Urban Planet

Solution manual: Strength of materials by William A. Nash

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Sun, 12 Feb 2012 17:15:00 +0000

Download Solution manual for Strength of materials by william A. Nash 4th edition.

This Schaum's Outline gives you

Practice problems with full explanations that reinforce knowledge
Coverage of the most up-to-date developments in your course field
In-depth review of practices and applications

Fully compatible with your classroom text, Schaum's highlights all the important facts you need to know. Use Schaum's to shorten your study time-and get your best test scores!

Schaum's Outlines-Problem Solved. (reference: amazon)

Click here to download: Strength of materials

Experience the 3d in only 10 rupees

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 17:49:00 +0000

Today i am going to tell you a cheap method to watch 3d movie with home made glass in only 10 rupees.

First you need 3d glasses. Follow step by step to make 3d glasses.

Take any glasses and put in on a cardboard paper or some thick paper to make an outline of it.
Cut out 2 pieces of that outline.
Buy 2 sheets of see through plastics/polythene, one blue and other red from any stationary shop.
First cut them roughly and adjust the thickness by putting red sheet on left eye and blue sheet on righte eye and watch any 3d movie on YouTube, in our case we folded 3 times to get the clear 3d view.(folded like a threefold broucher)
After adjusting put it in the cardboard like a sandwich between them and steeple or glue them
Cut 2 long strips and also steeple them on the side

lets check out your 3d glasses by following video. For better result increase 360pixels to higher one and go to fullscreen.

10 basic softwares after installing fresh windows

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 10:42:00 +0000

So you have bought a new pc or laptop or you have installed a fresh windows, the next step would be installing essential or basic softwares which help you to increase your computer day-to-day experience. Today I am going to list down ten basic softwares, you will need for your work....

1. Updated drivers
The first most important thing are the drivers. Download all the updated drivers from online to go further... There are some software available which helps you to update all the drivers like devicedoctor or drivermax

2. Internet Browser.
Now after downloading all drivers the next is the internet explorer or any other browser to experience the internet world. I suggest to download google chrome because it is faster than others.
Download for free: Internet explorer, Google chrome

3. VideoLan.
The next free software is VLC player which allow you to play audio and video files in different formats.
Download for free: VideoLan

4. Microsoft Office.
Microsoft Office is one of the best office-suite right now, which allow you to create documents, presentation, spreadsheets and many more. This software is not free you can buy it from here. There are other free alternatives available like openoffice but i suggest to go for Microsoft office

5. PDF reader
Adobe acrobat reader is the most popular application which allow the user to view and print pdf file absolutely free.
Download for free: Adobe acrobat

6. Antivirus
If a virus infects your computer, the only thing you need is latest antivirus. There are lot of antivirus software available in the market both free and paid. It depends on you that what antivirus software you go for. Click here to find out best antivrus or here for free antivirus.

7. WinRAR
WinRAR is a shareware file archiver and data compression. It will help you to zip or unzip the files
Download for free: WinRAR

8. Torrent
To download torrent file you need utorrent or any other bitTorrent client.
Download for free: utorrent

9. Skype/ Msn or yahoo messenger
To make free calls or instant messeging you will need skype or msn messenger or yahoo messenger.
Download for free: Skype , Msn messenger, Yahoo messenger

10. Adobe Photoshop/Fireworks or picnik
If you want to create simple vector images or your own logo or any other screen graphic the only software you need is adobe fireworks. While adobe photoshop allows you to create or edit photos. These both softwares are not free but there are also alternative software available online, click here-link1 or here-link2 to see a list of free softwares.

Solution manual for Structural analysis by R.C. Hibbeler

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Sat, 31 Dec 2011 12:54:00 +0000

Download solution manual for Structural analysis by R.C. Hibbeler 7th edition.This book provides students with a clear and thorough presentation of the theory and application of structural analysis as it applies to trusses, beams, and frames. Emphases are placed on teaching readers to both model and analyze a structure. A hallmark of the book, Procedures for Analysis, has been retained in this edition to provide learners with a logical, orderly method to follow when applying theory. Chapter topics include types of structures and loads, analysis of statically determinate structures, analysis of statically determinate trusses, internal loadings developed in structural members, cables and arches, influence lines for statically determinate structures, approximate analysis of statically indeterminate structures, deflections, analysis of statically indeterminate structures by the force method, displacement method of analysis: slope-deflection equations, displacement method of analysis: moment distribution, analysis of beams and frames consisting of nonprismatic members, truss analysis using the stiffness method, beam analysis using the stiffness method, and plane frame analysis using the stiffness method. For individuals planning for a career as structural engineers. (reference: amazon)

Click here to download: Structural analysis by hibbeler

Find out amazing google searches: 'Do a barrel roll' or 'let it snow'

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Thu, 29 Dec 2011 06:01:00 +0000

Google being one of the biggest search engine introduces a little fun while searching on the web. Let's start with the "tilt".

1. Type "tilt" or "askew" in the google search engine and see what happens, the screen lean to the right.

2. Type "do a barrel roll" or "Z or R Twice", it will rotate the page to 360 degree.

3. Type "let it snow", it will cause snowfall. After a while the whole page become frosted and search button converts to defrost. When the page is frozen, you can write on the screen by pressing left click and rubbing it while clicking

4. Type "hanukkah", it will change the border between the search bar and search results

You can find more from here

Use your USB as a RAM

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Tue, 27 Dec 2011 18:52:00 +0000

Make faster your pc by connecting your USB drive. Just follow these simple steps:

1. Connect your USB to your PC (it must be of 2Gb or more)
2. Now right click on "my computer" to open system properties dialog
3. Now go to advanced tab
4. Under performance section click "settings".
5. A performance properties open, now go to advanced tab.
6. Under virtual memory section click on "change"
7. Now virtual memory will open select your USB drive then check custom size
8. Check the space available on your drive and enter the same in initial and maximum size.
9. Now click OK and restart your PC.

Important: Don't disconnect the USB, if you want to disconnect undo all the above steps

Speed up your work with keyboard shortcuts

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Tue, 27 Dec 2011 07:00:00 +0000

Easy way to speed up your work is to learn keyboard shortcuts. Following are some basic windows shortcut keys which help you to work efficiently.

KEYS	FUNCTION
CTRL + C	copy
CTRL + X	cut
CTRL + f	find
CTRL + V	paste
WIN Key+D	Show the desktop
WIN Key	Display or hide the Start menu
WIN Key+BREAK	Display the System Properties dialog box
WIN Key+M	Minimize all windows.
WIN Key+Shift+M	Restores minimized windows.
WIN Key+E	Open My Computer
WIN Key+F	Search for a file or folder
CTRL+WIN Key+F	Search for computers
WIN Key+F1	Display Windows Help
WIN Key+ L	Lock your computer if you are connected to a network domain, or switch users if you are not connected to a network domain
WIN Key+R	Open the Run dialog box
WIN Key+U	Open Utility Manager
ALT + Tab	Switch between windows
CTRL + Shift + Esc	Task Manager
CTRL+TAB	Move forward through tabs
CTRL+SHIFT+TAB	Move backward through tabs
TAB	Move forward through options
SHIFT+TAB	Move backward through options.
SHIFT five times	Switch StickyKeys on and off
SHIFT+DELETE	Delete selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin
CTRL+RIGHT ARROW	Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word.
CTRL+LEFT ARROW	Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word
CTRL+DOWN ARROW	Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph.
CTRL+UP ARROW	Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph.
CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys	Highlight a block of text.
ALT+ESC	Cycle through items in the order they were opened.
ALT+TAB	Switch between open items
CTRL+A	Select all.
CTRL+ESC	Display the Start menu
ALT+SPACEBAR	Opens the shortcut menu for the active window
ALT+F4	Close the active item, or quit the active program
ALT+ENTER	View properties for the selected item.

