitis C. Additionally, men should discuss with their physician whether they should get vaccinated for other hepatitis viruses such as Hepatitis A or B (WHO, 2014).

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013a). Viral hepatitis: Information for gay and bisexual men. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/Populations/PDFs/HepGay-FactSheet.pdf.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013b). Viral hepatitis surveillance: United States, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2012surveillance/pdfs/2012hepsurveillancerpt.pdf.

Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC). (2015). Hepatitis C FAQs for the public. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/cfaq.htm#overview.

Roth, E. (2014). Hepatitis C in men: Symptoms, treatments, and more. Retrieved from http://www.healthline.com/health/hepatitis-c-in-men#1.

World Health Organization (WHO). (2014). Hepatitis C. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/.

World Hepatitis Alliance. (2015). World hepatitis day. Retrieved from http://www.worldhepatitisday.org/en.

By: Tyler Moses

Tyler Moses is in the dual library science/ health studies master's program at Texas Woman's University.

Safety First

noreply@blogger.com (The Future Dr. ME) — Thu, 18 Jun 2015 16:44:00 +0000

June is National Safety Month, and it is just in time for the summer! As Health Studies Students, the focus on safety is important in reducing preventable deaths and injuries during all seasons of the month, but the summertime holds certain risks of its own due to activities popular during this time and, of course, the extreme summer heat.

Many students fill their summer weekends with time at the lake, grill outs, and other fun summertime activities. Boating is a common activity in the summer, especially during the upcoming holiday weekends. These activities are enjoyable, but without proper safety behaviors, they may lead to death or injury. Did you know that there are approximately 4,000 accidents and 400 deaths due to boating each year in the United States (CDC, 2012)? Thankfully, June is National Safety Month and a great reminder to always practice safe behaviors throughout the summer months.

Practicing proper boating safety guidelines are easy and will reduce the risk of injury or death.

Wear your lifejacket! In 2009, 7 out of 10 boating accident deaths were due to drowning. Almost 90 percent were not wearing a lifejacket at the time (CDC, 2009). Always wear your lifejacket when in a boat.

Don’t drink and boat! Not only is operating a boat under the influence of alcohol and drugs illegal, it is also as deadly as drinking and driving. Alcohol use is involved in almost a third of all recreational boating deaths (CDC, 2009). Always have a designated driver inside and outside the boat.

Wear sunscreen! Sun safety is a vital part of boating and summer safety. The sun’s ultraviolet rays can damage your skin in as little as 15 minutes (CDC, 2014). Lather up to prevent skin cancer.

Hydrate! Dehydration can be dangerous during the hot summer months. Be sure to drink plenty of hydrating fluids while boating to reduce risk of dehydration. The general rule is to drink 6 to 12 ounces for every 10 to 15 minutes of activity in the heat (Cleveland Clinic, 2012). Continue to hydrate after the activity, as well.

Boating safety courses are available online and are recommended to every passenger and operator of a boat. You can find more information about boating safety and safety courses through the National Safe Boating Council website: http://www.safeboatingcouncil.org/

Practice these guidelines all year long to reduce your risk of boating death or injury while boating. Play it safe; play it smart.

References

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). Stay safe while boating. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/features/boatingsafety/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Sun safety. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/skin/basic_info/sun-safety.htm

Cleveland Clinic (2012). Avoiding dehydration, proper hydration. Retrieved from http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_avoiding_dehydration

By: Kristi Case.

Ms. Case is a student in the Texas Woman’s University Master’s in Health Studies program.

Take the test. Take control.

noreply@blogger.com (The Future Dr. ME) — Thu, 18 Jun 2015 15:34:00 +0000

June 27^th was established as the National HIV Testing Day. The annual observance is to promote HIV testing across the nation. Every year the theme is “Take the Test. Take Control" (AIDS, 2015).

There are many viruses that affect humans and their health. Our body’s immune system can usually fight off the virus until it is eliminated from our body. Unfortunately the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus our bodies cannot get rid of (HIV/AIDS, 2015). HIV and AIDS was first recognized in the United States in 1981 (Averting HIV and AIDS, 2014).

The most common ways HIV is spread is having sex with someone who has the virus or by sharing needles and syringes with someone who has HIV (HIV/AIDS, 2015). Educating yourself and others on ways to prevent contracting HIV can help decrease the spread of the virus.

The most recent data says there are 1.2 million people living with HIV in the United States. Approximately 86% of these individuals have been diagnosed, leaving 14% (1 in 7) of these individuals unaware that they have HIV (Aids, 2015). There are approximately 50,000 people who get infected with HIV every year (HIV/AIDS, 2015).

People think they are not at a high risk for contracting HIV therefore they don’t get tested. CDC recommends healthcare providers make HIV testing part of routine care for people between the ages of 13 and 64 (HIV/AIDS, 2015).

There are several tests that can be administered to check for HIV, most are done at healthcare facilities but there are two options available for use in your home. The tests use an oral fluid sample or a blood sample to check for certain antibodies and antigens produced by your body (HIV/AIDS, 2015).

If an individual finds out they have HIV there are treatment options available. Although HIV cannot be cured, the use of antiretroviral drugs will help in protecting the immune system. The drugs can help you live longer, lower the risk of developing non-HIV related illnesses, and reduce the chances of passing along HIV to other people (AIDS, 2015).

In 2010, President Obama issued the National HIV/AIDS Strategy. The vision stated in the strategy is for the United States to be a place where HIV infections are rare, and if it does occur the individual will have the best care available (National HIV/AIDS Strategy, 2013). There were three HIV health outcome goals: reducing new HIV infections, increasing access to care and optimizing health outcomes for people living with HIV, and reducing HIV-related health disparities (National HIV/AIDS Strategy, 2013).

