<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/" xmlns:blogger="http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0" version="2.0"><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Mon, 06 Sep 2021 10:26:42 +0000</lastBuildDate><category>Nội</category><category>Nhi</category><category>Tiêu hóa</category><category>Cấp cứu</category><category>Di truyền</category><category>Hô hấp Nhi</category><category>Nhiễm - Thần kinh</category><category>Phác đồ Bộ Y tế</category><category>Sinh lý bệnh</category><category>Tim mạch</category><category>Tiết niệu</category><category>COVID 19</category><category>Chứng chỉ</category><category>Cấp cứu Nhi</category><category>Cấp cứu ngoại khoa</category><category>Ngoại</category><category>Nội thần kinh</category><category>Nội tiết</category><category>Phụ khoa</category><category>Sản phụ</category><category>Textbook</category><category>Đề thi</category><title>Update Y học</title><description>Nơi chia sẻ tài liệu Y học chính thống, cập nhật và chất lượng nhất.</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>26</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-2628338339485127874</guid><pubDate>Sat, 09 Jan 2021 02:19:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2021-01-09T09:26:59.807+07:00</atom:updated><title>[NEJM] - Nghiên cứu về kết cục Tim mạch &amp; Thận khi sử dụng Empagliflozin ở bệnh nhân Suy tim</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lrb6o_HETjs/X_kTKbXHjiI/AAAAAAABwXE/YN145XbMhp4z5imTdQqBUCAxPjIsSo-fACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/ScreenShot00030.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;774&quot; data-original-width=&quot;902&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lrb6o_HETjs/X_kTKbXHjiI/AAAAAAABwXE/YN145XbMhp4z5imTdQqBUCAxPjIsSo-fACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/ScreenShot00030.png&quot;/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt; Empagliflozin là một thuốc thuộc nhóm SGLT2i, nhóm thuốc đang được nghiên cứu rất nhiều từ năm 2015 trở về đây, có thể xem là một trong những nhóm thuốc điều trị chính yếu trên các bệnh nhân Tim mạch - Đái tháo đường - Bệnh thận trong tương lai sắp tới vì những kết cục tốt mà nó đem lại.  Mời các bạn đọc full text của bài báo trên New England Journal Medicine tại đây dưới dạng file pdf:    &lt;iframe src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qx2NtPk0zZXO7yMW7Q9XOjq0776-mFuw/preview&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; height=&quot;480&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2022190&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Link bài báo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2021/01/nejm-nghien-cuu-ve-ket-cuc-tim-mach.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lrb6o_HETjs/X_kTKbXHjiI/AAAAAAABwXE/YN145XbMhp4z5imTdQqBUCAxPjIsSo-fACLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/ScreenShot00030.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-5402734819373183549</guid><pubDate>Sat, 19 Dec 2020 07:39:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-12-19T14:40:50.337+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nội</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Tim mạch</category><title>Đồng thuận của các chuyên gia về thuốc chẹn Beta trong bệnh lý tim mạch</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2wrCcytzu1s/X92udknIDeI/AAAAAAABu-8/e-8lDDH_39ExsFSfzhiB34mL0Y0Mw3RaACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/ScreenShot00006.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1005&quot; data-original-width=&quot;993&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2wrCcytzu1s/X92udknIDeI/AAAAAAABu-8/e-8lDDH_39ExsFSfzhiB34mL0Y0Mw3RaACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/ScreenShot00006.png&quot;/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;iframe src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dEWYqxDqFXDYj6YXsImdmueUU8RBsZhU/preview&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; height=&quot;520&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/12/ong-thuan-cua-cac-chuyen-gia-ve-thuoc.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2wrCcytzu1s/X92udknIDeI/AAAAAAABu-8/e-8lDDH_39ExsFSfzhiB34mL0Y0Mw3RaACLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/ScreenShot00006.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-2053545318466035808</guid><pubDate>Wed, 02 Dec 2020 13:43:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-12-02T20:45:55.235+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nội</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Tim mạch</category><title>[Uptodate] Beta blockers in the management of chronic coronary syndrome</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EyPR-hf_uKM/X8eahipGSaI/AAAAAAABtdI/EmcBcHFOdNkug_A8e93FAx9xyLVcDICsQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/beta-blocker.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;300&quot; data-original-width=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EyPR-hf_uKM/X8eahipGSaI/AAAAAAABtdI/EmcBcHFOdNkug_A8e93FAx9xyLVcDICsQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/beta-blocker.png&quot;/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #232323; font-size: 1.5625em; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #232323; font-size: 1.5625em; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;Beta blockers in the management of chronic coronary syndrome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;dl id=&quot;topicContributors&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: content-box; color: #232323; font-family: &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.831em; line-height: 1.625; margin-block-start: 1em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;dt style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; display: inline; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;Authors:&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;dd style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; display: inline; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;contributor contributor_credentials&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/contributors&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Joseph P Kannam, MD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;dd style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; display: inline; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;contributor contributor_credentials&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/contributors&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Bernard J Gersh, MB, ChB, DPhil, FRCP, MACC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;dt style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; display: inline; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;Section Editor:&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;dd style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; display: inline; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;contributor contributor_credentials&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/contributors&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Freek Verheugt, MD, FACC, FESC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;dt style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; display: inline; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding-right: 5px;&quot;&gt;Deputy Editor:&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;dd style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; display: inline; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;contributor contributor_credentials&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/contributors&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Gordon M Saperia, MD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;disclosureLink&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: content-box; color: #232323; font-family: &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.831em; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 8px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;contributor contributor_credentials&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/contributor-disclosure&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Contributor Disclosures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;reviewProcess&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: content-box; color: #232323; font-family: &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.831em; line-height: 1.625; margin: 8px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;policy policy_editorialpolicy&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/home/editorial-policy&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;peer review process&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;is complete.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;literatureReviewDate&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; color: #232323; font-family: &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.831em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.625; margin: 8px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;emphasis&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Literature review current through:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Oct 2020.&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;emphasis&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;This topic last updated:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Apr 09, 2019.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;topicWhatsNewContainer&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: content-box; color: #232323; font-family: &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;topicText&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: content-box; color: #232323; font-family: &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: content-box; display: block; font-size: 1.1857em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.61; margin: 24px 0px 16px; padding-top: 24px;&quot;&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/span&gt;Beta blockers are first-line therapy in the control of symptoms in patients with chronic stable angina, particularly effort-induced angina.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;The major issues regarding the use of beta blockers in the medical management of the patient with stable angina and the evidence that these drugs are effective will be reviewed here. Their role, compared with other drugs, in the overall management of angina is discussed separately. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;medical medical_review&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-coronary-syndrome-overview-of-care?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Chronic coronary syndrome: Overview of care&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;In this topic, and others, the term &quot;stable ischemic heart disease&quot; has been changed to &quot;chronic coronary syndrome.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: content-box; display: block; font-size: 1.1857em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.61; margin: 24px 0px 16px; padding-top: 24px;&quot;&gt;MECHANISM OF ACTION&lt;/span&gt;The physiologic effects of catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) are mediated by activation of specific alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. There are at least three distinct types of beta receptors [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/1-3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;1-3&lt;/a&gt;]:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Beta-1, which are found primarily in heart muscle. Activation of these receptors results in increases in heart rate, contractility, and atrioventricular (AV) conduction, and a decrease in AV node refractoriness.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Beta-2, which are present in heart muscle but are more prominent in bronchial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle. Activation of these receptors results in vasodilatation and bronchodilatation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Beta-3, which are found in adipose tissue and the heart. Activation of these receptors may mediate catecholamine-induced thermogenesis and may reduce cardiac contractility [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/2,3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;2,3&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;Beta blockers act by competitively inhibiting catecholamines from binding to these receptors. Some are more selective for the beta-1 receptor. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;local&quot; data-see-link-view-event=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome?search=chronic%20coronary%20artery%20disease&amp;amp;source=search_result&amp;amp;selectedTitle=6~150&amp;amp;usage_type=default&amp;amp;display_rank=6#H7&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&#39;Cardioselectivity&#39;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;below.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H3&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 1em; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px 0px 4px;&quot;&gt;Upregulation of beta receptors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;headingEndMark&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;—&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Beta receptor density is a dynamic process that can change under varying physiologic conditions. In particular, chronic beta blocker therapy leads to an increase in receptor density [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/4&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]. This can be clinically important, since sudden withdrawal of the beta blocker results in transient supersensitivity to catecholamines, possibly precipitating angina, myocardial infarction, or death [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/5,6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;5,6&lt;/a&gt;]. These complications can occur even in patients without previously apparent coronary disease [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;medical medical_review&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-side-effects-of-beta-blockers?sectionName=Beta+blocker+withdrawal&amp;amp;search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;anchor=H5&amp;amp;source=see_link#H5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Major side effects of beta blockers&quot;, section on &#39;Beta blocker withdrawal&#39;&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H4&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 1em; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px 0px 4px;&quot;&gt;Cardiovascular effects of beta blockers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;headingEndMark&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;—&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The beneficial therapeutic effects of beta blockade in patients with stable angina pectoris are mediated by a reduction in myocardial oxygen demand. Myocardial oxygen demand varies directly with heart rate, contractility, and left ventricular wall stress, each of which is diminished by beta blockade. The decrease in wall stress is mediated in part by the antihypertensive action of these drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;The decline in heart rate is determined both by the degree to which the heart rate is sympathetically activated (as with exercise or stress) [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/7&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] and to the properties of the beta blocker. Those drugs with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity may actually increase the resting heart rate. They are, however, still effective in the treatment of angina because it is the reduction in the exercise heart rate that is of primary importance. