Umuahian Directory

Occupational Health with emphasis on Nigeria.

2011-05-05T08:25:00.000-07:00

Occupational Health with emphasis on Nigeria.
Definition
Occupational health is the sum total of all activities and programmes that are engaged upon, aiming to attain and maintain the highest level of health and safety of all genre of workers in all occupations. Through the approach of disease prevention, general safety assurance including the manipulations of the work environment to make it conducive to the average man’s physiological make up.
Occupational health is also defined as the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations by preventing departures from health, controlling risks and the adaptation of work to people, and people to their jobs. (ILO/WHO 1950).
THE RATIONALES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
1. In 1950, ILO/WHO laid down the following rationale for occupational health: The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupation.
2. The knowledge of occupational health involves that people in certain jobs are exposed to varied factors and elements inherent in their job and job environment, which may precipitate hazard, accidents, diseases, disability and death.
3. It will expose workers to hazard related to some works and their prevention/control measures in order to be safe and healthy while at work and after work.
4. The protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health.
5. The planning and maintenance of the workers in an occupational environment.
6. The adaptation of each man to his job/work.
7. Early rehabilitation and maintenance of the working capacity of the workers.
8. The knowledge will expose public health workers, employers, trade unions and the general public to the importance and relationship of work top health, that of work environment to health, that of attitude/practices/behaviour at work to health, that of machine/equipments/tools to health.
9. The knowledge will promote and maintain the mental, physical and social well being of workers on every occupation.
10. Advising on planning and organization of work and working practices including the design of workplace, and on the evaluation, choice and maintenance of equipment and on substances used at work. In so doing, the adaptation of work to workers is promoted.
Historical background of occupational health with emphasis on Nigeria.
Historically, very little attention and concern were shown for the promotion, protection and maintenance of the safety and health of the workers prior to 1900. However, on a global level, history revealed that health safety, welfare of employees was not existent during the early and dark ages. Society’s attention toward manual labour was disdainful so much that no efforts were made to control the working environment and to provide a healthful comfortable place in which to work. This was so because only slaves did various jobs. The 18th century era brought Industrial Revolution. This time brought with it, mass production of tools, machines/equipments. As a result, from time to time, accidents and injuries started occurring.
This escalation of industrial growth brought about many work problems. People accepted work related illness and injuries as part of the job and lived shorter lives, frequently dying in their 40s and 50s. No connection was made between their work condition and their health.
Their employers attributed their poor health and death to the workers poor conditions at home or their personal habits towards work.
The physicians then were uneducated on the relationship between work and health, so they blamed industrial related diseases to other causes. The first scientific study on occupational hazard was done in early 1900s by the public health service. This necessitated the importance of occupational health service in factories, industries and other work places.
The Examining Board of Liverpool Infirmary introduced the first occupational health service in 1900. The main purpose of the service was to look after the slave dealers carrying black slaves from Africa to Britain Exploration of Africa continued even after the rehabilitation of slave trade. The Royal Niger Company increased trading activities along the coast and waterways of Nigeria leading to granting the company The Royal Charter (Grant) in 1855 empowering the company to administer the territories under the treaty and Act of Parliament. The company organized its own health service, which looked after the workers but the managements in particular. The United Africa Company (U.A.C) invented the service. When the charter was revoked in 1899. U.A.C and John Holt (both British) companies grew into large multinational companies. The occupational health service by then was mainly curative and limited to expatriate employees. In the same 1899 the Royal Naval Patrol and later the Royal West Africa Frontier Force was commissioned to enforce the abolition Act of 1844 and to protect the British commercial interest in Nigeria. All the territories in Nigeria were confiscated and administered by the colonial office.
Lieutenant Colonel Lugard (Late Lord Lugard) being the Commander-in-Chief of the force in Nigeria then asked for the formation of health Service to cater for the health and welfare of soldiers dying because of malaria. Such service embraced both curative and preventive medicine. The medical corps was separated during the 2nd World War to cater for the members of the armed forces alone. This led to the creation of a Public Health Service that became the nucleus of National Health Service at present supervised and administered by the Federal Ministry of Health.
By 1930, some government owned establishments like the Railways and Coal mines started giving some occupational health services. There was also awareness concerning occupational health legislation.
In Nigeria, the endless quest for industrialization was the need to boost the economy. In doing so produced wastes and hazards that are injurious to health and life of the people who are to enjoy the economy. Industries threatened the existence of man e.g. petroleum mining, cement, textile, timber, soap making, mills, breweries, black smiting etc.
Hazard from these industries produced diseases, fire accident, air/water pollution, noise and other forms of environmental degradation like
a. Lead poisoning
b. Phosphorus poisoning
c. Manganese poisoning
d. Anthrax
e. Silicosis
f. Toxic jaundice
g. Benzene poisoning
h. Hypertension in sedentary workers
i. Aniline poisoning
j. Emphysema in mining industry.
Key Occupational Health developments in Nigeria include-
1941: Workman’s Compensation Ordinance was introduced. This was
replaced by Workman Compensation Service of 1987.
1942: Department of labour was created
1945: The labour Code of Ordinance was enacted and replaced by Labour
Decree (later Act of 1974)
1951: Ministry of Labour was created etc.
To be contd.............................................................

