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Why Russia's Nuclear Weapons are the Most Deadly in the World

2022-05-03T09:00:00.005+05:45

Russia has the largest arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world. From megaton hydrogen bombs to tactical ballistic missiles, it’s safe to say that these weapons are the most terrifying around. This article explores why Russia’s Nuclear Weapons are the most dangerous in the world.

What Is a Nuclear Weapon

A nuclear weapon, also known as an atomic bomb, is a weapon of mass destruction. It works by using an explosion to create a reaction that releases a large amount of energy. This results in damage comparable to or greater than conventional weapons. Nuclear weapons were first developed during World War II. They have been used twice in war: against Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. The first nation to develop them was Russia, followed by Britain and then America. Today there are nine countries with nuclear weapons: Russia, China, France, Britain, India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel (which has never admitted it has such arms). These nine countries have about 15000 nuclear warheads between them.

Russia's-Nuclear-Weapons

The History of the Development of a Nuclear Weapon

For years, scientists have been trying to create a nuclear weapon. The idea of creating a bomb began as early as 1895. Many people were researching how they could make an explosion using radioactive material and explosives. It wasn’t until 1932 that these two things were finally combined together. A new atomic reaction was produced when uranium was bombarded with neutrons, which made it unstable and cause an atomic explosion. The first successful test of a nuclear weapon occurred on July 16, 1945 at 5:29 am near Alamogordo, New Mexico. Scientists took six months to plan and prepare for the first test detonation in history. After many tests, President Truman gave his approval for dropping nuclear weapons on Japan. Two bombs were dropped, one on Hiroshima and one on Nagasaki. This ended World War II by ending Japan’s ability to fight back against U.S forces. Nuclear weapons have had a great impact on our world since their creation over 70 years ago.

Why Are They Dangerous

Russia has some of the most powerful nuclear weapons on Earth. And if you don’t believe us, take a look at these 10 statistics about nuclear weapons and how dangerous they really are:

1. The US and Russia own about 92% of all nuclear weapons.

2. In total, there are over 15,000 nuclear weapons worldwide.

3. There have been more than 2,000 nuclear tests since 1945.

4. A single Russian submarine can carry 16 nuclear missiles that could destroy an entire city or military base with just one strike.

5. Nuclear bombs release enormous amounts of energy—enough to completely destroy everything within a large radius.

6. The first nuclear weapon was detonated during WWII by America against Japan in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing thousands instantly and injuring many more who later died from radiation poisoning.

7. Since then, nuclear weapons have only been used twice—both times by America against Japan during WWII to end the war quickly before their troops were forced to invade mainland Japan.

8. In order to create a nuclear weapon, you need highly enriched uranium or plutonium.

9. The US and Russia both keep large stockpiles of nuclear weapons on high alert at all times—ready for immediate use if needed.

10. Nuclear weapons are extremely dangerous to manufacture, transport, store, and detonate.

The History of Russia's Nuclear Weapons

The origins of Russian nuclear weapons date back to September 1949, when President Harry S. Truman directed then-Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson to formulate a plan for acquiring special weapons. In 1950, President Truman gave formal approval for development of both atomic and hydrogen bombs by top secret order. The same year, Soviet authorities put their own first atomic weapon research into action under Igor Kurchatov, codenamed The First Special Laboratory. By 1953, teams led by Yuli Khariton and Igor Tamm developed a nuclear fusion design using lithium deuteride as fuel that became known as RDS-6s or Joe-4. Following successful tests, it was deployed in 1955 on board a Tupolev Tu-4 bomber jet. As time went on, nuclear weaponry became more and more advanced until they reached unprecedented levels during Cold War period between United States and Soviet Union. This period is often referred to as The Arms Race. Nuclear weapons have become so powerful that they could potentially destroy entire countries with one strike. It is estimated that there are over 15 thousand nuclear warheads across Earth today (most of them belong to Russia).

Why Russia's Nuclear Weapons are the Most Deadly in the World

At least on paper, Russia’s nuclear weapons arsenal is more powerful than that of any other country. In terms of megatonnage (the destructive force a bomb can unleash), it trumps China, France, India, Israel, Pakistan and North Korea combined. By most accounts, it has enough firepower to kill billions of people. In terms of deadliness per unit—measured by some combination of explosive yield and missile delivery systems—Russia’s nuclear stockpile reigns supreme. But here’s why Moscow may not be number one for long: The US military is reportedly working on a new nuclear weapon. Known as B61-12, its mission will be to replace an older nuclear warhead carried by long-range bombers and cruise missiles. It will also be smaller than existing bombs; instead of being dropped from jets or launched from submarines, it will be mounted onto smaller fighter planes like F-15E Strike Eagles or F-35 Joint Strike Fighters.

Conclusion

Moscow has a much more advanced nuclear arsenal than people think. A nuclear weapon is one of several tools Moscow uses to achieve its foreign policy objectives. The Russian government doesn’t let its nuclear arsenal become an end unto itself—because, after all, weapons don’t win wars by themselves; people do.

PSC Computer Operator Exam Multiple Choice Question(MCQ) Quiz-3

2021-01-07T10:18:00.012+05:45

This MCQ PSC computer quiz contains 10 multiple choice questions from the Microsoft Word (MS-Word) chapter. Each question has four options and one is the correct answer among them. These MCQ quizzes are specially designed for PSC (Loksewa aayog) computer operator exam of both Assistant computer operator and computer operator.

PSC Computer Operator Exam Quiz-3

By default your document is print in ….. mode.
1. Landscape
2. Portrait
3. Page setup
4. Print view
The MS-word is a ….. software.
1. System
2. Application
3. Utility
4. Game
Which one of the following is not found in the MS-word?
1. Table
2. Formula bar
3. Font
4. Bullet
Borders can be applied to:
1. Image
2. Paragraph
3. Text box
4. All of the above
Which of the following is not a type of page margin?
1. Left
2. Right
3. Center
4. Top
What is the default left margin in a word document?
1. 1”
2. 1.25”
3. 1.5”
4. 2”
What is the gutter margin?
1. Margin that is added to the left margin when printing?
2. Margin that is added to the right margin when printing?
3. Margin that is added to the binding side of the page when printing.
4. None of the above
Which of these is not a font style?
1. Bold
2. Italics
3. Regular
4. Superscript
Which is true with saving as a command?
1. Save a document in a new location
2. Save a document with the new name
3. Cancel saving
4. Both A and B
Which program is MS-Word?
1. Graphics
2. Word processing
3. Spreadsheet
4. None of the above

In this blog, we have published various PSC computer quiz and MCQ quizzes in Fundamental of Computer, Word Process, Excel, PowerPoint, Ms. Access, Networking, etc. Hope you all like it. If there is a mistake in any of the questions please let us know by commenting on this post. Thanks!

PSC Computer Operator Exam Multiple Choice Question(MCQ) Quiz-2

2021-01-01T18:04:00.015+05:45

This MCQ PSC computer quiz contains 10 multiple choice questions from the Fundamentals of Computer chapter. Each question has four options and one is the correct answer among them. These MCQ quizzes are specially designed for PSC (Loksewa aayog) computer operator exam of both Assistant computer operator and computer operator.

PSC Computer Operator Exam Quiz-2

Charles Babbage invented :
1. ENIAC
2. Difference engine
3. Electronic computer
4. Punched card
The first electronics computer ENIAC is designed by?
1. Van-Neumann
2. Joseph M. Jacquard
3. J. Presper Eckert
4. All of the above
All of the following are examples of storage devices EXCEPT:
1. Hard disk
2. Printers
3. Floppy disk
4. CD
Demodulation is a process of :
1. Converting analog to digital signal
2. Converting digital signals
3. Multiplexing various solutions into one high-speed line signal
4. Performing data description
Which is not an operating system?
1. Linux
2. MS-DOS
3. MS-Word
4. Unix
The major functions of the operating system:
1. Memory management
2. Files management
3. Process management
4. All of the above
Spooling technique is associated with:
1. Operating system and scanner
2. Operating system and printer
3. Operating system and hard disk
4. Operating system and keyboard
GUI stands for:
1. Graphical Universal Interconnection
2. Graphical User Information
3. Graphical User Internet
4. Graphical User Interface
FAT stands for:
1. File for all type
2. Format all tab setting
3. File allocation table
4. File attributes type
To move to the bottom of a document press….
1. End key
2. Home key
3. Alt+end key
4. Ctrl+end key

In this blog, we have published various MCQ quizzes in Fundamental of Computer, Word Process, Excel, PowerPoint, Ms. Access, Networking, etc. Hope you all like it. If there is a mistake in any of the questions please let us know by commenting on this post. Thanks!

What is a nonmetal? Its Physical & Chemical properties & usefulness with FAQs

2020-12-26T22:45:00.003+05:45

What is a nonmetal? And do you know how many metals and non-metals there are? Based on the important properties found in more than 118 types of elements found in nature, they are mainly divided into three types; which are metals, non-metals, and semi-metals.

What is a nonmetal?

People have been using non-metals for various purposes since time immemorial. Some non-metals are closely related to our lives. For example oxygen, oxygen is the vital air for living beings, without oxygen, they cannot live. Some nonmetals are used in electronic devices, medicine, etc. In this article, we will discuss about nonmetals and their properties and usefulness. Let us first discuss what is a nonmetal?

What is a nonmetal?

Soft, dull, which cannot be made long or thin by beating, does not give a tingling sound when knocked, and is a bad conductor of electricity and heat, is called nonmetal. Some non-metals are also an exception. For example, carbon is a solid nonmetal, diamond and graphite are two different forms of carbon, diamond is so rigid and shiny and graphite is good conductors.

Non-metals are located on the top right side of the periodic table. Halogens and noble gases are nonmetals. They are included in different groups of the periodic table. Group 1 and group 14 have one / one elements, hydrogen and carbon respectively; Two elements in group 15 (nitrogen and phosphorus); Three in group 16 (oxygen, sulfur and selenium); Most group 17 (fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine); and all of Group 18 (with the possible exception of oganesson).

Physical properties of nonmetal

Properties of non-metals are often opposite to the properties of metals.

Luster:

Non-metal does not shine. The surface of a nonmetal is dull. But diamond, which is a type of carbon, is very shiny. Graphite is also a type of carbon, but its surface is shiny.

Hardness:

Nonmetals are soft. But diamond, which is a type of carbon, is very hard. Diamond is the hardest of the natural materials so far obtained.

Malleability:

Non-metals are not malleable. When the non-metal is beaten, it breaks into pieces. Nonmetal cannot be changed into a thin sheet by beating.

Ductility:

Nonmetals do not have flexibility. This property of nonmetals is called Brittleness (fleeting).

The bad conductor of heat and electricity:

Nonmetal is a bad conductor of electricity and heat. But graphite, which is a type of carbon, is a conductor of electricity.

Physical State:

Some non-metals are solids, some liquids, and some are gases at normal temperatures. Such as carbon solid, bromine liquid, and oxygen is in the gas state. Bromine is the only non-metallic element in a liquid state at normal temperature.

Melting and Boiling Point:

The melting point (MP) and boiling point (BP) of nonmetals are quite low. But the melting point of a diamond, which is a nonmetal and a type of carbon, is very high.

Chemical properties of non-metals

Non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature.
They form stable compounds with hydrogen.
Their chlorides are completely hydrolyzed with water.
When reacting with the oxygen they form an acidic oxide or neutral oxide.
They do not react with water (steam) to produce hydrogen gas.
They do not react with acids because they have negatively charged electrons.
They do not react with a salt solution but displace less reactive non-metals from salt.
They react with chlorine to form covalent chlorides which are non-electrolytes.

Question Answer about Nonmetal

Question 1- By which elements do the salts of fireworks are obtained?

Answer - Sr & Ba

Question 2- Which radioactive element has a huge deposits in India?

Answer: Thorium

Question 3- Which element is used as fuel in Kalpakkam fast breeder test reactor?

Answer: Enriched Uranium

Question 4- What is heavy water?

Answer: Dimmer

Question 5- Which is the common type of coal?

Answer: Bituminous

Question 6- Who reacts the most with halogen?

Answer: Chlorine

Question 7- Which is the hardest substance in nature?

Answer: Diamond

Question 8- What are the two forms of carbon?

Answer: Diamond and graphite

Question 9- Which is the metal present in hemoglobin?

Answer: Iron

Question 10- Which metals are used in accumulator batteries?

Answer: Lead

Question 11- Which metal is suitable in the manufacture of aircraft?

Answer: Platinum

Question 12- 'Adam Catalyst' is the name of which metal?

Answer: Platinum

Question 13- What is the percentage of carbon in steel?

Answer - Answer - 0.1 to 1.5%

In the last

In this post, we have answered various questions about nonmetals, such as "What is a nonmetal?", "What is the most reactive nonmetal?" Also, information is given about the physical and chemical properties of a nonmetal and different short answer questions, etc. How did you like this post? Please let us know by commenting on this post. Thank you!

What is metal? Its Physical & Chemical properties and usefulness with FAQs

2020-12-17T13:35:00.009+05:45

What is metal? - What elements have you seen in nature? Can you tell? The elements in nature are divided into metals, non-metals, and semi-metals. Metals occupy an important place in our daily lives. Metals are more useful for us. Do you know, what is the strongest metal?

What is the heaviest metal?

People have been using metal for various purposes since time immemorial. Different metals are used for different purposes. Some metals are used to make utensils, aircraft parts, electrical wires, and coins. In this article, we will discuss some important metals and their properties and usefulness. Let us first discuss what is metal?

What is metal?

The hard, shiny, which can be beaten to make it long or thin, gave tingling sound when knocked and a good conductor of electricity and heat, is called metal.

The metal is derived from the Greek word "μέταλλον" metallon. Which means "mine, quarry, metal". Most metals are rigid, shiny, and conductive like iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, etc. Similarly, some metals are also soft, such as aluminum, silver, etc.

Physical properties of metal

It has a special type of luster, which is called metal luster. Due to this special luster, metals like gold, silver, etc. are used in making jewelry.

Metals are hard, but the hardness of different metals varies. Some metals are harder and some are less hard. Sodium is an exception in metals which is very soft; it can be easily cut with a knife. Due to its hardness, iron is used to make bridges, houses, railway lines, vehicles, etc.

Metals are malleable. Due to this property, it can be beaten to make it thinner or longer. For example, iron is used to make the body of cars and other vehicles. Thin metal sheets such as gold, silver, etc. are used to make jewelry. Gold and silver are the most malleable metals.

Metals are flexible. This property is called Ductility. Due to this property, it can be converted into thin wire. Due to its high ductility of aluminum, copper, etc., it is used to make electrical wires. Gold is the most Ductile metal.

Metals are conductors of electricity and heat. As aluminum and copper are good conductors, they are used to make electrical wires and cooking utensils. Tungsten and Bismuth are poor conductors of electricity

When it is tapped, it makes a special sound, which is like a bell. Due to this property, it’s used in making bells, musical strings, etc. This property is called the resonance of metals.

The metal is solid at normal temperatures. Mercury is the only metal that remains in a liquid state at normal temperatures.

The melting and boiling point of the metal is very high. But the melting point of Gallium and Cesium metal is very low; the melting point of Gallium and cesium is so low that when held in hand they melt by the temperature of the palm.

Chemical Properties of metals

Burning of the metal into the air creates the corresponding metal oxide.

Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide

Most metals exhibit this property, that when it is ignited in air, the metal reacts with oxygen and form the corresponding metal oxide.

Examples:

What happens when sodium is burnt in the air?

Ans: When sodium is heated in air, sodium immediately ignites with an orange flame and forms a mixture of sodium oxide and sodium peroxide.

2Na + O₂ ® Na₂O₂

Sodium Oxygen Sodium peroxide

4Na + O₂ ® 2Na₂O₂

Sodium Oxygen Sodium peroxide

What happens when Lithium is lit in the air?

Ans: When lithium is heated or lit in air, lithium immediately ignites with a red-tinted flame and gives lithium oxide.

4Li + O₂ ® 2Li₂O

Lithium Oxygen Lithium oxide

What happens when potassium is burnt in the air?