You have seen this key many times... this is for "right click" as in mouse

Type the following commands in your Run Box (Windows Key + R) or Start Run

cmd = Command Prompt
iexplore + "web address" = Internet Explorer
compmgmt.msc = Computer Management
dhcpmgmt.msc = DHCP Management
dnsmgmt.msc = DNS Management
services.msc = Services
eventvwr = Event Viewer
dsa.msc = Active Directory Users and Computers
dssite.msc = Active Directory Sites and Service
devmgmt.msc = Device Manager
msinfo32 = System Information
cleanmgr = Disk Cleanup
ntbackup = Backup or Restore Wizard (Windows Backup Utility)
mmc = Microsoft Management Console
excel = Microsoft Excel (If Installed)
msaccess = Microsoft Access (If Installed)
powerpnt = Microsoft PowerPoint (If Installed)
winword = Microsoft Word (If Installed)
frontpg = Microsoft FrontPage (If Installed)
notepad = Notepad
wordpad = WordPad
calc = Calculator
msmsgs = Windows Messenger
mspaint = Microsoft Paint
wmplayer = Windows Media Player
rstrui = System Restore
netscp6 = Netscape 6.x
netscp = Netscape 7.x
netscape = Netscape 4.x
waol = America Online
control = Opens the Control Panel
control printers = Opens the Printers Dialog

Internetbrowser

Type in your adress e.g: "google", then press Right CTRL and Enter

Live cameras trick from google

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Fri, 23 Dec 2011 18:09:00 +0000

Google allows to watch live security cameras with a simple trick just type in your search bar

inurl:view/index.shtml (it will show live traffic or airport cameras)

liveapplet

Click on any result to view live camera

Enjoy!!!

Problems of public toilet in karachi

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Thu, 22 Dec 2011 11:18:00 +0000

Note :As the public toilet issue in Karachi is very huge and too difficult to study, it may contain several places like public places, bus stops, van stands, cinema houses, theatre halls, markets, school, colleges, universities, railway stations, airports and so on. But in this report the Government Hospitals & Bus Stops will be discussed and only few part of public places will be considered. The information in this report will be of 11% from internet & 89% of my own research and meeting with different people who faced this problem...

INTRODUCTION
Public toilets are toilets open to anybody, in public places or in residential areas: typically there will be a charge for each use. Sometimes charging will be monthly: each users pays for a monthly ticket. Mostly users prefer to pay per time use. Users of public toilets will generally feel less ownership other user’s toilets. In
Karachi: 42% of the city’s population is without proper toilet drainage.

NEED FOR AN ACCESSIBILITY OF PUBLIC TOILETS
As Karachi is the highly dense populated city. The city has an estimated population is 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan areas has a population over 18 million. Large number of people daily travels through bus from on corner to the other corner of city. In this regard many people travel with staying at different stations or point. So at different stations of bus stops or lateral traveling point of common people which are usually traveled through bus or by walk, sometimes people needs toilet for their ease. In Karachi many bus stops needed toilets or a place where the human consumption rate is rarely high.
In the same manner Government Hospitals also required a lot of care of toilets in their respective departments, in order to facilitate the doctors, patient and the people who care their patients.

Public Places is also another main factor where the need of public toilets is usually high, like amusement parks, gardens, museums, towers, shopping malls, spiritual places etc. The description of the above topics will be given below with several reference context, in which it will be discussed there lack ness in the e city, importance, rehabilitation and suggestions.

IMPORTANCE
People commuting different areas of city & staying at different points, visiting & circulates to their desire places need restrooms. For the sake of people easiness, toilet must be available at different to facilitate the peoples.
The following places needed immediately action from the concerned government departments for having public toilets.
These places will be discussed in this report are as follows:

1. PUBLIC PLACES
Many Public places of the city are facing the very common problems of public toilets. These places include amusement parks, vegetable markets, shopping malls, gardens, towers, spiritual places etc. Almost 68% of the public places in Karachi where toilet for human use doesn’t exist. One positive sign in the remaining places, where the proper maintenance of toilets is carried out on weekly basis, but they are also under as private sector.
At the time of city nazim Mustafa Kamal, he had started the mobile toilets scheme under the provision of CDGK which works at different public places where the lack of toilets. It was a very good sign, but right now our government doesn’t have any intensions over this major issue facing by the people of Karachi.
Problems:

People are facing problems of toilets in different public places like picnic points, markets, shopping malls etc.
Due to lack of toilets in public places, most of the people use MASJID restrooms, which aren’t made for this purpose.
These toilets are unsafe at night for women & children.
Lack of privacy & may be embarrassing for some users: in some cases doors may be broken or missing, so that even basic privacy is lost.

Suggestions:

Proper toilets should available in all markets or near passer by areas.
All picnic points have maintained public toilets with functional accessories.
Nominal charges should apply on public toilets near the markets because the maintenance cost will be recovered & facilitate the people properly.
Cost effective public toilets will be provided that gives maximum function in minimum space and are safe, accessible, available, attractive & easy to maintenance.
Accessibility for wheelchair user & other people with physical limitations can use the facility.
Plan for these restrooms that can function year round and 24/7.

2. GOVERNMENT HOSPITALS

Almost every government hospital faces the major problem of public toilet which should be immediately correct by the government because many

People are suffering with their patients who need the medicine, treatment & care for speedy recovery from the disease. Unfortunately, our government has been failed to provide the sufficient neat & clean environment in the hospitals to take care of those patients, which are creating many problems for patients & even their attendants.

I’ve visited the only two major government hospitals of city of Karachi, because a large number of cases brought here. In these hospitals have much kind of wards which contain emergency, simple ward, ICU etc. I personally visited these hospitals to take the photographs for presentation, I found there the most disgusting signage which that toilets lie in the ward where around 15-20 patients laid down every time. The toilets were opened and no treatment of care, there were no lights in the washrooms, broken doors and washbasins, or in some toilets there were absence of washbasins. Due to open environment it creates bad smell in the ward where the patient treats.

The same situation was facing by the patient of emergency ward, but the only difference is that emergency department toilet located at the side of the room (emergency).

In civil hospital I’ve seen in OPD Department facing a little bit different situation as compare to the emergency and wards in hospitals, in OPD the toilet located outside the building and neat as well and can be used as well, but the only undesirable thing is lack of washbasins and sweepers.

On the other hand OPD of Jinnah hospital facing the opposite situation, the bathrooms were inside the OPD department & the situation was bad with

Stingy air.

I’ve seen many problems in the government hospitals toilets other than I’ve discussed above. Some important problems are highlighting below:

Problems:

Cleaner/sweeper shows laziness to their work.
Visitors use the washrooms.
Those visitors, who use tobacco, frequently spit in the toilets.
Broken accessories.
No presence of soap/tissue.
No commode availability for patient.
Villagers/Interior people used the toilets disgracefully.

Suggestions:

Ward toilet must be neat & clean.
A sweeper always available for mopping after every 1 hour.
Ward toilet use only for patient.
There should be WC & Commode for patient, to use with their own desire.
Muslim shower.
Completely banned for those people who look after the patient it may be visitor or attendant, who shouldn't allowed taking with him/her self cigarettes, supari, pan, naswar etc.
Not use chalking in wall of the toilets.
Washrooms for patient must be cleaned and free from smell, because in Karachi govt. hospitals, restrooms can’t be use by a normal common people then how can be a patient?
Completely banned for visitors to use the ward washrooms.
There should be an exhaust fan inside the washroom and an air tight glass gate at the entrance for preventing smell in ward.
Ample water.
Taps should be in working conditions
Tissue paper & soap
These toilets must be free of cost for usage of patients

In Karachi around million of people commute daily through local buses in different areas of the city. The large no. of people related lower & middle class who’ve the only option for traveling are buses. When the people leave their homes for job in the morning, they face so many different problems & they’ve so many thoughts in their mind because of their different problems in home & offices. They people must need some mental relaxation for their good growth. When they come on bus stops they see rush, hear noise on these places & if someone need to go to the toilet then he must got frustrated because in our city it has come to see, there’s a huge problem of public toilets on bus stops. Very few bus stops of the city have public toilets, which aren’t enough for our need.