सिविल वर एंड एफ्फेक्ट्स इन nigeriaसिविल वर एंड एफ्फेक्ट्स इन nigeria

2011-05-05T08:19:00.000-07:00

CIVIL WAR AND EFFECTS IN REVIEW (NIGERIA)
AUTHOR: AFUEWELU AUGUSTUS BILLS C. (HON)
After thirty months of a cascading blood bath, the bitterest conflict ever to erupt in Africa ended when the nation of Biafra officially died as the New Year opened in 1970. A tremor of relief shuddered through all of black Africa. Grateful exclamations – ‘thank goodness, it’s over!’ – were breathed through million of lips. The demise of Biafra recalled a basic truth: man has a right to peace and security. Peace and security – meaningful peace and Lasting security – should always be the unfaltering objective of all government. Any government which is blind to this objective fails its citizens and does not deserve support.
Whatever threatens the right of its citizens to a secure and peaceful life must be combated by any responsible government. One measure of leadership is the ability to see such threats and to prevent them from becoming realities. The health of a body politic depends on the capacity of leaders and citizens alike to learn from past mistakes.
What lessons have Nigerians learned from their chequered history since independence in 1960? To what extent has Nigeria matured in its aspiration to greater nation-hood? There is no doubt that the main causes of Nigeria’s post-independence crises – nepotism, tribalism and corruption – still exist today. However, this bleak truth may be brightened by the knowledge that at least one lesson of the war is not lost: the realization of the grave consequences of intolerance and chauvinistic myths, and the knowledge that no one section of the country can seek to impose itself on another without frightful consequences.
The Nigerian Federation is today at another crossroad. We may choose one way or the other. We cannot afford to say, ‘let us forget about the past’. Before arriving to this crossroad we have stumbled along a tortuous path. We must, in picking a new way, draw from our experience. What about that seemingly smooth path that thrust us into a ditch? What about that exhausting pace that tired us so quickly? What about that irrepressible gluttony that exhausted our rations before we went a tenth of the way? What about that beastly passion veiled our eyes to the more honorable and lofty ideals of the world? Should we forget our regrets, our sufferings and our cravings for another chance? Certainly not! Because we cannot afford to forget.
If we should forget the pains caused by the events of our recent history, we must not forget the facts of such pains and the circumstances that created them. Either we will digest the bitter fruits of our history or they will poison us. Anybody who claims leadership of our people owes it to them not to permit another harvest of mistakes.
It is in the light of this that we must come to grips with our present. And it is in partial fulfillment of this need that the combination of events, times and places that came to be called the Republic of Biafra must be made known in order to see what benefit can be derived from that phenomenon. Since the collapse of Biafra, we have been deluged with highly colored accounts of the war. The motive of the authors of these accounts, most of whom had the best of Biafra, has been self-exculpation. With time, however, it will be convenient to write a more comprehensive account of the Nigerian Civil war. This work is intended to hold brief of such account.
Without prejudice to the political and geographical reality of Nigeria today, the terms ‘Biafra’ and ‘Biafrans’ will be used for the sake of convenience and explicitness. It is assumed that Biafra existed as a nation throughout the war.