Ans: When potassium is burned in the air, it forms potassium peroxide and potassium superoxide.

2K + O₂ ® K₂O₂

Potassium oxygen Potassium peroxide

K + O₂ ® KO₂

Potassium oxygen Potassium super oxide

What happens when magnesium is burnt in the air?

Ans: When magnesium metal is ignited in the air, it burns with dazzling light and forms magnesium oxide.

2Mg + O₂ ® 2MgO

Magnesium Oxygen Magnesium oxide

What happens when aluminum is burnt in the air?

Ans: When aluminum is burned in the air, it forms aluminum oxide.

4Al + O₂ ® 2Al₂O₂

Aluminum Oxygen Aluminum Oxide

What happens when zinc is burnt in the air?

Ans: When zinc is burned or heated in air, the zinc vapor begins to form which is zinc oxide, the layer of which is mounted on the zinc.

2Zn + O₂ ® 2ZnO

Zinc Oxygen Zinc Oxide

What happens when the lead is lit in the air?

Ans: When the lead is lit or heated in air, it forms a lead oxide, a thin layer of which rises above the lead.

2Pb + O₂ ® 2PbO

Lead Oxygen Lead Oxide

What happens when copper is burnt in the air?

Ans: When copper is burnt in the air, (copper (II) oxide) is formed, whose thin layer solidifies on the copper surface.

2Cu + O₂ ® 2CuO

Copper Oxygen Copper Oxide

What happens when a metal reacts with water?

The metal reacts with water to form the associated metal oxide and hydrogen gas.

Metal + Water®Metal Oxide + Hydrogen Gas

Water-soluble metal oxides dissolve in water to form the corresponding hydroxide and hydrogen gases.

Metal Oxide + Water ® Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen Gas

Examples:

The reaction of sodium with water:

Sodium reacts with water to make sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Sodium reacts very rapidly with water, this reaction is so fast and it emits so much heat that the hydrogen gas produced in it immediately catches fire.

2Na(s) + 2H₂O (l) ® 2NaOH (aq) + H₂(g)

Sodium Water Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen Gas

The reaction of sodium with water is highly exothermic.

The reaction of potassium with water:

Potassium reacts with water to make potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

2K(s) + 2H₂O (l) ® 2KOH (aq) + H₂(g)

Potassium Water Potassium hydroxide Hydrogen Gas

Potassium also reacts very rapidly with water, just like sodium. In this reaction, the hydrogen gas released quickly catches fire. The reaction between Potassium and water is highly exothermic.

The reaction of Calcium with water:

Calcium metal reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

2Ca(s) + 2H₂O(l) ® 2CaOH(aq) + H₂(g)

Calcium Water Calcium hydroxide Hydrogen Gas

The hydrogen gas formed in order of reaction between calcium and water sticks to the surface of calcium, causing calcium fragments to float on the surface of the water.

The reaction of calcium with water is highly exothermic, but no heat is released in this reaction, which can ignite the hydrogen gas released in this reaction.

The reaction of magnesium with water:

Magnesium does not react with cold water. But magnesium reacts with hot water and makes magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

2Mg(s) + 2H₂O(l) ® 2MaOH(aq) + H₂(g)

Magnesium Water Magnesium hydroxide Hydrogen Gas

The hydrogen gas formed in order of reaction between the magnesium and hot water sticks to the surface of the magnesium, causing the magnesium to float on the surface of the water.

The reaction of aluminum with water:

Aluminum reacts with water vapor and forms aluminum oxide and hydrogen gas.

2Al(s) + 3H₂O (g) ® 2Al₂O₃(s) + 3H₂(g)

Aluminum Water Aluminum oxide Hydrogen Gas

Aluminum metal does not react with cold or hot water.

The reaction of zinc metal with water:

Zinc reacts with water vapor and forms zinc oxide and hydrogen gas.

2Zn(s) + H₂O (g) ® ZnO(s) + H₂ (g)

Zinc Water Zinc oxide Hydrogen Gas

Zinc metal does not react with cold or hot water.

The reaction of iron metal with water:

Iron reacts with water vapor and produces iron oxide and hydrogen gas.

2Fe(s) + 4H₂O (g) ® Fe₃O₄(s) + 4H₂ (g)

Iron Water Iron oxide Hydrogen Gas

The reaction of metals with acids

What happens when a metal reacts with an acid?

The metal reacts with the acid and forms the corresponding salts and hydrogen gases.

Metal + dilute acid → salts + hydrogen

But not all metals react in the same way with acids and they do not form salt and hydrogen gas. For example, copper does not react with dilute acid.

The reaction between sodium and dilute acid

The reaction between Sodium and dilute hydrochloric acid

Sodium metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid and makes sodium chloride and hydrogen gas.

Na + HCL ® NaCl + H₂

Sodium Hydrochloric acid Sodium chloride Hydrogen gas

The reaction between Sodium and Dilute Sulfuric Acid

Sodium reacts with dilute sulfuric acid and forms sodium sulfate and hydrogen gas.

Na + H₂SO₄ ® Na₂SO₄ + H₂

Sodium Sulfuric acid Sodium sulfate Hydrogen gas

The reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and potassium

Potassium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid and makes potassium chloride and hydrogen gas.

2K + 2HCL ® 2KCl + H₂

Potassium Hydrochloric acid Potassium chloride Hydrogen gas

The reaction between potassium and Dilute Sulfuric Acid

Potassium reacts with dilute sulfuric acid and forms potassium sulfate and hydrogen gas.

2K + H₂SO₄ ® K₂SO₄ + H₂

Potassium Sulfuric acid Potassium sulfate Hydrogen gas

Sodium and potassium react very rapidly with dilute acids. These reactions are highly exothermic, so they are not performed in ordinary laboratories. There may be a chance of an accident in these reactions.

The reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and magnesium

Magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid and makes magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.

Mg + 2HCL ® MgCl₂ + H₂

Magnesium Hydrochloric acid Magnesium chloride Hydrogen gas

The reaction between magnesium and Dilute Sulfuric Acid

Magnesium reacts with dilute sulfuric acid and forms magnesium sulfate and hydrogen gas.

Mg + H₂SO₄ ® Mg₂SO₄ + H₂

Magnesium Sulfuric acid Magnesium sulfate Hydrogen gas

The reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and Aluminum

Aluminum reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid and makes Aluminum chloride and hydrogen gas.

2Al + 6HCL ® 2 AlCl₃ + 3H₂

Aluminum Hydrochloric acid Aluminum chloride Hydrogen gas

The reaction between Aluminum and Dilute Sulfuric Acid

Aluminum reacts with dilute sulfuric acid and forms Aluminum sulfate and hydrogen gas.

2Al + 3H₂SO₄ ® Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3H₂

Aluminum Sulfuric acid Aluminum sulfate Hydrogen gas

The reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and zinc

Zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid and makes Zinc chloride and hydrogen gas.

Zn + 2HCL ® ZnCl₂ + H₂

Zinc Hydrochloric acid Zinc chloride Hydrogen gas

The reaction between Zinc and Dilute Sulfuric Acid

Zinc reacts with dilute sulfuric acid and forms Zinc sulfate and hydrogen gas.

Zn + H₂SO₄ ® Zn₂SO₄ + H₂

Zinc Sulfuric acid Zinc sulfate Hydrogen gas

The reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and Iron

Iron reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid and makes Iron (II) chloride and hydrogen gas.

Fe + 2HCL ® FeCl₂ + H₂

Iron Hydrochloric acid Iron chloride Hydrogen gas

The reaction between Iron and Dilute Sulfuric Acid

Iron reacts with dilute sulfuric acid and forms Iron sulfate and hydrogen gas.

Fe + H₂SO₄ ® Fe₂SO₄ + H₂

Iron Sulfuric acid Iron sulfate Hydrogen gas

The reaction of Metals with Nitric Acid

Metals react differently with nitric acid. Nitric acid, which is a fast oxidizing agent, oxidizes the hydrogen in water that formed in order of reaction with the metal, and The nitric acid itself is reduced into [N2O (Nitrous oxide), NO (Nitric oxide) or NO2 (Nitrogen dioxide)] an oxide of nitrogen.

But magnesium and manganese react with nitric acid and form the respective salts and hydrogen gases.

The reaction between Magnesium and dilute nitric acid

Magnesium reacts with dilute nitric acid and forms magnesium nitrate and hydrogen gas.

Mg + 2HNO₃ ® Mg (NO₃)₂ + H₂

Magnesium Nitric acid Magnesium nitrate Hydrogen gas

The reaction between Manganese and dilute nitric acid

Manganese reacts with dilute nitric acid and forms manganese nitrate and hydrogen gas.

Mn + 2HNO₃ ® Mn (NO₃)₂ + H₂

Manganese Nitric acid Manganese nitrate Hydrogen gas

The reaction between Zinc and dilute nitric acid

Zinc reacts with dilute nitric acid and forms Zinc nitrate and hydrogen gas.

Zn + 2HNO₃ ® Zn (NO₃)₂ + H₂

Zinc Nitric acid Zinc nitrate Hydrogen gas

The reaction between Copper and Concentrated Nitric Acid

Copper reacts with Concentrated Nitric Acid and forms copper nitrate, water and nitrogen dioxide gas.

Cu + 4HNO₃ ® Cu (NO₃)₂ + 2H₂O + 2NO₂

Copper Nitric acid Copper nitrate Water Nitrogen gas

Zinc and aluminum do not react with the Concentrated Nitric Acid. Because as soon as the reaction begins, a thick layer of oxide of zinc and aluminum is added to its upper surface, which immediately stops the further reaction.

How does one metal react with the salts of other metals?

When a more reactive metal reacts with a salt solution of less reactive metal, the more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from its salt. For example,

Fe(s) + CuSO₄ (aq) ® Fe₂SO₄ (aq) + Cu(s)

Iron Copper sulfate Ferrous sulfate Cooper

Zn(s) + CuSO₄ (aq) ® ZnSO₄ (aq) + Cu(s)

Zinc Copper sulfate Zinc sulfate Cooper

How does one metal react with other non-metals?

One metal reacts with another nonmetal to form the corresponding material. An atom reacts with another atom due to the current valence electrons in it.

What do you mean by rusting of iron?

Iron reacts very slowly with the moisture present in the cold water or air and forms iron oxide, the layer of which solidifies above the surface of the iron and slowly converts the whole of the iron into iron oxide. The process of coating iron oxide on the surface of iron or its alloys is called rusting or corrosion.

What is the formula of iron rust?

Iron rust is clearly a hydrated form of iron (III) oxide. Its formula is approximate Fe₂O₃ • 32H₂O, here almost means the amount of water in it is variable.

How can you prevent rusting?

Anti-corrosion metal coating is applied to prevent rusting. This process is called Galvanization. Steel is a form of iron, it does not rust. Iron can also be protected from corrosion by applying steel coating.

What is the heaviest metal?

Osmium is considered the heaviest metal in the world. It is the highest density metal found in raw platinum. Its symbol is ‘Os’ and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, blue-white transition metal in the platinum group found as a trace element in alloys. Being poisonous, it is used only after mixing other metals.

In the last

In this post, we have answered various questions about metals, such as "What is metal?", "What is the heaviest metal?" Also, information is given about the physical and chemical properties of the metal and various chemical equations, etc. How did you like this post? Please let us know by commenting on this post. Thank you!

What is the most reactive nonmetal and why? FAQs on non-metals

2020-12-15T10:41:00.008+05:45

Here we discuss some common questions or FAQs about reactive non-metals, like "What is the most reactive nonmetal and why?", "What is reactive non-metal?" and its name, symbols, state, etc.

Elements found in nature are divided into metals, semi-metals, and non-metals based on their specific properties. Most elements are metallic while some are non-metallic and semi-metallic.

Since time immemorial, the use of various metals have been associated with the development of human civilization. Weapons are manufactured, industries and factories are run, coins and precious jewelry are made from metals. Similarly, non-metals have been used in various electronic goods, chemicals, and medicines.

What is the most reactive nonmetal?

They can be identified on the basis of special properties found in metals, non-metals, and semi-metals. Its properties are usually studied in two parts, namely: physical properties and chemical properties. If you want to learn more about metals and nonmetals, please visit the link. What is metal? What is a nonmetal? First, here we will know, what is the most reactive nonmetal and why?

What is the most reactive nonmetal and why?

Fluorine is the most reactive non-metal because it is the most electrolytic of all non-metallic elements in the periodic table. Due to its strong electrical negativity and small size, fluorine has a strong tendency to accept electrons from other atoms or ions. As a result, it oxidizes all other substances.

What is non-metal?

Some substances are called non-metals due to their specific properties. Nonmetals have a relatively low melting point, boiling point, and density. Nonmetal is generally brittle in solid-state and has poor thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. Such as Carbon, Oxygen, Sulfur, Chlorine, Fluorine, etc. are all non-metals.

What is reactive non-metal?

Non-metals are divided into two categories, namely: reactive non-metals and noble gases, reflecting their relative tendency to form chemical compounds. Reactive non-metals vary in their non-metallic properties.

Less electronegative of them, such as carbon and sulfur, form covalent compounds with metals. More electronegative, such as oxygen and fluorine, form primarily ionic compounds with metals.

What are the noble gases?

In the periodic table, six non-metals are classified as noble gases. That is helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the radioactive radon (Rn). They are placed in the outermost right column of the periodic table in group 8A (or VIIIA).

Are nonmetals reactive or nonreactive?

Yes, nonmetals are both reactive and inactive. Some nonmetals are highly reactive, while others are completely nonreactive. For example, fluorine is the most reactive nonmetal, and all inert gases are nonreactive nonmetals.

Which noble gas is reactive?

According to scientists, all the noble gases are non-reactive at room temperature but ‘Xe’ is less reactive in some cases. It has 8 electrons in its outer shell, making them stable and highly non-reactive.

Which nonmetal is extremely inactive?

Radon (Rn) is an extremely inactive noble gas in nonmetals. In the nonmetals, reactivity decreases as you move down a group, and to the right.

What is the position of reactive non-metals in the periodic table?

In the periodic table, it is placed between nonmetallic metalloids and noble gases. Noble gases are placed on its left side.

What is the state of reactive non-metals?

Reactive non-metals are found in solid, liquid, and gas states. It has five solids (C, P, S, Se, I), one liquid (Br), and five gases (H, N, O, F, Cl).

What are the 18 nonmetals?

18 nonmetals of the periodic table are given below with their name, symbol, and atomic no.

S.N.	Name	Symbol	Atomic no.
1.	Hydrogen	H	1
2.	Helium	He	2
3.	Carbon	C	6
4.	Nitrogen	N	7
5.	Oxygen	O	8
5.	Fluorine	F	9
7.	Neon	Ne	10
8.	Phosphorus	P	15
9.	Sulfur	S	16
10.	Chlorine	Cl	17
11.	Argon	Ar	18
12.	Selenium	Se	34
13.	Bromine	Br	35
14.	Krypton	Kr	36
15.	Iodine	I	53
16.	Xenon	Xe	54
17.	Astatine	At	85
18.	Redon	Rn	86

In this post, we have provided answers to different FAQs about reactive non-metals, like "What is the most reactive nonmetal and why?", "What is reactive non-metal?” etc. How did you like this post, tell us by commenting. Thank you!

What is a motherboard and which logic board is better?

2020-12-05T19:11:00.010+05:45

What is a motherboard? And which logic board is better? Knowing this is very important for a computer operator. When we talk about getting a new system, we especially think about computer's part like motherboard, ram, hard disk, and processor. If the logic board of the computer system is not good, then we have to face a lot of problems while working on the system.

A motherboard provides connectivity between a computer's hardware components such as a processor (CPU), memory (RAM), hard drive, and video card. There are many types of motherboards available in the market; companies make different types of logic boards according to the working capacity and size of computers.

What is a motherboard

Its price also varies depending on the working capacity. If we know the detail about this while taking the motherboard or any new system, then we can easily identify a good logic board.

In this article, I have tried to explain, what is a motherboard? Which logic board is good? its type and different ports, etc., so that you are able to identify a good motherboard. So let's first know what is a motherboard?