To find locations near you to get tested for HIV please visit:

www.aids.gov

www.gettested.cdc.gov

References:

Aids. (March 6, 2015). Retrieved from https://www.aids.gov/federal-resources/policies/care-continuum/

Averting HIV and AIDS. (December 12, 2014). Retrieved from http://www.avert.org/hiv-prevention.htm

HIV/AIDS. (April 29, 2015). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/index.html

National HIV/AIDS Strategy. (December, 2013). Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/onap_nhas_improving_outcomes_dec_2013.pdf

By: Ashley Taylor, RDH, BSDH

Ms. Taylor is a dental hygienist, who graduated from the Dental Hygiene Program at Texas Woman's University. To further her education, she is working towards a Master's in Health Studies with a focus in dental hygiene.

We need your help!

noreply@blogger.com (The Future Dr. ME) — Tue, 16 Jun 2015 18:20:00 +0000

We need the help from our faculty, staff and students. TWU Health Studies is conducting a survey to find out what you want to see or have included on the TWU’s Health Studies social media. This is your chance to let your voice be heard. Please click on the link provided and tell us what you think. The survey closes on July 1^st. We appreciate your participation.

https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/HKP9T5T

TSOPHE Fall 2015 Call For Abstracts

noreply@blogger.com (Morgan O'Donnell) — Tue, 07 Apr 2015 16:23:00 +0000

Texas Society for Public Health Education

www.txsophe.org

Fall 2015 Conference

CALL FOR ABSTRACTS

Health Education: Building Partnerships for Prevention and Empowering Communities

Friday, October 23, 2015

J.J. Pickle Research Campus

University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas

SUBMISSION DEADLINE –Monday, June 15 by 12pm CST

The Texas Society for Public Health Education (TSOPHE) invites you to submit a proposal for a concurrent session or a poster presentation at the TSOPHE Fall 2015Conference. The conference will be held at J.J. Pickle Research Campus, The University of Texas at Austin in Austin, Texas on October 23, 2015.

Abstract Sub-Themes:• Advancing Health Education through Technology and Innovations • Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: Health Needs of the Future Generation • Culture, Diversity, and Health: Local and Global Perspectives • Disparities and Inequity: Health Education and Promotion for Social Justice • Systems, Policies, Research, and Practices: Current Trends and the Future of Health Education

Goal: By the end of the conference, participants will gain an understanding of current trends in health education and upcoming changes impacting the field of public health education including healthcare reform, new policies, innovative technology, advocacy, research and health coaching.

Conference Objectives:

§ Identify emerging trends and challenges surrounding health promotion and disease prevention across the lifespan.

§ Explore evidence-based methods and strategies for improving health through community engagement and empowerment.

§ Examine cross-sector collaborations in public health education that promote health equity in minority or under-represented populations.

§ Incorporate innovative health communications and technology to improve health promotion outreach, research, teaching, and practice.

§ Advocate for public health education by fostering improvements in individual and population health in order to advance the profession.

Audiences: Health educators, public health professionals, health communicators, researchers, academicians, students and other professions who provide health education

NOTIFICATION AND COMMUNICATION

You will be notified by email when your proposal has been received and whether your proposal was accepted or declined. All accepted proposal recipients will receive a letter of acceptance from TSOPHE along with conference registration information.

Abstract Types:

§ Concurrent/Plenary Session -This type of presentation is 20 minutes for each presenter panelist. This single session may include a panel of up to three speakers. Proposals must include:

Title, 1-2 learning objectives, 300 word limit abstract, audio/visual needs, and a brief biosketch (one paragraph) for each presenting author.

§ Poster Session - Poster sessions will illustrate research findings/projects during lunch/breaks. Poster abstract must include: Title, 1-2 learning objectives, 300 word limit abstract, and a brief biosketch (one paragraph) for each presenting author.

In order to help the review committee better understand and appreciate the purpose and value of your proposed sharing session, please complete the abstract form on the next page. If additional space is needed, attach additional pages. SUBMISSION DEADLINE – Monday, June 15 by 12pm CST

If you have any questions, please contact Laura Valentino or Patricia Horace at email: laurasvalentino@gmail.com or phorace@mdanderson.org.

Link to full document coming soon!

Repost - Career Search Web Resources

noreply@blogger.com (Morgan O'Donnell) — Thu, 26 Mar 2015 16:41:00 +0000

With graduation just around the corner as well as many of you looking to change jobs or shift directions, we thought we would share this previous post on career resources on the web. Happy job hunting!

Career Search Web Resources

Education is essential. With education we are getting a glimpse of what our fields entail. From our academic tasks and course seminars we are building a foundation of knowledge of the careers we wish to take part in. Education means gaining knowledge and building credentials and is a crucial in meeting vocational goals. Still, when it comes to establishing oneself in the workforce, earning a degree is only one step in the right direction. Many people, especially students, find that searching for a career and making preparations outside of academia are quests within themselves. When encountered with this reality, several questions come to mind. What are the necessary steps that I need to take to start preparing for a career? When and where should I start looking? Who can I ask for advice the job search and gaining vocational experience? Thanks to the technology of the Digital Age, namely the Internet, we have access to several career-oriented sources. Regardless of the treasure trove of sources, being inundated with information can still make the job search overwhelming. To tackle the issue of wading through the Internet for career resources, a list below gives a brief review of websites that can serve as starting points.

Big Interview - Interactive website designed to help you with interviews. Some features of the website include learning modules that address commonly asked questions within interviews and provide information on the most effective way to gain opportunities for interviews. A practical feature of the website is the audio and visual recording of your performance as you engage in interview questions. This feature of the website is perhaps the most useful in that it allows you not only to practice interviews, but to analyze your performance for improvement. Although there is a cost to register as a user of Big Interview, the website is sure to provide those on the job hunt with the skills and confidence needed to make a great impression for potential employers.