BACKGROUND
Post-independence Nigeria was beset by a series of crises. These took a dramatic turn with the military coup of 15January 1966 which installed Major-General Johnson Thomas Umunnakwe Aguiyi-Ironsi, an Ibo, as Head of Nigeria’s first military government. Ironsi appointed military governors to administer the four regions of the federation. One of those appointed was Lt-Col. Chukwuemeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu who was placed in charge of the Eastern Region. In the coup that installed Ironsi in power, Sir Ahmadu Bello, the Sarduana of Sokoto and Premier of the Nothern Region, and Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Federal Prime Minister and also a Northerner, were killed. Also killed were four Northern and two Western Senior officers and one Eastern (Ibo). The ethnic distribution of the casualties of the coup led to the allegation that it was an Ibo coup.
A counter coup on 29 July 1966 swept Ironsi from power and installed General Yakubu Gowon, a Northener. Together with Ironsi, thirthy-three officers of the Eastern Nigerian origin, majority of whom were Ibos, were killed. Then followed a series of riots in the North in which thousands of Easterners living there were killed. In retaliation scores of Northerners living in the East were set upon by irate refugees from the North. Subsequently over a million refugees returned to the East from other parts of the Federation. And ‘non Easterners’ were expelled from the East. This more than anything else, polarized the Nigerian crisis into an Eastern Region-Federal Government conflict.
All efforts towards settlement – and they were many – failed. The most prominent of these efforts was the meeting in January1967, of the Nigerian Supreme Military Council at Aburi, Ghana. Some agreements were reached which raised hopes of settling the crises. These hopes were shattered when the government of the Eastern Region and the Federal Government interpreted the agreements differently.
Events so deteriorated that on 27 May Gowon promulgated a decree dividing Nigeria into Twelve States. Three days later, on 30 May, Ojukwu declared the secession of the Eastern Region of Nigeria and the establishment of the Independent Republic of Biafra.
A war ensued between the Federal Government – to prevent secession – and Biafra – to assert its independence. The war which began on 6 July 1967 ended on 12 January 1970 with the defeat of Biafra.

To be continued………………………………………………………………………………..

UMUAHIAN DIRECTORY

2010-12-07T05:40:00.000-08:00

Umuahian Directory.

Class: 2011

Name: Aduanya Emeka Nick Name:

Address: World Bank Housing Estate Umuahia

Mobile: 07037394690 Portfolio: Evangelism Sec. SU

Name: Chike Nick Name:

Address: Umuahia Email:

Mobile: 07068302900 Portfolio: Library Capt

House: New

Name: Chidi Fortune Nick Name: Drill

Address: Isieke Housing Estate Umuahia. Email:

Mobile: 08130748834, 08135870608 Portfolio: School Capt

House: New

Name: Ejims Chinedu Nick Name: Johnbo

Address: 30 Ibina Street Aba Email:

Mobile: 07064881206 Portfolio: General Sec. SU

House: Nile

Name: Ezegbe Ifeanyi Nick Name:

Address: Email:

Mobile: 07068792194 Portfolio: Cadet Capt.

House: Simpson

Name: Igwilo Samuel Nick Name: Stone

Address: Portharcourt, River State Email:

Mobile: 08035562436 House: Nile

Name: Martins Lucky Nick Name: Terry G

Address: Finbars Umuahia House: Nile

Mobile: 07069394559, 08095565181 Portfolio: Asst. Prep & Bounds

Name: Ndukwe Kelechi R. Nick Name: Xpensive Oxide

Address: 3 Uchechukwu Line Oyibo Rivers. Email: raydoxonline@yahoo.com

Mobile: 08035599479, 08183029986 Portfolio: Press President.