What is a motherboard?

The motherboard is the foundation of a printed circuit board and a computer that is the largest board in a computer chassis. We also know it as mb, mainboard, board, mobile, backplane board, baseboard, main circuit board, planer board, system board, or logic board on Apple computer.

This allows communication between CPU, RAM, and all other computer hardware components, along with allocating power to other part components of the system.

Our Personal Computer, Laptop, Server and Smartphone, Tablet, etc. all have this board with which all the other components are connected.

Each motherboard is designed to work with specific types of processors and memory, which makes it unable to work with other processors and types of RAM. However, hard drives are mostly universal and are able to work with most types or brands of logic boards.

See Also: What is a mouse?

Components of Motherboard

The motherboard has many components. As you know the computer was very big in the past. In the beginning phase, the computer was as big as a house in which many large parts were added. The same subpart has been modified and incorporated into a small system board.

From this, you can understand that there are so many components in a logic board. The existing components in the logic board are also grouped into different components. Some of the important components of the motherboard are as follows.

Expansion slots (PCI Express, PCI, and AGP).
3-pin case fan connectors.
Back pane connectors.
Heat sink.
4-pin (P4) power connector.
Inductor.
Capacitor.
CPU socket.
Northbridge.
Screw hole.
Memory slot.
Super I/O.
Floppy connection.
ATA / IDE disk drive primary connection.
24-pin ATX power supply connector.
Serial ATA connections.
Coin cell battery (CMOS backup battery).
RAID.
System panel connectors.
FWH.
Southbridge.
Serial port connector.
USB headers.
Jumpers.
Integrated circuit.
1394 headers.
SPDIF.
CD-IN.
BIOS
Bus
Cache memory
Chipset
Diode
Dip switches
Electrolytic
Fuse
Game port and MIDI header.
Internal speaker
Keyboard controller
LCC
Network header
Obsolete expansion slots: AMR, CNR, EISA, ISA, and VESA.
Obsolete memory slots: SIMM.
Onboard LED
Parallel port header
PS/2 header
Resistor
RTC
Serial port header
Screw hole aka mounting hole.
SCSI
Solenoid
Voltage regulator
VRM (voltage regulator module)

The above component has some parts like that which we cannot see. As the BIOS (Basic input-output system), it is in the system board as a primary program. Along with booting the Computer System, it helps other programs and devices join.

Type of Motherboard

As the computer advanced, its motherboard also became advanced. Below are some types of motherboards that differ from one another based on technology and time.

AT
ATX
Baby AT
BTX
DTX
LPX
Full AT
Full ATX
Micro ATX
NLX

How many connections, ports, or slots does the motherboard have?

There is no standard for how many connections, ports, or expansion slots on the logic boards. The best way to determine how many connections, ports, or slots are available for your logic board is to look at the specifications contained in its documentation.

If you have lost or left your motherboard documentation, you can often download a free PDF version from the manufacturer's website.

See Also: What is an Operating system?

How do I know which computer and motherboard I have?

You can see all the information about your computer by going to system information. The method of opening system information is somewhat different from Windows. But in most of the windows, you can search for system information by going to the search option of the Start bar.

How does a motherboard connect to a computer case?

A computer logic board connects to a desktop computer case using standout. Once the motherboard is attached to the case, all other devices are connected to the mainboard by itself or an expansion slot.

What was the first motherboard?

The first motherboard was used in IBM personal computers released in 1981. At the time, IBM called it a "planner" rather than a motherboard. The IBM personal computer and the motherboard inside it will set the standard for IBM-compatible computer hardware.

Since there is a motherboard, is there a father board?

No, there is no such thing as a father board when referring to a computer. However, there is such a thing as a daughter.

Where did the motherboard get its name?

The betboards we mentioned in the previous section are circuit boards that all plug into one large central circuit board; A motherboard. Small boards can be thought of as "children" of the mainboard, hence its name motherboard.

Do laptops, smartphones and tablets have a motherboard?

Yes, although the board is often referred to as a "logic board", not a motherboard. The logic board is similar to a motherboard and operates in the same way. However, due to size requirements with most logic boards, components such as processors and RAM (in tablets and smartphones) are soldered on board. Also, because many of these devices have no upgrade options, there are no slots or sockets like traditional computer motherboards.

Which logic board is good?

Before deciding which logic board is good, you have to determine what work you are going to use the logic board for. Also, how much load can be done on the system in that work? You can buy a good logic board with the help of the same.

Any logic board of a company is made according to a particular work capacity. As if we want a system for photo and video editing work, then you have to take a good capacity logic board, ram, and processor. If soft work like text editing, web browsing, music listening, video playing is to be done, then a low capacity logic board and processor will also run.

Conclusion: The motherboard is a very essential part of the computer system, without this, the computer system cannot be imagined.

I sincerely hope that I have given you a lot of information about what is a motherboard? and how it works, as well as the various parts and ports. Please comment if you have any confusion. I request all of you readers to share this information on various social media. I need your help so that I can give you more new information. Please subscribe to our website.

Thank you!

What is Hydrogen and its atomic mass? | properties of hydrogen

2020-11-06T17:38:00.003+05:45

What is Hydrogen? Hydrogen is the lightest and simplest element with no smell, taste and color. Its atomic number 1, symbol (H), molecule (H2) and atomic mass are 1.008 g mol⁻¹. It occupies the first position in the periodic table.

Its atom consists of only one proton and one electron. Because it is an active element, it is not found independently on Earth but is found in compounds with many other elements. This gas is found on earth as a compound in water, acids, carbohydrates, oil, diesel, petrol, etc.

What is hydrogen

Unsaturated hydrogen is found in a small amount of air. Its volume in the upper air is more than expected. This gas is abundant in the stars and it plays a major role in the process of generating heat and light.

The density of ‘H’ is 0.09 grams per liter. It becomes liquid and solid at very low temperatures. Liquid hydrogen boils at -253 ° C and solid hydrogen melts at -258 ° C.

What is a hydrogen bond?

A Hydrogen bond is a bridge between two electronegative atoms which acts as a bridge. It is also called -H- bond. The energy of the hydrogen bond (about 5 to 30 kJ / mol) is comparable to a (Week) covalent bond (155 kg/mol). A special connective bond is about 20 times stronger than an intermittent hydrogen bond.

History

Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance. He speculated that "flammable air" was in fact similar to an imaginary substance called "phlogiston" and further found in 1781 that gas produces water when it burns.

He is generally credited with the discovery of hydrogen as an element. They obtained it by the reaction of dilute sulfuric acid on iron and were called flammable air. In 1883 Lavoisier named it hydrogen because it burns with oxygen to form water. The name hydrogen is taken from the Greek word ὑδρο γενής. (ὑδρο - hydro meaning "water" and γενής - genes meaning "creator")

How to make hydrogen in the laboratory

In the laboratory, hydrogen gas can be made by chemically reacting certain metals such as zinc, magnesium, iron, etc. with dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid.

Zn (s) + 2HCl(dil) (aq) ® ZnCl₂(aq) + H₂(g)

Mg(s) + 2HCl(dil)(aq) ® MgCl₂(aq) + H₂(g)

Things to pay attention to when making ‘H₂’ gas in the laboratory.

Pure zinc should not be used as it reacts slowly with dilute sulfuric acid.
Hard sulfuric acid should not be used as it gives off other gases (sulfur dioxide) instead of H₂ gas.
Ulf bottle should be made airtight with cork.
Once sulfuric acid has been added to the experiment material, the flame should not be moved near it.

Industrial production of hydrogen

Hydrogen atom released by a chemical reaction that is more active than molecule hydrogen. This is called nascent hydrogen but soon two hydrogen active atoms combine to form a hydrogen molecule.

H₂ gas in industries is produced by the following two processes.

From hydrocarbons and water vapor

To produce large amounts of hydrogen, methane is reacted with boiling water vapor at high temperatures (1200^० C). Powdered nickel is used as a catalyst in this reaction.

900⁰ -1200⁰C

CH₄ (g) + H₂O (steam) ® CO (g) + 3H₂(g)

From the electrolysis of water

Hydrogen gas is also produced in industries by electrolysis of water.

Properties of hydrogen

Physical properties

This gas is odorless, odorless, and tasteless.
It is the simplest gas and is lighter than air.
This gas is extremely soluble in water.
Hydrogen can also be made liquid and solid at high pressure and low temperature.
Its boiling temperature is -253 ° C and melting temperature is -258 ° C.
Hydrogen does not react with litmus paper.

Chemical properties

1. This gas burns in air or oxygen and becomes water.

2H₂(g) + O₂ ® 2H₂O(l)

2. It combines with metals such as sodium, potassium, and calcium to form hydrides.

300⁰C

2Na + H₂ ® 2NaH

300⁰C

Ca + H₂ ® CaH₂

3. Forms metal and water by reacting with some metal oxides.

Fe₃O₄(s) + 4H₂ ® 2Fe(s) + 4H₂O(l)

ZnO(s) + H₂ ® Zn(s) + H₂O(l)

CuO(s) + H₂ ® Cu(s) + H₂O(l)

PbO(s) + H₂ ® Pb(s) + H₂O(l)

4. It reacts with some halogens to form halides.

H₂ + F₂ ® 2HF

H₂ + Cl₂ ® 2HCl

H₂+ Br₂ ® 2HBr

H₂ + I₂ ® 2HI

5. Hydrogen reacts with nitrogen at about 200-600 atmospheric pressure and 500⁰C to form ammonia gas.

200-600atms

3H₂ + N₂ ® 2NH₃

500⁰C + Ni

Use of hydrogen gas

It is mixed with helium and used to fill balloons.
This gas is used to make vegetable oil.
Hydrogen gas is used to make chemical fertilizers. It is used to make fertilizers like ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, and urea.
When it is burned with oxygen, high heat is released, which is called hydrogen flame. It is used in smelting, cutting, and welding of metals.
It is used as fuel in rockets.

Conclusion: Hydrogen is the most important and useful element which plays a major role in the process of generating heat and light.

I sincerely hope that I have given you a lot of information about what is hydrogen? as well as its properties, and making process, etc. Please comment if you have any confusion. I request all of your readers to share this information on various social media so that our awareness remains and it will benefit everyone. I need your help so that I can give you more new information. Please subscribe to our website.

Thank You!

What is oxygen and its atomic mass? | properties of oxygen

2020-11-03T19:39:00.002+05:45

What is oxygen? Live animals can live for some time without food and water, but without oxygen, it is difficult to survive for a few minutes. Humans get energy from food with the help of respiration and oxygen plays a very important role in this process.

The upper layer of the Earth has 45% oxygen and without oxygen, the compound cannot maintain its hardness. If oxygen disappears from the Earth even for 5 seconds, it is difficult to imagine what will happen here.

What is Oxygen

In this article, we will learn about what is oxygen as well as its molecular formula and properties. So first of all, let's know what is oxygen?

What is oxygen?

Oxygen is a chemical element with its symbol (O) and atomic number 8. It is a member of the Halogen group in the periodic table. Besides being highly reactive nonmetal, it is also an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with other compounds with most elements.

It is the third most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium on a mass basis. At standard temperature and pressure, the element's two atoms form Di-oxygen with O₂ to form a colorless and odorless diatomic gas. The diatomic oxygen gas is 20.95% of the Earth's atmosphere. It makes up about half of the Earth's crust in the form of oxides.

Dioxygen provides the energy released in combustion and aerobic cellular respiration, and many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms contain oxygen atoms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats.

Most of the mass of organisms living as a component of water is oxygen, which is the major component of life. Oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere is continuously replenished by photosynthesis, which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water and carbon dioxide.

Oxygen is very chemically reactive in order to remain a free element in the air without being constantly assigned by the photosynthetic action of living organisms. Oxygen, another form of ozone (O3) (allotrope), strongly absorbs ultraviolet UVB radiation and the high-altitude ozone layer helps protect the biofire from ultraviolet radiation. However, ozone present on the surface is a byproduct of smog and thus a pollutant.

What is the atomic mass of oxygen?

The atomic mass of oxygen is 15.999 AMU. The complete form of AMU is the atomic mass unit.

History

Oxygen was isolated by Michael Sendivogius before 1604, but it is generally believed that the element was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in the laboratory in 1773 or earlier, and in 1774 by Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire.

Priority is often given to Priestley since his work was first published. However, Priestley called oxygen " dephlogisticated air", and did not recognize it as a chemical element. The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, who first recognized oxygen as a chemical element and correctly portrayed the role it played in combustion.

Common uses of oxygen include steel, plastic and textile production, brazing, welding and harvesting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight, and diving.

Physical properties of oxygen

Oxygen dissolves more easily in water than nitrogen and in freshwater more easily than in seawater. About 1 molecule is dissolved for every 2 molecules of N₂ (1: 2) compared to an atmospheric ratio of about 1: 4 in water in equilibrium with air.

The solubility of oxygen in water is temperature dependent, and dissolves more than 20 ° C at about 0 ° C twice. At 25 ° C of air and 1 standard atmosphere (101.3 kPa), freshwater contains about 6.04 mL (mL) of oxygen per liter and seawater contains about 4.95 mL per liter.

At 5 ° C the solubility increases by 9.0 mL (more than 50% at 25 ° C) per liter of water and 7.2 mL (45% more) per liter for seawater.

Chemical properties of oxygen

At standard temperature and pressure (STP), the element's two atoms bind with the formula O₂ to form dioxins, a colorless, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas. Oxygen is a member of the halogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal element. As such, it easily forms compounds (especially, oxides) with almost all other elements.

Oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent and has the second-highest electronegativity of all reactive elements, second only to fluorine. By mass, oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust by mass, which is about half of the mass of the crust.

Free oxygen is chemically reactive without the photosynthetic action of living beings appearing on Earth, who use the energy of sunlight to produce elemental oxygen from water. Elemental O₂ began to accumulate in the atmosphere after the evolutionary form of photosynthetic organisms about 2.5 billion years ago. Diatomic oxygen gas is currently 20.8 percent of the volume of air.

How to make oxygen in the laboratory

A) Using heat

Oxygen gas can be made in the laboratory by heating potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) or potassium chlorate (KClO₃) dust. For this, potassium permanganate or potassium chlorate dust is placed in a rigid test tube and heated to about 360-370 C.

In this experiment, when manganese dioxide (MnO₂) is used as a catalyst, oxygen gas is released by heating it to about 240-250⁰ C.

Chemical reaction:

MnO₂

2KClO₃(s) → 2KCl (s) + 3O₂(g)

B) Without the use of heat

Oxygen gas in the laboratory can also, be obtained from hydrogen peroxide without the use of heat.

In this experiment, manganese dioxide is placed in a conical flask and hydrogen peroxide is slowly poured over it with the help of a funnel.

The oxygen produced in this process is stored in the gas tank by displacing water with the help of a delivery tube. Manganese dioxide (MnO₂) is worked as a catalyst in this process.

Chemical reaction:

MnO₂

2H₂O₂(aq) → 2H₂O (l) + O₂(g)

Use of oxygen gas

Oxygen is used in the respiratory process. During respiration, oxygen enters the body of the animal and gives energy to the animal by reacting with the carbohydrates in the food. This is the power by which living beings survive.

It is used in the respiratory process. During respiration, oxygen enters the body of the animal and gives energy to the animal by reacting with the carbohydrates in the food. This is the power by which living beings survive.
It is used to produce sulfuric acid, chlorine, etc.
Oxygen gas is used in welding because it reacts with hydrogen to produce high temperatures.
Liquid oxygen is used as fuel in missiles and rockets.
O₂is filled into a cylinder and used for respiration.

Conclusion: Oxygen is the vital air. Without it, living beings cannot survive even a few minutes.

I sincerely hope that I have given you a lot of information about what is Oxygen? as well as its properties, and making process. Please comment if you have any confusion. I request all of your readers to share this information on various social media so that our awareness remains and it will benefit everyone. I need your help so that I can give you more new information. Please subscribe to our website.

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What is a chemical reaction? | Types of chemical reactions

2020-10-07T19:45:00.003+05:45

What is a chemical reaction? We've seen the paper burn to ashes. What is such a change called? Why did this happen? The substances found in nature undergo either physical changes or chemical changes.