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;local&quot; data-see-link-view-event=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome?search=chronic%20coronary%20artery%20disease&amp;amp;source=search_result&amp;amp;selectedTitle=6~150&amp;amp;usage_type=default&amp;amp;display_rank=6#H8&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&#39;Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity&#39;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;below.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;The negative inotropic effects of beta blockers may, at least theoretically, have a favorable impact on myocardial oxygen consumption in the patient with angina. In the past, beta blockers were avoided in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, from concern that negative inotropic effects could precipitate or worsen heart failure. However, extensive clinical experience and the results of major clinical trials have demonstrated that these agents actually prolong survival in patients with heart failure. In such patients, beta blocker therapy should be initiated at low dose, and volume overload should be corrected prior to the initiation of therapy. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;medical medical_review&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-pharmacologic-therapy-of-heart-failure-with-reduced-ejection-fraction-in-adults?sectionName=Beta+blocker&amp;amp;search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;anchor=H3884106571&amp;amp;source=see_link#H3884106571&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Initial pharmacologic therapy of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in adults&quot;, section on &#39;Beta blocker&#39;&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;Beta blockers may also affect coronary blood flow, although there are competing effects. Beta blockers inhibit adrenergically mediated coronary vasodilation, thereby increasing coronary vascular resistance and decreasing coronary blood flow [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/8&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]. However, this potentially deleterious effect is overcome by the reductions in heart rate (which enhances coronary perfusion by prolonging diastole) and myocardial oxygen demand.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;Nonselective beta blockers may exacerbate coronary vasospasm in patients with variant angina and should be avoided. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;medical medical_review&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vasospastic-angina?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Vasospastic angina&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H5&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: content-box; display: block; font-size: 1.1857em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.61; margin: 24px 0px 16px; padding-top: 24px;&quot;&gt;PHARMACOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS&lt;/span&gt;A number of different beta blockers are available for clinical use. Properties such as pharmacokinetics, cardioselectivity, intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, and alpha adrenergic blocking activity are important characteristics that should be considered when choosing a particular agent.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H6&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 1em; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px 0px 4px;&quot;&gt;Pharmacokinetics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;headingEndMark&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;—&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Although the beta blockers have similar pharmacotherapeutic effects, their pharmacokinetic properties differ significantly in ways that may influence their clinical usefulness and side effects [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/9&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]. Among individual drugs, there are differences in completeness of gastrointestinal absorption, amount of first-pass hepatic metabolism, lipid solubility, protein binding, extent of distribution in the body, penetration into the brain, concentration in the heart, rate of hepatic biotransformation, pharmacologic activity of metabolites, and renal clearance of the drug and its metabolites [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/9-11&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;9-11&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;On the basis of their pharmacokinetic properties, the beta blockers can be classified into two broad categories [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/10&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Those eliminated by hepatic metabolism&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Those excreted unchanged by the kidney&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;Drugs in the first group (such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9829&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/propranolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;propranolol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9645&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/metoprolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;metoprolol&lt;/a&gt;) are lipid-soluble, almost completely absorbed by the small intestine, and largely metabolized by the liver. They enter the central nervous system (CNS) in high concentrations, possibly resulting in an increased incidence of CNS side effects. They tend to have highly variable bioavailability and relatively short plasma half-lives.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;In contrast, drugs in the second category (such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;8940&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/atenolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;atenolol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9941&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sotalol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;sotalol&lt;/a&gt;) are more water soluble, incompletely absorbed through the gut, eliminated unchanged by the kidney, and do not as readily enter the CNS [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/10,11&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;10,11&lt;/a&gt;]. They show less variance in bioavailability and have longer plasma half-lives.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H7&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 1em; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px 0px 4px;&quot;&gt;Cardioselectivity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;headingEndMark&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;—&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Cardioselectivity refers to the ability of a drug to preferentially block the beta-1 receptors. Nonselective beta blockers have equal affinity for the beta-1 and beta-2 receptors, while cardioselective agents will primarily inhibit the beta 1-receptors. Cardioselectivity is a relative property and substantial beta-2 receptor blockade can also occur at the higher doses that are often required to treat angina [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/12&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H8&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 1em; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px 0px 4px;&quot;&gt;Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;headingEndMark&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;—&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Some beta blockers (such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9774&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pindolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;pindolol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9233&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acebutolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;acebutolol&lt;/a&gt;) have intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA), also called partial agonist activity, providing low-grade beta stimulation at rest but acting as typical beta blockers when sympathetic activity is high [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/13&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H9&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 1em; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px 0px 4px;&quot;&gt;Alpha-adrenergic blocking activity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;headingEndMark&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;—&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9540&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/labetalol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Labetalol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9208&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/carvedilol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;carvedilol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;block both beta and alpha receptors. As a result, they reduce peripheral and coronary vascular resistance. They are both non-selective beta blockers without ISA.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H10&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: content-box; display: block; font-size: 1.1857em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.61; margin: 24px 0px 16px; padding-top: 24px;&quot;&gt;ADVERSE EFFECTS OF BETA BLOCKERS&lt;/span&gt;Beta blockers are generally well tolerated in patients with stable angina, but have a well-recognized set of potential side effects that can limit their use. The major side effects of beta blockers are discussed fully elsewhere. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;medical medical_review&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-side-effects-of-beta-blockers?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Major side effects of beta blockers&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;The most frequent adverse effects include:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Decreases in heart rate, contractility, and atrioventricular (AV) node conduction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Bronchoconstriction, due to beta-2 receptor blockade, can be induced by nonselective agents and high doses of cardioselective agents. As a result, many clinicians have assumed that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma is a contraindication to beta blocker therapy. However, beta blockers are safe and effective in patients with mild COPD/asthma who are not taking a beta-2 adrenergic agonist. Furthermore, some patients carry a diagnosis of COPD that has not been confirmed. The data supporting these observations primarily come from studies of patients with an acute coronary syndrome and are discussed elsewhere. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;medical medical_review&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-myocardial-infarction-role-of-beta-blocker-therapy?sectionName=CONTRAINDICATIONS&amp;amp;search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;anchor=H1065363&amp;amp;source=see_link#H1065363&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Acute myocardial infarction: Role of beta blocker therapy&quot;, section on &#39;Contraindications&#39;&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Worsening of symptoms of peripheral artery disease or Raynaud phenomenon. However, there appears to be no adverse effect on mild to moderate claudication symptoms when beta-1 selective blockers are used. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;medical medical_review&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-raynaud-phenomenon?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of Raynaud phenomenon&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;medical medical_review&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-lower-extremity-peripheral-artery-disease?sectionName=Claudication&amp;amp;search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;anchor=H27914355&amp;amp;source=see_link#H27914355&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Overview of lower extremity peripheral artery disease&quot;, section on &#39;Claudication&#39;&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Fatigue may be due to the reduction in cardiac output or to direct effects on the central nervous system.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Central side effects that can occur include nightmares, insomnia, and hallucinations. Although depression is often mentioned as a side effect of beta blockers, this association was not seen in randomized trials. Central side effects may be more common in older adults.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Erectile dysfunction is often a problem [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/14&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H11&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: content-box; display: block; font-size: 1.1857em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.61; margin: 24px 0px 16px; padding-top: 24px;&quot;&gt;EFFICACY OF BETA BLOCKERS IN STABLE ANGINA&lt;/span&gt;All of the beta blockers, regardless of pharmacologic properties, appear to be equally effective in the treatment of stable angina pectoris. They improve exercise capacity, reduce exercise-induced ST-segment depression on the electrocardiogram, decrease the frequency of anginal episodes, and diminish the requirement for sublingual&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9706&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nitroglycerin-glyceryl-trinitrate-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;nitroglycerin&lt;/a&gt;. No randomized trials have examined the effect of beta blockers on survival in patients with stable angina. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;local&quot; data-see-link-view-event=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome?search=chronic%20coronary%20artery%20disease&amp;amp;source=search_result&amp;amp;selectedTitle=6~150&amp;amp;usage_type=default&amp;amp;display_rank=6#H16&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&#39;Survival&#39;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;below.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;For both nonselective and cardioselective agents, we use doses (up to the recommended maximum) that allow the patient to reach targeted resting and exercise heart rates. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;local&quot; data-see-link-view-event=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome?search=chronic%20coronary%20artery%20disease&amp;amp;source=search_result&amp;amp;selectedTitle=6~150&amp;amp;usage_type=default&amp;amp;display_rank=6#H17&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&#39;Therapeutic goals&#39;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;below.