Web Link: http://biginterview.com/

JobseekersAdvice.com - As freelance consultant and site founder Scott Boyd states, the website has “information and lots of it” (JobseekersAdvice.com, 2013). Jobseekers Advice is an online forum for people on the job hunt. For frequently asked questions about cover letters, resumes and interviews, the website contains articles that provide the answers. Knowledge of the workplace doesn’t stop at gaining entry into the job, but extends to matters such as job promotion and social etiquette amongst bosses and fellow colleagues. In addition to articles, Jobseekers Advice offer guidance through blog posts which also makes a good online podium for career seekers and professional recruiters alike. Granted that the website’s founder warns that the forum is not recruiting agency or a business designed to find careers, Jobseekers Advice is an online source for free advice that can point its visitors in the right direction.

Web Link: http://jobseekersadvice.com/

Eddins Counseling Group - The mission of the Eddins Counseling website centers on both the personal and vocational wellbeing of its users. Just as the site offers assistance to improve mental health, it is also dedicated to providing career counseling services. Along with blog posts, website gives links to resources designed to help job seekers search and prepare for their chosen vocation. For web browsers who are looking for more than links to help them on their job search, appointments can be made either online or by phone to schedule a meeting with certified career counselors stationed in Houston, Texas.

Web Link: http://eddinscounseling.com/counseling-services/career-counseling/career-counseling-for-students/

Vocationvillage.com - Dr. Janet Scarborough Civitelli is a vocational psychologist and career coach. Through the Vocation Village website, she shares her insight on finding a career and achieves both professional and personal success. For those starting out in their search for a career, Dr. Civitelli gives advice concerning education and work experience. Even veterans of the workplace and individuals holding executive positions can benefit from the career coach’s consultation about strategies that can help them reach career goals. In addition to receiving online counseling through the Vocation Village page, Dr. Civitelli welcomes all visitors of the website to ask for guidance by phone as well.

Web Link: http://www.vocationvillage.com/best-career-advice-sites/

The weLEAD - Want to be a better supervisor? Are you interested in building the foundations to take on any leadership role? If so, the weLEAD might be the right place for job seekers who are willing to take charge and motivate. The website is all about honing the skills necessary to the courier of positive leadership. Discussion forums and articles are available for those who wish to share their inquiries about leadership as well as to gain knowledge from professionals experienced in management. Additionally, the website provides information for seminars and workshops schedules for those who are interested in interacting with leaders, including the website founder, face to face. Though there might be varying costs to the seminars and workshops, the weLEAD website may be a source well worth the time of prospective leaders.

Web Link: http://www.leadingtoday.org/Who_Are_We.html

The Internet can be a convenient resource for people on the lookout for jobs. At the same time, one can become flustered sifting through endless links, trying to pick out the trustworthy from the unreliable. In spite of the overwhelming task of career searching through the Internet, the journey to find and prepare for a profession is not impossible. Hopefully, the brief review of the five websites listed above can ensure a successful beginning to finding your place in the workforce.

What Internet sites have you found to be helpful in your job search and why? We'd love to hear from you!

This post was originally written by Whitnee Lowe.

Interested in becoming a health educator? Check out our website and contact us to discuss which program might be the best for you.

If you enjoyed this post, please be sure to share!

Job Possibilities for March 5, 2015

noreply@blogger.com (Morgan O'Donnell) — Thu, 05 Mar 2015 12:30:00 +0000

The Director of Community Engagement and Public Health Initiatives - Austin, TX

The Director of Community Engagement and Public Health Initiatives is the public health professional responsible for providing leadership and direction on public health program content; implementation and evaluation of programs with emphasis on measurable outcomes using data and best practices; prioritization of programmatic objectives, activities, and budget needs; continuation and development of team-based approaches; integration of public health programmatic activities as well as effective use of CHWC staff capacity. Acting as a CHWC liaison to local/regional partners, community stakeholders, and funders, the Director works independently and collaboratively with CHWC’s staff to direct, develop, manage, and implement activities in the following areas: public health programming, community-based technical assistance; research and evaluation; resource development; grant and contract management and report writing; community-based organizational development; community engagement; and meeting development and implementation. The Director requires a clear understanding and empathy for the challenges faced by asset-, resource-, and capacity- lacking and/or under served communities; a firm grasp of community capacity building; and knowledge/understanding of racial equity and determinants of health.

Health Coordinator - Austin, TX

General Description: This position serves as a Health Coordinator for a Head Start program. The Health Coordinator plans and collaborates with other coordinators and staff in the Head Start program to ensure the health and well-being of all children in the Head Start program.

Program Coordinator - Houston, TX

The primary purpose for this position is to assist with infrastructure-related startup and ongoing implementation activities for Tobacco Moonshot/Platform projects. Provides assistance to the Director and Co-Principal Investigators of the Tobacco Moonshot/Platform Program. Assists in developing and maintaining project plans, timelines and budgets, and tracks progress against milestones and deliverables. Assists in developing and maintaining community relationships with program partners, collaborators and stakeholders. Conducts assessments, evaluation data collection and other data-gathering tasks for the projects. Assists in preparation of project and program reports and presentations.

Health Educator - Evans City, PA

Full time Health Educator positions available. Beaver County and Butler County projects. Health Educators must develop, market, present, and evaluate programs, and complete reports. Critical skills include demonstrated project management, public speaking, committee leadership, excellent communication (written and oral), ability to start and complete tasks with creativity, accuracy, and using current health education trends and information. Continuing education through training (required trainings paid by company), reading literature, and online subscriptions required.

Health Educator (UNM) - Albuquerque, NM

Under general supervision, plans, implements, develops materials and evaluates health education and/or clinical training programs, conferences, and other associated activities for individual, group, and/or community needs. Collaborates with other health specialists to ascertain health needs, develop desirable health goals, and determine availability of professional health services. Develops and maintain cooperation between public, civic, professional, and voluntary agencies.

