<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3644555934256717635</id><updated>2024-09-09T17:29:31.596+07:00</updated><category term="Jurnal"/><category term="Prospek Kitosan"/><title type='text'>Ully Chemica</title><subtitle type='html'>informasi tentang kimia dasar, k.analitik, k.anorganik, k.lingkungan dan prospek modifikasi kitosan melalui jurnal</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ullyugmchemica65.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3644555934256717635/posts/default?alt=atom'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ullyugmchemica65.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Hasri Ummas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07416342313046650854</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGDWsuC0tLxxh6TchRWhLnOGUQc7j5vHmI8NMTSXiy9lVQ8Fi5FPZPoYe-rKCo9kNxOyRvDsBmmNoikbhXIX2D4a5qXCk-EOFYk3Mb6uCHgH_kDVa_zAtBbJPy_cYpAA/s220/foto+fb.JPG'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>3</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3644555934256717635.post-2964162798153666905</id><published>2011-11-13T14:15:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-11-13T14:15:35.505+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Jurnal"/><title type='text'>ENTRAPMENT OF Aspergillus niger ON CHITOSAN BEADS  AND ITS APPLICATION AS AN ADSORBENT FOR Cd (II) METAL IONS</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;   &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;   &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;   &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;   &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;   &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;    &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;    &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;    &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;    &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;    &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;    &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;   &lt;m:mathPr&gt;    &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;    &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;   &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
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&lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Hasri&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Mudasir&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Nurul H. A&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Roto&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Makassar State University, Parangtambung, Makassar, Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gadjah MadaUniversity, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, Indonesia,55281&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;&quot;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;&quot;&gt;Corresponding author.tel/Fax&amp;nbsp;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt; 0411-840295,e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;&quot;&gt;mail: &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:hasriu@mail.ugm.ac.id&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;hasriu@mail.ugm.ac.id&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;hasriu@yahoo.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Entrapment of Biomassa &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Aspergillus niger&lt;/i&gt; on Chitosan as natural adsorbent and its application for adsorption of Cd (II) metal ions in solution have been done. &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Entrapment process early by adding &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Aspegillus niger &lt;/i&gt;(AN) biomassa on chitosan gel&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;(Chi), and then it is formed&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;“beads” in alkali condition ( AN-CHI). FTIR was used for characterization both before and after entrapment.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Adsorption of Cd(II) metal ions was done with batch method as function of pH, contact time and adsorption capacity. Concentration early 100 mgL-1 of Cd (II) metal ion is used for adsorption study&lt;/span&gt;. The &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;results of research indicated that Cd metal adsorption optimum happened at pH of 7, contact time of &lt;/span&gt;60 minutes&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; with adsorpsi capacities &lt;/span&gt;10mgL-1. &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Entrapment characterization showed that hydroxyl (-OH) and amino (- NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) functional groups&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;are believed to be responsible for the adsorption of Cd(II) ions by the adsorbent.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Keyword: Entrapment, &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Aspergillus niger&lt;/i&gt;, chitosan, adsorption, Cd(II) ion,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ullyugmchemica65.blogspot.com/feeds/2964162798153666905/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/3644555934256717635/2964162798153666905' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3644555934256717635/posts/default/2964162798153666905'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3644555934256717635/posts/default/2964162798153666905'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ullyugmchemica65.blogspot.com/2011/11/entrapment-of-aspergillus-niger-on.html' title='ENTRAPMENT OF Aspergillus niger ON CHITOSAN BEADS  AND ITS APPLICATION AS AN ADSORBENT FOR Cd (II) METAL IONS'/><author><name>Hasri Ummas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07416342313046650854</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGDWsuC0tLxxh6TchRWhLnOGUQc7j5vHmI8NMTSXiy9lVQ8Fi5FPZPoYe-rKCo9kNxOyRvDsBmmNoikbhXIX2D4a5qXCk-EOFYk3Mb6uCHgH_kDVa_zAtBbJPy_cYpAA/s220/foto+fb.