As the need of human towards toilet increasing day by day, people travel through local bus services and stayed at different stations, need rest rooms for their easiness. It’s a huge lack of public toilets in bus stops in Karachi, where the main stops are Saddar, Regal, Garden, Ranchorline, Cant, Racecourse, Punjab Chowrangi, Numaish, I.I. chundrigar Road, Labella, Kashmir Road, M.A Jinnah Road, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Gulistan-e-Jauhar, Gizri, Nishtar Road, Nipa, Sakhi Hassan, North Nazimabad and so on. There are so many bus stops which aren’t enough to be discussed in this report. Awareness in people has to be developed for the sake of good infrastructure of the city.

Location of toilet on the given bus stops matters much, it should’ve good or say an ideal location to facilitate the people.

Problems:

A city like Karachi, women can’t be able to use the restrooms at bus stops for her security.
Accessories are broken in bus stops restrooms.
Dirtiness is most common.
No soap/tissues.
In this picture a public toilet where the women section is closed & while the men section is opened, that will be only used in rare case of high compulsion.
Full of smell
Unusable WC/Commode
No grants for maintenance and no system of user fees
Results in very poorly maintained toilets
Most of them are connected with septic tanks
No running facility of water

Most of times one finds completely choked toilets seats beacuse:

No dedicated service providers
Due to lack of running water and a situation of poor water availability of people come only with a mug of water for anal cleansing but not flushing.
No lighting facilities lead to poor usage by women
When septic tank is filled up it is not emptied quickly& hence usage goes down.

Suggestions:

Nominal charges will be taken from every person who can be easily afforded.
A toilet at different bus stops can be maintained like the above given pictures. Although it’s not matches the international public toilet standard but I found only this toilet neat & clean, availability of sweeper as compare to other bus stops at different stations point of Karachi.
People should be aware to use the public toilet.
A committee should work under the custody of government, which should’ve to do weekly survey, & progressed the work.
Sweeper/cleaner must be uniformed.
A chart showed the awareness of usage of toilets pasted at the notice board of the entrance.
Male & female cleaner/sweeper for male & female section separately.
Muslim shower.
Proper accessories.
WC/Commode for different people.
Plan for these restrooms that can function year round and 24/7.

CONCLUSION

The above mentioned sectors are the most important where the government has to take immediate notice because these places are the most common places lies in any city where the people need desperately the public toilets.
There should be proper work by the government for hospitals, bus stops & public places. So the people may get the systematic environment & avoid from the mentally tensed situations.
Also, it is the duty of a patriotic citizen to fulfill its duty to make a clean city. A person who uses the public toilet must aware & he/she knows that this is his/her own property & it has built up by their own given taxes to the government.
It is an appropriate solution in low-income high density areas, particularly where a high proportion of movement of public.
In order to achieve real sustainability, it’s important to aim for a genuine local community, municipal and/or private participation of the people of the city to make better the city.
People should also play an important role to take care of public toilets no matter where are they located or it may lie in any government or private sector. Because it’s a public property & made by our own given taxes & we’ve to take care our property with ourselves.
There should be a proper awareness program to use the toilets, because these toilets are made by our own given taxes. Most of uneducated people which they came from villages don’t have much more awareness. If a permanent chwokidar/sweeper hired for these restrooms by CDGK then there might be a frequent improvement would be seen.

Download trick for Google

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Thu, 22 Dec 2011 07:05:00 +0000

There is a small trick to download anything from the google you just need to type following. Mostly it works.

parent + directory + anything that you want to download

Let me give you an example: if you want to download mp3 song of justin beiber just type

parent + directory + mp3 + justin beiber

Google will open all the directories containing mp3 songs of justin beiber. Try it now !!!

Solution manual for Engineering Economy by Leland T Blank, Anthony Tarquin, Leland Blank

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Thu, 22 Dec 2011 06:39:00 +0000

Download solution manual for Engineering Economy by Leland T Blank, Anthony Tarquin, Leland Blank 6th edition.
This student-friendly text on the current economic issues particular to engineering covers the topics needed to analyze engineering alternatives. Students use both hand-worked and spreadsheet solutions of examples, problems and case studies. In this edition the options have been increased, with an expanded spreadsheet analysis component, twice the number of case studies, and virtually all new end-of-chapter problems. The chapters on factor derivation and usage, cost estimation, replacement studies, and after-tax evaluation have been heavily revised. New material is included on public sector projects and cost estimation. A reordering of chapters puts the fundamental topics up front in the text. Many chapters include a special set of problems that prepare the students for the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam.

This college-level text provides students and practicing professionals with a solid preparation in the financial understanding of engineering problems and projects, as well as the techniques needed for evaluating and making sound economic decisions. Distinguishing characteristics include learning objectives for each chapter, an easy-to-read writing style, many solved examples, integrated spreadsheets, and case studies throughout the text. Graphical cross-referencing between topics and quick-solve spreadsheet solutions are indicated in the margins throughout the text. While the chapters are progressive, over three-quarters can stand alone, allowing instructors flexibility for meeting course needs. A complete online learning center (OLC) offers supplemental practice problems, spreadsheet exercises, and review questions for the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam.(reference: Amazon)

Click here to download: Engg economy by blank and tarquin

Gul bahao organization and its Chandni ghar

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Wed, 21 Dec 2011 07:40:00 +0000

Gul bahao Organization :
Gul bahao Launched in 1994 .The concept of Gul Bahao stems from two incidents in Ms Nargis Latif’s life. Following the birth of her third child, Nargis suffered immense trauma and illness and she vowed that if God relieved her of her misery, she would take a keener interest in social work. A few years later, when Ms Nargis had fully recovered and resumed normal life, she got into an argument with a garbage cleaner beneath her apartment who insisted on burning trash in a dumpsite outside her flat. Livid at why the trash had to be burned instead of disposed off in a more appropriate manner, Nargis was determined to find alternate solutions for the pestilent problem. Learning that the cost of clearing up a single garbage site was pretty steep (Rs 4,000 back then), the young Nargis took to scouring libraries for better options and eventually came to the realization that facilitating garbage disposal was not just a day’s work; it entailed a lifetime of commitment. According to Ms. Nargis : “ I realised I would have to sacrifice a cosy, comfortable family life for it “

Who is Nargis Latif ?
Born and raised in a lower middle class family, Nargis initially pursued a career in journalism. During ten years of work in that field, however, she became increasingly convinced that waste disposal problems in Karachi were assuming critical proportions and not receiving the attention that they deserved. Accordingly, in spite of resistance from her family, she decided to abandon her journalistic pursuits and devote her full energies to the search for creative and effective ways of addressing waste disposal needs. Now in her mid-forties and married with three children, Nargis has pursued her work in the waste disposal and environmental awareness fields with very limited financial support. Apart from the proceeds of commercial advertising banners in her dry trash stalls, she has developed the ventures described above as a labor of love. She regards herself, in fact, as an independent researcher engaged in a continuing search for new and better ways to convert waste and garbage into useful economic commodities. And Now She is the head of Karachi based NGO Gul Bahao for over a decade now Nargis Latif has developed a campaign to help solve the staggering waste disposal problems of the city of Karachi and to encourage broad adoption of environmentally and socially responsible waste disposal practices. The core of her initiative is an imaginative recycling program that is carefully attuned to the city's economic and social conditions.