When there is a chemical change, one type of substance becomes another type of substance. The process of chemical change is expressed as a chemical reaction.

what is a chemical reaction?

What is a chemical reaction? What are its types, what are the factors that affect it? All of these will be discussed in this article. Let us first understand what is a chemical reaction?

What is a chemical reaction?

The process by which one type of substance is converted into another type of substance is called a chemical reaction. In such a reaction, the basic properties of the substance also change.

When a chemical change occurs, the bonds in the molecules of the reacting substances break down due to heat, pressure, catalysts, etc. Atoms and molecules of the reacting substances are exchanged, organized, or dissolved to form a new product.

The chemical reaction is expressed by formula equations. The method of representing the substances involved and produced in a chemical reaction by means and formulas is called a chemical equation.

See also: What is greenhouse gases?

Reactive substance (Reactants)

Substances that take part in a chemical reactions are called reaction substances.

For example: In 2H₂ + O₂® 2H₂O, H₂ and O₂ are reactants.

Manufactured substances (products)

The substances formed by chemical reactions are called products.

For example: In 2H₂ + O₂ ® 2H₂O, 2H₂O is a product.

Types of chemical reactions

Chemical reactions are divided into different types based on the process by which the reacting substances are chemically transformed into products. Some of the important types are as follows.

Combination reaction

A chemical reaction in which two or more reacting substances combine to form a single product is called a combination reaction. For example, let's look at the equations of reactions below.

2K + Cl₂ ® 2KCL

Potassium + Chlorine ® Potassium Chloride

2Al + N₂ ® 2AlN

Aluminum + Nitrogen ® Aluminum Nitrate

4Fe + 3O₂® 2Fe₂O₃

Iron + Oxygen ® Ferric Oxide

2N1 + Cl2 ® 2Nacl

Nitrogen + Hydrogen ® Sodium Chloride

In all of the above reactions, the two reacting substances combine to form a single product, so these reactions are a combination reaction.

Decomposition reaction

A chemical reaction in which a single reaction substance decomposes into two or more produced substances due to heat, pressure, light, etc. is called a decomposition reaction. For example, let's look at the equations of reactions below.

2H₂O ® 2H2 + O₂

Water ® Hydrogen + Oxygen

NH₄OH ® NH₃ + H₂O

Ammonium Hydroxide ® Ammonia + Water

CaCo₃ ® CaO + CO₂

Calcium Carbonate ® Calcium Oxide + Carbon Dioxide

2KClO₃ ® 2KCl + 3O₂

Potassium Chlorate ® Potassium Chloride + Oxygen

Displacement reaction

Displacement reaction is the process by which atoms or radicals of one reacting substance are replaced by atoms or radicals of another reactive substance to form new products. For example, let's look at some of the displacement reaction equations below.

2K + 2HCl ® 2KCl + H₂

Potassium + Hydrochloric Acid ® Potassium Chloride + Hydrogen

Ca +H₂SO₄ ® CaSO₄ + H₂

Calcium + Sulfuric Acid ® Calcium Sulfate + Hydrogen

NaCl + AgNO₃ ® NaNO₃ + AgCl

Sodium Chloride + Silver Nitrate ® Sodium Nitrate + Silver chloride

Acid-base reaction

The chemical reaction between acids and bases to form salts and water is called acid-base reaction. During the acid-base reaction, the acidity of the acid, and the alkalinity of the base are removed and neutral substances are formed. So this type of reaction is also called a neutralization reaction.

These are some examples of acid-base reactions.

NaOH + HCl ® NaCl +H₂O

Sodium Hydroxide + Hydrochloric Acid ® Sodium chloride + Water

KOH + HNO₃ ® KNO₃ + H₂O

Potassium Hydroxide + Nitric Acid ® Potassium Nitrate + Water

FeO + H₂SO₄ ® FeSO₄ + H₂O

Ferrous Oxide + Sulfuric Acid ® Ferrous Sulfate + Water

CaO + 2HCl ® CaCl₂ + H₂O

Calcium Oxide +Hydrochloric Acid ® Calcium Chloride + Water

Factors that affect a chemical reaction

Chemical reactions occur at different rates. The reaction between some substances is fast while the chemical reaction between some substances is slow. Some chemical reactions can occur only when the reacting substances come in contact, while some reactions require other conditions such as heat, pressure, catalysts, etc. Here we will learn about the factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction.

The factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction are as follows:

Temperature

Generally, as the temperature of the reacting material increases, the rate of a chemical reaction also increases. Reducing the temperature also reduces the rate of a chemical reaction. In order to increase the temperature, the reacting material has to be heated properly. As the temperature of the reacting material increases, their molecules become more movable. Molecules break down and regroup faster. Thus the rate of chemical reaction increases as the temperature rises.

Pressure

The chemical reaction between gases depends on the pressure of the reacting condition. Generally, as the pressure of gas increases, the rate of chemical reaction also gradually increases. In the case of high pressure, the chemical reaction is faster. The chemical reaction between some gases is possible only at high pressure. For example, high pressure is required to produce ammonia gas by a chemical reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen.

High Pressure

N2 + 3H2 ® 2NH3

Surface area

During a chemical reaction, if the surface area of the reacting substances is less, the chemical reaction is slower. But if the surface area is large the chemical reaction becomes fast. Therefore, the rate of a chemical reaction can be increased by increasing the surface area of the reacting substances.

Light

Light is needed in any chemical reaction. In the presence of light the rate of chemical reaction increases. The following chemical reactions take place in the presence of light.

Sunlight

6CO2 + 6H2O ® C6H12O6 + 6O2

Catalyst

Chemicals that increase or decrease the rate of a chemical reaction are called catalysts. These substances are not consumed after the chemical reaction is over and do not change. They only increase or decrease the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst that increases the rate of a chemical reaction is called a positive catalyst. Similarly, catalysts that reduce the rate of chemical reactions are called negative catalysts.

E.g.

MnO₂

2KClO₃ ® 2KCl + 3O₂

Here MnO₂ acts as a positive catalyst.

C₃H₅(OH)3

2H₂O₂ ® 2H₂O + O₂

Here C₃H₅(OH)₃ acts as a negative catalyst.

Characteristics of catalyst

At the end of the chemical reaction, there is no change in the weight and chemical composition of the catalyst.

They do not trigger a reaction. But they affect the speed of the chemical reaction that has already begun.

What is an exothermic reaction?

The chemical reaction that releases heat during a reaction is called an exothermic reaction.

Some examples of an exothermic reaction.

C + O₂ ® CO₂ + Heat

Zn + 2HCl ® ZnCl₂ + H₂ + Heat

See also: What is global warming?

What is an endothermic reaction?

The chemical reaction that absorbs heat during a reaction is called an endothermic reaction.

Some example of an endothermic reaction.

N₂ + O₂ + Heat ® 2NO

Conclusion: Every moment we are surrounded by some kind of chemical reaction. From this, new substances are formed and some substances are destroyed.

I sincerely hope that I have given you a lot of information about what is a chemical reaction? as well as its types, and definition of different terms related to it. Please comment if you have any confusion. I request all of your readers to share this information on various social media so that our awareness remains and it will benefit everyone. I need your help so that I can give you more new information. Please subscribe to our website.

Thank you!

What is a neutron and its charge? Discovery and mass of a neutron

2020-10-02T22:22:00.005+05:45

Do you know what is a neutron? Atoms combine to form different substances while all atoms are made up of subatomic particles like proton, electron, and neutron.

In atoms, protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus, while electrons revolve in elliptical orbits around the nucleus. The shells are named K, L, M, N, O, and P according to the distance from the nucleus.

What is a neutron in atom

In this article, we will discuss what is a neutron and also know about the discovery of neutron, its mass, properties of neutron, etc. So let's first know what is a neutron?

What is a neutron?

A neutron is a charge less fundamental particle that is found in every atom except the only hydrogen. Its symbol is n or n⁰. Protons and neutrons constitute the nucleus of atoms. Since protons and neutrons behave identically within the nucleus, and each has a mass of approximately one atomic mass unit, they are both referred to as nuclei. Their properties and interactions are described by nuclear physics.

The number of protons in an atom is fixed, it cannot be reduced. Normally the number of neutrons is also the same as that of protons but for some atoms, this number can change such that the number of neutrons and protons in carbon is 6 but there are many forms of carbon one of which is isotope carbon-13 which has the number of neutrons Is 7 and the number of protons is 6.

The chemical properties of an atom are mostly determined by the configuration of electrons that orbit the heavy nucleus of the atom. The electron configuration is determined by the charge of the nucleus, the number of protons, or the atomic number. Neutrons do not affect the electron configuration, but the atomic number and the number of protons, or the number of neutrons, are the mass of the nucleus.

See Also: What is Science?

Definition of neutron

A neutron is a neutral sub-atomic particle, which is found with a proton in the nucleus of an atom. It is represented by the N⁰ sign. The number of neutrons present in an element determines the mass of that element.

Mass of neutrons

The mass of a neutron is about 1.675 × 10⁻²⁷kg or 939,565,413.3 eV / c², or 1.00866491588 u. The mean square radius of it’s about 0.8 × 10^–15m or 0.8 fm, and is a spin – ½ fermion.

Properties of neutrons

The neutron has no measurable electric charge. It is unaffected by electric fields. It has a magnetic moment; however, it is affected by magnetic fields. The magnetic moment of a neutron has a negative value because its orientation is opposite to the spin of the neutron.

A free neutron remains unstable, with a proton, electron, and antineutrino decay, with a lifespan of just under 15 minutes. This radioactive decay is known as beta decay. This decay is possible because the mass of a neutron is slightly greater than that of a proton.

The Free proton is stable. Neutrons or protons bound in the nucleus may be stable or unstable, however, depending on the nuclide. Beta-decay, in which neutrons decay to protons, or vice versa, is controlled by a weak force, and this requires the emission or absorption of electrons and neutrons or their antiparticles.

See Also: What is energy?

Discovery of Neutron

Neutrons were discovered in 1932 by James Chadwick. In 1920, when protons were discovered by Ernest Rutherford, Chadwick worked with them when it was speculated that a charge less particle was expected to be found in the atom because the values of atomic weight and The atomic number were different at that time.

After this, different scientists conducted many experiments and to some extent speculated that atoms can be present in the atom apart from electrons and protons.

Then in 1932, while James Chadwick was working at the University of Cambridge, England, he confirmed from his experiments that another particle is also found in the atom on which no charge is found and whose weight Is equivalent to the weight of protons, James Chadwick named this particle "neutron".

How the presence of neutrons was predicted

When Rutherford discovered the proton, it was said that the number of protons in an atom is the atomic number of elements. But when the atomic mass was extracted, it was found that the atomic mass was found to be slightly more than twice the atomic number.

These high values in the atomic mass itself indicated that there is a particle other than the proton, electron in the atom which was later discovered by James Chadwick and named neutron.

After the discovery of neutrons

Atomic weight = atomic number (proton) + number of neutrons

Conclusion: Neutron is a neutral sub-atomic particle found with protons in the nucleus of an atom. Neutron has a role in determining the mass of an element.

I sincerely hope that I have given you a lot of information about what is a neutron, as well as the discovery, mass, and properties of neutrons. Please comment if you have any confusion. I request all of you readers to share this information on various social media so that our awareness remains and it will benefit everyone. I need your help so that I can give you more new information. Please subscribe to our website.

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What is a proton and its charge? Discovery and mass of a proton

2020-09-29T20:46:00.003+05:45

The atom of an element consists of an electron, proton, and neutron, do you know what is a proton and what is its charge. Things around us are made up of different elements and every element has an atom that consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons.

What is a proton in atom

In this article, we will know about what is a proton, what is its charge, when it was discovered, etc. So let's all know what is a proton.

What is a proton?

The proton is a basic subatomic particle with a positive electrical charge. It is found in the atom with neutrons in the nucleus while electrons revolve around the nucleus in Orbit. The word proton is Greek for "first", and the name was given to the hydrogen nucleus in 1920 by Ernest Rutherford.

Protons are fermions that have 1/2 rotation and are made up of three quarks, i.e. they are in the form of baryon (a type of hadron). Their two up-quarks and one down-quark would have been connected with a strong force. The pairing of nuclei and neutrons is called nucleons, which are bound together by nuclear force in the nuclear nucleus.

Hydrogen is the only element whose proton is found alone in the atomic nucleus, otherwise, a proton is found with neutrons in the nucleus of all other atoms.

Definition of Proton

Proton is a subatomic particle with a positive electrical charge. Which are found with neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. It is represented by a p + sign. The number of protons present in an element is called the atomic number of that element. For example, suppose the number of protons in an element is 20, then the atomic number of this element will also be 20. Elements are placed in the periodic table based on atomic number.

What is the Mass of a proton?

The mass of a proton is 1.67262192369 × 10−27kg, 938.27208816 MeV / c or 1.007276466621 u, which is about 1847 times the electron's mass.

Properties of protons

The proton is one of the three main particles of the atom. The other two particles are neutrons and electrons. Protons inside the nucleus of an atom help to bind the nucleus together. They also attract negatively charged electrons and orbit them around the nucleus.

Protons consist of three primary particles, two up-quarks, and one down-quark. Independently it is found as Hydrogen ion H +.

Its weight is slightly less than a neutron. It carries a (+ ve) charge of 1.6E-19 coulomb magnitude. Every Neutral nuclear has the same number of electrons and protons.

Discovery of protons

The discovery of the proton is attributed to Ernest Rutherford, who proved that the nucleus of a hydrogen atom (i.e. a proton) is present in the nucleus of all other atoms in the year 1917.

Ernest Rutherford observed that his reflection detectors detected hydrogen nuclei when a ray of alpha-particles was shot into the air.

Upon further investigation, Rutherford discovered that these hydrogen nuclei originated from nitrogen atoms present in the atmosphere.

They then proceeded to fire beams of alpha particles in pure nitrogen gas and saw that a greater number of hydrogen nuclei were produced.

He concluded that the hydrogen nucleus originated from the nitrogen atom, proving that the hydrogen nucleus was a part of all other atoms.

This experiment was the first to report an atomic reaction, given by the equation: 14N + α → 17O + p [where α is an alpha particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons, and 'p' is a proton.

The hydrogen nucleus was later named 'proton' and was recognized as one of the building blocks of the atomic nucleus.

see also: discovery of an electron

Conclusion: Proton is Fermion, which has spin 1/2, and it is made up of three quarks. It occurs with neutrons inside the nucleus of an atom.

I sincerely hope that I have given you a lot of information about what is a proton, as well as the discovery, mass, and properties of protons. Please comment if you have any confusion. I request all of you readers to share this information on various social media so that our awareness remains and it will benefit everyone. I need your help so that I can give you more new information. Please subscribe to our website.

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What is energy and its unit? | Source of renewable energy

2020-09-24T23:30:00.006+05:45

You use different energy to do different things in your daily life, but do you know what is energy? We need the power to operate a wide variety of equipment including motorcycles, cars, buses, and airplanes. For which we use different types of fuels and electricity. This is the source of energy

What is energy and its unit

Today, due to the increasing population, energy consumption is increasing day by day in urbanization and industrialization. According to one study, the primary energy consumption per person is 58 kWh per day. In the year 2019, the world primary energy consumption was 13.9 billion tows (tons of oil equivalents). As the population is increasing, the consumption of energy is also increasing.

In this article, we will go into detail about what is energy, what are its source, its type, and alternative sources of energy, etc. So let's first know what is energy?

What is energy?

The ability to do any work is called energy. In physics, energy is a property of objects, which can be transferred to other objects or transformed into different forms.

It is difficult to give a simple definition of energy, because it is not an object. It neither surrounds any place nor does it cast any shadow. We cannot even see it. We can feel this by the change in things. In short, like other things, it is not a substance, although it is often closely related to the matter.

See Also: What is Atmosphere?

What is the unit of energy?

As we know the unit of work is the joule. And energy is the ability to work, so its unit is also joule. Joule means Kgm²/s².

