Artikulu honetan, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko bizitza aktiborako trantsizioaren egoera aztertu da. Besteak beste, gazteen bizitza aktiborako trantsizioaren paradigma nagusiak aztertu ditugu, bakoitzaren oinarriak kontuan izanik. Horrez gain, aipatutako trantsizio horretan eragin zuzena duten hainbat faktore ere aztertu dira: hezkuntza, lana… Faktore horiek, ordea, modu isolatuan ulertzetik urrun, gaur egungo testuinguruan kokatu dira. Horrela, ondorioztatu da gero eta interkonektatuagoa eta prekarioagoa den mundu batean bizi garela egun, eta ziurgabetasun horrek eragindako aldaketek, hein batean, kolokan jarri dituztela orain arte ezagututako trantsiziorako egitura tradizionalak, hala nola lana edo hezkuntza. Amaitzeko, belaunaldi berriek bizi duten haustura ekonomikoak izan dezakeen bilakaeraren inguruan hausnartu da artikuluan.

This article analyses the situation of the transition to active life in the Basque Autonomous Community. We have studied, among other things, the main paradigms of the transition to active life of young people, taking into account the fundamentals of each of them. In addition, a number of factors directly affecting this transition have been analysed: education, work. These factors, however, far from being understood in isolation, have been placed within the present context. Thus it has been concluded that we live in an increasingly interconnected and precarious world, and that the changes brought about by this uncertainty have partly compromised the traditional transition structures known to date, such as work or education. Finally, the article reflects on the evolution of the economic breakdown of the new generations.

Ikerketa honek COVID-19ak euskal musikariengan izan duen eragina du aztergai. Pandemian zehar ezarritako itxialdi zein bestelako mugek (ordutegiak, edukiera-mugak) kalte handia eragin diete artean eta kulturan aritzen diren langileei, haien artean musikariei. 2021eko maiatza eta ekaina bitartean MUSIKARI elkartearen bazkideei bideratutako inkesta batean pandemiak haien jardueran eta sarreretan izan duen eraginaz galdetu diegu. Aldi berean, sektorearen etorkizunari zein norberaren espektatibei lotutako galderak ere jaso dira inkestan. Jasotako emaitzek begi-bistan uzten dute COVID-19ak euskal musikariengan izan duen eragin negatiboa. Eragin negatibo hori era homogeneoan gertatu da musikari mota ezberdinen artean. Etorkizunari lotutako espektatibei dagokienez, ez dira espero bezain negatiboak. Etorkizuneko espektatibek, zein bizitza-gogobetetzearen mailak, lotura handia erakusten dute musikariaren ezaugarri orokorrekiko.

This research work analyzes the impact of COVID-19 on Basque musicians. Lockdowns and other restrictions during pandemic (schedules, capacity restrains) have hurt workers involved in arts and culture related sectors, musicians among them. During May and July 2021, a survey was conducted among Basque musicians belonging to MUSIAKRI association. This survey contained questions regarding the impact of COVID-19 on their music related activities and income. The survey also contained questions regarding future expectations. The results of the survey show that COVID-19 had a very negative impact in both music related activity and income. Restraints on music activity have deeply hurt musicians´ income. This impact has been homogeneous among different types of musicians. Nevertheless, we found that expectations regarding future and life satisfaction are strongly conditioned by musicians´ general characteristics.

Emakumeen artean jarduera fisikoa eta kirola (JFK) sustatzen duten programak garatzea garrantzitsua da. Ikerlan honetan emakumeentzako kirol-kanpainetan genero-ikuspegia txertatzeko erabiltzen diren adierazleak identifikatu eta horiekin ebaluatzeko adierazleen proposamena egin da. Horretarako, literaturaren berrikuspen narratiboa egin da eta hautatutako dokumentuek inklusio-irizpide hauek bete dituzte: emakumeei zuzendutako JFKaren kanpainak aztertzen dituzten lanak izatea, edo/ eta ahalduntzea edo/eta genero-ikuspegia helburu izatea, eta dokumentu publikoak izatea. Aurkitu diren dokumentuak 65 izan dira eta irizpideak bete dituztenak 32. Edukien analisia egiteko kategoria-sistema sortu da eta azterketa bukatu ondoren genero-ikuspegiaren araberako adierazleen proposamena garatu da. Ondorioztatu da emakumeentzako kirol-kanpainen beharra dagoela, baita sortzen diren kanpaina horien ebaluazioa egitekoa ere, horretarako artikulu honetan proposatzen den ebaluazio-tresna erabiltzea gomendatuz.

It is important to develop programmes that promote physical activities and sport (PAS) among women. In this study, indicators for the evaluation of the gender perspective in sports campaigns were proposed. To this end, a narrative review of the literature was carried out. The inclusion criteria for the documents were to be PAS campaigns for women, including the empowerment and the gender perspective as objectives. Only public documents were chosen. A total of 65 documents were found and 32 met the criteria. A category system was created by content analysis and once the analysis was completed, a proposal for indicators was developed. It is concluded that there is a need to carry out sports campaigns focused on women, as well as the evaluation of these campaigns, recommending the use of the evaluation tool proposed in this article.

Be[di]girada proiektuaren jatorria humanismoaren klabe teorikoak ezagutzea eta gizartean sortzen dituen dilemak identifikatzea izan da, azken urteetan izaten ari den bilakaera teknologiko eta digitala oinarri hartuta. Identifikaziorako, humanismoaren inguruko berrikuspen bibliografikoa eta digitalizazioaren ikuspegi poliedrikoa eraikitzeko eztabaida-taldeak egin dira. Bi iturri horietatik jasotako datuak alderatuta, egungo garapen teknologikoak, digitalak bereziki, sorrarazi dituen galderak, kezkak eta arazoak bildu dira, dilema gisa. Ondorio nagusi gisa, azpimarratu daiteke ezinbestekoa dela etorkizuneko belaunaldiengan digitalizazioaren eta garapen teknologikoaren ikuspegi kritikoa sustatzea, teknologiaren garapenak eragindako erronka berriei erantzuteko. Hortik abiatuta, Wikipedia baliabide librea oinarri hartuta, bertan dilema filosofikoen lanketarako ataria sortu da, hezkuntzan aplikatzeko baliabide eta gida didaktiko batekin.

The Be[di]girada project has its origin in the knowledge of the theoretical keys to humanism and the identification of social dilemmas based on the technological and digital evolution that has been taking place in recent years. The identification has been carried out by means of a bibliographical review of humanism and a polyhedral vision of digitalisation. By comparing the data obtained from these two sources, the questions, concerns and problems arising from current technological developments, especially digital development, are identified as dilemmas. As a main conclusion, the need to promote a critical view of digitalisation and technological development in future generations in order to respond to the new challenges arising from technological development can be underlined. Using Wikipedia as a free resource, a portal for the development of philosophical dilemmas has been created, offering resources and a didactic guide for their application in education.

Ingurumenaren suntsiketak injustizia larriak eragiten ditu eta, bereziki, planetako biztanle ahulenei erasaten die, neurrigabeko ingurumen-sakrifizioa jasanaraziz. Horregatik, premiazkoa da ingurumen-justiziaren nozioa ulertzea. Eta hori da, hain zuzen ere, artikuluaren muina, zeinak agerian uzten duen sistema juridikoek duten joera ingurumen-eskubideak ezinbesteko baldintzatzat aitortzeko giza eskubideak bete daitezen. Aitortza hori hainbat bidetatik egiten da nazioartean, baina nabarmena da jurisprudentziaren bidez egiteko joera. Horregatik, garrantzitsua da ingurumenjustizia ikuspegi askotarikoak dituen genero edo kontzeptu zabal gisa jorratzea, baita haren alderdi jurisdikzionala aztertzea ere, nazioartean ingurumen-justizia nola definitzen eta interpretatzen den azaltzeko.

Environmental destruction causes serious injustices and particularly affects the most vulnerable inhabitants on the planet, who endure a disproportionate environmental sacrifice. It is therefore urgent to understand the notion of environmental justice. And that is precisely the core of the article, which highlights the tendency of legal systems to recognize environmental rights as a prerequisite for the fulfilment of human rights. This recognition is made at the international level by various means, but there is a clear tendency to do so through jurisprudence. It is therefore important to address environmental justice as a broad genre or concept with multiple perspectives, as well as to explore its jurisdictional aspect, in order to explain how environmental justice is defined and interpreted internationally.