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H12&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 1em; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px 0px 4px;&quot;&gt;Nonselective agents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;headingEndMark&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;—&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9829&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/propranolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Propranolol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;was the first beta blocker introduced clinically. It is a nonselective agent that has been used extensively for stable angina.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;Evidence of long-term efficacy was provided in a study of 63 patients with severe stable angina who were treated with&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9829&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/propranolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;propranolol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for five to eight years [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/15&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]. A 50 percent or greater reduction in anginal episodes occurred in 84 percent of patients. Those with a lesser or no response had a fourfold increase in mortality. There was no evidence of tachyphylaxis to beta blockade.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H13&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 1em; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px 0px 4px;&quot;&gt;Cardioselective drugs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;headingEndMark&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;—&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;As noted above, cardioselective beta blockers (the most commonly used being&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;8940&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/atenolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;atenolol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9645&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/metoprolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;metoprolol&lt;/a&gt;) offer the potential advantage of not interfering with bronchodilatation or peripheral vasodilatation. The clinical applicability of this effect is uncertain since cardioselectivity may be lost at the high doses needed to treat angina [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/12&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]. Nevertheless, cardioselective drugs are used in most patients with stable angina.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;8940&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/atenolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Atenolol&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9645&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/metoprolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;metoprolol&lt;/a&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9672&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nadolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;nadolol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;are as effective as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9829&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/propranolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;propranolol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(and more effective than placebo) in reducing anginal attacks,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9706&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nitroglycerin-glyceryl-trinitrate-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;nitroglycerin&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;use, and increasing exercise capacity [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/16-18&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;16-18&lt;/a&gt;]. In addition, once daily dosing of atenolol is as effective (and more convenient) as twice daily dosing [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/17&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]. Metoprolol is available in a short acting form (metoprolol tartrate) for twice daily dosing and in a long acting form (metoprolol succinate) for once daily dosing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;The efficacy of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9645&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/metoprolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;metoprolol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;was demonstrated in the International Multicenter Angina Exercise (IMAGE) study in which 280 patients with chronic stable angina were randomly assigned to six weeks of therapy with long-acting preparations of metoprolol (200 mg daily) or&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9700&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nifedipine-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;nifedipine&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(20 mg twice daily) [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/19&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]. Metoprolol reduced the frequency of angina and increased the mean exercise time to 1 mm ST segment depression. Furthermore, the increase in exercise time was significantly greater than that seen with nifedipine (70 versus 43 seconds).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H14&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 1em; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px 0px 4px;&quot;&gt;Agents with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;headingEndMark&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;—&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9774&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pindolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Pindolol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9233&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acebutolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;acebutolol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;are as effective in treating angina as other beta blockers but have the potential advantage of causing less depression of cardiac function. One report, for example, compared the efficacy of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9829&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/propranolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;propranolol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and pindolol in 52 patients with stable angina [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/20&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]. Both agents were equally effective in relieving angina, but pindolol caused less pronounced resting bradycardia or impairment in left ventricular function. In another study, pindolol (when compared to propranolol) was associated with a higher resting heart rate and, at low levels of exercise, a higher heart rate, cardiac output, oxygen consumption [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/13&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]. These differences disappeared at higher rates of exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;Despite some potential benefits, these drugs are rarely used in the treatment of stable angina except possibly in patients with underlying resting bradycardia. They may not decrease heart rate and blood pressure at rest and should not be given to patients with a prior myocardial infarction or heart failure in whom beta blockade improves survival.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H15&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 1em; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px 0px 4px;&quot;&gt;Agents with alpha blocking activity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;headingEndMark&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;—&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9208&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/carvedilol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Carvedilol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;is a nonselective beta blocker that has vasodilating properties as a result of selective alpha-1 antagonism. One study of 122 patients with chronic stable angina found that carvedilol, at doses of 25 or 50 mg twice daily, was superior to placebo, significantly increasing the time to angina and to one mm ST segment depression during exercise testing [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/21&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]. There was no difference in the frequency of side effects when compared to placebo. In another randomized trial, carvedilol was at least as effective as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;10043&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/verapamil-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;verapamil&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;[&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/22&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;Data are more limited with&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9540&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/labetalol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;labetalol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;but demonstrate significant reductions in heart rate and angina frequency and an increase in exercise time [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/23&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H16&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: content-box; display: block; font-size: 1.1857em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.61; margin: 24px 0px 16px; padding-top: 24px;&quot;&gt;SURVIVAL&lt;/span&gt;In addition to control of angina symptoms, beta blockers improve survival in certain subgroups of patients with stable coronary disease:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Patients who have had a myocardial infarction. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;medical medical_review&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-myocardial-infarction-role-of-beta-blocker-therapy?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Acute myocardial infarction: Role of beta blocker therapy&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Patients with systolic heart failure. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;medical medical_review&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-pharmacologic-therapy-of-heart-failure-with-reduced-ejection-fraction-in-adults?sectionName=Beta+blocker&amp;amp;search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;anchor=H3884106571&amp;amp;source=see_link#H3884106571&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Initial pharmacologic therapy of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in adults&quot;, section on &#39;Beta blocker&#39;&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;In contrast, beta blockers have never been shown to improve survival or reduce the incidence of myocardial infarction in patients with chronic stable angina in the absence of myocardial infarction or heart failure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;Three observational studies have found no difference in mortality in this patient population: &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;In the international REACH registry of patients with established cardiovascular disease [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/24&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;], patients were enrolled in 2003 and 2004 and followed prospectively for up to four years. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), or nonfatal stroke. Propensity score matching identified 3599 pairs of patients (with known coronary artery disease but without prior MI) who were or were not taking beta blocker.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;8907&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/aspirin-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Aspirin&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;use was 70 percent and statin use 75 percent. After a median follow-up of 44 months, there was no difference in the primary outcome (12.9 versus 13.6 percent, respectively; hazard ratio [HR] 0.92, 95% CI 0.79-1.08).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;In a study involving 26,793 patients discharged after a first coronary heart disease event (acute coronary syndrome or coronary revascularization), 19,843 individuals started beta blockers within seven days of discharge [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/25&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;]. During an average of 3.7 years of follow-up, beta blocker treatment was associated with a 10 percent lower risk of death (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.96) in the entire cohort. However, among those without prior MI, there was no difference in the risk of death (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.91-1.15).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;A 2016 study evaluated outcomes in 755,215 patients ≥65 years of age with chronic coronary syndrome who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (United States) [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/26&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;]. These patients had no prior MI or heart failure and had a left ventricular ejection fraction ≥40 percent. There was no significant difference in adjusted all-cause mortality at three years between those discharged with beta blocker and those not (14 versus 13.3 percent; adjusted hazard ratio 1.00, 95% CI 0.96-1.03).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H17&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: content-box; display: block; font-size: 1.1857em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.61; margin: 24px 0px 16px; padding-top: 24px;&quot;&gt;THERAPEUTIC GOALS&lt;/span&gt;The primary therapeutic goal of beta blockers in chronic stable angina is to reduce the frequency and severity of angina and to improve exercise capacity without significant side effects. As noted above, the efficacy of beta blockers in relieving angina is dose-dependent. It is therefore important to be certain that adequate beta blockade has been attained.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;With regard to the initiation of beta blocker therapy, we suggest starting at the lowest recommended dose for the chosen agent. Since the overall goal is a reduction in the frequency and severity of angina, it may not be necessary to titrate to high doses in some patients. Avoidance of high doses may decrease the likelihood of side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;Reasonable goals when titrating the dose include:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Resting heart rate in the 60 to 70 beats/min range. Although we do not have a specific heart rate goal for exercise, relief of angina without causing dyspnea and fatigue from being overly beta blocked is a reasonable approach.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;Patients with resting bradycardia prior to therapy can be treated with nitrates, or, if a beta blocker is necessary, a drug with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is also reasonable to treat with a standard beta blocker in low doses and titrate according to resting and exercise heart rates.