Definition of 1 joule: The act of pushing an object 1 m with a force of 1 newton is called 1 joule. That is, the ability to push an object 1 meter with a force of 1 newton is 1 joule.

Sources of energy

The potency is obtained from where it is called a source of energy. In nature, various energies are in a stored state. For example, we use potency stored in minerals like coal, diesel, petrol, etc. for many purposes. Its source is divided into two main parts.

Sources of non-renewable energy:

The sources that cannot be reconstructed or which take millions of years to rebuild are called sources of non-renewable energy. Such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc. Burning them produces potency. Once such sources are exhausted, reconstruction takes several years.

Sources of Renewable Energy:

The sources that are reconstructed or can be built are called sources of renewable energy. Such as solar power, biomass, hydropower, geothermal energy, etc. Since the potency produced from such sources can be reused once used, such potency is never exhausted.

Energy sources and utilities

What is Fossil energy?

The potency derived from fossils buried in the interior of the Earth is called fossil energy. Since coal and mineral oil are produced in nature from plant residues, both are called fossil fuels.

Coal

Large quantities of coal are used as fuel in industries, factories, and trains. Coal has become the main fuel for iron, steel, and other metal factories, brick industries, and cement factories. Since coal takes millions of years to form, increasing its use will end reserves.

Mineral oil

Petrol, diesel, kerosene, etc. are mineral oils. These oils are mainly used as fuel in motorcycles, buses, ships, airplanes, etc. These minerals are extracted from underground mines. It is extracted from the mine as crude oil. It is processed into petrol, diesel, kerosene, Mobil, paraffin, etc. and the remaining material is used to make tar.

Benefits of fossil energy

The benefits of fossil energy are as follows.
It is cheaper and accessible than other types of fuel.
Mineral oil can be shipped easily
It is a very useful fuel. It is used to operate various vehicles and engines.
It is also used in industries that require adequate heat and power generation.

Hydropower

Electricity is the main source of energy, which is used in many modes of communication including state-of-the-art computers, TVs, and mobiles. Electricity can be generated in various ways but the cheapest and pollution-free energy is hydroelectricity. Although it may cost more to generate hydroelectric in the beginning but it is always available seamlessly and is cheaper in the long run. Worldwide, it is currently consuming approximately 25 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity.

Why Hydroelectricity Generation and Use are Widespread?

Even though the production cost is high, it is cheaper in the long run.
It does not cause any kind of pollution.
It is the sources of renewable potency, it never ends.
It is cheap and easy to broadcast. It is also easy to use.
State-of-the-art equipment including computers and other electronic equipment and means of communication are the only major sources of potency.
It operates state-of-the-art lighting equipment.

Alternative sources of energy

Potency used worldwide includes coal, mineral oil, and natural gas. But not all these power sources are renewable. Due to its widespread use, the store can be quickly exhausted. When the potency sources are exhausted in this way, a major energy crisis will arise in the world. To solve this, it is necessary to find alternative power sources.

Alternative sources of power that can be used as an alternative to the main sources of potency traditionally used are called alternative sources of energy. Here are some alternative sources of energy.

What is organic energy?

The potency derived from various parts of plants (biomass) and animal dung etc. is called bio-energy. Biomass is a piece of wood dust, husk, straw, and sawdust, which is pressurized by a machine. Potency derived from biomass is called biomass energy. Firewood, straw, and grass are easily available sources of fuel for the village. Dung gas can be made using cow and buffalo dung. It can be used as an alternative resource.

What is Nuclear Energy?

The potency obtained from nuclear fusion and nuclear fission reactions are called nuclear power. There are two different ways of producing nuclear power.

1. Nuclear fusion

In the presence of extreme pressure and heat, larger elements are formed by combining small elements or atomic nuclei, and energy is also produced. This reaction is called nuclear fusion reaction. This reaction continues on the Sun and other stars.

2. Nuclear fission

Nuclear fission is the process by which the nucleus of a large atom is decomposed into smaller atoms. In the fission reaction, when an atom of radioactive elements uranium, plutonium, etc. is hit by an independent neutron, the atom breaks down and generates new atoms of smaller new elements. In this action, some mass is destroyed and immense potency is produced from the destroyed mass.

The potency generated from the destroyed mass is apparent from Einstein's mass energy equivalence relation (E = Mc²). According to this relation, E = Mc² occurs. Where E = energy generated, m = mass lost and c = speed of light in vacuum.

What is Tidal Energy?

The potency that can be obtained from the rising tide on the coast of the sea is called tidal energy.

For this type of potency, a large dam is built near the water on the coast. When the tide rises in the sea, the water crosses the dam and gets trapped. When the tide returns, water from the coast moves into the middle of the ocean. The water trapped in the dam is sent back to the sea through pipes. The water flowing from the pipe rotates the turbine and produces electricity.

What is Wind Energy?

Wind energy is a type of potency that has been used for centuries. It is considered to be useful potency for driving boats, producing electricity and heating water, etc. It is also a source of renewable potency.

Plains, mountains, and high altitude areas always carry strong winds. Wind energy can be converted into electricity at a place where the regular wind blows. In such places, electricity can be generated through wind turbine towers. By which various types of electronic devices can be operated.

The potency that can be obtained from continuously flowing air is called wind energy.

What is geothermal energy?

The interior of the Earth is very hot. When a volcano erupts, hot melted liquid comes out from the inside. In areas where earthquakes and volcanoes are active, the temperature increases to about 80 ° C per kilometer depth. In other common areas, the temperature increases to 30 ° C per kilometer depth. Hot rocks are found in some deep parts of the Earth's surface. When water is transported to such a place, it immediately turns into steam. Power can be generated by operating a steam engine with steam power. The potency obtained from the heat inside the earth is called geothermal energy.

What is solar energy?

Solar energy is considered the most likely source of renewable potency. This potency is obtained from the Sun on Earth, which is called solar potency.
By its consumption, solar panels are used to heat water, charging batteries, operating water pumps, etc. Also, a huge amount of electricity is generated with the help of solar panels. In the current context of the world's largest potency crisis, it is appropriate to take it as a good option to solve this potency crisis.

What is the energy crisis?

In terms of potency use, the current global situation shows that about 75 percent of non-renewable power sources are being used. Deletion of these potency sources can cause potency crisis. To solve this crisis, we need to generate more hydroelectricity and increase the use of other alternative potency sources.
According to a study, the consumption of mineral oil and coal is currently increasing at an annual rate of 2.3 percent. If consumption continues at the same rate, by 2037 oil reserves will be reduced. Failure to develop and conserve alternative potency sources could lead to a major potency crisis in the future.
In history mainly it has been caused by localized shortages, wars, and market manipulation. Some have argued that government actions like tax hikes, nationalization of power companies, and regulation of the potency sector, shift the supply and demand of potency away from its economic equilibrium. However, the recent historical power crisis was not caused by such factors.

Market failure is possible when monopolistic manipulation of markets occurs. Industrial operations such as strikes organized by the union and government embargo can cause a crisis. This may be due to over-consumption in oil refineries and port facilities, aging infrastructure, chokepoint disruptions, or bottlenecks that restrict fuel supplies. An emergency can arise during very cold due to increased power consumption

Conclusion: Potency is very important to us. A major power crisis may arise in the future if alternative power sources are not encouraged to develop and conserve.

I sincerely hope that I have given you a lot of information about what is energy, as well as its sources, different types, and alternative source of energy, etc. Please comment if you have any confusion. I request all of you readers to share this information on various social media so that our awareness remains and it will benefit everyone. I need your help so that I can give you more new information. Please subscribe to our website.

Thank you!

What is an electron? | Mass and charge of an electron

2020-09-21T22:42:00.004+05:45

Every single thing around us has an electron, do you know what is an electron and what is its charge. In chemistry, we get to read about electrons, protons, and neutrons. In nature, every single thing is made up of different elements and each element has an atom that is made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons.

What is an electron in atom

The question must also arise in your mind that what is an electron, what is its charge, when was it discovered, etc. In this article, we will try to answer these same questions. So let's all know what is an electron.

What is an electron?

The electron is a basic subatomic particle with a negative electric charge. It revolves around the nucleus of an atom in orbit. Electron is called ἤλεκτρον in Ancient Greek language and Electron in Latin, English, French, and Spanish, and Elektron in German.

The quantum mechanical properties of the electron include the internal angular momentum (spin) of a half-integer value, expressed in units of low Planck constants. Being a Ferzian, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state according to the Pauli Exclusion Principle.

Like all elementary particles, electrons exhibit the properties of both particles and waves: they can collide with other particles and can be separated like a light. The wave properties of electrons are easier to observe with experiments than other particles such as neutrons and protons because electrons have a lower mass and therefore have a longer de Broglie wavelength for a given energy.

See Also: What is nuclear energy?

Definition of electron

The electron is a sub-atomic particle with a negative electrical charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the Lipton particle family and are generally considered primary particles because they have no known component or barrier.

What is an electron shell?

The outer orbit of an atom around the atomic nucleus is called an electron shell. Each shell has one or more subshells, and each subshell has one or more atomic orbitals.

What is an electron orbital?

Electron orbitals are the result of mathematical equations from quantum mechanics known as wave functions and can predict within a certain level of probability where the electron can be at any time. The number and type of orbit increase with the increase in atomic number, filling in different electron shells.

See Also: Periodic classification of element

Mass of Electron

Its mass is a thousand times less than the lightest element hydrogen atom. Traditionally, its charge is considered negative and its value is determined as −1 atomic unit (e). It carries a (-ve) charge of -1.6E-19 Coulomb magnitude. Which is used as the standard unit for sub-atomic particles and it's also called elementary charge. It has a mass of 9.11E − 31 kg or 5.489 × 10−4 atomic mass units (AMU), which is about 1834^th of the mass of a proton.

Every Neutral nuclear has the same number of electrons and protons. Their internal structure is not known, so it is often considered a fundamental particle. Their internal rotation is 1/2, so they are firm. The antimatter of electron is called a positron. Apart from mass, all the properties of the positron, such as charge, etc. are completely opposite to the electron. When the electron and the positron collide, both are completely destroyed and two photons are produced.

Properties of Electron

Electrons belong to a group of sub-atomic particles called leptons, which are considered to be fundamental or elementary particles. Electrons have the lowest mass of any charged lepton (or any kind of electrically charged particle) and are the first generation of fundamental particles. All members of the Lipton group are fermions since they all have a half-odd integer spin; the electron has a spin.

Electrons play essential roles in many physical phenomena, such as electricity, magnetism, chemistry, and thermal conductivity, and they also participate in gravity, electromagnetic, and weak interactions. Since an electron has a charge, it has a nearby electric field.

The electromagnetic field produced from other sources will affect the motion of an electron according to Lorentz force law. Electrons radiate or absorb energy in the form of photons as acceleration. Laboratory equipment is capable of trapping individual electrons as well as electron plasma using electromagnetic fields. Specialized telescopes can detect electron plasma in outer space. Electrons are involved in many applications such as electronics, welding, cathode ray tubes, electron microscopes, radiation therapy, lasers, gaseous ionization detectors, and particle accelerators.

The interactions connecting electrons with other subatomic particles are of interest in fields such as chemistry and nuclear physics. The Coulomb force interaction between positive protons within the atomic nucleus and without negative electrons, known as two atoms, allows. Ionization or difference in the ratio of negative electrons versus positive nuclei changes the binding energy of an atomic system. The exchange or sharing of electrons between two or more atoms is the main reason for the chemical relationship.

Discovery of Electron

The discovery of electrons is closely associated with experimental and theoretical research of cathode rays, which have been carried out for decades by many physicists, including Joseph Thomson.

In 1859, studying the electrical conductivity in rare gases, the German physicist Julius Plucker observed that phosphorescent light produced by radiation emanating from the cathode was reflected on the tube near the cathode, which can be moved to the phosphorescent light field by the application of magnetic fields. Then in 1869, Plucker's student Johann Wilhelm Hittorf and in 1876, including the German physicist Eugen Goldstein, further researched it.

During the 1870s, the English chemist and physicist Sir William Crook developed the first high-vacuum cathode-ray tube. During the research, he observed in 1874 that cathode rays could rotate a small paddle wheel when placed in their path. Therefore, he concluded that rays capture momentum. Furthermore, by applying a magnetic field, he was able to deflect the rays, showing that the beam behaved as if it were negatively charged.

From 1874 to 1897, many scientists did a lot of research on this. Some scientists believed that the cathode ray is a wave or atom.

In 1897, the British physicist J. J. Thomson gave his colleagues John S. Townsend and H.A. Experimenting with Wilson indicated that cathode rays were indeed unique particles, not waves, atoms, or molecules as previously believed. Thomson made a good approximation of both charge E and mass m.

They showed that their charge-to-mass ratio, E / M, was independent of cathode content. He further showed that negatively charged particles produced by radioactive materials, by hot materials, and by illuminated materials were universal. The electrons were named for these particles by the scientific community.

Conclusion: The electron is a unique particle of a group of sub-atomic particles called leptons. This lightest element is thousand times lighter than the atom of hydrogen.

I sincerely hope that I have given you a lot of information about what is an electron, as well as the discovery, mass, and properties of the electron. Please comment if you have any confusion. I request all of you readers to share this information on various social media so that our awareness remains and it will benefit everyone. I need your help so that I can give you more new information. Please subscribe to our website.

Thank you!

Atmosphere multiple choice questions(MCQ) 3

2020-09-20T19:22:00.007+05:45

The layer of gases around the Earth is called the atmosphere. It contains different gases, water vapor, dots particle, etc. The density of the atmosphere is not the same. As the altitude rises above the surface of the Earth, the density of the atmosphere also decreases.

This section covers 10 multiple choice questions (MCQ) on atmosphere, layers of the atmosphere questions and answers, etc. you can also download atmosphere multiple choice questions pdf. Atmosphere MCQ Sets Part-1, Atmosphere MCQ Sets Part-2

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Atmosphere multiple choice questions(MCQ)2

2020-09-18T19:24:00.006+05:45

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Atmosphere multiple choice questions(MCQ) 1

2020-09-18T14:45:00.008+05:45

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What is mouse interface? technology and types of Serial mouse

2020-09-17T18:29:00.023+05:45

What is mouse interface? The medium that provides a connection between a computer and a mouse is the mouse interface. It includes related software, computer port, and the connector of the mouse. In order to establish contacts, it is necessary that both of them understand the information presented by each other, so in Computer Architectural Design, special attention is given to keeping the interfaces clear and correct.

What is mouse interface of computer

The computer mouse interface also changed over time. Serial Mouse interface and PS / 2 Mouse interface used to be in old age computers. But now the USB interface is more useful in the new computer, as well as the interface with wireless technology, has also become popular.

There are many more interfaces in the computer along with the mouse interface. such as hardware interface, software interface, user interface, etc. The hardware interface has a keyboard and mouse interface, printer interface, etc. The interface between the computer and the user is known as the user interface. By which the user use a computer system. This includes a web browser, Windows file manager, etc.

Types of Mouse Interface

As technology progressed, many different interfaces of the mouse were developed over time. Some specific interfaces of the mouse are as follows:

What is Serial mouse interface?

It is one of the oldest commercial mouse and the oldest type of mouse on this list. It is still not used. The serial mouse is also known as cold-pluggable. This means that one should connect with the PC only when the computer is switched off.

It has a serial connector (a DE-9F D-subminiature) that connects to the computer via a free serial port. This is a typically corded-type mouse that takes power from the power serial port to operate.

What is PS / 2 Mouse interface?

The PS / 2 mouse is the upper version of the serial mouse. It has a 6-pin mini-DIN connector through which it is connected to the Computer System. It was introduced in 1987 along with IBM Personal System / Personal Computer Key 2. This mouse takes power from the motherboard to operate. It is also a cold-pluggable mouse.

What is USB Mouse interface?

A USB mouse is a USB interface mouse that is connected to a computer or laptop via a free USB port. Nowadays a mouse with more USB interface is used. These mouse are available in both corded or cordless/wireless forms. These are hot-pluggable, in Serial and PS / 2 counterpart. You can also use this mouse in the running condition of the computer.