Ikasle bakoitzak bere ikaskuntza-prozesuan eragina izan duten bizipen eta egoerak bizi izan ditu eta horietako batzuek haurtzaroko adbertsitatean edo ezbeharrean dute jatorria. Egoera horiek definitzen dituen adiera zientifikoa ACE kontzeptua dugu, euskaraz «haurtzaroko esperientzia gogor goiztiarrak» izenez ezagutzen dena. Esperientzia goiztiar horiek familia barruko arazoei, abusuei eta zabarkeriei egiten diete erreferentzia eta eragin zuzena dute ikasleen garapen integralean. Lan honetan, aipatutako ACE kontzeptua eta errealitatea erdigunera ekarri eta kasuazterketa bat garatu da eskola bat lagintzat harturik, eta bertako irakasle, ikasle, aholkulari eta gaian aditua den profesional bat ikertu ditugu. Ikerketa kuantitatiboa eta kualitatiboa konbinatu dira; batetik, irakasleei galdetegi bat pasa zaie; bestetik, ikasleak behatu dira eta, amaitzeko, ikastetxeko aholkularia nahiz aditua elkarrizketatu dira aztertutakoaren inguruan. Ondorio nagusia da irakasleek, oro har, ACE kontzeptua ez dutela ezagutzen eta ez dakitela halakoetan nola esku-hartu, nahiz eta, maiz, haurtzaroan zoritxarra bizi izan duten haurrekin gelan topo egin.

Students have lived different experiences and situations that have influenced their learning process and some of them have their origin in childhood adversities or misfortunes. The scientific meaning that defines these situations is ACE (adverse childhood experiences) concept. These early experiences refer to problems, abuse and abandonment within the family and have a direct impact on the comprehensive development of students. In this work, this concept and reality has been taken to the educational field and a case study has been developed, taking a school as a sample, and investigating its teachers, students, counselors and experts on the subject. Quantitative and qualitative research methods have been combined; on the one hand, a questionnaire has been carried out for teachers; on the other, part of the students have been observed and, finally, the school counselor and an expert have been interviewed. The main conclusion is that teachers, in general, are unaware of the ACE concept and do not know how to intervene in such cases, even though they are often in the classroom with students who have experienced adversity in childhood.

Artikulu honetan, XVIII. mendeko Euskal Herrian edizioak izan zuen bilakaeraren berri ematen da. Azterketa honetarako abiaburutzat humanitate digitalen diziplinarteko proiektu hau hartu da, ezagutza librea sustatzeari begira: aztergai dugun eremu geografiko eta eperako, egituratu eta Wikidatara igotzea Bizkaiko Foru Liburutegiko Lau Haizeetara katalogo bibliografiko digitala. Lagin hori eta beste katalogo digital eta ikerlan batzuetako datuak baliatuz eta kontrastatuz, laburki aztertu dira Euskal Herriko XVIII. mendeko inprimategiak, inprimatzaileak, inprimaturiko agiri eta idazlan motak, kopuruak eta joerak. Irakurleak ezagutuko du inprimategiak hiriburuetan iraunkorki errotu zirela eta edizioaren bilakaera orduko gizarte eta historiako baldintzei hertsiki loturik ageri dela.

This article offers an approach to the evolution of printing in the 18th-century Basque Country. The study stems from an interdisciplinary digital humanities project aiming at the promotion of free knowledge, i.e. structuring and uploading to Wikidata the bibliographic material printed in the above geographic area during that period, as available in the digital bibliographic catalogue Lau Haizeetara provided by the Regional Library of Biscay. This sample, data-matching with other digital catalogues and other research lay out the basis for a summary analysis of printers, presses, types of documents and texts, figures and trends of the publications issued from them. The reader will learn that presses settled down permanently in the main capitals and that publishing evolved out in close connection to the period’s social and historic circumstances.

Mundu-mailan, gainpisuaren eta obesitatearen prebalentzia areagotu da. Europan, 1980tik 2015era % 11,6 eta % 8,4 igo da, hurrenez hurren. Pisu-estigmak zenbait alorretan presente egoten jarraitzen du, obesitatea duten banakoak askotan estigmatizatuak izanik eta generoaren araberako ezberdintasun nabarmenak aurkiturik. Ebidentzia hori kontrastatzeko helburuarekin, hainbat datu-basetan gauzatutako bilaketetan oinarritu da berrikuspen hau; osotara 28 artikulu enpiriko aztertu dira, gainpisua edo obesitatea duten emakume eta gizonen estigmatizaziobizipenak alderatzeko. Emaitzek erakutsi dutenaren arabera, gehiegizko pisua duten emakumeek pisu-estigma bizitzeaz gain genero-ezberdintasunei ere aurre egin behar izaten diete, bizitzako alor ezberdinetan. Aurkikuntza hauek bat egiten dute aurretik argitaratutako zenbait ebidentziarekin, eta inplikazio garrantzitsuak dituzte gainpisua eta obesitatea daukaten emakumeen eguneroko bizitza hobetzeari begira.

Worldwide, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased. In Europe, from 1980 to 2015, it has increased by 11.6% and 8.4%, respectively. Weight stigma remains present in several settings, often stigmatizing individuals with obesity and finding remarkable differences according to gender. In order to contrast this evidence, this review was based on searches in different databases, analyzing 28 empirical articles, and comparing experiences of stigmatization of women and men with overweight or obesity. The results showed that women with overweight experienced weight stigma and faced gender inequalities, a situation that occurred in different areas of life. These findings align with previously published evidence and have important implications for improving the daily lives of women with overweight and obesity.

Pandemia ondorengo garaian, eta haren ondorio larriak epaitegien funtzionamenduan gainditzeko asmoarekin, Espaniako legegileak «Justizia Zerbitzu Publikoaren Eraginkortasun Prozesalari buruzko Lege Proiektua» aurkeztu du. Haren berrikuntza nagusia gatazkak ebazteko bide egokiak dira, arau orokor moduan, epaitegi zibiletara joan ahal izateko derrigorrezko baldintza bihurtu dituelarik. Gainera, prozesu zibila martxan dela ere haren erabilera suspertu egin da. Horien inguruko irakurketa kritikoa egingo dugu, batez ere, Botere Judizialarekin duten harremanean sakonduz. Zer dira, jurisdikzioaren galga ala akuilu?

After pandemic, and in order to to overcome its serious effects on functioning of courts, Spanish legislator has presented «Procedural efficiency of public justice service» bill. Its main novelty are the Adequate Techniques of Conflict Resolution, converted, as a rule, into a mandatory condition to enter to civil courts. They are also strengthened once the civil process has begun. The aim is to make a critical reading about them, delving, mainly, into their relationship with the Judiciary. What are they brake or revulsive of jurisdiction?

Goi Mailako Hezkuntzaren Europako Esparruak lan-merkatuan aintzatesten diren konpetentzien garapena oinarritzat hartzea eskatzen du gaur egun. Horrela, ikasleek profil profesional egokia garatuko dute jarduera profesionala eraginkortasunez betetzeko. Goi-mailako hezkuntza-proiektuetako bat da Ocean i³, ozeanoaren iraunkortasuna helburu izanik sortutako hezkuntza-berrikuntzako Euskadi-Akitania mugaz gaindiko proiektua. Ikerlan honen helburua, hain zuzen ere, Ocean i³ proiektuan enplegagarritasunean laguntzen duten zehar-konpetentzien garapenean ikasleek eta irakasleek duten pertzepzioa aztertzea izan da. Emaitzek erakutsi dutenez, proiektuan parte hartzeak enplegagarritasunean modu positiboan eragiten duten zehar-konpetentzien garapenean lagundu die parte-hartzaileei, hala nola talde-lanean, ikuspuntu berriak ezagutzean, komunikazioan, autonomian, gatazka konplexuen ebazpenean eta moldagarritasunean.

The European Higher Education Area nowadays requires taking as a basis the development of the competences demanded by the labour market, so that students develop an effective professional profile for the performance of their professional activity. Ocean I³ is one of the educational projects of higher education, a cross-border project of Euskadi-New Aquitaine educational innovation that was born with the aim of ocean sustainability. This study analyses the perception that students and teaching staff participating in the project have of the development of transversal competencies for employability in Ocean I³. The results show that participation in the project has contributed to the development of transversal employability competencies, such as teamwork, awareness of different points of view, communication, autonomy, complex conflict resolution and adaptability.

Lan honen asmoa, Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoaren barruko Nafarroako Oroimen Historikoaren Dokumentu Funtsak hainbat urtez egiten daraman ikerketaproiektuaren barnean kokatua, Gerra Zibilak eta frankismoak iraun bitartean gertatutako trenbideko langileen depurazio-prozesuaren ikerketan aurrera egitea da, Tuterako eta Sakanako geltokietako langileei ireki zitzaizkien depurazio- espedienteen ikerketaren bidez. Dokumentu horietatik, langileen izenak, lanbideak, militantzia politiko eta sindikal ezagunak, eta pairatutako zigorrak aterako ditugu. Gero, lan-zigorrak ikertuko ditugu lanbidearen, geltokiaren, agente errepresiboen balorazioaren eta militantzia ezagunaren arabera. Azkenik, enpresak balorazio onak estrategia baten ondorioz ematen zituela eta militantzia ezaguna zuten langileek militantzia ezagunik gabeko langileek baino proportzionalki lan-zigor gehiago pairatu zituztela ondorioztatuko dugu.