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;Similar considerations apply to patients with atrioventricular conduction delay.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Blunting of peak heart rate and blood pressure during exercise, which can be measured by the patient or during exercise testing, if performed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Absence of significant side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H18&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: content-box; display: block; font-size: 1.1857em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.61; margin: 24px 0px 16px; padding-top: 24px;&quot;&gt;CHOOSING AN AGENT&lt;/span&gt;Given the general efficacy of most beta blockers in the management of stable angina, ancillary properties, such as dosing interval and cost, become important considerations when determining which beta blocker to use. We generally use a cardioselective agent (&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;8940&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/atenolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;atenolol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9645&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/metoprolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;metoprolol&lt;/a&gt;). There are no major advantages of a nonselective agent, and there are potential disadvantages in patients with certain underlying diseases such as obstructive lung disease, asthma, peripheral artery disease, diabetes, and depression. Clearance of atenolol is dependent upon kidney functioning and active drug can accumulate in patients with renal impairment (CRCL &amp;lt;35 mL/minute per 1.73 m&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;). In general, we use metoprolol in patients with chronic kidney disease or unstable renal function because it is cleared by hepatic metabolism and does not need to be dose adjusted in renal impairment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;Beta blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity are rarely used in the treatment of stable angina except possibly in patients with underlying resting bradycardia. They may not decrease heart rate and blood pressure at rest and should not be given to patients with a prior myocardial infarction or heart failure in whom beta blockade improves survival.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;We agree with the 2012 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American College of Physicians/American Association for Thoracic Surgery/Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association/Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions/Society of Thoracic Surgeons guideline on the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndrome, which reached the following conclusions on the role of beta blockers [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/27,28&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;27,28&lt;/a&gt;]:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Beta blockers are recommended as initial therapy for the relief of anginal symptoms in patients with chronic coronary syndrome. Calcium channel blockers and long-acting nitrates are recommended when beta blockers are contraindicated or poorly tolerated and in addition to beta blockers when angina persists with beta blocker monotherapy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H381820810&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 1em; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px 0px 4px;&quot;&gt;Patients with heart failure due to systolic dysfunction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;headingEndMark&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;—&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The use of beta blockers in patients with heart failure due to systolic dysfunction is discussed elsewhere. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;medical medical_review&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-pharmacologic-therapy-of-heart-failure-with-reduced-ejection-fraction-in-adults?sectionName=Beta+blocker&amp;amp;search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;anchor=H3884106571&amp;amp;source=see_link#H3884106571&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Initial pharmacologic therapy of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in adults&quot;, section on &#39;Beta blocker&#39;&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H1591350783&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: content-box; display: block; font-size: 1.1857em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.61; margin: 24px 0px 16px; padding-top: 24px;&quot;&gt;RECOMMENDATIONS OF OTHERS&lt;/span&gt;Beta blockers are recommended for use in patients with stable ischemic heart disease in guidelines from the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American College of Physicians/American Association for Thoracic Surgery/Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association/Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions/Society of Thoracic Surgeons and from the European Society of Cardiology [&lt;a class=&quot;abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/27-30&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;27-30&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H2222398479&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: content-box; display: block; font-size: 1.1857em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.61; margin: 24px 0px 16px; padding-top: 24px;&quot;&gt;SOCIETY GUIDELINE LINKS&lt;/span&gt;Links to society and government-sponsored guidelines from selected countries and regions around the world are provided separately. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;medical medical_society_guidelines&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/society-guideline-links-chronic-coronary-syndrome?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Society guideline links: Chronic coronary syndrome&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H19&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: content-box; display: block; font-size: 1.1857em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.61; margin: 24px 0px 16px; padding-top: 24px;&quot;&gt;SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Beta blockers are highly effective in the reduction of symptoms of angina and the development of myocardial ischemia in stable patients. However, they have never been shown to decrease mortality in these individuals in the absence of myocardial infarction or heart failure associated with a reduction in left ventricular systolic function. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;local&quot; data-see-link-view-event=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome?search=chronic%20coronary%20artery%20disease&amp;amp;source=search_result&amp;amp;selectedTitle=6~150&amp;amp;usage_type=default&amp;amp;display_rank=6#H11&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&#39;Efficacy of beta blockers in stable angina&#39;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;above.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;The physician should become familiar with one or two beta blockers in each class (eg,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;8940&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/atenolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;atenolol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9645&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/metoprolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;metoprolol&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9829&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/propranolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;propranolol&lt;/a&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9774&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pindolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;pindolol&lt;/a&gt;) for cardioselective, nonselective, and intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, respectively. The choice of agent depends upon the clinical setting since all beta blockers are equally effective in treating angina. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;local&quot; data-see-link-view-event=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome?search=chronic%20coronary%20artery%20disease&amp;amp;source=search_result&amp;amp;selectedTitle=6~150&amp;amp;usage_type=default&amp;amp;display_rank=6#H18&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&#39;Choosing an agent&#39;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;above.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;Unless contraindicated, we treat most patients with stable angina pectoris with a beta blocker and generally as first-line antianginal therapy. (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;medical medical_review&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-coronary-syndrome-overview-of-care?sectionName=ANTIANGINAL+THERAPY&amp;amp;search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;anchor=H2&amp;amp;source=see_link#H2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Chronic coronary syndrome: Overview of care&quot;, section on &#39;Antianginal therapy&#39;&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;bulletIndent1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; clear: both; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyph&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; font-family: serif; font-size: 0.75em; left: -15px; line-height: 2; margin: 0px; position: absolute;&quot;&gt;●&lt;/span&gt;For patients with ischemic heart disease, we suggest using a cardioselective agent, such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;8940&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/atenolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;atenolol&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;drug drug_general&quot; data-topicid=&quot;9645&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/metoprolol-drug-information?search=chronic+coronary+artery+disease&amp;amp;topicRef=1466&amp;amp;source=see_link&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;metoprolol&lt;/a&gt;, rather than a nonselective agent (&lt;a class=&quot;grade&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/grade/6?title=Grade%202C&amp;amp;topicKey=CARD/1466&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Grade 2C&lt;/a&gt;). (See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;local&quot; data-see-link-view-event=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome?search=chronic%20coronary%20artery%20disease&amp;amp;source=search_result&amp;amp;selectedTitle=6~150&amp;amp;usage_type=default&amp;amp;display_rank=6#H13&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&#39;Cardioselective drugs&#39;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;above.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;headingAnchor&quot; id=&quot;H855153926&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; line-height: 1.625; margin-block: 1em; margin: 0.9em 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;h1&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid rgb(237, 237, 237); box-sizing: content-box; display: block; font-size: 1.1857em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.61; margin: 24px 0px 16px; padding-top: 24px;&quot;&gt;ACKNOWLEDGMENT&lt;/span&gt;The UpToDate editorial staff would like to thank Dr. Julian M. 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Circulation 2012; 126:3097.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 16px 5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;nounderline abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/29&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Fihn SD, Blankenship JC, Alexander KP, et al. 2014 ACC/AHA/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS focused update of the guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64:1929.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: content-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 16px 5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;nounderline abstract_t&quot; href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blockers-in-the-management-of-chronic-coronary-syndrome/abstract/30&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; box-sizing: content-box; color: #005b92; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J 2016; 37:2893.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;topicVersionRevision&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: content-box; color: #232323; font-family: &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 20px;&quot;&gt;Topic 1466 Version 24.0&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/12/uptodate-beta-blockers-in-management-of.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EyPR-hf_uKM/X8eahipGSaI/AAAAAAABtdI/EmcBcHFOdNkug_A8e93FAx9xyLVcDICsQCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/beta-blocker.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-8833703406196618456</guid><pubDate>Fri, 16 Oct 2020 16:28:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-10-16T23:28:00.054+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Chứng chỉ</category><title>Trọn bộ luyện thi Chứng chỉ Công Nghệ thông tin Cơ bản - Đại học Bách Khoa TPHCM</title><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PaIca0WhZ7Y/X4nJ7UJrXdI/AAAAAAABqis/qW6dIpKiPpcps4fYm9VRMSdDNSUdWptJQCLcBGAsYHQ/s800/Ch%25E1%25BB%25A9ng-ch%25E1%25BB%2589-%25E1%25BB%25A9ng-d%25E1%25BB%25A5ng-C%25C3%25B4ng-ngh%25E1%25BB%2587-Th%25C3%25B4ng-tin-c%25C6%25A1-b%25E1%25BA%25A3n-t%25E1%25BA%25A1i-TPHCM.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;445&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PaIca0WhZ7Y/X4nJ7UJrXdI/AAAAAAABqis/qW6dIpKiPpcps4fYm9VRMSdDNSUdWptJQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Ch%25E1%25BB%25A9ng-ch%25E1%25BB%2589-%25E1%25BB%25A9ng-d%25E1%25BB%25A5ng-C%25C3%25B4ng-ngh%25E1%25BB%2587-Th%25C3%25B4ng-tin-c%25C6%25A1-b%25E1%25BA%25A3n-t%25E1%25BA%25A1i-TPHCM.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Link donwload bộ tài liệu ôn tập đầy đủ:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1RMWdnRR9Z1_kaAT7a307uqe9k8LvKBke?usp=sharing&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Click here!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Link Video tuyển chọn Ôn tập giải đề, giải Exel nâng cao:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL_vSnl2Gdf5NedJOHkJX41j-Q7jzUYgEb&quot;&gt;Click here!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/10/tron-bo-luyen-thi-chung-chi-cong-nghe.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PaIca0WhZ7Y/X4nJ7UJrXdI/AAAAAAABqis/qW6dIpKiPpcps4fYm9VRMSdDNSUdWptJQCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/Ch%25E1%25BB%25A9ng-ch%25E1%25BB%2589-%25E1%25BB%25A9ng-d%25E1%25BB%25A5ng-C%25C3%25B4ng-ngh%25E1%25BB%2587-Th%25C3%25B4ng-tin-c%25C6%25A1-b%25E1%25BA%25A3n-t%25E1%25BA%25A1i-TPHCM.