What is wireless mouse interface?

Wireless mouse transmits data via infrared radiation or Bluetooth. Here a serial or USB port is used to connect the receiver with the computer, or a built-in part such as Bluetooth.

Modern non-Bluetooth wireless mouse nowadays uses USB receivers. While in some they can be stored safely within the mouse, there are also "Nano" receivers, which are designed in such a way that is so small that they are always connected to your laptop or system.

These are the very latest variety of mouse that does not need cable to connect. These wireless mouse take power from batteries which are AA type.

Conclusion: To use the mouse properly, it is necessary to have knowledge about the mouse interface. In the absence of information, selecting the wrong interface can cause a malfunction in our mouse or computer system.

I sincerely hope that I have given you complete information about the mouse interface. Please comment if you have any confusion. I request all of you readers to share this information on various social media so that our awareness remains and it will benefit everyone. I need your help so that I can give you more new information. Please subscribe to our website.

Thank you!

What is mouse and how it work? | types of computer mouse

2020-09-14T13:09:00.006+05:45

While using the computer, we use the mouse to open or move a file, but do you know what is mouse and how it is used. If you are on the computer then you must be using some pointing device or you are doing your work through your touch mouse on the laptop. You may have used a lot of mice, but do you know how the mouse works on the computer?

Different devices in computer system like monitor, keyboard, speaker, etc. all have their own work. Just like the mouse also has an important role in the computer system, even if all the equipment is there and if there is no pointing device in our system, then running the computer becomes very difficult, because the task of controlling everything on the PC screen is doing by the mice. For this reason, if we have some information about it before purchasing the pointing device, then we can choose a special type of pointing device for us.

What is mouse and how it works?

Our daily work has become very easy due to technology. We are doing a lot of our work through a computer. In order to use the computer in the same way, it is very necessary to have knowledge about the accessories associated with it. There are many types of input devices, of which a pointing device is also the most important equipment. In this post, we will discuss what is mouse, its type, style of working, and other topics related to it. So let's get started and know what is mouse and how a Pointing Device works?

What is mouse?

The mouse is an important input device of the computer system. It is also known as a pointing device. It is used to interact with the computer. This is especially used to select different items on the PC screen, open different files or folders, close them, learn about them, and make changes to them.

The user uses Pointing device to instruct his computer to do various tasks. Which we call as input in computer language. We also use this to point, select, click, drag, drop and scroll, etc. on the display screen. There are many companies making Computer mouse. Every company has different models and designs which have different features and connectivity, but almost all models have a scroll wheel and two mouse buttons.

What is the full form of the mouse?

The full form of the mouse is as follows

M: Manually

O: Operated

U: Utility For

S: Selecting

E: Equipment

Is "mouse" an acronym?

As we told you, the full form of the mouse is a "manually operated user-selected device". But when Douglas Engelbert invented the mouse, he called it a mouse because the device was rodent-like. Later, a lot of writers and some companies wrote their full form of mouse according to their own calculation.

Mouse definition

The pointing device used to give commands to the computer easily with the selection of existing Icon on the computer screen, opening various files or folders, closing them, knowing about them, and changing their location is called Mouse. This is used by computer users placing on the desk surface.

Different names of mouse

We also know the mouse as the pointing device. While moving the pointing device to the desk surface, a cursor moves across our PC screen, known as the pointer or cursor.

Who is the father of computer mouse?

The mouse was invented in 1963 by Douglas Engelbart, who worked at Xerox PARC. Initially, it was called the X-Y Position Indicator, which was used by the Display System. In a very short time, the mice became very famous and people started using it as a pointing device on all computers.

Part of a computer mouse

The design of the mouse that we use on our PC varies according to the company. But despite the difference in design, the pointing device part is almost the same. This species has a Left mouse button, Right mouse button, Central Wheel button, a Connecting Wire, and a body of mice.

The left button of the mice is used to open or close the different files, folders, etc. The Right button is used for special operations like right-clicking, viewing a property, shortcut or popping up the context menu, etc. The wheel button is in the middle of the pointing device which is used to scroll down or up the screen. Some company's pointing device also has special buttons. This is used for Internet navigation and other specific functions.

Different Function of Mouse

The function of the pointing device is also different according to the mouse interface and interface of different software. Here I have tried to give information about some common functions of the mouse. So that you will be easy to use the mouse.

1. Moving the cursor - When we move the pointing device connected to the computer system, the Cursor of the mice on the PC Screen also moves here and there. This is one of the primary functions of the pointing device. The task of which is to move the mice cursor into the screen.

2. Using open or execute a program - A pointing device, you can open or execute icon, file, folder, or any other program on the computer screen. In particular, the left click button on an icon is opened twice and the right-click button is closed once.

3. Select - Both Left and Right Button are used to select or highlight text, file, folder, etc. according to the requirement. After selecting, we can apply a function like Copy, Cut, or Paste.

4. Drag-and-drop - You can easily drag-and-drop from one place to another by pressing the mouse button on an icon, file, or folder.

5. Hover - Often when we move the mice cursor over an icon, file, or folder, the information related to it appears in a pop-up called hover. The word Hover is quite popular in the web world as well. When the mice cursor goes over a web link, the color of that link changes. Which happens because of Hover.

6. Scroll - Using the wheel between the two buttons of the pointing device, you can scroll down to see the big document completely.

Types of Mouse

Depending on the technology of the mouse, different types of mouse are available in the market; all have some different technology which differentiates each other in their function. These are some types of mouse.

Corded mouse

A corded mouse is directly connected to a computer system with a cable (serial, PS / 2, or USB). It takes power for its operation from the same port to which it is connected; there is no need for external batteries. There is more accuracy in these types of mouse.

Cordless / Wireless Mouse

A cordless or wireless mouse is connected to the PC system by wireless technology such as Bluetooth or Infrared. Batteries are required to operate this mice. This is very good for those places where you have problems with cord or cable, such as while traveling.

Mechanical mouse

The mechanical mouse consists of a ball and a number of rollers, which serves to track the movement. It is also known as a ball mouse.

This type of mouse is typically of corded variety and is not as popular as optical mouse. Its performance is very high but it needs special cleaning from time to time.

Optical mouse

An optical mouse uses optical electronics to track the mouse’s position and movement. They are also called standard mechanical mice as they are more reliable than others and require less maintenance. But their performance depends on the type of surface on which they are operated.

How to change the left and right mouse buttons.

You can change the mouse button according to your requirement. The configuration of mouse buttons is especially for right-handed users. If you want, you can change the left and right mouse buttons by following the steps below.

Step 1: Open the Control Panel.

Step 2: Search mouse in the search bar.

Step 3: Click on Change Mouse Setting.

Step 4: In Button Tab Click on Button Configuration and arrange according to your requirement

Conclusion: The Pointing device is a very essential part of the computer system, without a pointing device it is very difficult to operate the PC.

I sincerely hope that I have given you complete information about what is mouse and how does it worked, As well as different parts and functions of the mice. If you have any confusion please comment. I request all of you readers to share this information on different social media so that our awareness will be there and it will benefit everyone. I need your help so that I can convey more new information to you. Please subscribe to our website.

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What is atmosphere? | Earth’s Atmospheric layers & structure

2020-09-13T13:31:00.002+05:45

Do you know what is atmosphere? Earth is the only planet out of the 8 planets of the Solar System where life has been found in the search till now. The main reason for this is the oxygen, which is considered to be the vital air for organisms is present in the Earth's atmosphere. Earth is the only planet whose bioactive environment is favorable. Evidence of life on the rest of the planets has not yet been found by scientific discovery.

It is not that other planets do not have an atmosphere. According to scientific discovery, other planets of the solar systems also have an atmosphere. But the atmosphere there is not compatible with the Earth's atmosphere. Right now, research is being done by scientists on the planet Mars. Because the atmosphere of Mars resembles that of Earth

What is atmosphere of Earth?

According to scientists, the fact found on Mars so far suggests that there is the most possibility of life and water on Mars. It is necessary for humans and other organisms to have water along with oxygen in the atmosphere. In this article, we will try to tell you what is atmosphere and why it is important for life. As well as, we will discuss the existing gases in the atmosphere of the Earth, the layers of atmosphere, etc. So let's first know what is atmosphere?

What is atmosphere?

The thick layer of air around the earth is called the atmosphere. Earth is divided into the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. In which the atmosphere is made of air, the lithosphere is made of solids, and the hydrosphere is made of water. There is no definite measure of how far the atmosphere extends, but it is certain that it is spread over several hundred miles around the earth.

Air is very important for the survival of animals and plants. It also has a profound effect on the weathering of the Earth's surface. Many types of physical and chemical activities are performed due to the air of the atmosphere. Many views of the atmosphere, such as rainbow, lightning and whirling, north polar light, south polar light, halo, etc. are produced by light or electricity.

The density of the atmosphere is not the same. As the altitude rises above the surface of the Earth, the density of the atmosphere also decreases. The difference in temperature also causes a difference in the density of the atmosphere. Air pressure at sea level is equal to the pressure of a column of 760 millimeters of mercury.

Earth is warmed by the sun's small radiation energy. The radiation of long-lived physical energy from the Earth is absorbed into the atmosphere. Due to this, the temperature of the atmosphere remains between 68 ° C to 55 ° C. Ultraviolet light above 100 km converts oxygen molecules into ions and atoms into electrons. This is why this layer of atmosphere is called the ionosphere. At night, these ions or electrons then merge together into a molecule or atom, causing green and red lines to appear in the night light.

See Also: What is Climate change?

Atmosphere structure and composition

Gas	Percent volume
Nitrogen	78.09
Oxygen	20.95
Argon	0.93
Carbon Dioxide	0.03
Neon	0.0018
Hydrogen	0.001
Helium	0.000524
Krypton	0.0001
Xenon	0.000008
Ozone	0.000001
Methane	Small amount

Earth’s Atmospheric layers

The Earth's atmosphere is divided into 5 layers based on density, altitude, and temperature. They are as follows:

Troposphere

The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the troposphere. This region is most important for the biosphere ecosystem as all weather related events occur in it. The air temperature decreases at an average rate of 1 ° C per 165 m elevation. This is called the normal heat collapse rate.

Its height is 8 to 10 km at the pole and about 18 to 20 km at the equator. This layer consists of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and dust particles. It is estimated that about 95% of the Earth's atmosphere is in the troposphere. The topmost layer of the troposphere is called the Tropopause.

Stratosphere

Above the troposphere of the Earth, is the stratosphere. This layer is about 20 to 50 km above the Earth's surface. Ozone, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. are the main gases in this layer. Ozone gas is found in the stratosphere for about 30 to 60 kilometers. The topmost layer of the stratosphere is called Stratopause.

As the height of this layer increases, the temperature increases. This sequence continues until the Stratopause. Since there is negligible humidity at this level, clouds form less. Especially in this layer, the formation of the ozone layer in the presence of ultraviolet radiation from 20 to 30 km continues. Hence this layer is also called ozonosphere. This layer absorbs 99% of ultraviolet solar radiation. As a result, harmful radiation does not reach the Earth. This creates an environment conducive to the survival of animals and plants on Earth.

Mesosphere

The atmospheric layer above the stratosphere is called the Mesosphere. This layer is about 50 to 80 km above the Earth's surface. At this level, the air layer becomes thinner. The temperature decreases at this level as altitude increases. This is the coldest layer.

Hot gas lines emanating from the meteor appear at this level. The topmost layer of the Mesosphere is called the Mesopause. Strong winds blow at this layer. Such winds flow from west to east in winter and from east to west during the rainy season.

Thermosphere

The atmospheric layer above the Mesosphere is called the Thermosphere. This layer is about 80 to 720 km above the Earth's surface. At this level, the air layer is thinner and the air is less. As the effect of solar radiation is more at this level, the temperature also increases as the height increases.

At the bottom of this layer, molecules of nitrogen, oxygen, etc. break down into atoms, while in the upper part; it consists mainly of helium and hydrogen. This is called the ionosphere because at this stage the gas molecules transform into ions. The topmost layer of this layer is called Thermopause.

Exosphere

The atmospheric layer above the thermosphere is called the Exosphere. This layer is about 720 km above the Earth's surface. This layer is also called the boundary zone. It is the topmost layer of the Earth's atmosphere.

At this layer, even though the air is negligible, air molecules and atoms move very rapidly. These molecules and atoms are so fast that they cannot be affected by the gravitational pull of the Earth. Molecules and atoms that are free from gravity fly into space.

See Also: What is Global Warming?

Atmospheric humidity

The amount of invisible water vapor present in the atmosphere is called atmospheric humidity. This humidity reaches the atmosphere by various forms of evaporation from the earth. Humidity is of paramount importance in climatology because various forms of precipitation, atmospheric storms, and cyclones, etc. are based on this.

Atmospheric humidity depends on the water vapor present in the air. This water vapor remains in the lower levels of the atmosphere. Its quantity is not the same in all places and always. There are differences in time and place. This water vapor is formed by the evaporation of water of river, pond, lake, ocean, etc.

Atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted on a unit area of a surface in the Earth's atmosphere by the weight of air above it. In most circumstances, the approximate atmospheric pressure is estimated by the weight of the air above it at the measurement point. Low-pressure areas have a lower atmospheric mass above those locations, while high-pressure areas have a higher atmospheric mass above those locations. Similarly, as the altitude increases, the atmospheric mass decreases above that level, so the pressure decreases with increasing altitude. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to the pressure of 760 mmHg. The air pressure measuring unit is millibar. The average atmospheric pressure at the seabed is 1013.25 millibar (MB).

Conclusion: The atmosphere is very important to maintain life on Earth, so we will have to maintain the balance of the atmosphere for balancing the ecosystem.

In the end

In today's post, you have learned what is atmosphere, as well as the structure of atmosphere, Earth’s Atmospheric layers, atmospheric pressure, etc. Hope you all like this article. You are requested; please share this article so that it can reach as many people as possible. We look forward to your support so that I can write more new articles.

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What is greenhouse effect & How does work? | Major causes

2020-09-11T19:17:00.003+05:45

What is greenhouse effect? There is a lot of discussion about this from the farmer adopting the modern farming system to the big scientist. A greenhouse is a building made of glass or plastic, which is used especially for growing plants. Greenhouses work to maintain temperature balance. This is a human-made artificial greenhouse, but the various gases present in the atmosphere around the earth act like greenhouses. Which we know as greenhouse gases.

What is greenhouse effect

Greenhouse gases present in the Earth's atmosphere work to maintain the temperature balance in the Earth's environment. About 29 percent of solar energy coming from the Sun is reflected back to space by reflecting clouds, atmospheric particles, or shiny ground surfaces such as sea ice and snow. About 23 percent is absorbed into the Earth's atmosphere, and 48 percent is absorbed by the surface passing through the atmosphere. Overall, about 71 percent of the incoming solar energy plays a role in the Earth's climate system.

What is the role of the greenhouse effect in the Earth's climate system? Does the greenhouse effect cause solar energy to be absorbed into the atmosphere? Such questions will definitely arise in your mind. In this article, we will discuss in detail about these questions, along with answering these questions, what is the greenhouse effect, how does it work, etc. So let's first know what is greenhouse effect.

What is Greenhouse Effect?

The "greenhouse effect" is a natural process that keeps the Earth's surface warm. In this process, molecules of greenhouse gases present in the Earth's atmosphere absorb solar energy and produce heat that keeps the Earth's surface and atmosphere warm. The more greenhouse gases are concentrated in the atmosphere, the more heat is locked into the molecules.

Greenhouse gases are produced naturally and become part of our environment. The part that makes the Earth indelible to us is a naturally occurring greenhouse effect, which on average maintains the planet at 15 ° C (59 ° F). But in the last century, the increase in excess carbon dioxide in the air due to human activity has greatly interfered with the planet's energy balance. Because of which greenhouse gases are continuously increasing in the Earth's atmosphere, due to which the temperature is increasing day by day.