The aim of this article, located within the research work that the Documental Fund for Historical Memory in Navarre (Fondo Documental para la Memoria Histórica de Navarra), part of the Public University of Navarre (UPNA-NUP), is to advance within the research task of the depuration of the railway workers during the Spanish Civil war and Franco’s dictatorship, which will be done by analyzing the depuration files of the Tudela and Sakana railway stations. From this documents, we will get their names, professions, known political and trade union militancies, as well as the labor punishments they suffered. After that, we will analyse those work punishments according to the proffesions, the railway stations, the known militancies and the valoration of the repressive agents. Eventually, we will conclude that the enterprise gave good valorations following a strategy, and that the workers with a known political or labor union militancy suffered proportionally more labor punishments than the workers without a known militancy.

Etnomusikologiaren bilakaera antropologia eta musikologiari lotuta egon da eta horrela jarraitzen du gaur egun. Arloak, pixkanaka, ibilbide propio eta sendo batekin, bere bidea aurkitu du, ikerketa-eremuak handituz eta kide dituen aipatutako alorretan eraginez. Etnomusikologoaren profilak folkloristaren ezaugarri batzuk mantentzen ditu, baino biziki aldatu da: egun, arloa guztiz zientifikoa da. Bestetik, folklore eta folklorismo terminoen arteko ertzen inguruko problematika dago. Artikulu honetan, aipatutakoaren ildotik, arloaren auzia eta dituen eztabaidak aurkezten dira. Horrez gain, etnomusikologia ikasteko dagoen aukera sakabanatua azaltzen da, Euskal Herriko egoerari hanpadura berezi bat eskainiz.

The evolution of Ethnomusicology has been (and still is) linked to Anthropology and Musicology. Little by little, the area has found its way and has built its own solid trajectory. Its research scope has also expanded, and it shows evident influences in other related research areas. The profile of the researcher in the field has changed greatly, and while retaining some of the characteristics of the folklorist, today ethnomusicology is completely scientific-oriented. Directly related to the topic lies, the challenge of detecting the borders between folklore and folklorism. This article discusses the aforementioned matters, challenges that the field faces, and central research questions. In addition, the scattered opportunities to study ethnomusicology are explained, with a special insight in this text, about the situation in the Basque Country.

Mendekotasunari eta epe luzeko zainketei lotutako eztabaida eta eraldaketak gailentzen ari dira egungo gizartean. Ondorioz, jendeak hainbat kezka, zailtasun eta kontraesan kudeatu behar izaten ditu egunerokoan. Ikerketa honen helburua da gizartean zahartzaroko mendekotasunari buruzko esanahiak aztertzea, irudikapen sozialen teorian oinarrituta. Hogeita sei elkarrizketa burutu ziren Gipuzkoan zaintzaren esperientzia familiartean bizi izandako pertsonekin, etxez etxeko soldatapeko zaintzaileekin eta zahar-etxeetan artatuak ziren adinekoekin. Emaitzek erakutsi zuten irudikapen sozialak zazpi gairen bitartez artikulatzen zirela, kultura, erakunde eta harremanen dimentsio psikosozialei loturiko tentsio eta ideia kontrajarriak agerian utziz. Eztabaidan irudikapen sozialen izaera dinamiko eta dialogikoa azpimarratzen da, egungo testuinguruan mendekotasunaren eta zaintzaren antolaketak plazaratzen dituen eztabaidak ulertzeko gako batzuk emanez.

Dependency and care assistance during old age has become an increasing focus of debate and change in society. Consequently, people must cope with diverse and even contradictory values and ideas about the issue. This study aimed to understand the social representations of dependency based on the dialogical approach of the Social Representations theory. Twenty-six semi-structured interviews were conducted in the Basque Country with relatives, care workers, and older adult care recipients. The thematic analysis results show that social representations are articulated around seven themes, reflecting people’s tensions and contradictions at cultural, organizational, and relational levels. In addition, the polyphasic and dynamic nature of social representations is discussed, addressing current public debates about the meaning of dependency in a changing sociocultural context.

Artikulu honetan genero-ordenaren birsorkuntza aztertzen da politika liskartsuaren barnean gauzatutako ikasketa politiko informaletan. Asmo kontra-hegemonikoak dituenean, politika liskartsuak indarrean dagoen eredu soziala eraldatzea eta aktibistak emantzipatzea izaten du helburu. Halaz ere, ETAk bere jarduera armatua utzi ondoren Hego Euskal Herriko ezker abertzaleko gazte aktibisten artean egindako azterketa kualitatiboak erakutsi digunez, politika liskartsuaren errepertorioek eta ekintzek maskulinitate hegemonikotik hurbil dauden aktibista-ereduak bultzatu dituzte oraintsu arte, eta mendeko posizioan kokatu dituzte neska parte-hartzaileak. Aldaketaren eta jarraitutasunaren aldeko indarren arteko gaur egungo tentsioan, testuinguru liskartsu horietan neska aktibisten agentzia kolektibo disidenteak, zehazki, agentzia feministak eratzen lagun ditzaketen faktoreak analizatzen dira.

This article analyzes the reproduction of the gender order in informal political learning developed in contentious politics. When it has counter-hegemonic objectives, contentious activism tends to try to transform the dominant social model and emancipate activists. However, the qualitative study carried out among young activists of the nationalist left in the period after the armed cessation of ETA shows that the repertoires and actions of contentious politics have until recently promoted activist models close to hegemonic masculinity, and that have placed the participating girls in subordinate positions. In the current moment of tensions between forces of change and continuity, the factors that in these contentious contexts can help to constitute dissident collective agencies of girls and, more specifically, feminist agencies, are analyzed.

Zenbait herrialde eskolarako bide aktibo eta autonomoak bultzatzeko proiektuak sustatzen hasi dira. Ikerketa honen helburua da «Eskolabideak» ekimenean parte hartzen duten haurren mugikortasun autonomoarekiko segurtasun-irudikapenak aztertzea, bereziki segurtasun-hautemate horiek haurren generoak baldintzatzen dituen ikertuaz. Hori aztertzeko Bizkaiko 1.002 haurren ahotsak jaso dira eskola-bide horietan hautematen duten segurtasunari buruz. Erantzunak Iramuteq softwarearen bidez aztertu dira. Emaitzek generoen arteko desoreka erakutsi dute, non neskek pertsona ezezagunekiko beldurra era argiagoan hautematen duten. Horrez gain, mutilek komunitatearen laguntzarekiko konfiantza errotuagoa plazaratu dute neskekin alderatuta, kaleetan laguntzeko prest dauden pertsonak aurkituko dituztela aurresuposatuaz.

Many countries began to encourage projects to promote active and autonomous pathways to school. The aim of this study is to analyse the representations of safety regarding autonomous mobility of children participating in the Eskolabideak initiative, in particular on the study of whether these perceptions of safety are conditioned by children’s gender. The voices of 1002 children from Bizkaia have been collected on the safety they perceive on these school routes. Answers were analysed using Iramuteq software. The results show a gender imbalance in which girls perceive fear of strangers more significantly. In addition, boys have shown a more deep-rooted trust in the help of the community compared to girls, assuming that they will find people on the streets willing to help them.

1991n argitaratu zen Lur Hiztegi Entziklopedikoaren helburua euskararen diglosiarekin amaitzea zen, euskarazko entziklopedia orokor eta unibertsal bat eskainiz. Entziklopedia batek helburu unibertsala izateak zer esan nahi duen aztertu dugu, eta helburu hori bete duen edo ez ikertu dugu. OpenRefine eta Wikidata erabiliz, Lur Hiztegi Entziklopedikoan agertzen diren biografia guztiak aztertu eta parekatu ditugu. Horrela, demografia digital bat egiteko aukera izan dugu. Unibertsaltasun-helburu hori bete den edo ez jakiteko, beste entziklopedia orokor batzuekin alderatu ditugu biografia horiek. Emaitzak erakusten du euskarazko lan hau, xumeagoa izanda ere, Europako gainontzeko entziklopedien pare zegoela.

The objective of the Encyclopedic Dictionary Lur, published in 1991, was to end the Basque diglosssia, offering a general and universal encyclopedia in Basque. We’ve looked at what it means for an encyclopedia to have a universal goal and whether or not it’s met. Using OpenRefine and Wikidata, we have analyzed and paired all the biographies that appear in the Encyclopedic Dictionary Lur. This has allowed us to do a digital demography. To see if this goal of universality has been achieved, we have compared these biographies with other general encyclopedias. The result shows that this work in Basque, although simpler, was similar to the rest of European encyclopedias.