House: Nile

Name: Ohaeri Jacob Nick Name: Nice Law

Address: Umuana Ibeku, Umahia. Email:

Mobile: 08132134029 Portfolio: Speaker

House: Nile

Name: Okafor Nick Name: OKO

Address: Okoko Item Email:

Mobile: 07064483906 House: Nile

Name: Onwuemeodo Elvis Nick Name: Eragon

Address: Aba Email: eragon4wizzyline@yahoo.com

Mobile: 08131864129 Portfolio: Vice President YCS.

House: Nile

Name: Nick Name: Sir Don

Address: Portharcourt Email:

Mobile: 07031817004 Portfolio: Asst Nile House Capt.

Name: Uwaoma Emmanuel J. Nick Name: Kain Life

Address: St Silas, Anglican. Old Umuahia Email:

Mobile: 07065566331 Portfolio: Games Capt

House: New

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Class: 2010

Name: Afuewelu Augustus (Hon) Nick Name: Bills

Address: Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Email: afueweluaugustus@yahoo.com

venusflip@yahoo.com

Mobile: 08097883764, 08181694606 Portfolio: Speaker S.R.C

President PRESS CLUB

House: Nile

Name: Ahamefula Emmanuel Nick Name: Ability

Address: Email:

Mobile: 07065602590 Portfolio: Social Prefect

House: Simpson

Name: Ajike Emmanuel Nick Name: Sharon Oweltz

Address: ABSU, Uturu Email: Sharonowelz@yahoo.com

Mobile: 07067069656 House: Simpson

Name: Ahuoma Ucheoma Nick Name: Agbii

Address: Email:

Mobile: 08130324199 House: New (Formerly in Nile)

Name: Ajuzie Nnamdi Nick Name: Ajunwa

Address: University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) Email:

Mobile: 08068217730 Portfolio: Field Marshal Cadet

House: School

Name: Amah Kalu Akuma Nick Name: Okponguzo

Address: Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Email: amahprecious@yahoo.com

Mobile: 07070047696, 07062730500 Portfolio: Agric Capt

House: Nile Secretary PRESS CLUB

Name: Amajuoyi Chukwudi Nick Name: Occasion

Address: MOUA Umudike Email:

Mobile: 07031167273 Portfolio: Ist Asst Nile House Capt (unfinished)

House: Nile

Name: Amakwe Chinomso Nick Name: Ipod

Address: IMSU Email: takl2kesh@yahoo.com

Mobile: 07064586205 Portfolio: Asst Simpson House Capt(former Niger Asst)

House: Niger – Simpson

Name: Anayo Tochukwu Nick Name: Show Fizzy

Address: University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) Email: showfizzy@yahoo.co.uk

Mobile: 07031974993 Portfolio: Chairman Food Comm. (C.F.C)

House: New P.R.O PRESS CLUB

Name: Ani Ejike Nick Name:

Address: Email:

Mobile: 08068187561 Portfolio: Dept .Speaker S.R.C

House: Kent (Cabal) – Nile

Name: Anyaegbulam Chibuike Nick Name: Montero (libido)

Address: Anambra State University Uli Email:

Mobile: 08063243145. Portfolio: official DDLS

House: Simpson

Name: Chigbu David Nick Name:

Address: University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) Email:

Mobile: 07065775420 Portfolio: Chapel Prefect

House: School - Nile President SU

Name: Ebere Okwuchi Nick Name:

Address: Email:

Mobile: 08037104449 Portfolio: Secretary DDLS

House: Simpson

Name: Ehiogu Chibuisi Nick Name: Falaki

Address: Email:

Mobile: 08132735033 Port folio: Yo man

House: Nile.