Health Promotion/Wellness Program Coordinator - Saint Paul, MN

HealthSource Solutions is looking for an experienced health promotion professional to work as a full-time (40 hrs) Sr. Program Coordinator. This position will provide project oversight, serve as the liaison and internal resource for health promotion initiatives, oversee Healthy Living marketing and communications and oversee site coordinators at all plant locations. A large percent of this position is behind the scenes with communication to plants via phone and email. Candidates will work with a team to develop, implement and evaluate quality wellness programs and resources. The ability to work independently, manage multiple projects and be very detail oriented is vital to this position. Strong problem solving and troubleshooting skills with the ability to exercise mature judgment are essential. Strong writing, organization and communication skills are expected. This position will report to 3M at the St. Paul headquarters location.

Guest Post - An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: The Importance of Fruits and Vegetables by Susan Karpiel

noreply@blogger.com (Morgan O'Donnell) — Thu, 26 Feb 2015 17:40:00 +0000

Why are fruits and vegetables important?

The list of reasons why a diet high in fruits and vegetables is important is very long. To begin with, the fruit and vegetable food group provides an array of vitamins and minerals, all necessary for optimal health. In fact, I would suggest that although eating a variety of food groups is important for health, the fruit and vegetable group provides a plethora of goodness that other food groups cannot beat. This plethora of goodness includes not just the vitamins, minerals, and fiber our bodies need, but an extensive amount of phytochemicals and antioxidants. Phytochemicals are special properties that certain foods such as fruits, vegetables, beans, and whole grains have that provide some protection from illness and disease. Some of the ways that phytochemicals benefit us include: as antioxidants they help prevent the formation of free radicals which can cause toxins to build up in the body; they improve metabolism; reduce inflammation within the arteries; and slow the growth of cancer cells (Produce for Better Health (PBH), n.d.). In fact, some scientists have estimated that phytochemicals can lower the risk of cancer by up to 40% (Breast Cancer, 2013). Even though research has identified over 4,000 different phytochemicals, only 150 have been studied in-depth (PBH, n.d.). Much more research is needed to discover the full potential that phytochemicals provide and the foods that supply them. Other benefits of eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables include:

Lower risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease strokes, high blood pressure
Promote eye health and prevent cataracts, night blindness, and macular degeneration
Lower risk of bone loss and kidney stones
Lower caloric intake
Fiber from fruits & vegetables can lower cholesterol, improve bowel function, lower constipation and diverticulitis
Increase the feeling of fullness with fewer calories
Improve skin health
Helps improve gum health
Protects against infections
(USDA, n.d.; Harvard School of Public Health, n.d. ).

Are some fruits and vegetables better for you than others?

There are two types of vegetables: starchy and non-starchy. Whenever I ask people to name a non-starchy vegetable often the answer I receive is - peas and beans. Starchy vegetables include: peas, corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and acorn squash. These vegetables are nutritious and beneficial, but they also supply more carbohydrate, similar to pasta and beans. If you eat according to the My Plate method (USDA Choose My Plate.Gov), starchy vegetables go in the "starch" section of the plate. The non-starchy vegetables have fewer calories, are a good source of fiber, vitamins, and minerals such as: iron, potassium, Vitamins A and C, calcium, folate, and magnesium (Fruits & Veggies More Matters, n.d.). Many fruits and vegetables with deep color are high in phytochemicals. For example, the carrot has over 100 identified phytochemicals. However, keep in mind that even white vegetables are nutritious. Be sure to eat a wide variety of this food group every day.

How many fruits and vegetables should be eaten every day?

The Nurses Health Study & Health Professionals Follow-Up Study found that the higher the intake of fruits and vegetables, the lower the chances of developing cardiovascular disease (Harvard School of Public Health, n.d. ). In addition, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends 5-13 servings of fruits and vegetables per day. A serving of vegetables is considered to be one-half cup. Unfortunately, many Americans do not get the minimum recommended amounts of this food group each day. Its reported that 38% of children eat vegetables less than one time per day and adults eat vegetables only 1.6 times per day. Given this information, maybe the goal for most Americans needs to be: eat more.
Another method of determining adequate intake of fruit and vegetables is Plate Method, as recommended by the USDA (USDA Choose My Plate.Gov, n.d). This is a simpler method of calculating serving sizes. The rule of thumb is to fill half your plate with non-starchy vegetables, one-fourth of the plate is lean meat and the other one-fourth is a starch. In addition to this plate, a serving of fruit and dairy are included to round out the meal. This method provides a good visual way to evaluate the quality of each meal.

Regardless of how you estimate the number of servings to eat each day, the first step is to eat more. Try including fruits and vegetables at every meal.

Given the plethora of goodness that fruits and vegetables offer, why not make sure to get plenty each day? The array of benefits is so extensive it's worth the time it takes to plan, shop, and prepare fruits and vegetables at every meal. At the same time keep in mind that as important as fruits and vegetables are, it's equally important to eat a balance of food groups. Each food group has it's own list of health benefits. Be sure to prepare meals made fresh, filled with bright colors, and a variety of food groups. This will help ensure that your body is well nourished and performing with optimal health.

References:
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. (2014). Discover the health benefits of produce. Retrieved from http://www.eatright.org/Public/content.aspx?id=6442481096

Breast Cancer.org (2013). Foods containing phytochemicals. Retrieved from http://www.breastcancer.org/tips/nutrition/reduce_risk/foods-phytochem

Fruits & Veggies More Matters. (n.d.). What are phytochemicals? Retrieved from http://www.fruitsandveggiesmorematters.org/what-are-phytochemicals

Harvard School of Public Health. (n.d.). Vegetables and fruits. Retrieved from http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/vegetables-and- fruits/

Heneman, K., Zidenberg-Cherr, S. (2008). Nutrition and health info-sheet for health professionals. Retrieved from http://www.nutrition.ucdavis.edu/content/infosheets/fact-pro-phytochemical.pdf

Produce for Better Health Foundation. (n.d.). Phytochemical information center. Retrieved from http://pbhfoundation.org/about/res/pic/#

USDA Choose My Plate.Gov.(n.d.). Why it is important to eat vegetables. Retrieved from: http://www.choosemyplate.gov/food-groups/vegetables-why.html

Susan Karpiel is a doctoral student in the Department of Health Studies at Texas Woman's University.