Lan honetan, haurren arreta-gabeziaren eta hiperaktibitatearen nahasmendua (AGHN) jorratzeko eraginkorrak izan daitezkeen hiru teknika berritzaile eta osagarri aurkeztu nahi dira: mindfulnessa, errealitate birtuala eta mindfulness birtuala. Horrela, lan hau hiru zati nagusitan banatu da. Lehenik eta behin, AGHNaren kontzeptualizazioa berrikusiko da eta nahasmenduak haurren garapen psikologikoan eragiten dituen zailtasunak aurkeztuko dira. Bigarrenik, aipaturiko hiru teknikak deskribatuko dira eta arlo biopsikosozialean izan ditzaketen onurak laburbilduko dira. Hirugarrenik, AGHNa duten haurren familiei zein irakasleei zuzendutako baliabide eta gomendio batzuk emango dira. Eta amaitzeko, lan honek izan ditzakeen indargune, ahulgune eta etorkizuneko lan-ildoak laburbilduko dira.

In this work, we will present the impact of three innovative and complementary techniques that address the symptomatology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Mindfulness, Virtual Reality and Virtual Mindfulness. In the first part, we will discuss the conceptualization of ADHD and difficulties generated on children psychological development. Secondly, we will describe the three techniques and their benefits on the biopsicosocial field. Thirdly, certain recommendations directed to the family and teachers of children with ADHD will be extended. Finally, we will discuss about strengths and weaknesses of this work and about the future directions of the topic.

Ikerketa honetan, Euskal Herrian konfinamendu-garaian lanean jarraitu zuten langileek bizitako egoera soziolaborala ezagutzea bilatu da. Horretarako, jendarte-, erakunde- eta norbanako-mailako aldagaiak izan dira aztergai generoaren, zaintzaardurak edukitzearen eta lan-modalitatearen (telelana edo lan presentziala) eragina aztertuz. 332 langilek parte hartu zuten ikerketan. Analisi deskriptiboak egiteaz gain, kontuan hartutako jendarte-, erakunde- eta norbanako-mailako aldagaiekin Anovak egin ziren, finkatutako hiru aldagaiekin (generoa x zaintza x lan-modalitatea). Langileek mehatxu ekonomikoarekin eta eritzeko beldurrarekin lanean jardun zutela erakusten dute emaitzek, eta egoerari aurre egiteko estrategiak garatu zituztela. Horrez gain, generoak, zaintza-ardurak edukitzeak eta lan-modalitateak langileen egoera soziolaborala baldintzatu zuten. Ondorioetan, langileen ongizatea bermatzeko kontuan hartu beharreko esparruak identifikatu eta eztabaidatzen dira.

This study seeks to analyze the socio-labor situation experienced by workers who worked during the confinement in the Basque Country.For this purpose, social, organisational and individual variables were examined, analyzing the influence of gender, care responsibilities and work modality (telework or face-to-face). 332 employees participated in the study. Descriptive analyzes and ANOVAs were carried out with three fixed factors (work situation x gender x care) with social, organisational and individual variables. The results show that workers worked with economic threat and fear of illness, and developed strategies to cope the situation. In addition, gender, care responsibilities, and work modality conditioned employees’ socio-occupational situation. In the conclusions are identified and discussed areas to be considered to ensure the well-being of employees.

Artikulu honetan Gizarte Zerbitzuen Sistemaren barne-koordinazioa aztertu da; zehazki, lehen mailako arretaren eta bigarren mailako arretaren arteko koordinazioharremanak. Funtsean, koordinazio-harremanen gaia mahaigaineratzea du helburu, sistemaren funtzionamenduan duen garrantzia balioan jarriz. Bigarren mailako iturriez osatutako analisi honek errealitatea sistematizatu gabe, gaiaren inguruko hausnarketa teorikoa proposatzen du. Horretarako, gaia testuinguruan jartzen lagundu duten kontzeptuak eta Gizarte Zerbitzuen Euskal Sistemaren arau nagusiak aztertu dira. Ondoren, harremanetan eragina izan dezaketen aldagaiak identifikatu dira egungo erronkak bistaratzeko asmoz. Azkenik, ondorio eta etorkizunerako proposamenak aipatzearekin eman zaio amaiera artikuluari. Lanketa teorikoak, Gizarte Zerbitzuen Sistema sendotze aldera, profesionalen jardunean ohikoak diren koordinazio-harremanak lantzen eta egonkortzen jarraitzeko beharra azaleratu du.

This article analyses the internal coordination of the Social Services System; specifically, the coordination relations between primary and secondary care. It raises the issue of coordination relations, highlighting their importance in the functioning of the system. The analysis, based on secondary sources, without attempting to systematise reality, proposes a theoretical reflection on the subject. The basic concepts are analysed, as well as the main regulations of the Basque Social Services System. Afterwards, possible conditioning variables in coordination relations have been identified, as well as proposals for the future. The theoretical work highlights the need to continue working on stabilising coordination relations in professional practice in order to contribute to the consolidation of the Social Services System.

Giza baliabideak lehiakortasun-abantailaren iturri dira enpresa askorentzat, eta, askotan, baliabiderik baliotsuena. Horregatik, haien azterketa eta kudeaketa beharrezkoa bihurtzen da eta gero eta garrantzitsuagoa da enpresaren balioa handitzeko. Lan honen helburua eredu teoriko bat proposatzea da, prestakuntzako inbertsioak enpresen ukiezinen guztizko balioan duen eragina aztertzeko. Langileen prestakuntzan metatutako inbertsioak enpresaren ukiezinen balioan duen eragina aztertzen duen eredu bat proposatzen da.

Human resources are a source of competitive advantage for many companies, and in many cases the most valuable resource. Therefore, its analysis and management are necessary and increasingly important to increase the value of the company. The aim of this work is a theoretical model’ approach that analyses the influence that investment in training has on the total value of the intangibles of companies A model is proposed that analyses the influence that the accumulated investment in employee training presents on the value of the companies’ intangibles.

Artikulu honetan, azken hilabeteetan zeresan handia ematen ari den lanaldimurrizketaren proposamena aztertu da. Besteak beste, neurri horrek zer beharri erantzuten dion, zer funtzio bete ditzakeen eta zer logika duen ikertu da. Horretarako, esperientzia historikoetan oinarritu gara: Britainia Handia, Alemania, Frantzia… Esperientzia horiek aztertu ostean, ondorioztatu da kapitalistek eta langileek lanegunaren iraupenari dagokionez kontrajarritako bi ikuspegi adierazten dituztela, eta interesen arteko lehia horretan laneguna noraino luzatuko den indarrak erabakitzen duela. Marxek zioen lanaren intentsifikazioaren eta makineriaren perfekzionamenduaren ondorioz puntu kritiko batetik gertuago egongo zela kapitala, eta lanegunaren beste murrizketa bat ekarriko zuela; artikuluan, puntu kritiko horren aurrean sortzen ari diren erreakzioetan kokatzen da lan-astea 32 ordura murrizteko proposamena.

In this article, a proposal for a reduction in the working hours, which has been going on in recent months, it‘s been examined. Among other things, we have found the necessity to investigate for this measure, its functions, and its logic. To that end, it‘s based on historical experiences: Britain, Germany, France. After studying these experiences, it has been concluded that capitalists and workers express two contrary views on the duration of the working day, and that in this competition between interests, strength determines how far the working day will be extended. Marx said that due to the labor intensive and the machine ‘s modernitation the capital would be closer to a critical point, which would lead to a new reduction in the working hours. In the article, a proposal to reduce the working week to 32 hours is included in the reactions that are arising in the face of this critical point.

Artikulu honek baliozkotze-prozesu bat biltzen du, zeinak egiaztatu nahi izan duen Lehen Hezkuntzako ikasleek matematikako edukiak ulertzeko Txikipedia lagungarri izan duten ala ez, bai testuari zein testuaren osagarri diren ikus-entzunezkoei erreparatuta. Txikipediako matematikako edukiak Mondragon Unibertsitateko Lehen Hezkuntza Graduan irakasle izateko ikasketak egiten ari diren ikasleek sortu dituzte eta Euskal Herriko sei ikastetxetan baliozkotu dira. Emaitzek erakutsi dute Txikipediako sarrerak irakurtzea lagungarria dela ikasleentzat, nahiz eta ikusentzunezkoen ekarpenarekin lotutako emaitzek galdera berriak sorrarazi dituzten. Hala ere, esan dezakegu humanitate digitalek lagun dezaketela matematikaren irakaskuntza hobetzen, bai irakaslegaien formakuntzan zein ikasleen edukien ulermenean ere.

This paper describes a validation process which aims at checking if Primary Education students are able to understand mathematical contents using Txikipedia, taking into account both textual content and complementary audiovisual contents. The Txikipedia contents analysed have been created by student teachers enrolled in the Primary Education Degree at Mondragon Unibertsitatea and validated by students from six schools in the Basque Country. Results obtained show that reading Txikipedia contents is helpful for students, although the results relates to audiovisual contents have created new questions. Conclusions reveal that digital humanities can contribute to improving mathematics teaching,both in teacher education and primary education.