Name: Eke N. Robert Nick Name: Ronek P

Address: Email: manuelpatson@yahoo.com

Mobile: 07066117790, 08090842649 Portfolio: former kent captain (2^nd Nile Asst Captain, completed after Amajuoyi left)

House: Kent (Maffia) – Nile

Name: Ekekwe Nick Name: Escalade

Address: Email:

Mobile: 07038800243. Portfolio: Yo Man

Name: Ekeoma Ifeanyi Nick Name: Sequency

Address: Email:

Mobile: 07034939647 Portfolio: Dept. Agric Captain

House: Kent (Cabal)

Name: Ekwuribe Godspower Nick Name: Uvere (Fantasy)

Address: Email:

Mobile: 07062531642 Portfolio: Prep & Bounds Captain

House: Kent (Cave)

Name: Enyioha Chibuzor Nick Name: Chibuu

Address: Email:

Mobile: 08063410031 Portfolio: Yo Man

House: Niger

Name: Eze Moses Nick Name: Moral

Address: Email:

Mobile: 08132784357 Portfolio: Asst Simpson Capt (unfinished)

House: Simpson

Name: Ezeala Ekene Nick Name: Obere

Address: MOUA Umudike Email:

Mobile: 07037200338 Portfolio: (He left after his JSS 1)

House: Kent

Name: Ezebuiro Chikwado Nick Name: OkuKo (Kwadosky)

Address: MOUA Umudike Email:

Mobile: 07063793585 Portfolio: Simpson Captain

Bible Study Secretary SU

House: Simpson

Name: Ezekwem Numan Nick Name: Newman

Address: Email:

Mobile: 08036504740 Portfolio: Yo Man

House: New

Name: Igbeke Mac-Robinson Nick Name: Jam-moto

Address: Email:

Mobile: 07037696914, 08183613723 Portfolio: Dining Hall Capt

House: Nile – Simpson

Name: Iheanyi Chijioke Nick Name: Motivation

Address: Email: newdayz4all@yahoo.com

Mobile: 08060308891 Portfolio: Utility Captain

House: Nile

Name: Iheukwumere Green Nick Name: Maxkendy

Address: Email: greenishking4mum@yahoo.com

Mobile: 08032400507, 08181355792 Portfolio: Nile House Captain

Treasurer SU

House: Simpson – Nile

Name: Ijeh Onyedikachi Nick Name:

Address: Email:

Mobile: 07062240709 Portfolio: (He left after his SS1)

House: Niger

Name: Ikeanumba Chukwuemeka Nick Name: Peacemaker

Address: Email:

Mobile: 07067165375 Portfolio: Asst Dining Hall Capt

House: Erekosima – Niger- Simpson

Name: Iroegbu Ahamefula Nick Name: 2 Shotz

Address: Email:

Mobile: 07034387368. Portfolio: Asst Chairman Food Comm. (C.F.C)

House: Simpson – Niger

Name: Iroezi Daniel Nick Name: Kizito

Address: Email:

Mobile: 07037144261 Portfolio: House Captain Niger

House: Cozens – Niger

Name: Kalu Ikechukwu Nick Name: Spaco

Address: Email:

Mobile: 07034775916 Portfolio: (He left after SS1)

House: Nile

Name: Kalu Uduma N. Nick Name: X-Pac Diamond

Address: University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) Email:

Mobile: 07032424570 Portfolio: Dept. Prep & Bounds

House: Kent (Cabal) – Nile

Name: Maduka Chukwuemeka Nick Name: Bombay

Address: Anambra State University Uli Email: bombay41914@yahoo.com

Mobile: 08069054096. Portfolio: Dept. Cadet Captain

House: Simpson – Kent (Maffia)

Name: Nebife Nnachetam Nick Name: Suddenly

Address: Email:

Mobile: 08069397577. Portfolio: Sanitary Capt

House: Kent – Nile

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2010-11-20T06:47:00.001-08:00

Umuahian Directory.