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3644555934256717635.post-710373660617316103</id><published>2011-11-13T14:13:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-11-13T14:13:55.197+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Jurnal"/><title type='text'>IMMOBILIZATION OF Saccharomycess cereviceae BIOMASS ON CHITOSAN AND ITS APPLICATION AS AN ADSORBENT FOR Pb(II) METAL ION</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;   &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;   &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;   &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;   &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;   &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;    &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;    &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;    &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;    &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;    &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;    &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;   &lt;m:mathPr&gt;    &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;    &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;   &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;
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 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
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 mso-style-priority:99;
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 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
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&lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Hasri&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Mudasir&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Nurul H. A&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Roto&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Makassar State University, Parangtambung, Makassar, Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, Indonesia,55281&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Email: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:hasriu@mail.ugm.ac.id&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;hasriu@mail.ugm.ac.id&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;, hasriu@yahoo.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;OLE_LINK6&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;OLE_LINK5&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK6;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #141314; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;An application of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK6;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Saccharomycess cereviceae &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK6;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;biomass&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK6;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #141314; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; immobilized on&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK6;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK6;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #141314; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;chitosan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK6;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt; (SC-Chi adsorbent) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK6;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #141314; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;for Pb(II) ions removal was demonstrated. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK6;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Adsorption experiment was conducted with various mass ratio of &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Saccharomycess cereviceae &lt;/span&gt;biomass to chitosan, contact time, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;p&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;H of solution and concentration of the cation. Total Pb(II) metal ion adsorbed was calculated from the difference of metal ion amount before and after adsorption measured by AAS. The results showed that optimum condition for adsorption of Pb(II) ions by the SC-Chi was achieved with mass ratio of &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Saccharomycess cereviceae to &lt;/span&gt;chitosan of 50%(w/w), &lt;/span&gt;p&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;H solution of 7, contact time of 60 minutes and concentration of 25 mgL&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. The hydroxyl &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(-OH) and amino (-NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) functional groups are believed to be responsible for the adsorption of Pb(II) ions by the adsorbent.