Hezkuntzaren Historia jakintza-arloaren bi alderdi aztertzen dira artikulu honetan: batetik, jakintza-arloaren epistemologia eta historiografia, eta, bestetik, Hezkuntzaren Historiak irakasgai gisa hartuta hezkuntzako profesionalen —pedagogo, irakasle zein gizarte-hezitzaileen— prestakuntzan izan dezakeen balio formatiboa. Izan ere, XIX. mendean nabarmendu zen diziplina akademiko gisa, hezkuntzari lotutako ikasketetan. XX. mendearen joanean, ordea, gero eta presentzia urriagoa izan du ikasketa-planetan, ia desagertzeraino. Gainera, Hezkuntzaren Historiaren ikerketak izandako bilakaerak eta horren inguruan egin diren hausnarketa epistemologikoek ez dute isla handirik izan irakasgaia unibertsitatean emateko moduan. Hezkuntzaren Historia eredu historiografiko zaharkituen arabera irakasten segitzen da. Eduki entziklopedikoak bermatu nahi dira, ohartu gabe (datuen) kantitatea baino areago, ikasleen pentsamendu eta hezkuntza-begirada kritikoa eta propioa eraikitzen laguntzea dela irakasgai honek egin dezakeen ekarpenaren gakoa.

This article examines two aspects of the history of education in the field of knowledge: on the one hand, the epistemology and historiography of the field of knowledge; and on the other hand, the formative value that the History of Education can have in the training of education professionals —educators, teachers and social educators—. In fact, the XIX. century stood out as an academic discipline in studies related to education. In the 20th century, however, it has become increasingly scarce in its curricula, almost disappearing. Moreover, the evolution of the study of the History of Education and the epistemological reflections that have been made on it do not seem to have reflected much in the way the subject is taught in the university. The History of Education continues to be taught according to outdated historiographical models. The aim is to ensure that encyclopedic content, rather than the amount of (data), is the key to the contribution that this subject can make to helping students build critical and self-critical thinking and education.

Artikulu honetan adberbio deitu zaion gramatika-kategoria edo hitz motari buruzko gogoeta kritiko bat egiten da. Euskarari buruzko ohiko gramatiketan ez da argi definitzen zer hitz sartzen den sail honetan eta zer ezaugarri dituzten adberbioek. Hori argitu nahian, hemen adberbio deitu izan diren euskarazko hitzak itxura morfologikoaren arabera sailkatu eta bakoitzak zer jokabide duen deskribatzen da, multzoen artean dauden antzekotasunak eta desberdintasunak nabarmenduz. Horretarako, arazoa aurkeztu ondoren, beste hizkuntzen zein euskararen gramatiketan adberbioa definitzeko egindako ahaleginak berrikusten dira eta, sailkapen morfologiko batez, azpisail bakoitzaren ezaugarriak deskribatzen dira. Azkenik, deskribapen horretatik erator daitezkeen zenbait ondorio aurkezten dira adberbio kategoriaren zilegitasunaz.

The aim of this paper is to offer critical insight into the grammatical category or word-class that is traditionally known as adverb. Common-use grammars of Basque have not been succesful in determining which words belong into this set and what the characteristics of adverbs are. In an attempt to offer some light on this, I have grouped Basque words that are traditionally identified as adverbs in different subsets according to their morphological shape, and I have tried to describe their behaviour, emphasizing the differences and similarities between each subset. To do so, after an introduction of the topic at hand, I review the way grammars of Basque and other languages have dealt with these issues. Next, I try to characterize each of the morphologically different subsets. Finally, the reader is presented with some conclusions this analysis has brought forward about the legitimacy of such a category.

Lan honen helburua da izartzea muga politikoak euskararen hizkuntzaaldakortasunean duen eragina. Horretarako, Garazi ibarreko euskara aztertu dugu, muga politikoak erdi-erditik zatitzen baitu: Luzaide herria Espainiako estatuan dago, eta gainerako herriak, berriz, Frantziako estatuan. Lana aitzina eramateko, geografia eta adina aldagai sozialak kontuan hartu ditugu, eta 7 hizkuntza-aldagai, arlo fonikokoak eta morfologiakoak. Gure hipotesia da adinekoen artean batasun linguistikoa dela nagusi mugaren alde banatan. Gazteen artean, ordea, muga politikoa hizkuntza-muga bihurtzen ari delakoan gaude, frantsesaren/gaztelaniaren eta Iparraldeko batuaren/Hegoaldeko batuaren eraginez. Datuek hasierako hipotesia frogatu dute. 48 lekukoren informazioa jaso dugu ordu eta erdi-bi orduko elkarrizketa erdi-gidatuen eta libreen bidez. Datuak aztertzeko, Mixed Logistic Regression analisi estatistikoa gauzatu dugu R programaren bidez.

The aim of this work is to measure the linguistic influence of the political border in Basque. For that purpose, we have analysed the dialect of Garazi valley, because the border between Spain and France divides this territory: the town Luzaide is in the Spanish State, and the rest of the towns are in the French State. We have considered the social variables Geography and Age, and 7 phonetical/phonological and morphological linguistic variables. Our hypothesis is that among the elders we have a linguistic continuum in both sides of the border. Nevertheless, the continuum is getting broken among the youngest people, because of the influence of French/Spanish and the supralocal varieties called Iparraldeko batua/ Hegoaldeko batua. Initial hypothesis has been proved. We have conduced semi-guided and free interviews that lasted one hour and a half or two hours with 48 informants. To analyse the data, we have carried out the Mixed Logistic Regression statistical analysis with R program.

Antzinateko Erroman, gizonezkoen ondasuna izan zen hitza, hala ahozkoa nola idatzia; hori dela eta, gizonek idatzi zituzten —gizonentzako— erromatar literaturako obra kanonikoak. Alabaina, Antzinateko Erroma patriarkalean, emakume bakan batzuek ere —batik bat, goi-mailako familietan jaiotakoek— baliatu zuten, adierazpide gisa, idatzizko hitza. Garaiko gizonek idatzitako testu asko bezala, galdu egin dira erromatar emakume horiek sortutako testu gehienak; lekukotasun gutxi batzuk, ordea, gorde egin ditugu. Lan honetan, erromatar emakume idazleek utzitako testuen euskarazko itzulpena eskaintzen dugu, bai eta lekukotasun horien inguruko hainbat jakingarri eman ere. Bi helburu nagusi erdietsi nahi ditugu horrekin: batetik, hedapen gutxiko latindar testu jakin batzuk euskal irakurleengana hurbiltzea, lekukotasun horiek gozamen-iturri izan daitezkeela iritzita; bestetik, zenbait erromatar emakumeren inguruko materiala euskal hezkuntza-komunitatearen esku jartzea, Kultura Klasikoa eta Latina irakasgaietan genero-berdintasunean oinarritutako hezkuntza-eredua sustatzeko lagungarri izango delakoan.

Written and spoken word belonged to men in ancient Rome, and, therefore, canonical works of Roman literature were written by and for men. However, in patriarchal ancient Rome a few women —especially of the highest ranking families— also used written word as a form of self-expression. Like many texts written at that time by male authors, most of the texts created by these Roman women have been lost; however, we keep few of them. In this work, we offer a Basque translation of the texts left by Roman female writers, as well as various information about each of them. We want to achieve two main goals with that: on the one hand, to bring some Latin texts closer to Basque readers, believing that these texts can be a source of enjoyment; on the other hand, to provide the Basque educational community with material on certain Roman women, in the hope that it will help to promote education based on gender equality in the subjects of Classical Culture and Latin.

Azken urteetan euskal migrazioak Europar Batasuneko herrialdeetara areagotu dira. Lan honetan aurkezten dira populazio honen migrazio-prozesuen eta egokitzapen psikologikoaren ezaugarriak generoa kontuan hartuta, eta identifikatzen dira egokitzapen psikologikoa eta finkatze-prozesua azaltzen dituzten aldagaiak. Lagina euskal migranteen talde batek (n = 86) eta euskal ez-migranteen kontroltalde baliokide batek (n = 63) osatzen dute. Emaitzek erakusten dute zailtasun handirik gabeko migrazio-prozesua gertatzen dela, eta ez dagoela desberdintasun nabarmenik gizon eta emakumeen artean. Euskal migranteen egoera psikologikoa, ez-migranteekin konparatuta, antzekoa edo hobea da. Beste aldetik, aurkitu da migrazio-helburuak lortzeak eta egungo egoera hobea izateak (esperotakoarekin alderatuta) egokitzapen psikologikoa adierazten dutela. Azkenik, ikusi da euskal migranteek harrera-gizartean egoera ekonomiko eta sozial ona dutenean, bertan jarraitzeko probabilitatea handiagoa dagoela.