The New Idea :
Nargis Latif is convinced that the accumulation of solid waste and garbage in the streets and public areas of Karachi poses serious threats to public health and the quality of urban life. She is also persuaded that the relevant public authorities lack the resources and know-how required for an effective solution to the problem. Motivated by those twin convictions, she is engaged in tireless efforts to develop alternative, economically viable methods of waste disposal and to encourage private individuals and businesses to adopt environmentally "friendly" waste generating and waste disposal practices. Much of Nargis' work is focused on the discovery and refinement of simple and efficient procedures for converting trash and garbage into products of sufficient economic value to prevent its accumulation in public spaces and to provide significant sources of income to stimulate the engagement of private individuals in the waste removal process. In the Karachi setting, she has found that setting up stalls for the purchase of recyclable dry trash (i.e., glass, paper, plastic, and metal) in market areas is a particularly effective technique, especially when coupled with efforts to reach out to large numbers of people through community groups, religious organizations, and street cleaners' associations. She is also developing similarly promising approaches for the conversion of wet garbage (i.e., kitchen and food market refuse) into economically viable products.The other major strand of Nargis' work is a closely related public awareness and environmental education campaign. In addition to promoting broad participation in recycling initiatives, she is experimenting with various approaches for instilling a sense of responsibility for environmental protection in school-age children. As part of her environmental awareness campaign, she is also focusing public attention on the plight of street sweepers, who generally belong to lower castes and have traditionally taken up no other occupations. In that connection, she points out that many of the children of today's street sweepers will find other economic pursuits, and that more of the burden of trash and waste disposal must therefore be assumed by the general public.

What is Nargis Latif's cause?

Providing low-cost urban waste management solutions for Karachi. In a city of over 13m people (expected to reach nearly 20m by 2025) an estimated 9000 tonnes of solid waste is generated every day, presenting huge challenges for effective solid waste management. This challenge is compounded by the fact that at most 80% solid waste is collected for disposal and recycling; the severely restricted capacity of the municipal agencies--by their own admission they are only able to collect 50% of solid waste generated in their geographic jurisdictions--means that the for-profit and non-profit sectors involved in solid waste management are signficant market players. Enter NGOs such as Gul Bahao.

The Problem
In Karachi, as in other large cities in low-income countries all over the world, the disposal of solid waste is a problem of staggering proportions and grave public health implications. The amount of solid waste produced by city residents, markets, and business firms far outstrips the capacities of municipal authorities to cope with waste disposal burdens. As a result, garbage is left to accumulate on public thoroughfares and in markets and other public areas, with predictably dire consequences for the spread of communicable diseases, the contamination of water and food supplies, and overall quality of urban life.The sheer magnitude of the problem in Karachi and other huge urban agglomerations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America suggests that imaginative action will be required on two parallel fronts to bring it under control. One critically important line of action is to supplement the work of public waste disposal authorities with creative private schemes that convert trash and garbage into useful economic goods and generate income for those involved in the process. The other is to heighten public awareness of the problem and change habits and practices that account for large portions of the waste disposal problem.

The Strategy
As the focal point of her "Safai mein Kamai" (profit in cleaning) campaign, Nargis has established stalls in the busy bazaars of Karachi where residents can sell their dry trash. To encourage widespread participation in that program, she has developed close ties with key figures in several religious groups (Shias, Bohris, and Ismailis) who have organized the collection of large amounts of dry trash as donations from members of their communities for sale through her market stall network. She has also initiated similar arrangements with residents' associations of multi-storied buildings and with various welfare organizations for the collection and sale of dry trash.Nargis' campaign also urges city residents and sweepers to dispose of wet garbage by burying it in gardens or other open spaces and turning it into compost that can be sold to producers of agricultural products. In her unceasing efforts to find more efficient methods of trash and garbage recycling, she is now experimenting with a new technique for wet garbage composting on a 200-square-meter plot of land that has been lent to her by the Karachi municipal government.Nargis' educational campaign with young children focuses in part on waste generation and management issues, but it also includes tree planting schemes that are aimed at instilling a fondness and sense of custodianship for the natural environment.

Developments
Houses for flood affectees:

Gul Bahao has discovered a novel way of providing houses for flood affectees. For the last several months it has been collecting recyclable waste from schools, universities and factories. The waste has two components, one that is sold to fetch hard cash and the other used in making Chandi Ghar for as little as Rupees 25,000. Tons of aluminum foils are coming out from factories in the form of clean waste which are being used to make Wastic blocks (size 6 x 17 x 21) a major component of the Chandi Ghar.

Specifications :

Rudimentary Structure (10′x12′):

Consists of a roof and floor (made of panaflex) and bamboo sticks, wall panels made up of aluminum foil and 8 was-tic blocks for the foundation. The roof would be inclined in order to let the rain pass through. The room size will be 10′x12′.

a) Roof 10′x12′. Costs Rs 10/square foot— Rs. 1,200

b) Floor 10′x12′ costs Rs 10/square foot— Rs. 1,200

c) Bamboo sticks (best available in the market) — Rs. 600

d) 4 wall panels (aluminum foil) —Rs. 400

e) 8 was-tic blocks — Rs. 300

The cost of this rudimentary structure will come to around Rs. 3,500

Chandi Ghar (10’x12’)

a) Consists of 10 columns of was-tic blocks 7 foot high.

b) 6 large and 12 small size bamboo sticks (best available in the market).

c) Panels made from either aluminum foil or panaflex panels, 3 in number

d) 2 wall panels on the side of the entrance.

e) 3 windows with a door opening of 3 feet

Rates:

1) 100 was-tic blocks at the rate of Rs. 40 per block — Rs. 4,000

2) 1 roof — Rs. 1,200

3) 1 floor — Rs. 1,200

4) Panels made from aluminum foil — Rs. 1,500

5) Panels made from panaflex — Rs. 4,000

6) Bamboo sticks — Rs. 600

Total cost of Chandi Ghar — Rs. 8,500 (panels made from aluminum foil)

Total cost of Chandi Ghar — Rs. 11,000 (panels made from panaflex)

Additional cost of windows and doors 50% hence coast of Chandi Ghar including doors and windows will be Rs. 12750, Rs.16500 respectively.

Cost of sending skilled worker would be Rs .400 per day for two people

Gul Bahao’s Feul pack :

In a press statement Gul Bahao has said that the “Fuel Pack” that it has made from waste material could help to solve the acute problem of electricity, the city is facing. According to Gul Bahao it is an environmentally friendly alternate fuel, a good substitute for oil; because it does not give out any toxic fumes, at the same time is cheap and easily available. It can be easily used as fuel for thermal power stations.

Giving the back ground of the “Fuel Pack” Gul Bahao has said that in 2006 it was collecting different kinds of industrial waste during the months of February to April from 80 factories of the EPZA by means of 8 trucks on daily basis and it has been conducting experiments on them ever since. Techniques used were those that have been developed by Gul Bahao for making its famous “Wastic Blocks”. The “Fuel Pack” is a block weighing ten to twelve kilo of size 6 inches by 17 inches by 21 inches. It consists of clean non toxic industrial waste like bits of wood, paper, cloth etc. which are not mixed up with putrefying waste. A protective covering of aluminum foil which is fire resistant is put on the blocks which also give it an aesthetic look.

The blocks have been used as fuel in different places which gave extremely good results. One well known industrial company even volunteered to market it. Considering the grave power situation, Gul Bahao has asked the Government to consider its “Fuel Pack” as fuel for thermal power stations. The advantage of this alternative fuel is its easy availability as well as its low cost.

Here it may be mentioned that Gul Bahao has been experimenting with waste material for the last thirteen years and so far has spent 4 crore of rupees. It has had as many as 80 people working in a single day. It has also succeeded in establishing Pakistan’s first Research Center for waste management.