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-371991930315988508</guid><pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2020 05:29:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-10-15T12:31:05.137+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nhi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nhiễm - Thần kinh</category><title>[VIDEO] Bàn luận về điều trị Sốt xuất huyết 2020</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OL4yeconB04/X4fejzLnA_I/AAAAAAABqiA/CwuFr60dW1se_XRfOQT2u2X19McAIVUOwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/20190416_171524_989613_11.max-800x800.jpg&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;436&quot; data-original-width=&quot;776&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OL4yeconB04/X4fejzLnA_I/AAAAAAABqiA/CwuFr60dW1se_XRfOQT2u2X19McAIVUOwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/20190416_171524_989613_11.max-800x800.jpg&quot;/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&#39;max-width: 1280px&#39;&gt;&lt;div style=&#39;position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden;&#39;&gt;&lt;iframe width=&quot;1280&quot; height=&quot;720&quot; src=&quot;https://web.microsoftstream.com/embed/video/07b76990-199c-4b42-a2b5-6cd80568eddf?autoplay=false&amp;amp;showinfo=false&quot; allowfullscreen style=&quot;border:none; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; height: 100%; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/10/video-ban-luan-ve-ieu-tri-sot-xuat.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OL4yeconB04/X4fejzLnA_I/AAAAAAABqiA/CwuFr60dW1se_XRfOQT2u2X19McAIVUOwCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/20190416_171524_989613_11.max-800x800.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-3463906153200438652</guid><pubDate>Sun, 20 Sep 2020 10:23:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-20T17:28:04.775+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nội</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Tiêu hóa</category><title>[Bài giảng] Các bệnh tiêu hóa liên quan acid dịch vị - 2020 - Đại học Y dược TPHCM</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OEpQ94mdGck/X2ctkMp4BNI/AAAAAAABqI8/5berF6K3XZUnslnx1bIG6pv4fupqr-lvgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-20_172254.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;587&quot; data-original-width=&quot;784&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OEpQ94mdGck/X2ctkMp4BNI/AAAAAAABqI8/5berF6K3XZUnslnx1bIG6pv4fupqr-lvgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-20_172254.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Xin gửi tới các bạn bài Các bệnh tiêu hóa liên quan acid dịch vị của &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;PGS TS Quách Trọng Đức - Phó trưởng bộ môn Nội tổng quát - Đại học Y dược TPHCM&lt;/span&gt;. Đây là bài giảng trong chương trình Y đa khoa mới nhất gồm có bệnh Trào ngược dạ dày thực quản, Viêm loét dạ dày..., mời các bạn theo dõi.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;520&quot; marginheight=&quot;0&quot; marginwidth=&quot;0&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; src=&quot;//www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/BRisizRS21ceSx&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 1px; border: 1px solid #CCC; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%;&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt; &lt;/iframe&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5px;&quot;&gt; &lt;strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;//www.slideshare.net/soonha5/cc-bnh-tiu-ha-lin-quan-acid-dch-v-2020-i-hc-y-dc-tphcm&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; title=&quot;Các bệnh tiêu hóa liên quan Acid dịch vị - 2020 - Đại học Y dược TPHCM&quot;&gt;Các bệnh tiêu hóa liên quan Acid dịch vị - 2020 - Đại học Y dược TPHCM&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/strong&gt; from &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.slideshare.net/soonha5&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Update Y học&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/bai-giang-cac-benh-tieu-hoa-lien-quan.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OEpQ94mdGck/X2ctkMp4BNI/AAAAAAABqI8/5berF6K3XZUnslnx1bIG6pv4fupqr-lvgCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/2020-09-20_172254.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-4530262744780521529</guid><pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2020 10:46:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-17T17:46:40.871+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Cấp cứu</category><title>[Bài giảng] Tiếp cận bệnh nhân Sốc - 2020 - Đại học Y dược TPHCM</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-84yx53605Pg/X2M-ctVlj6I/AAAAAAABqGE/AzB2JwEWeTgtBuQGSkjNzIyUiUzdpJ-IgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-17_174511.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;557&quot; data-original-width=&quot;999&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-84yx53605Pg/X2M-ctVlj6I/AAAAAAABqGE/AzB2JwEWeTgtBuQGSkjNzIyUiUzdpJ-IgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-17_174511.png&quot;/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Đại cương về Sốc:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- Sốc là hội chứng đặc trưng bởi giảm tưới máu và giảm cung cấp oxy ở mô, gây mất cân bằng tỉ lệ cung : cầu oxy mô&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- Bệnh lý thường gặp trong hồi sức cấp cứu&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- Tử vong cao nếu không điều trị kịp thời&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mời các bạn theo dõi bài giảng &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Tiếp cận bệnh nhân Sốc của BS Huỳnh Quang Đại; TS.BS Lê Hữu Thiện Biên - Bộ môn Hồi sức-Cấp cứu-Chống độc - Đại học Y Dược TP. Hồ Chí Minh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;iframe src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YdfARgSuKD4onfeixwXR-ejze4n3S6TP/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;520&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/bai-giang-tiep-can-benh-nhan-soc-2020.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-84yx53605Pg/X2M-ctVlj6I/AAAAAAABqGE/AzB2JwEWeTgtBuQGSkjNzIyUiUzdpJ-IgCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/2020-09-17_174511.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-4093537676988058066</guid><pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2020 09:45:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-16T16:45:33.475+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nội thần kinh</category><title>[Bài giảng] Các chất dẫn truyền thần kinh - PGS TS Cao Phi Phong - Đại học Y dược TP Hồ Chí Minh</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0TclDURYKlU/X2Heh4NgpyI/AAAAAAABqFQ/KlD1VoK8By0Dd-L2K079568Zt-Xl3LMkQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/Chemical-Structures-of-Neurotransmitters-2015.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;935&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1323&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0TclDURYKlU/X2Heh4NgpyI/AAAAAAABqFQ/KlD1VoK8By0Dd-L2K079568Zt-Xl3LMkQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/Chemical-Structures-of-Neurotransmitters-2015.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Các chất dẫn truyền thần kinh là các chất hóa học nội sinh có nhiệm vụ dẫn truyền các tín hiệu qua tiếp hợp thần kinh (Xi-nap) đến tế bào đích, các chất dẫn truyền được chứa trong túi, tập trung thành nhóm ở đầu tận cùng của sợi trục, vùng tiền Xi nap. Sự phóng thích các chất dẫn truyền thần kinh và khuếch tán qua khe Xi nap gắn vào thụ thể chuyên biệt nằm trên màng hậu Xi nap thường theo sau điện thế động được truyền đến Xi nap và ngay cả khi không có kích thích điện.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;Xin giới thiệu bài giảng &quot;Các chất dẫn truyền thần kinh&quot; của &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;PGS TS Cao Phi Phong - giảng viên bộ môn Nội thần kinh Đại học Y dược TP Hồ Chí Minh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, mời bạn đọc cùng theo dõi:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;iframe height=&quot;520&quot; src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1emaiUAn6pln-l0QVWNEHtRRgVyqMz6dd/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/bai-giang-cac-chat-dan-truyen-than-kinh.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0TclDURYKlU/X2Heh4NgpyI/AAAAAAABqFQ/KlD1VoK8By0Dd-L2K079568Zt-Xl3LMkQCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/Chemical-Structures-of-Neurotransmitters-2015.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-4937574673065785410</guid><pubDate>Mon, 14 Sep 2020 17:10:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-15T00:11:29.400+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">COVID 19</category><title>[Nghiên cứu] COVID Reference - cập nhật 9/2020</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mcnQAmv1k24/X1-jy0mCWkI/AAAAAAABqEc/JV01sDpEoOs6SPMYur1oboAeG6RlXgLhgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-15_000913.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;808&quot; data-original-width=&quot;506&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mcnQAmv1k24/X1-jy0mCWkI/AAAAAAABqEc/JV01sDpEoOs6SPMYur1oboAeG6RlXgLhgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-15_000913.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;COVID Reference của Bernd Sebastian Kamps và Christian Hoffmann&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; là tài liệu tổng hợp nhiều khía cạnh của Đại dịch COVID-19, đem đến cho người đọc một cái nhìn tổng quát về đại dình này. Các chương trong sách được viết dựa trên các nghiên cứu của các chuyên ngành riêng.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Phiên bản tiếng việt được soạn thảo bởi:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DhBaythyug4/X1-itzv4YPI/AAAAAAABqEU/RuB0xncyZkIOBkeLcC6FJOdyQrXleKDbQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-15_000413.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;925&quot; data-original-width=&quot;610&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DhBaythyug4/X1-itzv4YPI/AAAAAAABqEU/RuB0xncyZkIOBkeLcC6FJOdyQrXleKDbQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-15_000413.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DhBaythyug4/X1-itzv4YPI/AAAAAAABqEU/RuB0xncyZkIOBkeLcC6FJOdyQrXleKDbQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-15_000413.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bản dịch được cập nhật ngày 8/9/2020 hi vọng sẽ mang tới cho quý độc giả những thông tin cập nhật nhất về Đại dịch COVID 19, mời bạn đọc theo dõi:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;iframe height=&quot;600&quot; src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GwvW4uMWc6zl9UTD2FrPyK14Oq0Y8ULo/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/nghien-cuu-covid-reference-cap-nhat-4.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mcnQAmv1k24/X1-jy0mCWkI/AAAAAAABqEc/JV01sDpEoOs6SPMYur1oboAeG6RlXgLhgCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/2020-09-15_000913.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-1855668642057967306</guid><pubDate>Mon, 14 Sep 2020 13:25:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-16T21:23:56.041+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nội</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Textbook</category><title>[Textbook] Trọn bộ giáo trình Nội khoa - Đại học Y dược Tp Hồ Chí Minh</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nw7oLOgwEqs/X198qFVHScI/AAAAAAABqEI/Jbck8tAKU_okNF670X5cONdO7S1wgzxnQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/Textbook%2BN%25E1%25BB%2599i.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;577&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1356&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nw7oLOgwEqs/X198qFVHScI/AAAAAAABqEI/Jbck8tAKU_okNF670X5cONdO7S1wgzxnQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/Textbook%2BN%25E1%25BB%2599i.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bộ sách Nội khoa của Đại học Y dược Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh&lt;/b&gt; hẳn là không còn xa lạ với các bạn sinh viên cũng như các y bác sĩ chuyên ngành Nội khoa. Hôm nay xin chia sẻ với bạn đọc trọn bộ giáo trình này file Ebook 3 tập:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;1. Triệu chứng học Nội khoa:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;iframe class=&quot;scribd_iframe_embed&quot; data-aspect-ratio=&quot;0.7055599060297573&quot; data-auto-height=&quot;true&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;600&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; src=&quot;https://www.scribd.com/embeds/476271058/content?start_page=1&amp;amp;view_mode=scroll&amp;amp;access_key=key-cJRVQoeXdB5iqVwdxN1J&quot; title=&quot;Triệu Chứng Học Nội Khoa - ĐH Y Dược TPHCM &quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;2. Bệnh học Nội khoa:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;iframe class=&quot;scribd_iframe_embed&quot; data-aspect-ratio=&quot;0.8117117117117117&quot; data-auto-height=&quot;true&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;600&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; src=&quot;https://www.scribd.com/embeds/476271035/content?start_page=1&amp;amp;view_mode=scroll&amp;amp;access_key=key-mGgjZpQLUOlr81n5qJVu&quot; title=&quot;Bệnh Học Nội Khoa - ĐH Y Dược TPHCM &quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;3. Điều trị học Nội khoa:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;div&gt;&lt;iframe class=&quot;scribd_iframe_embed&quot; data-aspect-ratio=&quot;0.7945326278659612&quot; data-auto-height=&quot;true&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;600&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; src=&quot;https://www.scribd.com/embeds/476271051/content?start_page=1&amp;amp;view_mode=scroll&amp;amp;access_key=key-3aWParrWrbrlwvnSeDQ7&quot; title=&quot;Điều Trị Học Nội Khoa - ĐH Y Dược TPHCM &quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/textbook-tron-bo-giao-trinh-noi-khoa.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nw7oLOgwEqs/X198qFVHScI/AAAAAAABqEI/Jbck8tAKU_okNF670X5cONdO7S1wgzxnQCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/Textbook%2BN%25E1%25BB%2599i.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-5249419957504884091</guid><pubDate>Mon, 14 Sep 2020 12:45:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-14T21:28:24.546+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nội</category><title>[Góc chia sẻ] Cheat sheet Nội khoa Y4 - Đại học Y dược TP Hồ Chí Minh</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-owF4uZv276k/X19lwL2q3zI/AAAAAAABqDw/2jmTXXJBtoIF8WrI2NqgcJ5VX0JEb_QZACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-14_194129.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;772&quot; data-original-width=&quot;999&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-owF4uZv276k/X19lwL2q3zI/AAAAAAABqDw/2jmTXXJBtoIF8WrI2NqgcJ5VX0JEb_QZACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-14_194129.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;Một bộ tài liệu tự soạn về chương trình Nội khoa năm 4 khá cô đọng, chất lượng tới từ bạn &lt;b&gt;Dương Kim Ngân lớp Y16D Đại học Y dược Tp Hồ Chí Minh&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;Mời bạn đọc cùng thưởng thức bộ tài liệu này - giúp ích nhiều cho các bạn sinh viên năm 4 đi thực hành lâm sàng.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;iframe height=&quot;520&quot; src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1J0Fh6-BZyk7LY2FfeoWsGLwZY1YKs8LD/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/goc-chia-se-cheat-sheet-noi-khoa-y4-ai.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-owF4uZv276k/X19lwL2q3zI/AAAAAAABqDw/2jmTXXJBtoIF8WrI2NqgcJ5VX0JEb_QZACLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/2020-09-14_194129.