Interested in becoming a health educator? Check out our website and contact us to discuss which program might be the best for you.

If you enjoyed this post, please be sure to share!

Job Possibilities for February 12, 2015

noreply@blogger.com (Morgan O'Donnell) — Thu, 12 Feb 2015 22:38:00 +0000

Substance Abuse and Violence Prevention Program Coordinator - Stephenville, TX

Responsible for developing and maintaining a comprehensive, holistic wellness program focusing on alcohol and other drugs and violence prevention education efforts. The coordinator will support student success by working closely with departments in the Division of Student Life as well as other relevant campus departments, students, faculty, staff and appropriate community agencies to develop and articulate a University vision and consistent messages regarding healthy student behaviors.

Health Coach - Wellness - Greater Dallas, TX

This exciting Aetna Wellness Health Coach position is a work-at-home/telework opportunity in the greater Dallas, TX OR Ann Arbor, MI OR Houston, TX area, but also includes up to 75% weekly local travel.

POSITION SUMMARY As a Wellness Health Coach, you will utilize a collaborative process of health and wellness education and delivery, in conjunction with the client's health and wellness staff, to plan and implement wellness events and programs to promote/influence members in decisions related to achieving and maintaining optimal health status. The goal of these programs/events is to help members achieve healthy lifestyle behaviors and align these lifestyle behaviors with individual wellness goals.

Health Coach (Diabetes CDE)- Dallas, TX - 1010107

DESCRIPTION POSITION PURPOSE: Provide telephonic disease management services to individuals with diabetes. Services may include educating members, counseling and coordinating care. Act as the Health Coach for patients with diabetes Has discretion on clinical care plans but will have oversight by a Clinical Specialist Meet minimum standards for productivity and clinical results Provide assessments on new participants to determine clinical risk and readiness to change Maintain accurate and timely documentation in member management software of telephonic and written communications Act as case manager when integrating with other health care service vendors as specified by individual clients May make calls to newsletter participants/members as individual client needs dictate Complete required reports in a timely manner Enhance clinical and counseling knowledge by attending and actively participating in Company training sessions. Attend relevant professional seminars to maintain licensure/certification Comply with company policies and procedures including handling confidential forms and accreditation standard.

Program Specialist II - Arlington, TX

JOB DESCRIPTION: Under the direction of the Manager, Community Health Services, performs duties that support population-based regional issues, increasing local capacity to carry out public health essential functions and create or enhance the public health presence in counties with limited or non-existent public health resources. Coordinates and collaborates population-based activities with staff of other regional programs, Public relation skills are required in order to disseminate information regarding TDH, State and Federal standards, policies, and procedures, guidelines, health promotion, public health issues, disease prevention and population-based services in Health Service Region 2/3. Assist in responding to regional public health emergencies such as disease outbreaks, biological, environmental and weather. This may include but is not limited to prevention, surveillance and control. This position requires travel. Employee must provide transportation. If an employee operates a personal or state motor vehicle in performance of their official duties, the employee must possess a current valid Texas driver's license for the appropriate type vehicle.This position requires that an employee's driving record be verified with law enforcement to ensure compliance with TDSHS driving policy.

Health Educator-Intermediate - San Antoinio, TX

We are seeking qualified individuals to help develop and implement evidence-based substance abuse treatment within the context of a federally-funded treatment program for juvenile and criminal justice involved populations. This position offers the opportunity to work within a multidisciplinary team providing clinical care to community outpatients with a substance use disorder and other co-morbid conditions. Primary activities will involve screening adults for substance use problems, providing a brief intervention, and referral to treatment. Primary activities and decision making authority will be performed under the supervision of a licensed clinician. Bilingual educators and/or those experienced with the SBIRT model are preferred.

Wellness Communications Specialist (Contract) Austin, TX

The Wellness Communications Specialist is a member of the Wellness & Recognition team that works closely with the Communications team, and is committed to designing and writing informational and promotional pieces for Southwest Key’s Employee Wellness and Employee Recognition programs. This position reports directly to the Wellness & Recognition Program Administrator to maintain awareness of upcoming initiatives and anticipate corresponding communications needs so that they can notify the Communications Director in a timely and effective manner. The Wellness Communications Specialist is responsible for conceptualizing, writing and designing a myriad of internal campaigns meant to educate, inform and incentivize Southwest Key’s 2000+ employees to better health, wellbeing, and job satisfaction.

ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS: Works with the Southwest Key Employee Wellness & Recognition team to evaluate and anticipate the communications needs of the two programs. Forms creative strategies to solve for the communications needs of Southwest Key’s Employee Wellness and Employee Recognition programs. Conceptualizes, writes and designs collateral pieces such as posters, flyers, email blasts and more in order to achieve communications goals of Wellness & Recognition Programs. Collaborates with the Communications Director to keep the rest of the Communications team apprised of upcoming job requests from the Wellness and Recognition team. Works with the Communications Director and Graphic Designers to ensure that Southwest Key branding standards are upheld and that effective and realistic communications timelines and goals are set and maintained.

Guest Post: Women and Heart Disease by Monique Huntley

noreply@blogger.com (Morgan O'Donnell) — Thu, 29 Jan 2015 12:30:00 +0000

Heart disease is a condition that affects the normal functioning of the heart and or the structures of Heart disease includes conditions that affect your blood vessels, such as coronary heart disease; abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias); heart defects that you're born with; and issues with your heart valves and muscles. A heart attack is caused from narrowing or blockage of a blood vessel (cardiovascular disease) and heart disease is used synonymously with cardiovascular disease. As we recognize American Heart Month, remember to get your heart checked-out by your healthcare provider and remember the facts about heart disease.

the heart.