Other development

Water filtering (Paaki pani)

Swimming pool

They have lots and lots of contributions for our city Karachi and still they are doing these works. They are the social workers , environmental cleaner , poor helper. They always work for the betterment of the city.

How to make a map of Counter-strike 1.6

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Tue, 20 Dec 2011 12:33:00 +0000

Follow these simple steps to make your own map for counter-strike 1.6

So first of download these files: Hammereditor .
Unzip the file.
Now install hammer_v34.exe.
Now copy hammer.exe present in hammer_testbuild04 folder (where you have downloaded above file).
Paste this file to where you have installed hammer_v34.exe, it will ask you to replace the file click ok to do that.
You have successfully installed the software, now open the valve hammer editor.
After opening you will configuration box, here you have to configure your game. Follow these steps.

8. Don't click ok this is only for Game configuration tab, now move to build programs tab.

9. Now go to Textures tab and click on add wad then browse to your counterstrike folder then cstrike folder and select all the wad files.

10. This was the last part of configuration leave everything else. Click ok.

11. Go to file and create new.

12. Draw a simple one room map, follow these steps.

13. Select this from the side menu

14. Go to top(x/y) panel and draw a simple box, and right click to create to create object then adjust the height and width from the side and front panels by using the selection tool

15. Now to go to tools tab and select make hollow, type the value -32 and click ok.

16. Zoom into the object you will see something like a room.

17. Now add some entities, click on entity tool .

18. Add anywhere on the map, adjust it using selection tool and make it just above the floor.

19. Keeping select this entity press alt+enter and select info_player_start (Counter terrorist) from the class

20. Similarly make another entity and select info_player_deathmatch (terrorist).

21. These two entities represents spawn area for Counter terrorist and terrorist).

22. Similary from this method, you can add bomb place by selecting info_bomb_target, armoury by selecting armoury_entity etc.

23. You can add textures from the "toggle texture application" button from the side menu.

24. Your map is ready, lets compile it which is one of the most difficult part of this tutorial.

25. Export your map to any place and save it as .map file.

26. There are many ways to compile the map but i use zhlt compiler.

27. Extract the zhlt file from the above downloaded file.

28. Read zhlt.htm which was present in the above downloaded file for further detail.

29. Enjoy!!!!

NS-2 Installation on FEDORA and REDHAT

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Sun, 18 Dec 2011 15:55:00 +0000

NS-2 INSTALLATION ON FEDORA AND REDHAT:

The installation method of NS-2 on both fedora14 and redhat are same:

PREPARING THE ENVIRONMENT:

The first step was to check that the development environment was complete and

install any missing tools.

rpm -q wget

rpm -q gcc-c++

rpm -q libX11-devel

rpm -q xorg-x11-proto-devel

rpm -q libXt-devel

rpm -q libXmu-devel

From terminal login as super user type:

yum install autoconf
yum install automake
yum install gcc-c++
yum install libX11-devel

yum install xorg-x11-proto-devel
yum install libXt-devel
yum install libXmu-devel

Download a copy of ns-allinone-2.34.tar.gz by the command

wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/nsnam/files/allinone/ns-allinone-2.34/ns-allinone-2.34.tar.gz/download

From terminal go to the folder where the ns-allinone patch is placed and type the following to extract
$ tar -xzf ns-allinone-2.34.tar.gz
$ cd ns-allinone-2.34
$. /install

PROBLEM IN INSTALLATION IN FEDORA 14:

While installation the following error will occur:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tools/ranvar.cc: in member function `virtual double gammarandomvariable::value()':
tools/ranvar.cc:219:70: error: cannot call constructor `GammaRandomVariable::GammaRandomVariable'
tools/ranvar.cc:219:70: error: for a function-style cast, remove the redundant
`::GaammaRandomVariable'
make: *** [tools/ranvar.o] Error 1
ns make failed

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

To remove it:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Edit this file-- ./ns-allinone-2.34/ns-2.34/mobile/nakagami.cc
In line number 183 instead of--
resultPower = ErlangRandomVariable::ErlangRandomVariable(Pr/m, int_m).value();
write--
resultPower = ErlangRandomVariable(Pr/m, int_m).value();
In line number 185 instead of--
resultPower = GammaRandomVariable::GammaRandomVariable(m, Pr/m).value();
write--
resultPower = GammaRandomVariable(m, Pr/m).value();

And also edit the file-- ./ns-allinone-2.34/ns-2.34/tools/ranvar.cc
In line number 219 instead of--
return GammaRandomVariable::GammaRandomVariable(1.0 + alpha_, beta_).value() * pow (u, 1.0 / alpha_);
write--
return GammaRandomVariable(1.0 + alpha_, beta_).value() * pow (u, 1.0 / alpha_);

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Also ns-2.30 cannot install on fedora 14 it will give the following errors

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

make: g++: Command not found
make: *** [tcl2c++] Error 127
tclcl-1.19 make failed! Exiting ...

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

It is because of the OS which is so new and the rest of the software has not caught up to it yet

Install the bit older gcc 4.3 or 4.1 and export it.

The install command must be :
export CC=gcc34 CXX=g++34 && ./install

Set the environment variable

# cd /etc/

# vi /etc/.bashrc

Press i for the insert mode and Put the path as mentioned above, press esc and write :wq

# source ~/.bashrc

And then validate it

# cd ./validate

In fedora by default xgraph is not installed first make some changes in the .cc file of xgraph, replace the getline with mygetline then congifure it and make it.

NS-2 Installation on ubuntu

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Sun, 18 Dec 2011 15:47:00 +0000

NS-2 INSTALLATION ON UBUNTU:

First download the file and unzip it

$ wget http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/nsnam/ns-allinone-2.34.tar.gz

$ tar -xzvf ns-allinone-2.34.tar.gz

$ cd ns-allinone-2.34

Prepare the environment and install it will take a lot of time.

$ sudo apt-get install build-essential autoconf automake libxmu-dev

$ ./install

For ubuntu 9.10, export the gcc-4.3

$ export CC=gcc-4.3

Set the environment variable so that our xgraph and nam will work properly

$ gedit ~/.bashrc

# LD_LIBRARY_PATH

OTCL_LIB=/your/path/ns-allinone-2.34/otcl-1.13

NS2_LIB=/your/path/ns-allinone-2.34/lib

X11_LIB=/usr/X11R6/lib

USR_LOCAL_LIB=/usr/local/lib

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$OTCL_LIB:$NS2_LIB:$X11_LIB:$USR_LOCAL_LIB

# TCL_LIBRARY

TCL_LIB=/your/path/ns-allinone-2.34/tcl8.4.18/library

USR_LIB=/usr/lib

export TCL_LIBRARY=$TCL_LIB:$USR_LIB

# PATH

XGRAPH=/your/path/ns-allinone-2.34/bin:/your/path/ns-allinone-2.34/tcl8.4.18/unix:/your/path/ns-allinone-2.34/tk8.4.18/unix

NS=/your/path/ns-allinone-2.34/ns-2.34/

NAM=/your/path/ns-allinone-2.34/nam-1.14/

PATH=$PATH:$XGRAPH:$NS:$NAM

$ source ~/.bashrc

For the validation

$ ./validate

Linux basic commands

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Sun, 18 Dec 2011 15:39:00 +0000

LINUX BASIC COMMANDS:

Following are some basic commands use in linux system

Terminal:

The terminal is often called the command prompt or the shell. In days gone by, this was the way the user interacted with the computer, however Linux users have found that the use of the shell can be quicker than a graphical method and still holds some merit today.

cd Change Directory

ls List information about file(s)

make Recompile a group of programs

gzip Compress or decompress named file(s)

install Copy files and set attributes

kill Stop a process from running

killall Kill processes by name

sudo Execute a command as another user

Wget Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP

Apt-get  Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu):

APT (Advanced Packaging Tool) is a powerful package management
system.APT automatically handles
dependencies and performs other operations on system packages to allow the
installation of the desired package/s.