History

In 1824 Joseph Fuhrer first told about the greenhouse effect. He calculated that if there was no atmosphere, the Earth would have been colder. The arguments and evidence he gave were further strengthened by Claude Paulet in the years 1827 and 1838. John Tindall gave this reason in 1859 after experimenting and observing it. But in 1896 Swante Arrhenius first gave clear quantitative information by making quantitative forecasts. But no scientist had used the term greenhouse. The term was first used by Nils Gustaf Ekholm in 1901.

In 1895, Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius reported that humans can increase the greenhouse effect by creating carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.

How does the greenhouse effect work?

In the modern agricultural system, the greenhouse of glass or plastic works to maintain the temperature balance. In the same way, the greenhouse gases present in the earth's atmosphere acts as a layer, which maintains the temperature balance on the earth.

The greenhouse used for plants is warm inside even during winter. In the daytime, sunlight shines in the greenhouse and heats the plants and the air. At night, it is cold outside, but the greenhouse remains very hot inside. This is because the glass walls of the greenhouse trap the heat of the sun.

In the same way, the greenhouse effect works on earth. During the day, the sun shines in the atmosphere. Earth's surface is warmed by sunlight. At night, the Earth's surface cools down, releasing heat back into the air. But some heat is trapped in the atmosphere by greenhouse gases. This is the reason why our Earth is on average 58 degrees Fahrenheit (14 degrees Celsius) warm and comfortable.

Major causes of greenhouse effect

Some of the main causes of the greenhouse effects are as follows:

Natural reason:

• Due to some elements naturally present on the earth, such as carbon dioxide found in the sea and methane which is produced by the decay of trees and natural fires, and nitrogen oxides which are found in some amount in land and water Greenhouse gases are manufactured. Only fluorinated gases are produced by humans, which are not naturally present in nature.

• Water vapor also contributes greatly to the greenhouse effect. Thermal energy is absorbed by the water vapor, most often when air is increased in volatility. So due to this, the temperature in the atmosphere also increases.

• Oxygen is taken from the atmosphere by animals and emits carbon dioxide and methane gas. It is one of the natural factors of the greenhouse effect.

Man-made reasons

• Combustion of fossil fuels such as oil and coal also contributes significantly to greenhouse effects. Burning fossil fuels also emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which pollutes the atmosphere. Apart from this, digging of gas and coal mines and oil wells also emits methane gas.

• Deforestation is another major cause of the greenhouse effect. Plants also play an important role in reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment and providing oxygen.

• Naturally made nitrogen which is used as fertilizer in crops. This emits nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere, thereby increasing the greenhouse effect.

• Very heavy industrial gases are emitted into the atmosphere throughout the world. Gases such as methane, carbon dioxide, and fluorine gas fall into the category of industrial gases.

• Agriculturally domesticated animals such as goats, pigs, cows, etc. also contribute significantly to the emission of greenhouse gases. When their food is digested by these animals, then methane gas is produced in their paint, which gets mixed into the atmosphere when they are dung. Harvesting of forests to create more farms for domesticated animals has also increased the emission of greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse effect on climate

Climate is dramatically affected by the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Since the time of industrialization, the emission of many types of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased considerably. Greenhouse gases arise from the combustion of most fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide (CO₂), water vapor (H₂O), methane (CH₄), ozone (O₃), nitrous oxide (N₂O), etc. are gases that enhance the greenhouse effect.

Greenhouse gases have the highest amount of CO₂ and have increased up to 40% since the start of industrialization. As such, natural processes can absorb gases in the atmosphere. For example, the process of photosynthesis can absorb carbon dioxide, but due to the gradual increase in the amount of these gases, nature's ability to absorb them is decreasing. The imbalance between the emission of greenhouse gases and the ability to absorb gases has led to an acute increase in the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

We have burned a lot of fossils fuels and our atmosphere has been polluted with poisonous gases due to the massive tree harvesting, massive methane generated by pets. Greenhouse gases, which absorb large amounts of radiation, due to their large presence in the atmosphere, have caused major problems like climate change and at present, global warming is the biggest problem faced by mankind.

Conclusion: The greenhouse effect is very important to maintain life on Earth, so we will have to maintain the balance of greenhouse gas emissions for balancing it.

In the end

In today's post, you have learned what is greenhouse effect, as well as History, how does it work, etc? Hope you all like this article. You are requested; please share this article so that it can reach as many people as possible. We look forward to your support so that I can write more new articles.

Thank you!

What is climate change? its effect and causing

2020-09-08T09:30:00.003+05:45

What is climate change? The answer to this question has become extremely important for everyone today. Topics like climate change, global warming, greenhouse gases are interconnected and are being discussed worldwide today, as this issue is related to our life pattern.

What is climate change

It cannot be denied that climate change is the biggest challenge facing human society at present and it has become a great necessity at the present time. Statistics show that the average surface temperature of the Earth's surface has risen by about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (i.e. about 0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century. Apart from this, sea level has also been increased by about 8 inches since last century. And it is increasing day by day. Statistics make it clear that this is the time to seriously consider climate change.

In this article, we will discuss in detail the topics of climate change, the causes of climate change, its effects, global efforts to deal with it. So let's first know what is climate change?

What is climate change?

Before understanding climate change, it is necessary to understand what is climate. Climate means the average season of any region over a long period of time. And the change seen in the average weather of a particular region is called Climate Change.

Climate change can also be felt in a particular place or the whole world. In the present context, its impact is being seen almost all over the world. The weather in different places of the world is showing changes from normal to large. Any such change can have a major impact on mankind. Glaciers are melting as the Earth's temperature rises and the water level of the oceans continues to increase day by day, resulting in an increased risk of natural disasters and the sinking of some islands.

The climate here has changed many times in the entire history of the earth and many incidents of climate change have come to light. According to scientists studying the Earth, the temperature of the Earth is constantly increasing. Earth's temperature has risen to 0.75 ° C (1.4 ° F) in the last 100 years. Even though this change in Earth's temperature seems small, it can have a big impact on Homo sapiens.

What is climate change simple definition?

Climate change is the long-term change of temperature and specific weather patterns in one place. The reason for the current climate change is large scale human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels like forests, natural gas, oil, and coal. Due to which greenhouse gases are deposited in the earth's atmosphere.

What is climate change for kids?

Climate change is the change observed in the average season of a particular region at a given time. For example, 2016 is the hottest year in the last 150 years.

What is causing climate change?

There are many reasons for climate change. These have some natural causes as well as human reason. The main reason for this is as follows.

Natural causes of climate change

According to science, the earth has gone through hot and cold phases in the past; there has been a great stir on the earth from time to time Due to which the shape of its surface along with the creatures have been changing. Climate change has also occurred due to natural causes such as high-intensity earthquakes, the intensity of the sun, volcanic eruptions, floods, etc. caused by the movement of the Earth's tectonic plate.

Human causes of climate change

The human causes of climate changes are depicted as follows.

Greenhouse gases:

A layer of Heat (radiation) trapping gas remains in the atmosphere around the Earth; this layer contains gases such as methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and fluorinated gas. This layer of greenhouse gases serves to maintain the temperature balance on the Earth's surface. According to scientists, if this layer is not there, the temperature of the Earth will be reduced considerably.

As human activities are increasing after the start of the Industrial Revolution, the greenhouse gases emission is also increasing and due to which the global temperature is increasing day by day.

Total greenhouse gas emissions have increased by nearly 80% since 1970, which is equivalent to an atmospheric concentration of 473 ppm CO₂e, a radioactive forcing of 283mW / m ^ 2.

According to NASA, "These natural causes still persist today, but they have little effect or occur more slowly than the rapid heat observed in recent decades."

Land use change

Deforestation for development construction or other private use is also a major factor in climate change. Trees give us fruits and shade, as well as absorb important greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

The way trees are being harvested at the present time for National Highway, School, Collage, Play Ground etc. is quite worrisome, as the trees act as natural instruments absorbing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It is decreasing day by day.

Urbanization

With increasing urbanization, agricultural land is decreasing. People cut large forests and settle the city. Also, due to increasing urbanization and industrialization, there has been a lot of change in the way people live. People are using different types of vehicles. The number of vehicles on the roads has increased considerably. Due to which the contribution of hazardous gases has increased considerably.

Effects of climate change

High temperature

The global average temperature has been steadily increasing over the last 150 years and the year 2016 is recorded as the hottest year. Emissions of greenhouse gases from deforestation, power plants, automobiles and other sources are heating the Earth relatively quickly. Increased temperature can also be considered as a reason for the rise in heat related deaths and diseases, rising sea level, increase in storm intensity and many other dangerous consequences of climate change. According to a research, if the issue of greenhouse gases emissions is not taken seriously and efforts are not made to reduce it, by the end of the century the average surface temperature of the earth can rise by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit.

Change in rainfall pattern

As a result of climate change, irregularities of floods, droughts, and rains, etc. have increased considerably in the last few decades. Rainfall is not there on time, there is too much rain in some places, due to lack of water in some places leads to drought, it is the effect of climate change.

Sea level rise

The glacier is melting day by day due to global warming globally. Because of this, the sea level of the sea is rising. The effect of rising water levels increases the risk of submergence of islands around the sea. People living in small island countries like the Maldives are already looking for alternative destinations.

Loss of wildlife species

Some bird species are on the verge of extinction due to the constant rise in temperature and changes in vegetation patterns. According to experts, one-fourth of the Earth's species may become extinct by the year 2050. In the year 2008, the polar bear was added to the list of animals that could become extinct due to the rise in sea level.

Disease spread and economic loss

Day and day new diseases are visible. The corona epidemic that started at the end of the year 2019 is also a reason for climate change. Due to this, more than 5 lakh people have been killed all over the world till now. According to experts, as a result of climate change in the future, diseases like malaria and dengue will increase more and will be difficult to control. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, over 150,000 people have died due to heatwaves since the last decade.

Forest fire

Long-lasting heat waves due to climate change has created hot and dry conditions suitable for wildfires. According to data from the National Institute for Space Research-INPE based in Brazil, Brazil's Amazon Forests have faced a total of 74,155 times since January 2019. It has also been revealed that the incidence of fire in the Amazon forest has increased by 85 percent since the last year (2018).

A fire in various areas of the Australian state of New South Wales from September 2019 to March 2020 destroyed an estimated 18.6 million hectares (46 million acres; 186,000 square kilometers; 72,000 square miles) of the forest, 5,900 buildings (including 2,779 homes). This killed at least 34 people, as well as nearly three billion terrestrial vertebrates alone, most of which are reptiles. The fire caused some endangered species to become extinct. Air quality in all the southern and eastern states fell to alarming levels.

Climate change and food security:

In Europe, crop yields are falling due to the heatwave. Food crop problems can arise due to reduced crop yield due to climate change, as well as problems such as land degradation.

Different countries in Asia and Africa depends on imported foods. Due to the rapidly rising temperature, these areas may come under the grip of drought. According to the IPCC report, low altitude areas are already witnessing a decline in yields of crops such as wheat and corn due to rising temperatures.

Increasing carbon content in the environment is decreasing the nutritional quality of crops. For example, due to high carbon environment, nutritional deficiency of wheat is decreasing from 6% to 13% of protein, 4% to 7% of zinc, and 5% to 8% of iron.

The Bloomberg Agriculture Spot Index is a price measure of 9 crops that hit a decade low in May. The volatility of this index reflects the volatility of food security.

Global efforts to tackle climate change

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a United Nations body for conducting scientific assessments related to climate change. It was founded in 1988 by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). IPCC has 195 member countries.

It aims to provide regular scientific assessment to policymakers to strategize to mitigate climate change, its effects, and future potential risks as well as adaptation in climate change. This institution provides scientific information to governments at all levels which can be used to develop a liberal policy towards climate.

The IPCC assessment plays an important role in international negotiations to combat climate change.

United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

It is an international agreement aimed at controlling the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This agreement was reached during the Earth Conference of June 1992. It was implemented on March 21, 1994, after the signing of the agreement by various countries.

Since 1995, annual UNFCCC annual meetings are held. It was in this year that the famous Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997 and the target was set by the developed countries (countries included in Annex-1) to control greenhouse gases. Under the Kyoto Protocol, 40 industrialized countries have been placed on a separate lists Annex-1.

The annual meeting of the UNFCCC is known as the Conference of the Parties (COP).

Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement is an international agreement to deal with climate change. From 30 November to 11 December 2015, representatives of governments of 195 countries discussed a possible new global agreement to deal with it in Paris.

The Paris Agreement, with 32 pages and 29 articles, with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, is a recognized historic agreement to curb global warming.

Conclusion: At present, it is the biggest challenge facing human society and in the present times, reducing or completely reducing it has become a big necessity.

In the end

In this post, you have learned what is climate change, as well as causing, effect, Global efforts to tackle it, etc. Hope you all like this article. You are requested; please share this article so that it can reach as many people as possible. We look forward to your support so that I can write more new articles.

Thank you!

What is greenhouse gases | Sources, Effects and list

2020-09-03T22:36:00.006+05:45

The question of what is greenhouse gases must have come in your mind too because the word greenhouse gas is also very much discussed with the word Global Warming. There is a very strong debate on this subject in our schools, colleges, conferences, and seminars. We get information about various measures to reduce this gas on various media platforms.

What is greenhouse gases

Today, in the 21st century, the world is suffering a heavy beating of global warming, the main factor of which is greenhouse gases. This gas is increasing day and day in the atmosphere of our earth that has made it difficult for scientists to find effective ways to reduce it. All the developed countries of the world together are running many programs to reduce this gas.

Worldwide, production of greenhouse gases is a matter of serious concern. After all, what is greenhouse gases and why is it really a problem? What is the current solution to control this? You will find answers to too many such questions in this article. So, let's first know what is greenhouse gases.

What is greenhouse gases?

Greenhouse gases are a group of chemical compounds that are able to trap heat (radiation) in the atmosphere, causing these gases to overheat the Earth's surface.

These are the gases that are the root cause of the greenhouse effect. Increasing the number of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases the greenhouse effect that leads to Global Warming and consequently climate change.

Greenhouse gases allow shortwave radiation to pass freely into the atmosphere where it is partially absorbed by the Earth's surface.

The ability of these gases to trap heat causes a greenhouse effect. The more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the more heat is on the earth. This is why the gases that produce this effect are collectively known as greenhouse gases.

What is greenhouse gases definition?

Any gas that has the property of absorbing the infrared radiation (net heat energy) emitted from the surface of the Earth and returning it to the surface of the Earth is called greenhouse gas. For example carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor, etc.

See Also: What is Science?

List of greenhouse gases

1. Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere as a result of burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil), solid wastes, trees, and wood products, and certain chemical reactions (such as the manufacture of cement).

The Carbon dioxide is removed (sequestered) from the atmosphere when plants are absorbed as part of the organic carbon cycle.

2. Methane (CH₄):

Methane is emitted during the production and transportation of coal, natural gas and oil.

3. Nitrous Oxide (N₂O):

Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during the combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.

4. Fluorinated Gas:

Hydro-fluorocarbons, per-fluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride and synthetic nitrogen tri-fluoride are all extremely powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from various industrial processes.

Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as an alternative to stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (such as chlorofluorocarbons, hydro-chlorofluorocarbons, and Helen).

These gases are typically emitted in small amounts, but since they are powerful greenhouse gases, they are sometimes referred to as high global warming potential gases (high GWP gases).

5. Water vapor

Atmospheric concentration of water vapor is highly variable and largely depends on temperature.

Water vapor is a highly active component of the climate system that rapidly reacts to changes in evaporation conditions, soluble in rain or snow or returning to the atmosphere.

Sources of greenhouse gases

Greenhouse gases originate from many sources. Some gases, such as methane, are produced through agricultural methods, which include everything from the feces of livestock to dead bodies. Gases such as CO2 are generated largely by natural processes such as respiration and the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas.

Deforestation is also another cause of CO₂ release. When trees are cut down for wood or cultivation land, they release carbon that is normally stored for photosynthesis. According to the 2010 Global Forest Resources Assessment, this process releases about one billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere every year.

Large industries and steel factories have also been involved in greenhouse gas emissions. According to NASA, since the Industrial Revolution began, atmospheric CO₂ levels have risen by about 38 percent and methane levels by 148 percent, and much of this growth has occurred in the last 50 years.