Class: 2011

Name: Aduanya Emeka Nick Name:

Address: World Bank Housing Estate Umuahia

Mobile: 07037394690 Portfolio: Evangelism Sec. SU

Name: Chike Nick Name:

Address: Umuahia Email:

Mobile: 07068302900 Portfolio: Library Capt

House: New

Name: Chidi Fortune Nick Name: Drill

Address: Isieke Housing Estate Umuahia. Email:

Mobile: 08130748834, 08135870608 Portfolio: School Capt

House: New

Name: Ejims Chinedu Nick Name: Johnbo

Address: 30 Ibina Street Aba Email:

Mobile: 07064881206 Portfolio: General Sec. SU

House: Nile

Name: Ezegbe Ifeanyi Nick Name:

Address: Email:

Mobile: 07068792194 Portfolio: Cadet Capt.

House: Simpson

Name: Igwilo Samuel Nick Name: Stone

Address: Portharcourt, River State Email:

Mobile: 08035562436 House: Nile

Name: Martins Lucky Nick Name: Terry G

Address: Finbars Umuahia House: Nile

Mobile: 07069394559, 08095565181 Portfolio: Asst. Prep & Bounds

Name: Ndukwe Kelechi R. Nick Name: Xpensive Oxide

Address: 3 Uchechukwu Line Oyibo Rivers. Email: raydoxonline@yahoo.com

Mobile: 08035599479, 08183029986 Portfolio: Press President.

House: Nile

Name: Ohaeri Jacob Nick Name: Nice Law

Address: Umuana Ibeku, Umahia. Email:

Mobile: 08132134029 Portfolio: Speaker

House: Nile

Name: Okafor Nick Name: OKO

Address: Okoko Item Email:

Mobile: 07064483906 House: Nile

Name: Onwuemeodo Elvis Nick Name: Eragon

Address: Aba Email: eragon4wizzyline@yahoo.com

Mobile: 08131864129 Portfolio: Vice President YCS.

House: Nile

Name: Nick Name: Sir Don

Address: Portharcourt Email:

Mobile: 07031817004 Portfolio: Asst Nile House Capt.

Name: Uwaoma Emmanuel J. Nick Name: Kain Life

Address: St Silas, Anglican. Old Umuahia Email:

Mobile: 07065566331 Portfolio: Games Capt

House: New

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Class: 2010

Name: Afuewelu Augustus (Hon) Nick Name: Bills

Address: Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Email: afueweluaugustus@yahoo.com

venusflip@yahoo.com

Mobile: 08097883764, 08181694606 Portfolio: Speaker

House: Nile

Name: Ahamefula Emmanuel Nick Name: Ability

Address: Email:

Mobile: 07065602590 Portfolio: Social Prefect

House: Simpson

Name: Ajike Emmanuel Nick Name: Sharon Oweltz

Address: ABSU, Uturu Email: Sharonowelz@yahoo.com

Mobile: 07067069656 House: Simpson

Name: Ahuoma Ucheoma Nick Name: Agbii

Address: Email:

Mobile: 08130324199 House: New (Formerly in Nile)

Name: Ajuzie Nnamdi Nick Name: Ajunwa

Address: University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) Email:

Mobile: 08068217730 House: School

Name: Amah Kalu Akuma Nick Name: Okponguzo

Address: Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Email: amahprecious@yahoo.com

Mobile: 07070047696, 07062730500 Portfolio: Agric Capt

House: Nile

Name: Amajuoyi Chukwudi Nick Name: Occasion

Address: MOUA Umudike Email:

Mobile: 07031167273 Portfolio: Ist Asst Nile House Capt (unfinished)

House: Nile

Name: Amakwe Chinomso Nick Name: Ipod

Address: IMSU Email: takl2kesh@yahoo.com

Mobile: 07064586205 Portfolio: Asst Simpson House Capt

Name: Anayo Tochukwu Nick Name: Show Fizzy

Address: University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) Email: showfizzy@yahoo.co.uk

Mobile: 07031974993 Portfolio: Chairman Food Comm. (C.F.C)

Name: Ani Ejike Nick Name:

Address: Email:

Mobile: 08068187561 Portfolio: Dept .Speaker

House: Kent (Cabal)

Name: Ani Ejike Nick Name:

Address: Email:

Mobile: 08068187561 Portfolio: Dept. Speaker

House: Kent – Nile

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