Some common commands that can be used with APT:

Install packages:

# sudo apt-get install packagename

Remove packages:

# sudo apt-get remove packagename

Retrieve new lists of packages:

# sudo apt-get update

Upgrade system with available updates:

# sudo apt-get upgrade

List further commands and options:

# apt-get help

Root And Sudo

The root user in GNU/Linux is the user which has administrative access to your system. Normal users do not have this access for security reasons. However, Ubuntu does not include the root user. Instead, administrative access is given to individual users, who may use the "sudo" application to perform administrative tasks. The first user account you created on your system during installation will, by default, have access to sudo. You can restrict and enable sudo access to users with the Users and Groups application

When you run an application that requires root privileges, sudo will ask you to input your normal user password. This ensures that rogue applications cannot damage your system, and serves as a reminder that you are about to perform administrative actions which require you to be careful! To use sudo when using the command line, simply type "sudo" before the command you wish to run. Sudo will then prompt you for your password. Sudo will remember your password for a set amount of time. This feature was designed to allow users to perform multiple administrative tasks without being asked for a password each time.

RPM (RPM Package Manager):

The RPM Package Manager (RPM) is a powerful command line driven package management system capable of installing, uninstalling, verifying, querying, and updating computer software packages. Each software package consists of an archive of files along with information about the package like its version, a description, and the like

To install the package:

# rpm -i filename.rpm

To upgrading from an earlier version of the software package:

# rpm –U filename.rpm

Checking for a package:

# rpm –q filename.rpm

YUM:

yum is software installation tool for Red hat linux and Fedora Linux. It is a complete software management system. Other option is to use up2date utility. yum is designed to use over network/internet.

To install a new package:

# yum install filename

To update a package:

# yum update

Directories and file system of linux

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Sun, 18 Dec 2011 15:35:00 +0000

Linux and Unix file systems are organised in a hierarchical, tree-like structure. The highest level of the file system is the / or root directory. In the Unix and Linux design philosophy, everything is considered a file - including hard disks, partitions and removable media. This means that all other files and directories (including other disks and partitions) exist under the root directory.

Underneath the root (/) directory, there is a set of important system directories that are common across most Linux distributions that are used.

The following is a listing of common directories that are directly under the root (/) directory

/bin - important binary applications
/boot - boot configuration files
/dev - the device files
/etc - configuration files, startup scripts, etc...
/home - local users' home directories
/lib - system libraries
/lost+found - provides a lost+found system for files that exist under the root (/) directory
/media - mounted (loaded) removable media such as CDs, digital cameras, etc...
/mnt - mounted filesystems
/opt - provides a location for optional applications to be installed
/proc - special dynamic directory that maintains information about the state of the system, including currently running processes
/root - root user home directory, pronounced 'slash-root'
/sbin - important system binaries
/sys - system files
/tmp - temporary files
/usr - applications and files that are mostly available for all users to access
/var - variable files such as logs and databases

All of the files on a Linux system have permissions that allow or prevent others from viewing, modifying or executing. The super user "root" has the ability to access any file on the system. Each file has access restrictions, user restrictions and have an owner/group association.

/bin:
The first directory we get to is /bin. Its name is derived from the word "binary." Often, the word "binary" is used to refer to executable programs or other files that contains non-readable characters. The /bin directory is where many of the system-related binaries are kept, hence the name.

Although several of the files in this directory are used for administrative purposes and cannot be run by normal users, everyone has read permission on this directory, so you can at least see what the directory contains.

/boot:
The /boot directory is used to boot the system. There are several files here that the system uses at different times during the boot process.

/dev:
The /dev directory contains the device nodes. Device files are the way both the operating system and users gain access to the hardware. Every device has at least one device file associated with it. If it doesn't, you can't gain access to it. We'll get into more detail on individual device files later.

/etc:
The /etc directory contains files and programs that are used for system configuration. Its name comes from the common abbreviation etc., for et cetera, meaning "and so on." This seems to come from the fact that on many systems, /etc contains files that don't seem to fit elsewhere.
Under /etc are several subdirectories of varying importance to both administrators and users.

/lost+found:
The /lost+found directory is used to store files that are no longer associated with a directory. These are files that have no home and are, therefore, lost. Often, if your system crashes and the filesystem is cleaned when it reboots, the system can save much of the data and the files will end up here. Note that a lost+found directory is created automatically for each filesystem you create. We'll get into more detail about this in the section on filesystems.

/lib:
The /lib directory (for library) contains the libraries needed by the operating system as it is running. You will also find several sub directories.

/proc:
The /proc directory takes a little while to get used to, especially if you come from a non-UNIX world or have used a version of UNIX without this directory. This is a "pseudo-filesystem" that is used to access information in the running system. Rather than having you access kernel memory directly (i.e., through the special device /dev/kmem), you can access the files within this directory. There are directories for every running process as well. We will get into more detail about this when we talk about monitoring your system.

/root:
The /root directory is the home directory for the user root. This is different from many UNIX dialects that have the root's home directory in /. On SuSE, the /root directory is actually a symbolic link to /home/root.

/sbin:
The /sbin directory contains programs that are used (more or less) to administer the system. In other words, the system binaries. Many documentation sources say that this is only for system administrators. However, most of these files are executable by normal users, as well. Whether the support files or device nodes are accessible is another matter. If a normal user cannot access the device nodes or other files, the program won't run.

/usr:
The /usr directory contains many user-related subdirectories. Note the 'e' is missing from "user". In general, one can say that the directories and files under /usr are used by and related to users. There are programs and utilities here that users use on a daily basis. Unless changed on some systems, /usr is where users have their home directory. The figure below shows what the subdirectories of /usr would look like graphically.
Where /bin contains programs that are used by both users and administrators, /usr/bin contains files that are almost exclusively used by users. (However, like everything in UNIX, there are exceptions.) Here again, the bin directory contains binary files. Programs and utilities needs for administrative tasks are stored in /sbin. Note that is common to seperate files like this, but it is not an absolute.
The /usr/adm directory contains mostly administrative data. The name "adm" comes from "administration," which is no wonder considering this contains a lot of the administrative information that relates to users. This may be a symbolic link to the /var directory.
The /usr/src directory contains the source code for both the Linux kernel and for any program that you specifically install.
The directory /usr/X11R6 contains all the X Windows System files. This makes upgrading to newer releases of X much easier as the files are not spread out over the entire system. If you have an older version of Linux, you might still have X11R5 or if a newer release comes out you might have X11R7. To simplify things even further, the directory /usr/X11 is what many things look at instead. This is then linked to the appropriate directory (i.e., /usr/X11R6, /usr/X11R5).
Underneath this directory are the subdirectories bin, lib, and man, which have the same functionality as those under /usr. In most cases, links in other directories point here. For example, you should have a directory /usr/bin/X11. This is a symbolic link to the directory /usr/X11R6/bin. The directory /usr/lib/X11 is a symbolic link to /usr/X11R6/lib. The reason for this is to maintain the directory structure, but still make upgrading easy. When X11R7 comes out, all that you need to do is make the links point to the X11R7 directories and not copy the individual files.

/var:
The /var directory contains files that vary as the system is running, such as log files. This was originally intended to be used when the /usr directory is shared across multiple systems.