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-8361759612844609138</guid><pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2020 16:49:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-12T00:09:21.610+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nội</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Tiêu hóa</category><title>[Góc kiến thức] Marker và chẩn đoán Viêm gan siêu vi B&amp;C</title><description>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pZE0xITZJN0/X1upzkkxtfI/AAAAAAABqBw/YyZ3JEvvXdoYhS0S4lVPsssRJec9jYMZQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-11_234511.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;727&quot; data-original-width=&quot;950&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pZE0xITZJN0/X1upzkkxtfI/AAAAAAABqBw/YyZ3JEvvXdoYhS0S4lVPsssRJec9jYMZQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-11_234511.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pZE0xITZJN0/X1upzkkxtfI/AAAAAAABqBw/YyZ3JEvvXdoYhS0S4lVPsssRJec9jYMZQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-11_234511.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pZE0xITZJN0/X1upzkkxtfI/AAAAAAABqBw/YyZ3JEvvXdoYhS0S4lVPsssRJec9jYMZQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-11_234511.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Giới thiệu các Marker trong chẩn đoán viêm gan siêu vi B&amp;amp;C, bên cạnh đó cung cấp quy trình chẩn đoán Viêm gan B&amp;amp;C. Mời bạn đọc theo dõi chi tiết:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;iframe height=&quot;520&quot; src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hKm5CmgAlKjSDjFJnd8YDQzONEelBGN_/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/goc-kien-thuc-marker-va-chan-oan-viem.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pZE0xITZJN0/X1upzkkxtfI/AAAAAAABqBw/YyZ3JEvvXdoYhS0S4lVPsssRJec9jYMZQCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/2020-09-11_234511.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-394945495666298351</guid><pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2020 05:14:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-12T00:06:46.461+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nội</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Tiết niệu</category><title>[Bài giảng] Điều trị bệnh thận mạn -  Đại học Y dược TP Hồ Chí Minh 2020</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bTS9AMin2TI/X1sHiMQymxI/AAAAAAABqBA/9KisxJe5Yr8XXrxQT_tn6DDC17lP2AQNQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-11_121317.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;746&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1000&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bTS9AMin2TI/X1sHiMQymxI/AAAAAAABqBA/9KisxJe5Yr8XXrxQT_tn6DDC17lP2AQNQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-11_121317.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;Tần suất Bệnh thận mạn trong cộng đồng theo nghiên cứu NHANES III của Hoa Kỳ công bố năm 2007 là 13%, hoặc cứ 10 người sẽ có 1 người bệnh thận mạn...&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cùng tìm hiểu về điều trị Bệnh thận mạn qua bài giảng của PGS TS Trần Thị Bích Hương - Bộ môn Nội, Đại học Y dược Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. Đây là bài giảng cập nhật theo chương trình giảng dạy năm 2019-2020 dành cho sinh viên Y6 đa khoa, bài giảng tập trung vào 7 vấn đề chính:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. Chẩn đoán bệnh thận mạn? có khác gì với suy thận mạn?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2. Phân biệt Suy thận cấp/ Suy thận mạn? Suy thận cấp trên nền suy thận mạn&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;3. Chẩn đoán giai đoạn của bệnh thận mạn?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;4. Chẩn đoán nguyên nhân của bệnh thận mạn?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;5. Như thế nào là điều trị bệnh thận mạn theo giai đoạn?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;6. Khi nào BN cần điều trị thay thế thận?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;7. BN có thể tử vong do nguyên nhân gì?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dưới đây là bài giảng, mời bạn đọc theo dõi.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;iframe src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NGulKvtChywrwlFX2sMuaSxZ14-uXTM1/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;520&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/bai-giang-ieu-tri-benh-than-man-ai-hoc.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bTS9AMin2TI/X1sHiMQymxI/AAAAAAABqBA/9KisxJe5Yr8XXrxQT_tn6DDC17lP2AQNQCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/2020-09-11_121317.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-1750709082569635331</guid><pubDate>Thu, 10 Sep 2020 09:56:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-10T17:17:34.983+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Cấp cứu</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nhi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nội</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Phác đồ Bộ Y tế</category><title>[Phác đồ] Hướng dẫn phòng, chẩn đoán và xử trí phản vệ - Bộ Y tế 2017</title><description>&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gq46ss20AJc/X1n3pZAw77I/AAAAAAABqA0/He9w-DkYswEnp0uQIF3chU0urMPHRSljgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/image001.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Healthvietnam.vn&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1986&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1489&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gq46ss20AJc/X1n3pZAw77I/AAAAAAABqA0/He9w-DkYswEnp0uQIF3chU0urMPHRSljgCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/image001.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Nguồn ảnh: Healthvietnam.vn&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chắc hẳn khi các nhân viên Y tế thực hành lâm sàng đều thấy các khoa phòng đều có dán 1 sơ đồ xử trí phản vệ của &lt;b&gt;Bộ Y tế&lt;/b&gt;. Phản vệ là 1 tình trạng cấp cứu cần xử trí đúng và khẩn trương, vì vậy nắm vững phác đồ xử trí phản vệ là cần thiết cho các nhân viên Y tế trong thực hành lâm sàng. Đây là phác đồ mới nhất hiện nay (2017) của Bộ Y tế về xử trí phản vệ.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;iframe height=&quot;520&quot; src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XKGd5x9Nxhxl2TvhCYlkWwmyVixj5SL6/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/phac-o-huong-dan-phong-chan-oan-va-xu.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gq46ss20AJc/X1n3pZAw77I/AAAAAAABqA0/He9w-DkYswEnp0uQIF3chU0urMPHRSljgCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/image001.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-2739679369980078685</guid><pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2020 08:54:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-10T17:18:09.019+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nhi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nhiễm - Thần kinh</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Phác đồ Bộ Y tế</category><title>[Phác đồ] Hướng dẫn chẩn đoán, điều trị sốt xuất huyết Dengue - Bộ Y tế 2019</title><description>&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-B8ZkF-oby54/X1iYM0w0zvI/AAAAAAABp6U/9-Crg_osAaA3VddNcHRJL0mWIX2i9d4tACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-09_155351.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;781&quot; data-original-width=&quot;575&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-B8ZkF-oby54/X1iYM0w0zvI/AAAAAAABp6U/9-Crg_osAaA3VddNcHRJL0mWIX2i9d4tACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-09_155351.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Nguồn ảnh: Bộ Y tế&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;Đây là lần cập nhật phác đồ mới nhất về Sốt xuất huyết Dengue sau 8 năm (2011) với nhiều thay đổi trong tiêu chuẩn đánh giá Sốt xuất huyết Dengue có dấu hiệu cảnh báo. Dưới đây là văn bản chính thức của &lt;b&gt;Bộ Y tế&lt;/b&gt; về&amp;nbsp;Hướng dẫn chẩn đoán, điều trị sốt xuất huyết Dengue 2019&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;iframe height=&quot;520&quot; src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hbR9V6VbkNaQjHBdNJkiIqkyFp_MZqGc/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/phac-o-huong-dan-chan-oan-ieu-tri-sot.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-B8ZkF-oby54/X1iYM0w0zvI/AAAAAAABp6U/9-Crg_osAaA3VddNcHRJL0mWIX2i9d4tACLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/2020-09-09_155351.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-1162725509799296502</guid><pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2020 08:30:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-10T17:18:19.146+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Cấp cứu Nhi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Hô hấp Nhi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nhi</category><title>[Bài giảng] Phân tích khí máu động mạch - Đại học Y dược TP Hồ Chí Minh 2019</title><description>&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dxZem_NjGJU/X1iSez02vsI/AAAAAAABp6I/mnR6waHevz0cvR5eQDttoFJKN1ACqt73ACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/ezgif.com-webp-to-jpg.jpg&quot; style=&quot;display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;900&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1200&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dxZem_NjGJU/X1iSez02vsI/AAAAAAABp6I/mnR6waHevz0cvR5eQDttoFJKN1ACqt73ACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/ezgif.com-webp-to-jpg.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Nguồn ảnh: Nurse.org&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;Khí máu động mạch không phải là một cận lâm sàng thường quy, thường được chỉ định trong các trường hợp Suy hô hấp, nghi ngờ Rối loạn toan kiềm hoặc theo dõi đáp ứng điều trị. Để hiểu và phân tích được kết quả khí máu động mạch, mời quý độc giả cùng theo dõi bài giảng Khí máu động mạch cập nhật 2019 của &lt;b&gt;Ths BS Lê Phước Truyền - khoa cấp cứu BV Nhi đồng 1 - giảng viên bộ môn Nhi Đại học Y dược TP Hồ Chí Minh&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;iframe height=&quot;520&quot; src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1u0KHTxo4dK4OBzEDjex2Ih_bhwbpIIjP/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/bai-giang-phan-tich-khi-mau-ong-mach-ai.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dxZem_NjGJU/X1iSez02vsI/AAAAAAABp6I/mnR6waHevz0cvR5eQDttoFJKN1ACqt73ACLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/ezgif.com-webp-to-jpg.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-7770551982579170077</guid><pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2020 07:47:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-11T13:06:12.666+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Cấp cứu ngoại khoa</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Ngoại</category><title>[Bài giảng] Điều trị Viêm ruột thừa - Đại học Y dược TP Hồ Chí Minh 2019</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hTdV_A3HSAw/X1iII7y-JJI/AAAAAAABp5w/RNB6Uhlg4-MIrMfpa6Y_LFIUXLtZq6gOwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-09_144458.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;749&quot; data-original-width=&quot;999&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hTdV_A3HSAw/X1iII7y-JJI/AAAAAAABp5w/RNB6Uhlg4-MIrMfpa6Y_LFIUXLtZq6gOwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-09_144458.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Viêm Ruột thừa là một cấp cứu bụng ngoại khoa thường gặp nhất trên Lâm sàng. Kiến thức về Viêm ruột thừa là bắt buộc phải nắm của tất cả sinh viên Y đa khoa cũng như các bác sĩ thực hành lâm sàng, bởi vậy trong khuôn khổ bài viết hôm nay chúng tôi xin chia sẻ bài giảng Điều trị viêm ruột thừa được cập nhật theo Uptodate 2019 của &lt;b&gt;PGS TS BS Nguyễn Trung Tín - Bộ môn Ngoại Đại học Y dược TP Hồ Chí Minh&lt;/b&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;div&gt;Bài giảng có bố cục như sau:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1. Sinh lý bệnh&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2. Bệnh cảnh lâm sàng&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;3. Chẩn đoán Viêm ruột thừa&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;4. Các cận lâm sàng&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;5. Chẩn đoán phân biệt&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;6. Điều trị Viêm ruột thừa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;iframe height=&quot;520&quot; src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jSgyTr3BKo0Yk3cCXaH1Cvtr4UQW5Ps-/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/bai-giang-ieu-tri-viem-ruot-thua-ai-hoc.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hTdV_A3HSAw/X1iII7y-JJI/AAAAAAABp5w/RNB6Uhlg4-MIrMfpa6Y_LFIUXLtZq6gOwCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/2020-09-09_144458.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-8042255833144961739</guid><pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2020 04:11:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-11T00:37:46.761+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Di truyền</category><title>[Bài giảng] Bệnh học Nhiễm sắc thể giới tính - Đại học Y dược TP Hồ Chí Minh</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iMVRd1S0oms/X1hdZy1zaeI/AAAAAAABp44/Yohd44ipUjUd2mf0akDY4IyBhFP2M-_cQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-09_111014.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;770&quot; data-original-width=&quot;997&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iMVRd1S0oms/X1hdZy1zaeI/AAAAAAABp44/Yohd44ipUjUd2mf0akDY4IyBhFP2M-_cQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-09_111014.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp; Sau quá trình tìm tòi, chúng tôi tìm được series bài giảng rất hay về môn Di truyền, cụ thể là bệnh học có liên quan tới NST ở người. Trong phạm vị bài hôm nay, xin chia sẻ với mọi người bài Bệnh học NST giới tính ở người, bài giảng được biên soạn bởi &lt;b&gt;Thạc sĩ Trần Quốc Sử thuộc bộ môn Sinh di truyền - Đại học Y dược Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh.&lt;/b&gt; Đây là một tài liệu bổ ích cho các bạn sinh viên năm 1,2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Lưu ý:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;trên mỗi slide các bạn không ấn vào góc trên bên trái - sẽ bị điều hướng tới trang khác.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;iframe height=&quot;520&quot; src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NbinM9GX4Dfb9vwXKx-Jp3dJMirgpJpb/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/bai-giang-benh-hoc-nst-gioi-tinh.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iMVRd1S0oms/X1hdZy1zaeI/AAAAAAABp44/Yohd44ipUjUd2mf0akDY4IyBhFP2M-_cQCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/2020-09-09_111014.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-5845737375409002748</guid><pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2020 04:07:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-09T13:20:54.355+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Di truyền</category><title>[Bài giảng] Bệnh học Nhiễm sắc thể - Đại học Y dược TP Hồ Chí Minh</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-a7l6Ch0eFS0/X1hb9tbIqTI/AAAAAAABp4s/9THJmyu5IQMFLhaf0Zac24HGa8Lyd-YGgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-09_110415.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;767&quot; data-original-width=&quot;999&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-a7l6Ch0eFS0/X1hb9tbIqTI/AAAAAAABp4s/9THJmyu5IQMFLhaf0Zac24HGa8Lyd-YGgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-09_110415.