Basque immigrants in Europa: migratory process and psychological adjustment In recent years Basque migration to European Union countries has increased. This paper presents the characteristics of the migration processes and psychological adaptation of this population according to gender, and identifies the variables that explain the psychological adaptation and settlement. The sampleis made up of a group of Basque immigrants in other European countries (n = 86) and an equivalent control group of Basque non-immigrants (n = 63). The results show that there is a migration process without major difficulties and without significant differences between men and women. The psychological situation of Basque migrants, compared to non-migrants, is similar or better. On the other hand, it has been found that the achievement of migration goals and a better current situation compared to the expected predict psychological adaptation. Finally, it is observed that when the Basque immigrant population has a good economic and social situation in the host society, the probability of remaining there is greater.

eteropatriarkatuak genero-indarkeriei edo indarkeria matxistei buruz ezagutza sortzeko eta diskurtsoak eratzeko darabiltzan moduei eta prozesuei (epistemologia heteropatriarkalak) aurre egite aldera, erresistentzia feministak lan eskerga egin du esanahi eta interpretazio-marko berriak eratzen. Prozesu horren ekarpen gisa, emakumeen aurkako indarkeriaren analisi feministarekin bat datorren proposamen metodologikoa partekatuko da artikulu honetan. Fenomenoaren analisitik eratorritako berrikuspen teorikoaren eta hausnarketa epistemologikoaren fruitu da, eta oinarri ditu Euskal Herriko komunitate ekintzaileetan indarkeria gainditu duten emakume ekintzaileen hamar narratiba.

Against the forms and processes through which heteropatriarchy creates knowledge and constructs discourses around gender violence or machista violence (heteropatriarchal epistemologies), the feminist resistance has worked tirelessly in the construction of new frameworks and interpretations. As a contribution to this process, this article aims to share a methodological proposal consistent with a feminist analysis of violence against women. As a result of the theoretical review and epistemological reflection that emerges from a research of the phenomenon in the activist communities of the Basque Country, the proposal is sustained on the analysis of ten narratives of women activists who have survived violence.

Enpresa gutxik eskaintzen dituzte erleek eta erlezaintzak eskaintzen dituzten beste ondasun eta zerbitzu desberdin; produktu horiek gehienak ukiezinak dira, eta, beraz, balioztatzeko konplexuak. Aniztasun horrek eta kanpo-efektu positiboak sortzen laguntzeak ingurumen-, ekonomia- eta gizarte-interesak bateratzen dituzte eta erlezaintza-jarduera bioekonomiaren ezinbesteko zati bihurtzen dute. Hala ere, bere berezitasuna gorabehera, askotan oharkabean pasatzen da edo ez da behar bezala ezagutzen. Aukerak dibertsifikatu eta sektorean eragile berriak agertzen diren testuinguruan, lan honen helburua da erleen eta erlezainen arteko binomioan oinarrituta sortzen diren utilitateen multzoa —ondasun eta zerbitzuak— miatzea eta identifikatzea, baita haien arteko harremanak aztertzea ere. Amaitzeko, etorkizuneko ikerketa-ildoak proposatuko dira.

Few companies offer such a wide range of goods and services as honey bees and beekeeping, products that are mostly intangible and therefore complex to value. This diversity and its contribution to the generation of positive externalities bring together environmental, economic and social interests that make beekeeping an indispensable part of the bioeconomy. However, despite its uniqueness, it often goes unnoticed or is not sufficiently recognized. In a context of diversification of opportunities and the appearance of new actors in the sector, the objective of this paper is to identify and analyze the set of utilities —goods and services— generated by the honey bee-beekeeper binomial, as well as to analyze the existing relationships between them. Finally, future lines of research will be proposed.

Artikulu hau UEUren 49. Udako Ikastaroen irekiera-hitzaldian oinarritzen da. Euskal unibertsitaterik badugun da galdera eta, horrekin lotuta, unibertsitateak eta euskalherrigintzak nolako harremana behar luketen. Egungo euskal unibertsitatesistema egikaritu duten lau herrigintza-familia ezaugarritu ondoren (estatugileeuskaraduna, akademiko-instituzionala, kooperatibo-hezitzailea eta eraldatzailekritikoa), bakoitzaren ekarpenak, toposak eta azpimarrak ageriko egin eta haien arteko aliantza estrategikoa berregitea proposatzen da. Euskal unibertsitate-sistemaren helburu adostua Euskal Herriaren jabekuntza epistemikoan jarrita, indarrean dauden esperientziak jaso eta aurrera egiteko hainbat norabide aurkezten dira.

This article is based on the opening lecture of the 49th edition of the UEU Summer Course. It addresses the question of whether we have achieved the Basque University and, in relation to this, the relationship between the university and the nation building. After characterizing four nation-building-families who have carried out the current basque university system (Basque-centered-Statist, Academic-Institutional, Cooperative-Educational and Transformative-Critical) to make visible their particular contributions, their topos and their specific underlines, I propose to remake their strategic alliance. Also, I present some current experiences and point to several directions to move forward within the consensual objective of the basque university system and the common goal of the epistemic empowerment of the Basque Country.

Familian, haurren oinarrizko premiak asetzen ez direnean, itzulezina den kaltea sorrarazi ahal da. Eskola eragile sozializatzailea den heinean, bertako helduak, irakasleak alegia, haurren erreferente bilakatzen dira. Horrela, irakasleek nahitaez bidaide-paper horretatik funtsezko lana garatzen dute esperientzia gogor goiztiarren arreta eta jarraipenari dagokionez. Ikerketa-lan honetan egindako azterketa bibliografikoak erakutsi du eskolak ez duela bidaide-funtzioa bermatzen, eta haurren garapen sozioemozionalerako oinarrizkoa den zainketa- eta laguntzafuntzioa oztopatzen duten hainbat faktore identifikatzen ditu. Azterketa teorikoa metodo kualitatiboan eta kasu-azterketan oinarritutako ikerketarekin osatu da. Informazioa kontaketa autobiografikoaren eta eztabaida-taldearen bidez eskuratu da. Ondorioetan, irakaslegaien garapen pertsonala, irakasle erresilienteen beharra eta haien funtzioaren garrantzia azpimarratzen da.

When basic childhood needs are not met in the family, damage, sometimes irreversible, can be done. The school, as the primary socialising agent, the adults who are there, the teachers, of course, become essential references for children. In this way, teachers, from this function of accompaniment, play a key role in terms of attention and monitoring of these adverse child experiences. The bibliographical analysis carried out in this study has shown that the school does not guarantee this function of accompaniment and has identified several factors that hinder this fundamental function for the socio-emotional development of children. This theoretical study is complemented by a qualitative study and a case analysis. The information was collected through autobiographical narratives and group discussion. The conclusions highlight the need for resilient teachers and the importance of their role.

Ikerlanaren helburua da jarduera fisiko eta kirolean (JFK) trans* pertsonen errealitatea aztertzea. Bereziki, zer zailtasun topatzen dituzten eta horiei aurre nola egiten dieten aztertu da. Marko teorikoan Butlerren genero-performatibitatea eta eredu sozioekologikoa erabili ziren. Bost trans* elkarrizketatu ziren, sakoneko elkarrizketa bidez, 18-32 urte artekoak. Emaitzetan trans* pertsonek dituzten hainbat oztopo azaleratu ziren JFKaren arloan: a) norbere baitako alderdiak, besteak beste, gorputz-itxurak zein hormonazioak sortuak, b) haien familiakideek, ingurukoek eta beste kirol-eragile batzuek eragindakoak, eta c) testuinguruko espazio ez-seguruetan jasaten dituzten gertaeren ondoriozkoak, aldagelak nabarmenduz. Ondorioetan azpimarratu da ezinbestekoa dela trans* pertsonen oztopo intrapertsonalen kudeaketan laguntzeko bitartekoak erraztea, ingurukoen begiradak hezi eta aldatzea eta JFKaren espazioak seguruak bihurtzea pertsona ororentzat. Lan honek kirolpolitiketan trans* pertsonen egoera hobetzeko neurriak susta ditzake.

Barriers of trans* people in physical activity and sport The aim of this research was to analyse trans* people’s situation in physical activity and sport (PAS). The main objective was to analyse the obstacles they face and how they deal with them. Butler’s gender performativity and socio-ecological model were used as the theoretical framework. Five trans* people aged 18 to 32 were interviewed using the in-depth interviews. Trans* people face a number of obstacles in PAS: a) intrapersonal aspects related to the body appearance and hormonation, b) difficulties caused by family members and friends and other sports agents, related to the need to support them, and d) contextual barriers related to the fear in different spaces, especially in the changing rooms. In conclusion, it is necessary to promote strategies for trans* people to challenge their intrapersonal difficulties, to educate and change the way others look at them, and to make PAS spaces safe for everyone. This study can help to improve the reality of trans* people in sports policies.