Effects of Green House Gases

1. Global warming

Although greenhouse gas levels have been rising since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, their rise in the last few decades has been particularly rapid.

Total greenhouse gas emissions have increased by about 80% since 1970, which is equivalent to an atmospheric concentration of 473 ppm CO₂e with a radioactive forcing of 283mW / m ^ 2.

With the addition of daily levels of greenhouse gases, the greenhouse effect has now increased to the point where the Earth's atmosphere itself has received too much heat. The heat trapped by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases has increased the surface temperature by 0.75 ° C (1.4 ° F) in the last 100 years.

Global warming is damaging the environment in many ways such as: - making the land barren, increasing the melting of snow and ice, increasing the sea level, etc.

2. ocean acidification

Carbon dioxide has made the world's oceans 30% more acidic. The ocean acts as a sink for this gas and absorbs about a quarter of human carbon dioxide emissions, creating carbonic acids when they react with seawater, so when carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere rise Is, acidification or acidification of oceans increases.

3. Smoke and ozone pollution

Over the last century, ozone concentration has increased 2 times due to increased methane and nitrogen oxides mainly due to human emissions.

At the ground level, ozone is an air pollutant that is a major constituent of smoke that is dangerous to both humans and plants.

Long-term ozone exposure has also been considered to reduce life expectancy. Ozone has been considered responsible for cardiopulmonary death worldwide.

Recent studies estimate that global yields of major staple crops such as soybean, corn, and wheat are currently declining by 2–15%.

4. Ozone layer depletion

Nitrous oxide damages the ozone layer and is now the most important ozone-depleting substance and the biggest cause of the depletion of the ozone layer.

Conclusion: Greenhouse gases are very harmful to us and our earth, as it is the biggest factor in global warming. For this reason, the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere is increasing day by day which is not good for life

In the end

In today's post, you have learned what is greenhouse gases, as well as various Sources, Effects and list of greenhouse gases, definition, etc. Hope you all like this article. You are requested; please share this article so that it can reach as many people as possible. We look forward to your support so that I can write more new articles.

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What is nuclear energy and power? | nuclear fusion

2020-09-02T23:04:00.008+05:45

What is nuclear energy? - Today the world is moving rapidly towards nuclear energy. Which nation is so powerful, it is being determined by the power of nuclear energy. After all, what is nuclear energy and why it is given so much importance? Developed countries are developing rapidly in nuclear power plants. Nuclear power plants can generate large-scale power continuously for several months, without interruption.

What is nuclear energy and power?

Despite the nuclear accident in Fukushima, Japan in the year 2011, nuclear power is considered as an important energy supply option worldwide. Atomic energy can be harmful to us as much as it is beneficial to us, if we forget even a small thing. If nuclear power goes to the wrong hands or is used in the wrong way, then it can become a curse for the whole humanity.

Today, in this article, I will try to give you information about what is nuclear energy, how it is produced, where it is used and how it is stored, etc. So first of all, we know that what is nuclear power.

What is nuclear energy?

The energy generated during nuclear fission is called nuclear energy. It is also called atomic energy. Nuclear fission is a chemical reaction in which a heavy Nucleus breaks down into two parts, along with 2 or 3 neutrons and radiation, emitting an immense amount of energy. Nuclear fission reaction is a chain reaction.

Uranium collides with neutrons and temporarily breaks uranium into two lighter elements. In this reaction, 2 or 3 neutrons and radiation with a huge amount of energy is released, which is called nuclear power. It is used in a nuclear power station in a peaceful way to produce electricity on a large scale.

Simple definition of atomic energy

The energy generated during a nuclear fission is called nuclear energy or nuclear power. A large amount of nuclear energy is extracted by colliding neutrons on uranium.

What is nuclear fission?

Nuclear fission is a chemical reaction in which a heavy Nucleus breaks into two. Nuclear fission reaction is a chain reaction. When a reaction occurs automatically from one reaction to another, it is called a chain reaction.

There are two types of chain reaction, uncontrolled chain reaction and controlled chain reaction. The uncontrolled chain reaction does not control the three newly released masses, causing the rate of fragmentation of the nuclei according to 13, 9, and 27. As a result, the energy is generated by a very intense vibration and in causing a lot of destruction in a short time. Atomic bombs are manufactured on the basis of this principle.

The controlled chain reaction takes place slowly and the energy derived from it can be used for profitable works, this process is followed in nuclear reactor to produce nuclear power.

See also: What is Chemical Compounds?

History of nuclear energy

The history of nuclear power is related to nuclear fission reaction. Uranium was discovered in 1789 by German chemist Martin Klaproth and named Uranus. Years later, in 1932, James Chadwick discovered neutrons. Since then, there have been many discoveries on neutrons and in late 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann first demonstrated the nuclear fission reaction in Berlin. After bombarding the neutrons on the uranium 235 atom, they found that the uranium Nucleus split into two blocks and released a large amount of energy.

Hahn and Strassmann showed that fission also emits extra neutrons with much higher energy, which was able to cause fission to other uranium nuclei; Leading to a self-sustaining chain reaction. A few days later it was experimentally confirmed by Joliet and her co-workers. After that Leo Szilard, who worked with Fermi in New York, proposed that uranium-235 isotopic more likely to fission than uranium-235. And fission will occur more effectively with a slower moving neutron than the fastest neutron. Also, Fermi proposed using a 'moderator' to slow down the emitted neutrons.

In 1939 Francis Perrin introduced the concept of the critical mass of uranium required to produce energy self-sufficiency. His theories were elaborated by Rudolf Pearce at the University of Birmingham and the resulting calculations were of considerable importance in the development of the atomic bomb.

In Paris, Perrin's group demonstrated that a chain reaction in the uranium-water mixture (water used to slow down neutrons) could persist, provided external neutrons were injected into the system. He demonstrated the idea of introducing neutron-absorbing materials to limit the multiplication of neutrons and thus to control the nuclear reaction (which is the basis of the operation of an atomic power station). After that, the nuclear power project grew rapidly and many of the developed countries started investing huge amount in the field of nuclear power.

What is the source of nuclear energy?

Atomic energy is obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Currently, nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium is done to obtain nuclear power. Heavy water or graphite is used as a moderator to control the reaction.

A uranium Nuclear fission emits too much energy and three new neutrons when neutrons are bombarded with uranium. These newly emitted neutrons fragment the other nuclei of uranium. In this way a series of fission of uranium nuclei is formed. Nuclear power is produced in nuclear reactors by controlling this chain reaction.

Uranium or plutonium is used as fuel in nuclear reactors. Cadmium or boron is used as a control rod in the reactor. This rod absorbs two of the three new neutrons released during fission of the nucleus, thereby controlling the reaction and converting the produced nuclear energy into electrical energy and is used for profitable purposes.

See Also: What is Science?

What is a nuclear reactor?

The atomic pile used for nuclear fission reaction is known as Nuclear reactor. It is a device that is used to initiate and control the self-stable atomic chain reaction.

Nuclear reactors are basically used for power generation. In a nuclear reactor, a lot of heat can be produced from small amounts of fuel, While 300 million tons of coal is required to run a 1,000 W of thermal power plant, the same power generation is possible with only 30 tons of uranium in a nuclear reactor, and the electrical energy from the reactor is used in various industries.

Additionally, nuclear reactors are also used to produce shootonium. It is a better fissile material than uranium. Uranium is bombarded with rapid neutrons and converted into jutonium under a series reaction in a nuclear reactor.

What is nuclear power plant?

A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station, from which heavy electricity is produced. In this, the nuclear reactor is used as a heat source to heat water and transform it into steam which rotates the turbine to make electricity.

What is bad about nuclear energy?

The misuse of nuclear power can become a cause of the destruction of the whole of humanity. You must have heard about the atom bomb, which was used by the US in the Second World War on two big cities of Japan, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki. Because of which everything burned to ashes in a few seconds. From this, you can guess how bad it is for humanity.

Also, many types of radiation are emitted from a nuclear reactor designed for nuclear power, which can harm those working near the reactor, so thick concrete walls are built around the reactors, called preservatives.

A small mistake in nuclear reactors can take the form of a major accident. As in the year 2011, the nuclear accident in Fukushima, Japan, with more than 18500 people killed, 160,000 were displaced.

According to the nuclear politician Rebecca Harms, the construction of a nuclear reactor costs around Rs.450 billion. Berlin's environmental scientist, Clutch Mets, says that even today, neither the technology to destroy old nuclear reactors has been developed, nor has there been a way to preserve nuclear waste.

What is nuclear energy used for?

Primary energy consumption has also increased due to the increasing population, a booming economy, and the desire for a good standard of living. Nuclear power produces electricity that is used to power homes, schools, businesses, and hospitals.

A single uranium pellet is slightly larger than a pencil eraser, with the same energy as one ton of coal, 3 barrels of oil, or 17,000 cubic feet of natural gas. Each uranium fuel pellet provides heat for five years to produce electricity. And because uranium is one of the world's most abundant metals, it can provide fuel for the world's commercial nuclear plants for generations to come.

Nuclear power also provides many benefits to the environment. Power plants do not burn any material, so they do not produce any combustion products. Additionally, because they do not produce greenhouse gases, nuclear plants help protect air quality, mitigate climate change, and reduce global warming.

When it comes to efficiency and reliability, no other power source can match the atomizer. Nuclear power plants can generate large-scale power continuously for a long time, without interruption.

Current state of nuclear energy

At present, there are around 500 nuclear reactors in 35 countries of the world. America is constantly increasing its nuclear power. China is building new reactors for 60 thousand MW of electricity every year. European countries have the largest number of nuclear reactors in the cross. So far, Poland, a country dependent on coal for electricity, has moved towards nuclear power.

There are 21 nuclear reactors currently operating in India and construction work of several reactors is also going on. Of the 21 operational reactors, 2 are boiling water reactors, 18 pressurized heavy water reactors and 1 pressurized light reactor, generating around 3,900 MW of electricity, which is 3% of the total power generated in the country.

Currently, nuclear power supplies more than 15 percent of the world's electricity and more than 20 percent of the energy in the United States.

Conclusion: nuclear energy is very important for us and at the same time it is harmful for the whole of humanity if it is used incorrectly. With natural oil and coal expensive, its mine is being finished day by day. Because of which the global attention towards nuclear energy is increasing rapidly.

In the end

In today's post, you have learned what is nuclear energy, as well as the History of nuclear energy, nuclear plant, Current state, etc. Hope you all like this article. You are requested; please share this article so that it can reach as many people as possible. We look forward to your support so that I can write more new articles.

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What is global warming? | causes and effect of global warming

2020-08-29T18:37:00.004+05:45

The term "global warming" has become common these days. Today, it is necessary for everyone to know what is global warming and its causes. We are doing a lot to improve our modern life, which in some way is related to “global warming”.

Today, the temperature of the Earth has increased so much that large glaciers are melting, the sea level is constantly rising, wildlife is trying to keep pace. It has become clear that humans have produced the highest amount of heat-producing gases in the last century, due to which the heat is increasing day by day. The level of greenhousegases is higher than at any time in the past 800,000 years.

What is global warming?

What can we do to reduce global warming? This is something everyone should know because it directly affects our lives. The earth is made up of coasts, seas, forests, fields, and snow-capped mountains. The balance between all these is being lost due to global warming. It is so important that even in school exams, we are often asked to write a global warming essay. In this article, we will know what is global warming, its definition, causes and effect, etc.

What is global warming?

Global warming is a term used to describe a problem that is spreading globally due to the constant rise in the temperature of the Earth. Every kind of animal on Earth needs a minimum temperature of 16⁰ to survive. But after World War II, as a result of the Industrial Revolution, the temperature of the earth has increased considerably due to the gases emanating from various factories. And it continues to grow day by day.

We often understand the global warming meaning is result, but it is causing changes in the Earth's climate, or long-term weather patterns, which vary from place to place. While many consider global warming and climate change to be synonymous. Climate change is a kind of global warming. Climate change includes not only rising temperatures but also extreme weather events, wildlife populations and habitats, rising seas, and a range of other impacts.

The worldwide average temperature has increased by 0.75 ° C (1.4 ° F) over the last 100 years. The year 2016 is one of the hottest years in NASA's record of 134 years. Those denying climate change have argued that rising global temperatures have led to a "stagnation" or "slowdown", but several recent studies have rejected this claim, including a 2015 paper published in the journal Science. And scientists say that unless we curb global-warming emissions, the average American temperature could rise to 10 degrees Fahrenheit by the next century.

See Also: What is Chemical Compound?

Simple definition of global warming

The increase in the temperature of the Earth's surface (both ground and water) as well as the atmosphere is called Global warming.

What is global warming for kids and student?

For kids and students of grades 6-8; the term global warming refers to a general increase in the Earth's average temperature due to the presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, causing changes in climate patterns worldwide.

Causes of global warming

Years ago, when the Earth's temperature increased, it was a result of natural causes, but today it is increasing due to various greenhouse gases generated due to human activities. Humans make their lives modern and better by using various modes of transportation, as well as many factories operating which emit huge amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants and greenhouse gases. This is one of the main causes of global warming.

In developed countries, fossil fuels are burned to generate electricity, which is the biggest source of heat-trapped pollution. Because of this, about 40 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced every year. Coal-burning power plants are by far the biggest polluters. Similarly, the second largest source of carbon pollution is the transport sector, which emits about 39 billion metric tons of CO2 in a year.

This air pollutant and greenhouse gases acts like a greenhouse in the Earth's atmosphere. Due to which the sunlight and solar radiation is absorbed which travels in the earth's atmosphere. Pollutants and greenhouse gases can remain in the atmosphere for centuries, heating the planet, causing global warming. We know this as the greenhouse effect.

see also: Periodic Table

Effects of global warming

Every year, scientists keep doing new research about the consequences of global warming. And the new fact comes out of that discipline. Some of the main effects of global warming are as follows.

1. Temperature rise

It is estimated that if the input of greenhouse gases continues at the current rate, the average temperature of the Earth will increase between 1.5 and 5.5 ° C by 2050. Even the earth will be so hot for 10,000 years that life here will not be possible.

2. Increase in sea level

Today, with the increase in global temperature, large glaciers have started melting due to which sea level is increasing day by day. Current models indicate that the average global sea level will rise by 0.2–1.5 m over the next 50–100 years because of an increase in average atmospheric temperature of 3 ° C.

3. Effect on human health

Due to the new changes happening in the environment, new insects and viruses are being faced. Various diseases are increasing. This will cause huge damage to agriculture and fisheries in the future or will be on the verge of destruction.

4. Extinction of species

The disintegration of coral reefs and alpine meadows can cause many plant and animal species to go extinct.

Global warming control measures

It is very important to control global warming, because it is directly related to our lives. If it is not controlled in time, life on earth will end soon. Some of the measures to control global warming are as follows.
Planting trees is one of the easiest ways to save our planet from the dangers of global warming. Global warming can be attributed to the increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It is being said that trees can help prevent global warming by absorbing this harmful gas and reducing the greenhouse effect.
Common bulbs, completely add 300lbs of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere every year. Replacing these common bulbs with compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) with energy savings can help reduce carbon dioxide.
Promoting the use of organic foods is one of the effective ways to prevent global warming. Estimates suggest that if we resort to organic farming for food production, we can get rid of 580 billion lbs of carbon dioxide.
Vehicles are one of the major causes of pollution; they give rise to a large amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. If we stop using the vehicle then we can cut large amounts of pollution. Ideally, we should choose bicycles and public transport or other environmentally friendly ways.
For global warming solutions we should choose alternative energy sources like solar energy, nuclear energy and wind power. We can easily use these sources of nature to generate energy, and replace fossil fuels with it.

Conclusion: It is so important to control over global warming, because it directly affects our lives on earth. If it is not controlled in time; then life on earth will soon end

In the end

In this post, you have learned what is global warming, as well as causes of global warming, effect, control measures etc. Hope you all like this article. You are requested; please share this article so that it can reach as many people as possible. We look forward to your support so that I can write more new articles.

Thank you!