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;Sau quá trình tìm tòi, chúng tôi tìm được series bài giảng rất hay về môn Di truyền, cụ thể là bệnh học có liên quan tới NST ở người. Trong phạm vị bài hôm nay, xin chia sẻ với mọi người bài Bệnh học NST thường ở người, bài giảng được biên soạn bởi &lt;b&gt;Thạc sĩ Trần Quốc Sử thuộc bộ môn Sinh di truyền - Đại học Y dược Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh&lt;/b&gt;. Đây là một tài liệu bổ ích cho các bạn sinh viên năm 1,2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Lưu ý:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;trên mỗi slide các bạn không ấn vào góc trên bên trái - sẽ bị điều hướng tới trang khác.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;iframe height=&quot;520&quot; src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1J20POkhX5CpstNJ5qj8c682pJs1O0HyM/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/bai-giang-benh-hoc-nhiem-sac-the.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-a7l6Ch0eFS0/X1hb9tbIqTI/AAAAAAABp4s/9THJmyu5IQMFLhaf0Zac24HGa8Lyd-YGgCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/2020-09-09_110415.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-1761742221788120357</guid><pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2020 09:54:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-10T17:18:34.030+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Phụ khoa</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Sản phụ</category><title>[Video - PBL]  Lựa chọn phương pháp tránh thai - Đại học Y dược TP Hồ Chí Minh 2020</title><description>&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JdPtbIAxj-c/X1erQRxm8WI/AAAAAAABp3I/q5Jyt8G97MgSHocFmqzbPuht1QmYtX_KwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/t%25C3%25ACnh%2Bhu%25E1%25BB%2591ng.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;707&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1141&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JdPtbIAxj-c/X1erQRxm8WI/AAAAAAABp3I/q5Jyt8G97MgSHocFmqzbPuht1QmYtX_KwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/t%25C3%25ACnh%2Bhu%25E1%25BB%2591ng.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Nguồn ảnh: Bộ môn Phụ sản Đại học Y dược TP Hồ Chí Minh&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Cho tình huống 1 phụ nữ tới phòng khám nhờ tư vấn tránh thai, bạn sẽ xử trí như thế nào? Để xem đầy đủ tình huống hãy theo dõi các video bên dưới. Tình huống trong bài được biên soạn bởi &lt;b&gt;bộ môn Phụ Sản - Đại học Y dược TP Hồ Chí Minh&lt;/b&gt;, buổi học được hướng dẫn bởi giảng viên &lt;b&gt;BS: Huỳnh Phạm Vĩnh Uyên + Trần Thị Minh Châu.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;iframe height=&quot;520&quot; src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1l0balQS-ywt1il7-8uer306OAMBbiBTR/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;  &lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/tHwY9ALe0Fg&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; div=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;  &lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/gqSkC3emqCo&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/video-giai-quyet-van-e-lua-chon-phuong_99.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JdPtbIAxj-c/X1erQRxm8WI/AAAAAAABp3I/q5Jyt8G97MgSHocFmqzbPuht1QmYtX_KwCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/t%25C3%25ACnh%2Bhu%25E1%25BB%2591ng.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-7374942252110603017</guid><pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2020 09:33:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-11T00:06:44.412+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nội</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nội tiết</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Tiết niệu</category><title>[Chuyên đề] Tiếp cận chẩn đoán và xử trí tăng Kali máu - 2020</title><description>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: 28pt;&quot;&gt;Tiếp cận tăng Kali máu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 216pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;Hà Công Thái Sơn&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;1. Định nghĩa tăng Kali máu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Tăng Kali máu khi:&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 3;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;gt; 5,5 mmol/L&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Giá trị Kali máu bình thường:&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;3,5 – 5 mmol/L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;2. Phân độ nặng tăng K+ máu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;theo European Resuscitation Council (ERC) Guideline 2015&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Tăng Kali máu nhẹ:&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 3;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;5,5 – 5,9 mmol/L&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Tăng Kali máu trung bình:&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 2;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;6,0 – 6,4 mmol/L&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Tăng Kali máu nặng:&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 3;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;≥6,5 mmol/L&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Mức độ nặng của tăng Kali máu được biểu hiện trên sự thay đổi điện tim (ECG)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;3. Các nguyên nhân gây tăng Kali máu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Tăng kali máu giả tạo:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Tăng bạch cầu &amp;gt; 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;/µL hoặc tiểu cầu &amp;gt;10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;/µL: nếu mẫu máu bị đông sẽ làm kali phóng thích ra khỏi tế bào&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Tán huyết do lấy máu bằng kim nhỏ, mẫu máu để lâu, buộc garrot kéo dài và siết quá chặt&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Di chuyển Kali từ nội bào ra ngoại bào:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Giải phóng Kali trong tế bào: bỏng, ly giải cơ vân, tán huyết, nhiễm trùng nặng, xuất huyết nội, tập luyện quá sức&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Toan chuyển hóa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Thiếu insulin&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;c.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Tăng nhập Kali: thường kèm giảm bài tiết kali tại thận&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;d.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Giảm bài tiết Kali:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Suy thận (cấp hoặc mạn tính): là nguyên nhân hàng đầu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Bất thường chức năng bài tiết của thận (có thể có hoặc không kèm suy thận): ghép thận, viêm mô kẽ thận, lupus ban đỏ hệ thống, bệnh hồng cầu hình liềm, thoái hóa dạng bột, bệnh thận tắc nghẽn.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Giảm Renin – Aldosterone máu (bệnh nhân đái tháo đường có bệnh thận từ nhẹ tới trung bình), hoặc chỉ giảm aldosterone (một số bệnh nhân AIDS)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Heparin: ức chế sự bài tiết aldosterone.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Thuốc ức chế bài tiết Kali:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Lợi tiểu giữ Kali: Lợi tiểu kháng Aldosterone (Spironolacton), Amiloride, Triamterene&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Ức chế men chuyển, ức chế thụ thể Angiotensin II, NSAIDs…&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;4. Triệu chứng lâm sàng:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Thường có triệu chứng khi Kali máu ≥6,5 mmol/L, một số BN không có triệu chứng.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Thần kinh cơ: mệt mỏi (yếu cơ: đùi, thân mình, cánh tay), dị cảm, mất phản xạ gân xương.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Ảnh hưởng nguy hiểm nhất của tăng Kali máu là độc tính lên tim:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Rối loạn nhịp tim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;: nhịp chậm, có thể dẫn đến vô tâm thu, kéo dài dẫn truyền nhĩ thất dẫn đến block nhĩ thất hoàn toàn và rung thất&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Biểu hiện trên ECG thay đổi tùy từng bệnh nhân.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;5. Cận lâm sàng:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Xét nghiệm chẩn đoán tăng Kali máu: ion đồ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Xét nghiệm đánh giá mức độ nặng của tăng Kali máu: ECG&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Biểu hiện trên ECG của tăng kali máu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Sớm nhất là sóng T cao nhọn&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Nặng hơn: PR kéo dài, QRS dãn rộng, sóng P dẹt&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Sau đó: Mất sóng P, QRS dãn rộng hơn nữa, xuất hiện sóng hình sin 2 pha (do QRS và sóng T hòa lẫn vào nhau)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Cuối cùng là rối loạn nhịp thất (như rung thất), vô tâm thu&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;ngưng tim&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;break-after: avoid; margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GrxC-iWQW2U/X1esGA-liEI/AAAAAAABp3Q/7h1nH7towLgjr3WmkGpwENuZq2VEyAhqwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/HYPERKALEMIA.jpg&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;399&quot; data-original-width=&quot;391&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GrxC-iWQW2U/X1esGA-liEI/AAAAAAABp3Q/7h1nH7towLgjr3WmkGpwENuZq2VEyAhqwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/HYPERKALEMIA.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;break-after: avoid; margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fFUNUL-CyeQ/X1ZnmQ-HoAI/AAAAAAABpww/xXS7tO2Mw0MvnSX9YilKnYFUQYLyDBAoACLcBGAsYHQ/s1918/1.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;846&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1918&quot; height=&quot;220&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fFUNUL-CyeQ/X1ZnmQ-HoAI/AAAAAAABpww/xXS7tO2Mw0MvnSX9YilKnYFUQYLyDBAoACLcBGAsYHQ/w500-h220/1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;break-after: avoid; margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoCaption&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 144pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;Lancet 2019;393:1983&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Ảnh động diễn tiến thay đổi trên ECG theo sự tăng Kali máu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0V-oYiVfomc/X1cnfrXMgBI/AAAAAAABpy8/R7xfPZRMKUM0wvpji1XQVcposTqvKEbKQCLcBGAsYHQ/s480/giphy.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;270&quot; data-original-width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;281&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0V-oYiVfomc/X1cnfrXMgBI/AAAAAAABpy8/R7xfPZRMKUM0wvpji1XQVcposTqvKEbKQCLcBGAsYHQ/w500-h281/giphy.gif&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;ECG thực tế 1 trường hợp tăng Kali máu 7.5 mmol/L:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Nhịp chậm, mất sóng P, QRS dãn rộng, sóng T cao nhọn&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2uSeEYPBnV0/X1Zn8Q0ddKI/AAAAAAABpw4/ue3qljqCKrESUm9-R3uA1c4yEWd4eOwwQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1871/2.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;483&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1871&quot; height=&quot;163&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2uSeEYPBnV0/X1Zn8Q0ddKI/AAAAAAABpw4/ue3qljqCKrESUm9-R3uA1c4yEWd4eOwwQCLcBGAsYHQ/w625-h163/2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;625&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Các xét nghiệm khác tìm nguyên nhân, theo dõi: Công thức máu, BUN, Creatinin HT, Đường huyết, Bilirubin HT, Myoglobin niệu.&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;break-before: page; mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;6.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Tiếp cận chẩn đoán và xử trí Tăng Kali máu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Nếu bệnh nhân nghi ngờ tăng Kali máu (có biểu hiện thần kinh cơ, có nguy cơ tăng Kali máu như BN bị suy thận đang sử dụng các thuốc gây tăng Kali như Lợi tiểu kháng Aldosterone, UCMC/UCTT, NSAIDs.. hoặc có các nguyên nhân cụ thể như bên trên), theo ERC 2015:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Đánh giá ABCDE&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Xét nghiệm ion đồ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Đo điện tim 12 chuyển đạo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Đặt Monitor theo dõi nhịp tim nếu K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;máu ≥6,5 mmol/L&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Loại trừ tăng Kali máu giả tạo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Điều trị theo kinh nghiệm rối loạn nhịp tim nếu nghi ngờ tăng Kali máu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c6YYzybZvcM/X1ZodfRD4jI/AAAAAAABpxA/hVCqqfl512A1fIPA0pXZMzCeost1Y6xPgCLcBGAsYHQ/s773/3.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;773&quot; data-original-width=&quot;737&quot; height=&quot;625&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c6YYzybZvcM/X1ZodfRD4jI/AAAAAAABpxA/hVCqqfl512A1fIPA0pXZMzCeost1Y6xPgCLcBGAsYHQ/w595-h625/3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;595&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoCaption&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 144pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;Nguồn: ERC 2015&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;7.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Chiến lược điều trị tăng Kali máu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Gx5JBEH3EjY/X1Zoj_VgQgI/AAAAAAABpxE/-18NoIHgXh476rFMSSIfXeyqn8nGtey9QCLcBGAsYHQ/s593/4.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;346&quot; data-original-width=&quot;593&quot; height=&quot;293&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Gx5JBEH3EjY/X1Zoj_VgQgI/AAAAAAABpxE/-18NoIHgXh476rFMSSIfXeyqn8nGtey9QCLcBGAsYHQ/w500-h293/4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Bảo vệ tim: thuốc ổn định màng tế bào&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Chỉ định: Khi có tăng Kali máu kèm biểu hiện trên ECG&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Thuốc sử dụng: Calci gluconat hoặc Calci clorua&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Ưu tiên Calci gluconat vì có khuynh hướng kiềm, tốt hơn Calci clorua có khuynh hướng acid.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Liều dùng: 10 mmol Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;≈ 1g CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Cách dùng:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;fontstyle01&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Calcium gluconate 10%/10ml TMC trong 2-5 phút.