Heart Disease and Women

Heart Disease is the #1 killer of women.

Heart Disease kills approximately 1 woman every minute.

Approximately 43 million American women suffer from Heart Disease.

The signs and symptoms of Heart Disease differ among women and men.

Heart Disease is often misdiagnosed in women.

Hispanic women are more likely to develop Heart Disease 10 years earlier than Caucasian women.

Heart Disease is the leading cause of death among African American women.

Signs and Symptoms

Pain or discomfort in the jaw, neck, or back is mostly noted by women than men. This may confuse many women because they expect the pain to be located in the chest and left arm.

Feeling weak, light-headed, or faint.

Chest pain or discomfort. In women, the pain may be located in any area of the chest and not directly on the left side.

Many women complain of stomach pain and they mistake this pain as Reflux.

Pain or discomfort in arms or shoulder, dominantly occurs on the down the left arm.

Shortness of breath.

Some women complain of having a nervous cold sweat that resembles a stress-related sweat.

Prevention Strategies

Healthy diet: consume healthy fats, decrease saturated fats, drink alcohol in moderation, and eat well balanced foods from each food group.

Exercise routinely and regularly.

Get adequate sleep.

Maintain a healthy weight.

Refrain from smoking.

Get regular cardiovascular screenings from your doctor yearly.

Get help immediate if you suspect that you are having a heart attack.

References

American Heart Association. About heart disease in women. Retrieved from https://www.goredforwomen.org/home/about-heart-disease-in-women/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Heart disease. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/about.htm

Rodriguez, F., & Foody, J. M. (2013). Is cardiovascular disease in young women overlooked? Women's Health, 9(3), 213-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/whe.13.18

Monique C. Huntley, MSN, FNP-BC, is a doctoral student in Health Studies at Texas Woman's University.
Graphics courtesy of the author.

On Campus Events
Go Red for Women: Heart Health Lunch and Learn
Go Red for Women: Wear Red (campus photo)

Interested in becoming a health educator? Check out our website and contact us to discuss which program might be the best for you.

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Guest Post: Defining the Two Most Common Thyroid Disorders by Julie Gardner

noreply@blogger.com (Morgan O'Donnell) — Thu, 22 Jan 2015 12:30:00 +0000

Thyroid disorders affect millions of Americans on an annual basis; however, many of those affected do not realize the cause of their symptoms or illness. The thyroid is an endocrine gland at the base of the neck that produces thyroid hormones; these hormones affect heart rate, metabolism, weight, body temperature, and keep vital organs such as the brain and heart functioning properly (American Thyroid Association [ATA], 2012a; National Cancer Institute [NCI], 2012).

Two of the most common conditions associated with thyroid disorder are hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. These disorders vary in symptoms and treatment; however, both can have detrimental effects on the body if left undiagnosed.

Hyperthyroidism refers to the condition in which the thyroid produces too much hormone (ATA, 2012a). This overproduction, increases metabolism rates, thus causing nervousness, irritability, anxiety, weight loss, and muscle weakness (ATA, 2012a). Physicians can easily diagnose hyperthyroidism through an enlarged thyroid and rapid pulse; however, laboratory tests will need to be performed for further confirmation (ATA, 2012a). Treatment options for hyperthyroidism include anti-thyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, surgery to remove part of the thyroid, and beta-blockers.

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid is not producing enough hormones. This condition is often caused by autoimmune disease, surgical removal of the thyroid, radiation treatment, medicines, damage to the pituitary gland, or an inflammation of the thyroid. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include a decreased metabolism, weight gain, fatigue, depression, and constipation.

Although there is no cure for hypothyroidism, patients can manage the disorder through the use of a thyroxine medication; this medication must be taken daily for life (ATA, 2012b). Hypothyroidism is often difficult to diagnose as there are no consistent symptoms and many of the symptoms may be similar to other diseases (ATA, 2012b). Although thyroid disorders can be considered severe in some cases, they can be managed through patient and physician communication. Furthermore, someone with thyroid disorder can continue to live an active lifestyle and is encouraged to do so through healthy eating, physical activity, and continued monitoring of their thyroid condition. Thyroid disorders can, and often are, hereditary so it is important for other family members to be screened so future complications can be prevented.

References
American Thyroid Association (2012a). Hyperthyroidism. Retrieved from http://www.thyroid.org/wp-content/uploads/patients/brochures/Hyper_brochure.pdf

American Thyroid Association (2012b). Hypothyroidism. Retrieved from http://www.thyroid.org/wp-content/uploads/patients/brochures/Hypo_brochure.pdf

National Cancer Institute (2012). What you need to know about thyroid cancer. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/thyroid.pdf

Julie Gardner, BS, MEd is currently pursuing a doctoral degree in Health Studies at Texas Woman's University with an emphasis in population health. She received her Master of Education in Education Administration from Tarleton State University in 2000. Julie currently works as a Community Health Specialist for Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service in a partnership effort with Scott and White Health Plan serving Bell, Brazos, Llano, McLennan, and Williamson counties. Additionally, Julie suffers from hypothyroidism, but continues to lead an active lifestyle with her husband and two daughters.

Interested in becoming a health educator? Check out our website and then contact us to discuss which program might be the best fit for you!

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Guest Post: Healthy Resolutions and Goals by Kelsi Walker

noreply@blogger.com (Morgan O'Donnell) — Wed, 07 Jan 2015 16:54:00 +0000

With the holidays behind us, it is officially resolution time. For many, January 1st was be the starting point of losing weight, eating healthier, drinking more water, making better grades, being on time, or spending more time with their loved ones.