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Keywords: Immobilization, &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Saccharomycess cereviceae biomass&lt;/span&gt;, chitosan, adsorption, Pb(II) ion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ullyugmchemica65.blogspot.com/feeds/710373660617316103/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/3644555934256717635/710373660617316103' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3644555934256717635/posts/default/710373660617316103'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3644555934256717635/posts/default/710373660617316103'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ullyugmchemica65.blogspot.com/2011/11/immobilization-of-saccharomycess.html' title='IMMOBILIZATION OF Saccharomycess cereviceae BIOMASS ON CHITOSAN AND ITS APPLICATION AS AN ADSORBENT FOR Pb(II) METAL ION'/><author><name>Hasri Ummas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07416342313046650854</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGDWsuC0tLxxh6TchRWhLnOGUQc7j5vHmI8NMTSXiy9lVQ8Fi5FPZPoYe-rKCo9kNxOyRvDsBmmNoikbhXIX2D4a5qXCk-EOFYk3Mb6uCHgH_kDVa_zAtBbJPy_cYpAA/s220/foto+fb.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3644555934256717635.post-6303660490560039688</id><published>2011-03-15T21:51:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2012-03-25T17:18:01.240+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Prospek Kitosan"/><title type='text'>PROSPEK KITOSAN DAN  KITOSAN TERMODIFIKASI SEBAGAI  BIOPOLIMER ALAMI YANG MENJANJIKAN</title><content type='html'>&lt;m:smallfrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt; &lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;  &lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Section1&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;HASRI&lt;br /&gt;
Jurusan Kimia Fakultas MIPA UNM Makassar&lt;br /&gt;
Jl. Dg Tata Raya, Parang Tambung,Telp.(0411)-840295&lt;br /&gt;
email: hasriu@yahoo.com; hasriu@mail.ugm.ac.id&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Abstrak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Kitosan merupakan biopolimer alami dengan kelimpahan terbesar kedua setelah selulosa, merupakan produk deasetilasi kitin baik melalui proses reaksi kimia maupun reaksi enzimatis. Senyawa ini dapat ditemukan pada cangkang udang, kepiting, mollusca, serangga, annelida serta beberapa dinding sel jamur dan alga. Hasil modifikasi kitosan menghasilkan sifat dan manfaat yang spesifik. Secara komersial telah menghasilkan inovasi diberbagai bidang seperti; industri &amp;nbsp;pangan, kosmetika, pertanian, farmasi, pengolahan limbah dan penjernihan air. Pesatnya minat dalam mengeksplorasi kitosan, semakin membuktikan&amp;nbsp; bahwa prospek kitosan begitu menjanjikan. Perolehannya sangat mudah karena menggunakan bahan baku limbah invertebrata laut, biaya rendah, terbiodegradasi dan ramah terhadap lingkungan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Kata Kunci: Cangkang invertebrata laut, Kitosan, Modifikasi kitosan, Prospek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Latarbelakang&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tulisan ini memaparkan manfaat kitosan, modifikasi dan prospeknya. Kelimpahannya terbesar kedua setelah selulosa, merupakan produk deasetilasi kitin baik melalui proses reaksi kimia maupun reaksi enzimatis. Kitosan dan Modifikasi nya telah dimanfaatkan secara komersial dalam industri &amp;nbsp;pangan, kosmetika, pertanian, farmasi, kesehatan, penanganan limbah dan penjernihan air.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Cangkang invertebrata laut, terutama &lt;i&gt;Crustacea&lt;/i&gt; mengandung kitin sebagai hasil antara pembentuk kitosan [1,2,3] seperti tabel dibawah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sebahagian diperoleh dari dinding sel jamur dan alga. Di Indonesia limbah kitin yang belum dimanfaatkan sebesar 56.200 metrik ton/tahun [4]&lt;sup&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt; Menurut [5] hasil survei Badan Riset Kelautan dan Perikanan (BRKP) menunjukkan bahwa daerah Jabotabek tersedia sekitar 100 ton/bulan kulit udang kering setara satu ton kitin, dikonversikan ke dalam nilai mata uang, maka akan diperoleh devisa sebesar US$ 65 ribu/bulan atau US$ 780/tahun.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pesatnya minat masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan kitosan di berbagai bidang, semakin membuktikan&amp;nbsp; bahwa kitosan memiliki prospek yang menjanjikan. Disamping perolehannya mudah karena menggunakan bahan baku limbah invertebrata laut, biaya rendah, terbiodegradasi dan ramah terhadap lingkungan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Isolasi Kitosan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kitosan [poli-(2-amino-2-deoksi-β-(1-4)-D-glukopiranosa)] merupakan poli aminosakarida yang diperoleh dari penghilangan sebahagian gugus 2-asetil dari kitin [poli(2-asetamido-2-deoksi-β-(1-4)-D-glukopiranosa)], biopolimer linear dengan 2000-5000 unit monomer, saling terpaut melalui ikatan glikosidik β-(1-4). Kitosan (C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)n berbentuk padatan amorf berwarna putih kekuningan, bersifat polielektrolit. Umumnya larut dalam asam organik, pH sekitar 4–6,5, tidak larut pada pH yang lebih rendah atau lebih tinggi. Kelarutan dipengaruhi oleh bobot molekul dan derajat deasetilasi [6]. Variasi konsentrasi NaOH, lamanya waktu refluks dan besarnya suhu refluks pada proses preparasi kitin akan berpengaruh terhadap derajat deasetilasi (DD) kitosan. Kitosan dengan DD lebih dari 85%, dan berat molekul rendah dibutuhkan sebagai antibakteri, antifungi (penghambat partumbuhan kapang dan jamur pathogen, seperti &lt;i&gt;Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoetonin solani, Pythiumparoccandrum&lt;/i&gt;), antioksidan, anti tumor, immuneenhancing, pelapis (&lt;i&gt;coating&lt;/i&gt;), penyerap air dan lemak. Sebagai membran dan pengemas dibutuhkan DD sekitar 70% dan berat molekul tinggi.