Introduction to unix and linux

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Sun, 18 Dec 2011 15:30:00 +0000

INTRODUCTION TO UNIX:

UNIX is an operating system which was first developed in the 1960s, and has been under constant development ever since. By operating system, we mean the suite of programs which make the computer work. Knowledge of UNIX is required for operations which aren't covered by a graphical program, or for when there is no windows interface available, for example, in a telnet session. Unix was primarily oriented towards the command line interface, and that legacy is carried on in Linux. Thus, the graphical user interface with its windows, icons and menus are built on top of a basic command line interface. Furthermore, this means that the Linux file system is structured to be easily manageable and accessible from the command line. Many of the design conventions behind Unix also exist in Linux and are central to understanding the basics of the system

The UNIX operating system is made up of three parts:

· The kernel

· The shell

· Programs

Kernel:

The kernel of UNIX is the hub of the operating system: it allocates time and memory to programs and handles the filestore and communications in response to system calls.

Shell:

The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel. When a user logs in, the login program checks the username and password, and then starts another program called the shell. The shell is a command line interpreter (CLI). It interprets the commands the user types in and arranges for them to be carried out.

INTRODUCTION TO LINUX:

Linux is a free multitasking, multi-user network operating system that behaves like Unix. That means Linux is not UNIX. It is a UNIX-based operating system. It was designed specifically for the 386(x86 Intel CPU) platform and released under GNU General Public License. Linux is technically only the kernel,

it is commonly considered to be all of the associated programs and utilities. Combined with the kernel, the utilities and often some applications comprise a commercial distribution.

LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS:

There are many Linux distributions around . Major Linux distributions are Slackware, Debian and Red Hat. Red Hat has become commercial but they provide resources for hackers to develop Fedora, which continue the last Red Hat version 9. Many Linux distributions today based on these major distributions. Beside Fedora which is based on Red Hat, there's Ubuntu which is based on Debian. Other well-known Linux distributions are openSUSE, Mandriva, centOS and Gentoo.

Hackers community has developed Linux for desktop as well. Desktop operating system is an end user operating system, has graphical user interface like Windows XP. This operating system is use to do office job, multimedia, database job and so on. There are two excellent graphical user interface in Linux which are, KDE and GNOME. Why is this a good news? Because other than servers and other networking jobs, and only used by certain people, it can be everybody's operating system as well and it's free.

Although Linux desktop is popular in Linux community and has been used as an excellent workstation, the popularity of Linux desktop among public going up recently is noticeable. Most Linux distributions offer kde and/or gnome in their official releases, but the famous and excellent one is UBUNTU. The Ubuntu team has done a very good job. The graphical installer is fast enough which only takes less than 30 minutes of installation process. The desktop is clean and tidy, plus many marvelous desktop wallpapers designed by Linux community. It is a complete desktop (operating system) contains whatever you need to do your job including office applications (word processor, spreadsheet processor and presentation), editing photos, musics, videos, browsing internet, email and so on.

Red Hat Linux:

For many, the name Red Hat Linux, as it is probably the best-known Linux company in the world. Founded in 1994, Red Hat, Inc. has only recently started showing signs of profitability, due to services rather than the distribution itself. Yet, Red Hat Linux is a first choice for many professionals and is likely to be a major player for a long time.

What is so special about Red Hat Linux? It is a mix of conservative and leading-edge packages. The packages are not the most up-to-date; once a new beta version is announced, the package versions are frozen, except for security updates. The result is a well-tested and stable distribution. Many servers around the world run Red Hat Linux.

One other reason for Red Hat's success is the variety of popular services the company offers. The software packages are easy to update via Red Hat Network, a free repository of software and valuable information. A vast range of support services is available through the company and, while not always cheap, you are virtually assured of an excellent support by highly skilled support personnel. The company has even developed a certification program to further popularise its distribution - the RHCE (Red Hat Certified Engineer) training and examination are now available in most parts of the world. All these factors have contributed to the fact that Red Hat is now a recognised brand name in the IT industry.

Mandrake Linux:

MandrakeSoft is a company that has experienced an enormous rise in popularity since its first Linux release in July 1998. They have simply taken the Red Hat distribution, changed the default desktop to KDE and added an easy-to-use installer, breaking the myth that Linux is hard to install.

Mandrake Linux has since matured to become a popular distribution among those new to Linux and among home users looking for an alternative operating system.

SuSE Linux:

SuSE is another company with the desktop focus, not very different from Mandrake in this respect. The distribution has received positive reviews for its installer and configuration tools, called Yast, developed by SuSE's own developers. The documentation, which comes with the boxed product, has repeatedly been labelled as the most complete, thorough and usable by far. Linux Journal has recently awarded SuSE Linux 7.3 the "Product of the Year" title. The distribution has achieved a dominant market share in German speaking and some Eastern European countries.

Debian GNU/Linux:

Debian GNU/Linux is a completely non-commercial project; perhaps the purest form of the ideals that started the free software movement. Hundreds of volunteer developers from all over the world contribute to the project, which is well managed and strict, assuring a quality distribution known as Debian.

Ubuntu which is based on Debian Linux, share the same great package management system as Debian such as dpkg, apt, aptitude and synaptic for x-window

Slackware Linux:

Slackware is one of the oldest distributions around and it is very popular among experienced Linux users. Sticking with a text-based installer and no graphical configuration tools. Where other distributions tried hard to develop easy-to-use front ends for many common utilities, Slackware offers no hand-holding and everything is still done through configuration files. Because of this, Slackware is not recommended to new users.

Nevertheless, Slackware has a magic appeal to many users. It is extremely stable and secure - very suitable for server deployment. Experienced Linux administrators find that the distribution is less buggy as it uses most packages in their perfect forms are infrequent although up-to-date packages are always available for download after the official release. Slackware is a fine distribution for those who are interested in deeper knowledge of Linux internals.

Linux and GNU:

The Linux system is based on GNU tools (Gnu's Not UNIX), which provide a set of standard ways to handle and use the system. All GNU tools are open source, so they can be installed on any system. Most distributions offer pre-compiled packages of most common tools, such as RPM packages on RedHat and Debian packages (also called deb or dpkg) on Debian, so you needn't be a programmer to install a package on your system. However, if you are and like doing things yourself, you will enjoy Linux all the better, since most distributions come with a complete set of development tools, allowing installation of new software purely from source code. This setup also allows you to install software even if it does not exist in a pre-packaged form suitable for your system.

A list of common GNU software:

· Bash: The GNU shell

· GCC: The GNU C Compiler

· GDB: The GNU Debugger

· Gnome: the GNU desktop environment

Many commercial applications are available for Linux, and for more information about these packages we refer to their specific documentation. Throughout this guide we will only discuss freely available software, which comes (in most cases) with a GNU license.

To install missing or new packages, you will need some form of software management. The most common implementations include RPM and dpkg. RPM is the RedHat Package Manager, which is used on a variety of Linux systems, eventhough the name does not suggest this. Dpkg is the Debian package management system, which uses an interface called apt-get, that can manage RPM packages as well.

How to install and run fortran programs

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Sun, 18 Dec 2011 13:59:00 +0000

Tutorial: How to install and run fortran programs

Go to this link http://www.silverfrost.com/32/ftn95/ftn95_personal_edition.aspx
Download ftn95 personal edition and install
Run PLATO IDE
Go to file then click on new select FREE FORMAT FORTRAN FILE

5. Click open and a blank screen will appear.

6. Now type your program.

7. Click on compile button.

8. Now save your file.

9. Now click on start button.

10. A notice will appear click yes (appears some time) else go to next step.

11. A black window will appear displaying your output (it will take time so be patient).

How to make a simple virus

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Sat, 17 Dec 2011 07:55:00 +0000

Make a virus that shutdown your computer (actually it is not a virus its a bat file)

1. Open notepad.
2. Type this "Shutdown -s -+5"
3. Now save it as "yourfilename.bat" for exmaple funnypic.bat (note that .bat is necessary)
4. Now make it something realistic.
5. Right click on your save file and create shortcut.
6. Right click on your shortcut file and go into properties.
7. Under the shortcut tab click on change icon and change to any icon.

Note this is only for educational purpose. Don't use it to harm anyone.