I remember January 1st, 2012; I had decided I would make some changes for the upcoming year. I wanted to lose 30 pounds, make straight A’s, get 8 hours of sleep, run 5 miles per day, drink 1 gallon of water per day, eat a well-balanced diet, visit 10 medical schools, travel the world, spend time with family more, get a great MCAT score, and the list goes on and on. Needless to say, I didn’t meet a single one of the goals by the end of the year. Why? I had too many broad resolutions without focus.

To help you set and achieve your healthy resolutions for the upcoming year, I have come up with three successful tips that will help you stick to your resolutions.

Select SMART goals

Making resolutions for the New Year is the easy part, but sticking to those resolutions often times ends in disappointment. This is where SMART goals come into play. SMART goals are detailed and aid in focusing on a goal. The SMART acronym is as follows:

Specific - Who? What? When? Where? Why?
Measurable - How much? How many?
Attainable - Is it realistic? Is it challenging me?
Results-oriented/Relevant - What are the results of the goal?
Timely - What is the timeframe for meeting my goal? An example of a non-SMART goal is I will lose 30 lbs. This goal isn’t specific, and looked a lot like the goal I had written in 2012.

An example of a SMART goal is I will lose 30 lbs. by August 30th by eating a well-balanced meal and running 4 miles per day. This SMART goal is very specific in measuring timely and attainable results. When drafting your SMART goal resolutions, remember to be personal. This tool is designed to help you come up with a clear path in reaching your individual goals.
Write it down

Research shows that when you write your goals down, you are more likely to be successful in achieving those goals. Invest in a planner and/or a journal to help you see your goals on paper. You can also create a vision board containing your goals, pictures, and progress, and hang it in your bedroom. Writing down your goals will help keep you accountable.
Reward yourself

Rewarding yourself for small victories can help you stay on track; however, when rewarding yourself, its very important to stay on track with your goal. For example, if your goal were to lose weight, eating a whole pizza as a reward wouldn’t be ideal. Treat yourself to a movie, a pedicure, or free live concert in your area. Celebrate the small victories and milestones by making healthy decisions.

As you come up with your healthy resolutions for the upcoming year, remember that these goals are self-improvement lifestyle changes for a better you. As you tackle your goals (because I’m confident you will) don’t focus on how far you have to go, but on how far you’ve come. Have a wonderful 2015!

References: New year, healthier you [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20452233,00.html

Kelsi Walker is a graduate student at Texas Woman’s University and is currently pursuing a MS in Health Studies with an emphasis on population health. In 2012, she received a dual-degree in Medical Studies and Women’s & Gender Studies from the University of Oklahoma. Her interests are in minority disparities from preventable diseases. Kelsi’s ultimate goal is to matriculate into medical school in the near future.

Interested in becoming a health educator? Check out our website and then contact us about which program might be the best fit for you!

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Guest Post: Men’s Health: A Case for Violence Prevention Programs for African American Youth by Byron Hunter

noreply@blogger.com (Morgan O'Donnell) — Fri, 12 Dec 2014 17:19:00 +0000

Pictured: Bro. Byron Hunter, MPH, FACHE
Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc.

Matt Lauer and Al Roker grew beards in the month of November in solidarity and support of Men’s Health Month. While much of the focus was one the general population of men, special attention for young African American men should be of particular interest as much attention has been placed on the health and wellness of the population in light of recent events is Ferguson, MO. There are profound social issues for some members of the population and there is a great need for social programs for at-risk youth.

African Americans represent 14% of the U.S. population (44,456,009) yet have the widest gaps in health care compared to other racial and ethnic groups. Individuals experience alarming rates of heart disease, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, STDs, and cancer. Early health education and prevention activities among this population, particularly youth and young adults, is paramount to improve health and outcomes in later life. Among the population, the health and wellness of young African American men is of particular concern. According to the US Census there are 7.4 million African American males between ages 10-34 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010).

Several Key public health issues among young African American men include HIV/AIDS, lack of health insurance, and violence (Battle, 2002). HIV/AIDS: African Americans continue to be disproportionately affected by HIV infection. In 1999, AIDS was the leading cause of death for African American males between the ages of 25 and 44 years (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999). Ten years later, the estimated rate of new HIV infections among African Americans (68.9) was 7.9 times as high as the rate in whites (8.7) (Center for Disease Control & Prevention, 2014). Of all of the new HIV infections among African Americans, 51% were among men who have sex with men (MSM) (CDC, 2014). Lack of health insurance: Nearly 4 out of 10 young African American men lack health insurance (The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2006). Violence: Among 10 to 24 year olds, homicide is the leading cause of death for African Americans; the second leading cause of death for Hispanics; and the third leading cause of death American Indians and Alaska Natives.

Of the aforementioned health issues violence among young African American men is of

Pictured: Bro. Garland Thompson, MCD
Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc.

prominent concern. Inner city African American youth are at risk for interpersonal violence and aggression. Statistics reveal that homicide is the leading cause of death for African Americans age 10 to 24 year olds (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 2014). Additionally, among youth and young adults age 15 to 24 years killed by firearms in the US, 60 percent are African American or Hispanic (Teplin, McClelland, Abram, & Mileusnic, 2005). Many young African American men particularly those in urban settings live by the ‘Code of the Street’, in which they exert extra masculinity to intimidate peers to establish credibility (Stewart, Schreck, & Simons, 2006). Problems with violence are worsened by ill relationships between police and young African American men. Reports indicate that the likelihood of police contact (including stops) for African America men in urban settings is higher than in any other ethnic group (Meares, 2008).