Historikoki ezkutatuak eta isilduak izan dira umeen kontrako familia barruko sexu-abusuak. Tabu hori apurtzeko hastapenak sortu dira 2021eko urtarrilean Frantziako Estatuan Twitter plataforman biral egin den #MeTooInceste txioaren bidez. Hori dela eta, ikerketa honen helburu nagusia da hedabide sozialetako eztabaidaren bidez intzestuaren abusua nola landu den ulertzea. Orobat, Iramuteq softwareak ahalbidetzen duen Reinert metodoaren bitartez diskurtsoaren analisi lexikala eta antzekotasun lexikalaren azterketa egiteko 15.496 txio batu dira 2021eko urtarrilaren 14tik 21era. Emaitzek argitzera eman dute intzestu-kasuak plazaratzeak maila indibidual eta kolektiboan duela eragina. Orobat, baieztatu da #MeTooInceste mugimendua baliagarria izan dela biktimek isiltasuna hausteko eta gizarteak arazo ikusezin hori aitortzeko espazio bat sortzeko.

Historically, sexual abuse of children within the family has been hidden and silenced. To break this taboo, the beginnings of the #MeTooInceste tweet went viral on the French Twitter platform in January 2021. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to understand how incest abuse has been addressed through the debate on social media. Likewise, from 14 to 21 January 2021, 15,496 tweets were collected for lexical analysis of the discourse and analysis of lexical similarity using the Reinert method enabled by the Iramuteq software. The results have made it clear that incest affects the individual and collective level. It has also been confirmed that the #MeTooInceste movement has served to break the silence of victims and create a space for society to recognize this invisible problem.

Gaur egungo gizartean obesitatea duten haurrak oso estigmatizatuak izaten dira, eta pisu normala duten haur eta nerabeen aldean, bullyingaren biktima izateko aukera gehiago dituzte. Lan honen helburua da Lehen eta Bigarren Hezkuntzako haur eta nerabeengan obesitateak eskola-jazarpenean jokatzen duen papera aztertzen duen literatura zientifikoa berrikustea, baita horrek eragingo lituzkeen ondorioak jakitera ematea ere. Horretarako, bilaketak PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus eta PsycINFO datu-baseetan gauzatu ziren. Mundu-mailan argitaratutako 26 artikulu landu ziren guztira. Emaitzen arabera, obesitatea izatea eskola-jazarpena sufritzeko arrisku-faktorea da, mutila izatearekin batera. Gainera, mutilek jazarpen fisiko gehiago pairatzen zituzten nesken aldean, eta neskek, aldi berean, jazarpen erlazionala sufritu ohi zuten. Horrek dituen ondorio ohikoenen artean, depresioa, antsietatea eta isolamendu soziala aurkitu ziren. Berrikuspen honek agerian uzten du bullyinga sufritzen duten haur eta nerabeenganako kezka. Honenbestez, psikologoek adingabeei errespetuan eta tolerantzian oinarritutako harremanak irakasterako berebiziko erantzukizuna dute.

Obesity and bullying in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review Nowadays, children with obesity are highly stigmatized and more likely to be bullied than peers who have normal weight. This study aimed to review the scientific literature that studies the role of obesity in school bullying in children and adolescents of primary and secondary education and the consequences thereof. For this purpose, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases were searched for relevant articles. Twenty-six articles published worldwide were included. Results suggested that obesity is a risk factor for bullying, along with being male. Moreover, boys suffered more physical bullying than girls, while girls suffered relational harassment. The most common consequences of weight-based bullying were depression, anxiety, and social isolation. This review highlights the concern for children and adolescents who suffer from bullying. Thus, psychologists have a special responsibility in teaching relationships based on respect and tolerance to minors.

Artikulu honen xede nagusia da Essexeko Eskolaren diskurtsoaren teoriaren oinarriak azaltzea. Zehazki, eskola horren kategoria nagusiak aztertu eta izan ditzakeen indargune eta gabeziak azalaraztea izango da gure helburua. Hori lortze aldera, lehenik eta behin, ezinbestekoa da eskolaren mapa kontzeptual bat eskaintzea. Horren bidez, azken hamarkadetan era abstraktuan garaturiko kontzeptuak mahai gainean jarri, dituzten ezaugarri nagusiak azaldu eta piztu diren eztabaidak jasoko dira. Ostean, ikuspegi horrek dituen gabeziak era kritikoan aztertuko ditugu. Gure ikuspegitik, teorialari nagusiek aldarrikatzen dutenaren kontra, hustasun ontologiko baten gainean eraiki dute euren eskolaren teorizazio-lana. Haren indargune nagusia hegemonia eta identitate berrien eraikuntza izango den arren, oinarri materialik gabeko eraikina eraiki dutela esan genezake.

The main goal of this article is to explain the basis of the theory of discourse of the Essex School. More concretely, we will analyse its main categories and appraise its strengths and weaknesses. Firstly, we will focus on the state of the art. Through that, we are going to describe their abstract concepts, explain their main features and give an overall view of the main academic debates on the topic. Secondly, we will analyse their weaknesses from a critical approach. From our point of view, in contrast to the opinion of the most relevant members of the school, they have built their theory on an empty ontology. Thus, although their main strength lies in the study of hegemony and the construction of new identities, they do not take into account the material basis of social relations.

Euskal testuinguru akademikoan humanitate digitalak garatzen ari diren honetan, ikerketa-ildo berriak zabaltzen ari dira. Horietako bat euskarazko Wikipediak ezagutza-alorrekin duen harremana dugu. Artikulu honetan, zehazki, artearen historia osatzean emakume artistak ikusarazteko duen gaitasunaren azterketa burutu dugu. Helburu nagusia izan da autoreen ikusgaitasunerako Wikipediak eskaintzen dituen aukera eta erronken inguruan hausnartzea. Horretarako, lehendabizi artearen historiako kontaketaren oinarriak berrikusi ditugu, irizpide tradizionaletatik abiatu eta gero, berrikuspen feministetan kokatu gara, Wikipediak eskaintzen dituen aukerak behatzeko. Ondoren, Wikipediako euskal artisten sarrerak aztertu ditugu. Alde batetik, artista kopuruen genero-banaketak hartu ditugu kontuan joerak azaleratzeko; bestetik, existitzen diren biografien ezaugarriak aztertu ditugu, idazkera, adinjoera eta irudien presentzian arreta jarriz. Era horretan, euskal emakume artistek Wikipedian duten oraingo egoera argitu eta, etorkizunera begira, ikerketa-ildo hau garatzeko oinarrizko ezagutza eskainiko dugu.

As digital humanities develop within the Basque academic context, new lines of research are expanding. One of those lines is the relationship between the asque Wikipedia and different fields of knowledge. In this article, we will specifically examine the ability to visualize women artists in ikipedia in order to provide a more complete History of Art. As such, our main goal is to reflect on the opportunities and challenges that Wikipedia offers for the visibility of authors. To this end, we have first revisited the foundations of the discourse surrounding the history of art, starting from traditional viewpoints before settling on feminist revisions. We have then analysed the entries of Basque artists on Wikipedia. On the one hand, we will take into account the gender distributions of the number of artists in order to emerge trends; on the other hand, we will examine the characteristics of existing biographies, focusing on the presence of writing, age trends, and images. In this way, we will shed light on the current situation of Basque women artists on Wikipedia and provide basic knowledge for the development of this line of research in the future.

Ekonomia Sozialeko erakundeetan (ESE), helburu ekonomikoak helburu sozialak lortzeko tresna edo bitarteko bat besterik ez dira. Horixe litzateke bi helburu mota horien artean dagoen oreka: helburu ekonomikoen garrantzia baina helburu sozialen lehentasuna. Oreka hori kudeatzeko, ESE-ek neurketa-tresna propioak landu behar dituzte. Gure ustez, tresna horiek kudeaketarako adierazleen sistemak dira (KAS). Lan honetan, ESE mota zehatz baten kasua aztertuko dugu, Ikastolen kooperatiba-esperientziaren kasua. Balanced Scorecard delakoan oinarrituta, KAS berritzaile bat proposatzea izango da gure ekarpen nagusia, zehazki, kudeaketarako lanabes integrala, erabilerraza eta koherenteagoa erakundeen balioekin: Ikastolen Kudeaketa Orekatuaren Sistema.

In the Social Economy Organizations (ESO), economic goals are nothing but an instrument or a means to achieve social goals. This should be the balance between these two objectives: the importance of economic objectives but the priority of social objectives. To manage this balance, there is a need for ESO to take its own measurements. We understand these tools to be Management Indicator Systems (MIS). In this article we will nalyze the case of a certain type of ESO, such as the cooperative experience of the Ikastolak. Based on Balanced Scorecard, our key contribution will be to propose an innovative MIS, a comprehensive and easy-to-use management tool, more consistent with institutional values: the Ikastolak Balanced Management System.