Make a never ending virus.
Warning it may cause your computer to crash, save all data before using

1. Open notepad.
2. Type this into notepad
:C
START %0
GOTO :C

3. Follow all the above steps.

Type "Start virus.bat" and save it with "virus.bat" name

Quakelive vs Counter-strike 1.6

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Fri, 16 Dec 2011 07:24:00 +0000

Quakelive and counter strike 1.6 both are the FPS (first person shooter) multiplayer games. Both of them has a very long history. Talking about the Quakelive first, it is one of the game that can be played directly from your browser. When you signup on quakelive, it allow you to play free but if you want to enhance your abilities and skill level you can go for premium and pro level. The premium subscriptions can be purchase for €1.99 per month and pro for €3.99 per month. Quakelive is not a game with real guns like in counter strike it has something futuristic maps and guns like rockets, rails, lightning gus with teleports and jumping pads etc. There are twelve types of guns and around forty plus maps on this game, though not all of these maps are available to normal players you must have to go for premium/pro service for all maps.There are two teams red and blue team and five game modes are available for normal players.

Duel: for 1o1 match
Free for all: where all players fight for themselves. In a given time interval one must have to reach to its frag limit for win
CTF (capture the flag): there are two teams with flags on their bases. in order to win one team must have to bring other team flags to their base.
TDM (team death match): Same like Free for all, but they are divided into two teams
Clan area: where two teams fight like as in counter strike
Freezetag: for premium/pro users only, similar to clan area but instead of frag they become frozen

On the other hand Counter strike is a world's number one tactical first person shooter team based game, in which two teams terrorist and counter-terrorist equipped with different guns and gadgets, like Maverick M4A1 Carbine, Magnum Sniper Rifle (AWP), AK-47, Night-vision, bomb diffuser etc, engaged in a terrorist warfare. Counter-terrorist can win by either defusing the bomb and eliminating all terrorist or killing oor terrorist before they plant the bomb otherwise if bomb blown the terrorist will win the round. On some map there are some hostages or VIPs, by rescuing them the counter-terrorist can win the round.

	Quakelive	Counter strike
Developers	Id software	Valve corporation
Engine	Id tech 3	GoldSrc (half life)
Platform	Windows, Mac, Linux	Windows, Xbox
Genre	First person shooter	First person shooter
Ratings	ESRB: T	ESRB: Mature
Installation	Download	CD, Download
Graphics	Low quality	Medium/High quality
System requirements	Cpu: 2Ghz Intel process or better Ram: 128Mb Direct X: 9 HDD space: 250Mb Video card: Nvidia GeForce 6500/ ATI Radeon X1270 Browser: Ie8, FireFox 3.0, Google Chrome	Cpu: Pentium 4 2.53Ghz or better Ram: 512Mb HDD space: 2Gb 32mb+ video card Direct X: 9 Internet Connection

Urban and infra department NED map of Counter strike 1.6

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Thu, 15 Dec 2011 16:11:00 +0000

My first ever map, created with valve hammer editor 3.5 compile with zhlt

Click here to download this map: cs_nedurban

The map is in .bsp format ... in order to run this map go to your counter-strike 1.6 folder (where you have installed it default is in C:\program files) then go to "cstrike" folder then "maps" folder and copy this file to there

Google Docs: How to use

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Thu, 15 Dec 2011 15:50:00 +0000

You are working on a project or some report and you forget to save it or your software crashes and closed without saving the file or your hard disk or data storage device corrupted then google docs is one of the online easy to use word, presentation and spreadsheet editor. Through google docs many people can collaborate at a same time on a same project and you can save your important work or project online securely. The best feature of the google doc is that you can share and open your important documents from anywhere around the world. The google docs can be use between students or between teacher and students without any software, all you need is a internet connection.

Many people prefer google docs as an alternative of Microsoft office because it is easy to use online web-based office suite, it is totally free and it can store data upto 1GB which can be access from anywhere. However keeping your documents online is insecure and you have to always connected to internet to create documents but without paying anything its an best product online

HOW TO USE:

Sign to into your Gmail account.
From the top menu select documents.
Now from the side panel ‘create new’.
Select your desired worksheet from presentation, document, spreadsheet, form, drawing, collection.
Suppose we select document.
New window will open with a text editor like Microsoft word.
After completing your work save the file from top with your desired name.
Now if you want to share the file to any other Gmail user then click on the share button.
Enter the email addresses then click ok.
Your file is shared.
Do this same for spreadsheet or presentation…..

How to make a website for beginners

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Thu, 15 Dec 2011 07:58:00 +0000

Do you want to create your own website? or you want your own personal webpage where you can share your thoughts, ideas, pictures, videos, sell things, blogs or whatever you want and you don't know how to create, design and build website, so you are at right place....

Lets start with some basic knowledge

For every successful website there is a lot of time and effort is needed, but as a beginner it is important that you know HTML (Hypertext Markup Language- The main building block of a website, it consist of different tags enclosed in a angle brackets for example <html> , <body> , <p> etc.)
There are several sites on the web from where you can learn HTML easily. W3schools is one of the easiest way to learn. However different other websites are also present for example developphp.
After that type all your tags on a notepad or any other editor for example:
Following is an example of simple webpage:

<html>
<head>
<title>my first web page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>This is my first ever web page i created</h2>
</body>
</html>

Note: Save it with ".html" file format.
When you open this save file, the file will be open

in internet browser(windows default). Then next step is to
upload this file to your webhost (discussed below).

If you don't want to learn these languages so don't worry many different softwares are available where you can design or build webpages and the script will be generated automatically for example dreamweaver, bluevoda, ewisoft etc.

The next thing is the domain name (it is used in URLs to identify particular website for example google.com, www.msn.com...etc. Every domain name has a suffix like .gov .com .pk ...etc.).

Domain names are not free you have to buy these names, click here to see domain name prices per year... However many companies offer free domain names with there company name at the end for exampe yourwebsite.byethost.com, yourweb.co.nr, web.co.cc ....etc.

Now after selecting/buying your domain name the next thing is web host (web hosting service are the companies that provide internet connectivity,space on their servers of your website to make them accessible to the whole world wide web). again it is not free you must have to pay, you buy packages which depends on your website requirements. Different web hosting companies are present on the web for example godaddy, bluehost, creativeon... etc
Also many companies are offering free web hosting service with some limitation like there is a banner, limited bandwith, limited data storage etc.. Click here to see list of free web host..

After that upload all your files to your web host account and your website is ready....

This is end for beginners level now if you want to go to next level there are many other languages like php, xhtml, xml, javascipt, css etc you have to learn with SEO (search engine optimization) to increase traffic on your website.
You should keep in mind that nothing is possible overnight, in order to make your website successful you must have to spend your time and efforts to make it successful over the web.

Solution manual for Mechanics of Materials by R.C. Hibbeler

noreply@blogger.com (nNn*) — Tue, 13 Dec 2011 10:00:00 +0000

Download solution manual for Mechanics of Materials by R.C. Hibbeler
This clear, comprehensive presentation discusses both the theory and applications of mechanics of materials. It examines the physical behavior of materials under load, then proceeds to model this behavior to development theory. Containing Hibbeler’s hallmark student-oriented features, this book is in four-color with a photorealistic art program designed to help students/readers visualize difficult concepts. A clear, concise writing style and more examples than any other book further contribute to students’ /readers ability to master the material. A useful, thorough reference for engineers and students.( reference: amazon)
Click here to download: MeM by Rc hibbeler

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Quakelive vs Counter-strike 1.6

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Solution manual for Mechanics of Materials by R.C. Hibbeler

Other development

Water filtering (Paaki pani)

Swimming pool

They have lots and lots of contributions for our city Karachi and still they are doing these works. They are the social workers , environmental cleaner , poor helper. They always work for the betterment of the city.