[2,6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Proses pembuatan kitin juga berpengaruh terhadap kualitas kitosan yang dihasilkan, apabila kitosan dibuat tanpa melalui langkah deproteinasi akan menghasilkan derajat deasetilasi rendah dan berat molekul yang tinggi dibandingkan melalui tahap deproteinasi [9,10].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Pembentukan kitosan melibatkan proses deproteinasi (penghilangan fraksi protein), demineralisasi (penghilangan fraksi mineral) dilanjutkan proses deasetilasi (penghilangan gugus asetil). Deproteinasi sebaiknya dilakukan lebih dahulu jika protein yang terlarut akan dimanfaatkan lebih lanjut. Deproteinasi pada tahap awal dapat memaksimumkan hasil dan mutu protein serta mencegah kontaminasi protein pada proses demineralisasi. Proses deasetilasi menggunakan alkali dengan konsentrasinya lebih tinggi daripada&amp;nbsp; deproteinasi berfungsi memutuskan&amp;nbsp; ikatan hidrogen yang kuat antara aton nitrogen dengan gugus karboksil dalam struktur kristal kitin [11].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Tabel 2. Karaterisasi Kitosan sesuai Standar Internasional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 12.5pt; width: 227px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center; width: 83.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;111&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Parameter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Standar   Internasional*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;111&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ukuran   partikel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Kadar   Air&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Kadar   Abu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Kadar   Protein&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Derajad   Deasetilasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Bau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Warna   larutan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Viskositas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Butiran/bubuk   &amp;lt;2mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;10%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;2%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Minimal   70%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Tidak   berbau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Jernih&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;200-799cps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Proses pembuatan kitosan dengan tahapan sebagai berikut [2,9,11,12]:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Limbah     Cangkang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tahap deproteinasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Deproteinase (reflux     menggunakan NaOH,selama beberapa jam, 75-90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dibersihkan,dicuci,dikeringkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Diblender     ( sampel halus), atau serpihan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Dibilas     hingga&amp;nbsp; pH &amp;nbsp;netral, keringkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Cangkang berupa serpihan/serbuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tahap demineralisasi:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Direfluks dengan HCl ,     beberapa jam jam, suhu 75-90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Didinginkan,     disaring, dibilas hingga pH netral&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Dikeringkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Kitin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tahap Deasetilasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Direfluks     dengan larutan basa,&amp;nbsp; beberapa menit, 85-150&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Didinginkan,     disaring, dibilas hingga pH netral,dikeringkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;        &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Mekanisme pembentukan kitosan hasil deasetilasi sbb:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;   &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Gambar 1. Mekanisme deasetilasi Kitin menjadi Kitosan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Derajat deasetilasi dapat ditentukan dengan beberapa metode, seperti spektoskopi FT-IR, analisis termal, difraksi sinar-X, SEM (scanning electron microscopy), spektroskopi NMR &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(1H NMR, 13C NMR, dan 15 N NMR), HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), dan TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), [13-18]. Derajat deasetilasi, berat molekul, dan sifat fisika serbuk, [19,20]. Dua sifat fisika dari kitosan yang penting yaitu derajat deasetilasi dan berat molekul.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kitosan Termodifikasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Saat ini kitosan yang banyak diminati adalah kitosan larut air. Karboksimetil kitosan (KMK) adalah salah satu jenis kitosan larut air yang dibuat melalui modifikasi kitosan dengan proses eterifikasi, produk ini banyak digunakan pada industri farmasi/kesehatan dan kosmetika. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Gambar 2.Mekanisme pembentukan KMK &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;KMK merupakan turunan kitosan yang larut air yang membentuk membran dan film semipermiabel. Ada beberapa metode untuk KMK yakni &amp;nbsp;mensintesis N-karboksimetil kitosan dengan menambahkan asam glioksalat (C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;). [21,22] mensintesis N-karboksimetilkitosan larut air dengan menambahkan asam kloroasetat pada pH 8, 90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C untuk mengadsorpsi Cu(II). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Beberapa jenis enzim dilaporkan dapat menghidrolisis kitosan menjadi oligomernya seperti lipase, selulase, lizosim, tannase dan papain, namun di antara jenis-jenis enzim tersebut kitosanase selama ini dikenal sebagai enzim yang paling efektif memecah kitosan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Spesifikasi produk hasil hidrolisis kitosan secara enzimatis dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor antara lain jenis enzim yang digunakan, rasio enzim/substrat, konsentrasi substrat, derajat deasetilasi kitosan dan lama inkubasi. Karena enzim bersifat kemampuan sebagai antitumor. spesifik, maka enzim yang berbeda akan menghasilkan komposisi oligomer yang berbeda pula [7].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Modifikasi kitosan dapat dilakukan menggunakan teknik grafting, pengikatan silang, imprinting, hybridisasi maupun immobilisasi biomassa/enzim, teknik immobilisasi dapat dilihat pada gambar dibawah ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -49.65pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Gambar 3. Teknik Immobilisasi [27,28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Nanoteknologi, menjadikan fungsi kitosan lebih efisien, efektif dan menambah daya saing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Prospek kitosan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kitosan dan turunan/ modifikasinya telah dikenal luas sebagai bahan pengawet alami, dapat dirombak secara biologis (biodegra dable), digunakan dalam berbagai keperluan. sebagai anti bakteri yang lebih kuat dari asam laktat. Antiparasitik, antasid, penghelat radikal bebas, pengemulsi, pengental, dan immobilisasi enzim/biomassa. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sebagai &amp;nbsp;bahan pengawet produk pangan seperti tahu memiliki daya simpan 24 jam, bakso 36-48jam, mi basah 36 jam dan ikan asin 8 minggu.[23,24] daya simpan ayam 12 jam setelah pemotongan sedangkan tanpa kitosan hanya bertahan 6 jam [9]. &amp;nbsp;Penambahan kitosan maka, tampak lebih segar daripada ikan tanpa kitosan, tidak dihinggapi lalat. Kitosan sebagai pelapis buah-buahan (&lt;i&gt;edible coating),&lt;/i&gt; dapat memperpanjang umur buah-buahan karena menekan proses respirasi, transmisi dan pertumbuhan mikroba pembusuk, mengurangi penurunan berat dan kadar air sehingga buah-buahan tetap segar. &amp;nbsp;Tidak mengandung zat karsinogenik (penyebab kanker) sehingga makanan lebih aman dikonsumsi. Hidrolisat kitosan digunakan sebagai pengawet &lt;i&gt;juice&lt;/i&gt; dan minuman ringan, menghambat pertumbuhan mikroba perusak daging perusak saus tomat , perusak mayonise, [25]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Efektif menghambat penyebab penyakit tifus yang telah mengalami reisistensi terhadap antibiotik yang ada [26]. Dapat menyerap kolestrol dan lemak sehingga mengurangi resiko terkena penyakit jantung dan stroke. Dilaporkan&amp;nbsp; kitosan didalam larutan lemak berpengaruh terhadap prosentase penyerapan kolesterol sebesar 45,46%. Konsentrasi kitosan 4 ppm dapat menurunkan 99,88% kekeruhan dari kedua jenis air (air keruh simulasi dan air sungai).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bioaktivitas produk hasil hidrolisis kitosan sangat penting terkait dengan aplikasi produk&amp;nbsp; sebagai bahan baku produk farmasi, misalnya sebagai food supplement. Glukosamin sebagai bentuk monomer dari kitosan&amp;nbsp; memiliki &lt;br /&gt;
Kitooligosakarida atau disebut juga oligomer kitosan merupakan produk hasil depolimerisasi kitosan yang terjadi melalui proses hidrolisis secara kimiawi atau secara enzimatis. Hidrolisis kitin/ kitosan secara kimiawi umumnya menyebabkan depolimerisasi yang sulit dikontrol dan terlalu banyak menghasilkan monomer serta menghasilkan oligosakarida dengan derajat polimerisasi (DP) yang rendah (DP berkisar antara 2 hingga 5) yang diakibatkan oleh rendahnya efisiensi dan pemotongan. Proses depolimerisasi secara enzimatis kemudian banyak mendapat perhatian, karena produk yang dihasilkan lebih seragam dan prosesnya lebih mudah dikontrol. &lt;br /&gt;
Manfaat oligomer kitosan di bidang kesehatan telah banyak dilaporkan, antara lain dapat menghambat pembentukan sel kanker. Dibanding kan dengan kitosan yang larut dalam asam, produk ini lebih mudah diserap tubuh karena bersifat larut dalam air. Dengan sifat biofungsionalnya, kitooligosakarida semakin populer dan kini telah tersedia di pasaran produk makanan suplemen yang berbahan dasar kitin/ kitosan oligomer, dengan klaim perbaikan sistem imun, pengontrol kolesterol, perbaikan fungsi hati dan penurunan tekanan darah yang diproduksi oleh beberapa industri farmasi di AS, ThailanddanKorea. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kitosan oligomer memiliki nilai jauh lebih besar daripada kitosan (bentuk polimer) atau glukosamin (bentuk monomer).&amp;nbsp; kitooligosakarida memiliki harga $60.000/ton, sedangkan dalam bentuk polimer dan monomernya serseharga $10.000/ton. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pada penanganan limbah cair&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;: kitosan sebagai &lt;i&gt;chelating agent&lt;/i&gt; yang dapat menyerap logam berat beracun seperti merkuri, timah, tembaga, dalam perairan dan untuk mengikat zat warna tekstil dalam air limbah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Reduce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;: Dari segi lingkungan, penggunaan khitosan sebagai bahan pengawet kayu relatif aman karena sifatnya yang non toxic dan biodegradable. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Reuse: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pakan ternak yang dihasilkan dari limbah Kitosan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan makanan untuk ternak (bid. Peternakan). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Recycle;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Limbah cangkang invertebtarta laut diawali dengan proses pembuatan kitin, dan deasetilasi dengan alkali. Hasilya menjadi kitosan serbuk/bubuk. Kitin dan Kitosan dapat diterapkan di bidang industri maupun bidang kesehatan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Industri Tekstil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;: Pada kerajinan batik, pasta kitosan dapat menggantikan ”malam” (&lt;i&gt;wax&lt;/i&gt;) sebagai media pembatikan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bidang Fotografi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;: Penambahan tembaga kitosan dapat memperbaiki mutu film untuk meningkatkan fotosensitivitas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bidang Kedokteran/Kesehatan: S&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;ebagai bahan mempercepat penyembuhan luka bakar, lebih baik dari yang terbuat dari tulang rawan. Juga sebagai bahan pembuatan garam-garam glukosamin yang bermanfaat dalam menyembuhkan influenza, radang usus dan sakit tulang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Industri Fungisida: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sebagai antimikrobia melawan jamur lebih kuat dari Kitin.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Industri Kosmetika:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; kitosan. mempunyai kelebihan dapat meningkatkan kekuatan dan berkilaunya rambut. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Industri Pengolahan Pangan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;: Karena sifat kitosan yang dapat mengikat air dan lemak, maka &amp;nbsp;dapat digunakan sebagai media pewarnaan makanan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kesimpulan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Inovasi berkelanjutan dalam mengolah limbah&amp;nbsp; invert&lt;i&gt;e&lt;/i&gt;brata laut berbasis bioindustri perikanan dan kelautan menjadikan &amp;nbsp;limbah ini sebagai sumber potensial dalam pembuatan kitin dan kitosan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dengan nanoteknologi, fungsi kitosan menjadi lebih efisien, efektif sehingga dapat menambah daya saing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Daftar pustaka:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1. Kurita, K., 2006, &lt;i&gt;Biotechnol., 8, 203-226.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2. Murzelli RAA, Peter MG, &amp;nbsp;Editor, 1997, Chitin Handbook. Grotammare: Eurpean Chitin Society.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0.85pt 0cm 0.85pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;3. Moore, G.K. and Roberts, G.A.F., in Muzzarelli, R.A.A. and Pariser, E.R., (eds), Proceedings of the first International Conference on chitin/chitosan. MIT Sea Grant Report 78-7, pp 421, 1978. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; [DKP] Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia. 2003.Perkembangan ekspor komoditi hasil perikanan Indonesia 1998-2002.url: ttp://www.dkp.go.id/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anonim.(2006). ’, &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dkp.go.id/content.php?c=2779&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;http://www.dkp.go.id/content.php?c=2779&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;, diakses 2 januari 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0.85pt 0cm 0.85pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;6. 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A, Roto,2010,&amp;nbsp; Immobilisasi of Aspergillus niger Biomass on Chitosan and its application as adsorben for Pb(II) metal ion, The 2nd International Conference On Chemical Sciences, Yogjakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ullyugmchemica65.blogspot.com/feeds/6303660490560039688/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/3644555934256717635/6303660490560039688' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3644555934256717635/posts/default/6303660490560039688'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3644555934256717635/posts/default/6303660490560039688'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ullyugmchemica65.blogspot.com/2011/03/prospek-kitosan-dan-kitosan.html' title='PROSPEK KITOSAN DAN  KITOSAN TERMODIFIKASI SEBAGAI  BIOPOLIMER ALAMI YANG MENJANJIKAN'/><author><name>Hasri Ummas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07416342313046650854</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGDWsuC0tLxxh6TchRWhLnOGUQc7j5vHmI8NMTSXiy9lVQ8Fi5FPZPoYe-rKCo9kNxOyRvDsBmmNoikbhXIX2D4a5qXCk-EOFYk3Mb6uCHgH_kDVa_zAtBbJPy_cYpAA/s220/foto+fb.JPG'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry></feed>