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Có thể tiêm nhắc lại sau 5 phút nếu chưa có hiệu quả&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Không có tác dụng hạ Kali máu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Bắt đầu tác dụng trong vòng 3-5 phút, kéo dài khoảng 60 phút&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Lưu ý:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Thận trọng ở BN đang dùng digoxin: tiêm TM thật chậm (30 phút):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-ansi-language: VI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;ha 10ml Calci gluconate 10%&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;trong 100ml dextrose 5% , TTM trong 20-30p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-ansi-language: VI;&quot;&gt;, tránh dùng chung Calci với sản phẩm khác chứa bicarbonate&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: VI; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: VI;&quot;&gt;Chống chỉ định: ngộ độc Digoxin&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Vận chuyển Kali vào trong tế bào:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Insulin pha glucose truyền TM:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Chỉ định khi tăng Kali máu nặng ≥6,5mmol/L, cũng có thể chỉ định khi tăng Kali máu trung bình 6,0 – 6,4 mmol/L&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Cách dùng: Pha 10-20 UI Insulin trong 125 ml dung dịch Glucose 20% truyền TM trong 15-30p&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Tác dụng sau 15 phút, đạt đỉnh sau 60 phút, kéo dài trong 2-3 giờ. Nếu có hiệu quả Kali máu giảm 1 – 1,5 mmol/L sau 15-30p&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Chú ý nguy cơ hạ đường huyết&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;theo dõi đường huyết&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Khí dung salbutamol:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Chỉ định khi tăng Kali máu nặng ≥6,5mmol/L, cũng có thể chỉ định khi tăng Kali máu trung bình 6,0 – 6,4 mmol/L&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Cách dùng: 10-20mg Salbutamol pha trong 4ml NaCl 0,9% PKD 10p&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Bắt đầu tác dụng sau 30 phút, Kali máu giảm từ 0,5 – 1 mmol/L, tác dụng kéo dài 2-3 giờ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Có thể dùng đường tĩnh mạch, cẩn thận tác dụng phụ gây tăng nhịp tim trên các BN có bệnh lý tim mạch&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Không dùng đơn trị liệu Salbutamol khi có tăng Kali máu nặng&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Dung dịch kiềm Natri Bicarbonat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Chỉ dùng khi nhiễm toan chuyển hóa nặng gây tăng Kali máu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Liều dùng: 150 mEq/ trong 1L Dextrose 5%, TTM trong 30 phút&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Cách dùng: Natri Bicarbonate 8,4% 1mEq/ml lọ 50ml, 3 lọ hòa với 1L dextrose 5% truyền TM trong 30 phút&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Cẩn trọng biến chứng tăng Natri máu và quá tải thể tích tuần hoàn (đặc biệt trên những BN AKI thiểu niệu)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;c.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Thải Kali khỏi cơ thể:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Thuốc lợi tiểu quai:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Nên dùng lợi tiểu ở những BN có chức năng thận còn tốt, không nên sử dụng đơn độc trị liệu lợi tiểu ở những BN tăng Kali máu nặng.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Sử dụng Furosemide, có thể kết hợp thêm lợi tiểu Thiazide để tăng tác dụng thải Kali&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-ansi-language: VI;&quot;&gt;Ở BN quá tải dịch với chức năng thận bảo tồn, dùng furosemide liều 40 mg, TTM mỗi 12h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Nhựa trao đổi ion:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Chỉ định trong tăng Kali máu mức độ trung bình và nhẹ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Cách dùng:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 126pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: VI; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: VI;&quot;&gt;Kayexalat 15-30g hoà với 100ml sorbitol 20% (ngừa táo bón) x 4 lần/ngày, uống&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 126pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: VI; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: VI;&quot;&gt;Kayexalat 50g hòa với 50ml sorbitol 70% trong 150ml nước sạch x 2 lần/ngày, thụt trực tràng&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: VI; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ansi-language: VI;&quot;&gt;BN hậu phẫu không nên dùng Sorbitol vì có thể gây hoại tử đại tràng.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-ansi-language: VI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-ansi-language: VI;&quot;&gt;Có tác dụng sau 1 giờ (thụt), kéo dài đến 6 giờ (uống), tác dụng rõ trong vòng 1 -5 ngày,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;giảm Kali máu khoảng 0.5-1 mEq/L sau 1 giờ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-ansi-language: VI; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-ansi-language: VI;&quot;&gt;Có thể gây rối loạn tiêu hoá, tăng Na máu, dùng đường uống hiệu quả hơn thụt trực tràng.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px;&quot;&gt;Lọc máu ngoài thận:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px;&quot;&gt;Là biện pháp hiệu quả nhất loại bỏ Kali máu và điều chỉnh các rối loạn đi kèm khác&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px;&quot;&gt;Áp dụng cho các BN tăng Kali máu nặng, đe dọa tính mạng và không đáp ứng với các phương pháp điều trị bảo tồn tích cực.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;d.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px;&quot;&gt;Theo dõi điều trị:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px;&quot;&gt;Theo khuyến cáo của UK Renal Association 2014:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px;&quot;&gt;Theo dõi liên tục điện tim trên Monitor, đo ECG 12 chuyển đạo định kỳ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px;&quot;&gt;Xét nghiệm ion đồ theo dõi Kali máu: ở giờ thứ 1-2-4-6 từ khi bắt đầu điều trị&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px;&quot;&gt;Mục tiêu: Hạ Kali máu &amp;lt; 6 mmol/L&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;sau 2 giờ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px;&quot;&gt;Xét nghiệm đường máu mao mạch: trước khi cho Insulin, phút thứ 15-30, sau đó XN mỗi giờ trong 6 giờ.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;e.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px;&quot;&gt;Điều trị Nguyên nhân:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px;&quot;&gt;Điều trị nguyên nhân gây tăng Kali máu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px;&quot;&gt;Ngừng các thuốc và thức ăn có chứa Kali hoặc gây tăng Kali máu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 17.6px; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px;&quot;&gt;*** Lưu ý:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;BN hôn mê do đái tháo đường nếu có tăng kali máu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Điều trị insulin và truyền dịch, kali máu sẽ giảm khi điều trị&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Chỉ cho bicarbonat khi nhiễm toan rất nặng (pH &amp;lt; 7,0)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;TD cẩn thận kali máu, bù kali theo hướng dẫn điều trị để tránh nguy cơ hạ kali&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h5&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.6px; mso-ansi-language: VI;&quot;&gt;* Tài liệu tham khảo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: VI;&quot;&gt;:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; mso-ansi-language: VI;&quot;&gt;- Bài giảng Rối loạn nước điện giải và toan kiềm - BS CKII Bùi Xuân Phúc BM Nội - ĐHYD TPHCM 2019&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;VI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro; mso-ansi-language: VI;&quot;&gt;- Bài giảng Điều chỉnh rối loạn Kali máu - Đặng Quốc Tuấn - Hội nghị tim mạch toàn quốc 2016&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Source Sans Pro;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;- European Resuscitation Council (ERC) Guideline 2015&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;Section 4. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Source Sans Pro; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;- Uptodate 2020: Treatment and prevention of hyperkalemia in adults&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/chuyen-e-tiep-can-tang-kali-mau.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GrxC-iWQW2U/X1esGA-liEI/AAAAAAABp3Q/7h1nH7towLgjr3WmkGpwENuZq2VEyAhqwCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/HYPERKALEMIA.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-6053927126606631084</guid><pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2020 09:24:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-09T14:32:50.007+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nội</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Tiêu hóa</category><title>[Sơ đồ tư duy] Loét dạ dày - tá tràng</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vmpLBrXc_h8/X1iEpl3jP0I/AAAAAAABp5k/WhSdD4aTAxsh4MQ2fW62rO_i2xUyIJ4jwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-09_143006.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;880&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1024&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vmpLBrXc_h8/X1iEpl3jP0I/AAAAAAABp5k/WhSdD4aTAxsh4MQ2fW62rO_i2xUyIJ4jwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-09_143006.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;Một bộ sơ đồ tư duy hay được chia sẻ từ 1 bác sĩ nội trú, bao gồm 2 phần là đại cương và điều trị Loét dạ dày - tá tràng. Cùng theo dõi nhé.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;iframe src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1owCskH2kOAHdFiLPvQBG4wcJUXr02yoZ/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;520&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/so-o-tu-duy-loet-da-day-ta-trang_52.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vmpLBrXc_h8/X1iEpl3jP0I/AAAAAAABp5k/WhSdD4aTAxsh4MQ2fW62rO_i2xUyIJ4jwCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/2020-09-09_143006.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-3212747151977835347</guid><pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2020 09:20:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-09T14:14:17.002+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Sinh lý bệnh</category><title>[Bài giảng] Sinh lý bệnh hiện tượng VIÊM - Đại học Y dược TP Hồ Chí Minh</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--J9z8IZxTnk/X1iAswfLP-I/AAAAAAABp5E/l8ryQD5Indct40ZQ4uGa-yThpalCI1QwACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-09_141328.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;751&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1001&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--J9z8IZxTnk/X1iAswfLP-I/AAAAAAABp5E/l8ryQD5Indct40ZQ4uGa-yThpalCI1QwACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-09_141328.png&quot;/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bên cạnh &quot;Sốt&quot; thì hiện tượng Viêm cũng là một tình trạng xảy ra trong cơ thể rất thường gặp trên lâm sàng. Vậy để tìm hiểu sinh lý bệnh của hiện tượng Viêm, cùng đọc bài giảng &quot;VIÊM&quot; của&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Ths.BS Quách Thanh Lâm - bộ môn Sinh lý bệnh - Miễn dịch - Đại học Y dược Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;iframe src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_FwWIyiQ6PlhBhQPZYWVx-6hnZrKdOH6/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;520&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/bai-giang-sinh-ly-benh-hien-tuong-viem.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--J9z8IZxTnk/X1iAswfLP-I/AAAAAAABp5E/l8ryQD5Indct40ZQ4uGa-yThpalCI1QwACLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/2020-09-09_141328.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-7642660193208717512</guid><pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2020 06:52:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-11T00:38:54.294+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Sinh lý bệnh</category><title>[Bài giảng] Rối loạn điều hòa thân nhiệt - Đại học Y dược TP Hồ Chí Minh</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OPswNuT77NE/X1iBW0L9YKI/AAAAAAABp5M/zciWTFsaK-0jXJRj2hXbofYImg-vDV2UgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-09_141628.png&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;749&quot; data-original-width=&quot;999&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OPswNuT77NE/X1iBW0L9YKI/AAAAAAABp5M/zciWTFsaK-0jXJRj2hXbofYImg-vDV2UgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2020-09-09_141628.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;Trên lâm sàng rất thường gặp &quot;Sốt&quot; - đây là 1 tình trạng tăng thân nhiệt. Để có cái nhìn tổng quát và cặn cẽ hơn về Sinh lý bệnh của &quot;Sốt&quot; - chúng ta cùng nghiên cứu bài giảng &quot;Rối loạn điều hòa thân nhiệt&quot; của &lt;b&gt;Ths.BS Quách Thanh Lâm - bộ môn Sinh lý bệnh - Miễn dịch - Đại học Y dược Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;iframe height=&quot;520&quot; src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/10VFmLOOOc-Tv5SIcLK3klpUb6DaRd6m9/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/bai-giang-roi-loan-ieu-hoa-than-nhiet.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OPswNuT77NE/X1iBW0L9YKI/AAAAAAABp5M/zciWTFsaK-0jXJRj2hXbofYImg-vDV2UgCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/2020-09-09_141628.png" height="72" width="72"/></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-362716816837079506.post-6818158761764630467</guid><pubDate>Mon, 07 Sep 2020 19:33:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-09-09T15:47:56.482+07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Hô hấp Nhi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nhi</category><title>[Phác đồ] Liều dùng kháng sinh trong Viêm phổi trẻ em - BV Nhi đồng 1 TPHCM - 2020</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U3cx4q4VkQ0/X1iCgq5BpKI/AAAAAAABp5Y/kUsOfoktU48gvUwWgGWTNyiPHWgcS68_wCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/Screenshot_2020-09-08-02-30-50-32_a27b88515698e5a58d06d430da63049d1.jpg&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1002&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1003&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U3cx4q4VkQ0/X1iCgq5BpKI/AAAAAAABp5Y/kUsOfoktU48gvUwWgGWTNyiPHWgcS68_wCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/Screenshot_2020-09-08-02-30-50-32_a27b88515698e5a58d06d430da63049d1.jpg&quot;/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sử dụng kháng sinh trong điều trị Viêm phổi cộng đồng trẻ em cần tuân thủ chính xác liều dùng, đường dùng, bởi vậy &lt;b&gt;khoa hô hấp BV Nhi Đồng 1 TPHCM&lt;/b&gt; đã biên soạn hướng dẫn liều dùng cụ thể các kháng sinh điều trị Viêm phổi cộng đồng trẻ em như sau:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;iframe src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XBzq7o7bIumTSWIz7zkXUBJtXG_tNkGn/preview&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;520&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description><link>https://www.updateyhoc.xyz/2020/09/lieu-dung-khang-sinh-trong-viem-phoi.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Update Y học)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U3cx4q4VkQ0/X1iCgq5BpKI/AAAAAAABp5Y/kUsOfoktU48gvUwWgGWTNyiPHWgcS68_wCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-c/Screenshot_2020-09-08-02-30-50-32_a27b88515698e5a58d06d430da63049d1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></item></channel></rss>