In addition to violence, there is a great need to educate youth and young adults about bullying. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines bullying as any unwanted aggressive behavior(s) by another youth or group of youths who are not siblings or current dating partners that involves an observed or perceived power imbalance and is repeated multiple times or is highly likely to be repeated (CDC, 2014). Up to 25% of U.S. students are bullied each year and as many as 160,000 students stay home from school on any given day because they are afraid of being bullied (Hardy, 2005). Boys are more likely to be involved in physical or verbal bullying, while girls are more likely to be involved in relational bullying (Wang, Iannotti, & Nansel, 2009). African-American adolescents are more likely to be involved in physical, verbal or cyber bullying but less victimization (Wang, Iannotti, & Nansel, 2009). Bullying can result in physical injury, social and emotional distress, and even death (CDC, 2014). Victimized youth are at increased risk for depression, anxiety, sleep difficulties, and poor school adjustment (CDC, 2014).

In the U.S. homicide is the leading cause of death for young men age 10 to 24. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) the firearm homicide rate among males ages 10 to 24 years was highest for Non-Hispanic Blacks with 48.4 deaths per 100,000 populations (CDC, 2013). In the state of Texas homicide rates have decreased from 16.7 per 100,000 population in 1994 to 6.5 per 100,000 population in 2010, yet for African-Americans males age 10 to 24 homicide continues to be the leading cause of death (30.2 per 100,000 compared to 6.9 per 100,000 population white males and 11.0 per 100,000 population Hispanic males) (CDC, 2013). Homicide rates are perpetuated by social-economic problems and ongoing programs are needed to address these issues to reduce homicides and other crimes.

The literature suggests that the physical and social environment such as poverty, access to firearms and drugs, urbanization, disadvantaged neighborhoods, poor social support (parents, teachers, classmates, and close friends) and inadequate education and school systems plays a large role in determining and individuals potential for engagement in violence behavior (Reese, Vera, Thompson & Reyes, 2001; Li, Nussbaum, and Richards, 2007; McMahon, Coker & Parnes, 2013). Of these, poverty is of cited as the most significant factor of particular importance considering 20% of individuals living in poverty are under the age of 18 and African-Americans represent 26% of these individuals (Reese, Vera, Thompson and Reyes, 2001). Vowell and Mary (2000) suggest that many inner-city African American youth feel strained by society and are unable to achieve their fullest potential because of competitive disadvantages, economic resources and limited opportunities. As a result, they reject normative structures and may engage in risky behaviors including drugs, alcohol, or violent behavior.

Reese, Vera, Thompson & Reyes (2001) suggest that most teen experiences are interrelated, for example, experimentation with drugs and alcohol are usually tied together, and therefore, programs should approach violence prevention strategies from a multifactorial viewpoint. The literature further suggests that programs examine emotional support, improve communication skills, coping skills, eliminate gang activity, and that bolster child and parent relationships simultaneously may be possible strategies to manage violence.

Pictured: Bro. Adam Whitaker, M.Ed.
Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc.

Violence continues to threaten the health and wellness of African American youth. The literature suggests environmental and social factors play a key role in predicting violent behavior. Members of the target population are often excluded from intervention development and there are significant gaps in participant involvement in strategy and design. It is important to involve individuals in planning interventions and to empower them to take control of their health. Informed violence prevention strategies may be accomplished through implementing techniques such as Community Based Participatory Research (CPBR) or peer education, which encourage discussion and active participant engagement.

References

Battle, S. F. (2002). Health Concerns for African American Youth. Journal of Health & Social Policy, 15(2), 35-44.

Center for Disease Control & Prevention (2014). HIV among youth. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/age/youth/index.html?s_cid=tw_std0141316

Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (2014). Youth Violence: facts at a glance. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/yv-datasheet-a.pdf

Hardy, D (2005). In the mix: stop bullying take a stand. Public Broadcast Service. Retrieved from: http://www-tc.pbs.org/inthemix/educators/lessons/bullying_guide.pdf

Li, S. T., Nussbaum, K. M., & Richards, M. H. (2007). Risk and protective factors for urban African-American youth. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39(1-2), 21-35.

McMahon, S. D., Coker, C. and Parnes, A. L. (2013). Environmental stressors, social support, and internalizing symptoms among African American youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 41: 615–630.

Meares, T. (2008). Legitimacy of police among young African-American men. The Marquette Law Review 92, 651.

Reese, L. R. E., Vera, E. M., Thompson, K., & Reyes, R. (2001). A qualitative investigation of perceptions of violence risk factors in low-income African American children. Journal of clinical child psychology, 30(2), 161-171.

Stewart, E. A., Schreck, C. J., & Simons, R. L. (2006). “I ain't gonna let no one disrespect me” does the code of the street deduce or increase violent victimization among African American adolescents?, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43(4), 427-458.

Teplin, L. A., McClelland, G. M., Abram, K. M., & Mileusnic, D. (2005). Early violent death among delinquent youth: a prospective longitudinal study. Pediatrics, 115(6), 1586-1593.

The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (2006). Young African American Men in the United States: race, ethnicity, & healthcare fact sheet. Retrieved from: http://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/7541.pdf

U.S. Census Bureau (2010). Age groups and sex. Retrieved from: http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF2_QTP1&prodType=table

Vowell, P. R., & May, D. C. (2000). Another look at classic strain theory: Poverty status, perceived blocked opportunity, and gang membership as predictors of adolescent violent behavior. Sociological Inquiry, 70(1), 42-60.

Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., & Nansel, T. R. (2009). School bullying among adolescents in the United States: Physical, verbal, relational, and cyber. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(4), 368-375.

Byron Hunter, MPH, FACHE, is a PhD Student in the Department of Health Studies at Texas Woman’s University in Denton, TX. All correspondence should be sent to bhunter3@twu.edu. Pictured individuals are members of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Incorporated, which is the first Greek-lettered Fraternity for African American. The fraternity’s headquarters is in Baltimore, MD and the organizations aims are ‘Manly Deeds, Scholarship, and Love for all Mankind.’ The organization leads violence prevention and other training programs for inner-city youth and young adults.

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