Dislexia da Lehen Hezkuntzan sarrien gertatzen den ikasketaren nahastea, eta haurren eremu akademikoan nahiz pertsonalean dituen inplikazioak saihesteko, komeni da ahalik eta lasterren identifikatu eta tratatzea. Hortaz, artikulu honek bi helburu nagusi izan ditu: alde batetik, dislexia zer den azaltzea, kontestualizatzea eta identifikatzeko irizpideak ematea, informazio gaurkotua erabiliz; bestetik, dislexiaren esku-hartzerako gaur egun erabiltzen diren metodo eta estrategia nagusi eta eraginkorrenen berri ematea, irakasleek kontuan izan beharreko beste aspektu orokor eta garrantzitsu batzuekin batera. Artikuluan zehar bestelako alderdi garrantzitsuak garatzen dira, hala nola dislexia motak eta ezaugarriak, dislexiak sortzen dituen zailtasun espezifikoak eta dislexiak eremu desberdinetan izan ditzakeen ondorioak. Amaitzeko, dislexia modu arrakastatsu batean tratatzeko, azpimarratzen da nahastea osatzen duten dimentsio askotarikoak aintzat hartuz eta eskola-komunitatearen parte diren eragile desberdinak inplikatuz egin behar dela.

Dyslexia is one of the learning disorders that arise most frequently in Primary Education, and to avoid its implications in both children´s academic and personal lives, it is advisable to identify and treat it as soon as possible. Therefore, this article had two main objectives: on the one hand, to explain what dyslexia is, to contextualize it, and to offer identification criteria, using updated information. On the other hand, to put forward the main and most effective methods and strategies currently used for dyslexia intervention, as well as other general and important aspects to be taken into account by teachers. Throughout the article, other relevant points are developed, such as the types of dyslexia and its characteristics, the specific difficulties that dyslexia provokes, and the effects it can have in different areas. Finally, it is emphasized that in order to treat dyslexia in a successful way, it is necessary to take into account the multiple dimensions involved in the disorder and to involve the different agents that are part of the school community.

Zenbait ikerketak erakutsi dute unibertsitateko gazteek heriotzaren aurrean beldurra eta antsietatea erakusten dutela. Horren arrazoi bat izan daiteke gure egungo gizarteak heriotza tabu moduan hartzea. Ikerketa honen helburu nagusia izan da Bilboko Hezkuntza Fakultateko (UPV/EHU) Gizarte Hezkuntzako 3. mailako ikasleen heriotzaren inguruko ahotsak eta gogoetak jasotzea hausnarketa sustatuz. Horretarako, teknika narratiboak erabili dira La Sonrisa Etrusca (Sampedro, 1985) liburuaren paragrafo batetik abiatuta. Emaitzek erakusten dute gazteek ez dutela inolako trebakuntzarik gaiaren inguruan, heriotza ez baita naturaltasunez lantzen, alor honetan emozioak kudeatzeko arazoak dituztela. Heriotzaren inguruko formakuntza pedagogikoa jasotzea ezinbestekoa da. Bereziki pertsonekin lan egingo duten profesionalentzat, gizarte-hezitzaileak horien artean.

Different studies have shown that young college students show fear and anxiety about death. One reason for this may be that our society of the day takes death as a taboo. The main objective of this research has been for 3rd year Social Education students of the Faculty of Education of Bilbao (UPV/EHU) to collect their voices and reflections on death in order to encouranging reflection. For this purpose, narrative techniques have been used based on a paragraph from the book La Sonrisa Etrusca/The Etruscan Smile (Sampedro, 1985). The result shows that young people do not have any training on the subject, since death is not worked with naturally and in this field young people have problems in managing emotions. Therefore, it is imperative to receive pedagogical training on death. Especially for professionals who will work with people, including social educators.

Artikulu honen helburua da irakasle talde baten pertsonarteko harremanen analisia egitea. Nafarroako iparraldean kokatuta dagoen Eskola Txiki baten kasuazterketa da. Gizarte-errealitate aldakor eta ezegonkorrean harremanak aztertzea beharrezkoa da; izan ere, eskolako gainerako prozesuak ezagutzen eta ulertzen laguntzen dute. Horrela, irakasleek beren lanbidearen inguruan dituzten igurikapenak zein diren, beren harremanak nola hautematen dituzten eta emozioen kudeaketak harremanei dagokienez nolako loturak dituen aztertu da. Modu berean, Eskola Txikia izanik, espazio zein kokapen aldetik duen bereizgarria kontuan hartuta, Emozio Hezkuntza izenez ezagutzen den egitasmoa garatzen dela aintzat hartu da. Oinarri kualitatiboa du, etnografiaz baliatu gara eta arakatze narratibo bisuala egin, sakoneko elkarrizketak eta foto-elizitazioa bezalako teknikak hobetsiz. Emaitzei dagokienez, irakasleen pertsonarteko harremanak eta haien dimentsio pedagogikoaren analisia garrantzitsua da, harreman guztiak ez baitira osasuntsuak. Harreman sanoek epe luzeko ikusmiran kokatzen dute eskola. Emozioek eragina dute irakasleen arteko harreman osasuntsuetan.

The purpose of this article is to analyse the personal relationships of a group of teachers. It is a case study of an Eskola Txikia located in northern Navarre. It is necessary to study relationships in the changing and unstable reality of society; thus, we have examined the expectations of teachers about their profession, how they perceive their relations, how the management of emotions connected with their relations. As an Eskola Txikia, considering it is distinguishable from space or location, we have observed that they develop a project known as the Emotional Education. It has a qualitative basis, we have made use of ethnography, and we have completed a narrative study, highlighting depth interviews and photo-eliciting techniques. As far as results are concerned, the relationship between teachers and the analysis of its pedagogical dimension is important, since not all relationships are healthy. Healthy relationships put the school in long-term care. Emotions affect healthy interactions between teachers.

Ikerketa honek 2021eko martxoaren 8an, Emakumeen Nazioarteko Egunean, Twitterren sortutako elkarrizketa digitala aztertzen du. Helburua da euskal feminismoaren online mobilizazioaren deskribapena egitea, euskarazko traolen monitorizazioaren bitartez. martxoaren 4tik 9ra, 4.444 erabiltzaileren 10.569 txiok osatzen dute lagina eta txioak big data teknikak aplikatuz prozesatu dira, Pajek, Gephi eta Orange Data Mining softwareak erabiliz. Hala, ad-hoc diseinatutako prozesu metodologiko zehatza inplementatzen da. Emaitzek agerian utzi dute ikertutako elkarrizketak sare horizontal eta plurala eraikitzen duela, bi ardatz nagusi oinarri hartuta: ezkerreko ideologia eta abertzaletasuna. Halaber, kasu paradigmatikoa da eztabaida publiko digitaletan eragiteko eragileen estrategiek dituzten ondorioak ikusarazteko.

This research analyzes the digital conversation that emerged on Twitter, on March 8, 2021, International Women’s Day. The objective is to describe the online mobilization of Basque feminism by monitoring hashtags in Euskara. A sample made up of 10,569 tweets is analyzed, sent by 4,444 users from March 4 to 9, using techniques for Big Data processing. Pajek, Gephi and Orange Data Mining software are used, Likewise, an ad-hoc methodological process is designed and implemented. The results show that the analyzed conversation builds a horizontal and plural network, and that it is formed based on two main axes: left-wing ideology and nationalism. Likewise, it is a paradigmatic case to observe the consequences of the different strategies that those agents who intend to influence the digital public controversy can take.

Muturreko goiztiarrek neurogarapenari dagokionez duten zaurgarritasunaren inguruan literatura zientifikoa bada ere, gaur egun arte ez da horren deskribapenik egin gure inguru geografikoan. Haurren zailtasun eta beharrak garapeneko aldi bakoitzean aldatzen direla kontuan izanik, lan honen helburua muturreko goiztiarren jarraipen neuropsikologikoa egitea da. Bi urterekin garapen psikomotorra (Bayley- III) eta 6 urterekin adimen-maila (WISC-V) eta domeinu kognitibo zein sintoma sozioemozional desberdinak aztertu dira 23 haurretan. Bi urterekin domeinu zehatz batzuetan zailtasunak aurkeztu badira ere (hitzezko ekoizpenean eta motrizitate sendoan), eskola-adinean adimen-koziente arinki murriztua eta arreta mantenduan, funtzio exekutiboan eta hitzezko ulermenean zailtasunak behatu dira. Aldiz, ez da maila sozioemozionalean zailtasunik topatu. Emaitzek aditzera ematen dute muturreko goiztiarren zaurgarritasuna eta populazio horren jarraipena skolaadineraino egiteko beharra. Era berean, gure lurraldean tresna neuropsikologikoen baliozkotasunaren inguruan egin beharreko lana agerian uzten da.

Neurodevelopmental vulnerability of extrem preterms is described in the scientific literature, but to date no description has been made in our geographical territory. Given that children´s difficulties and needs change in each developmental stage, the aim of this work is to conduct a neuropsychological follow-up of extrem preterms. A sample of 23 children was assessed at 2 years old with the Bayley-III for psychomotor development assessment, and at 6 years old using tools to assess intelligence (WISC-V), and different cognitive domains and socioemotional symptoms. Although at 2 years old difficulties were shown in specific domains (expressive language and gross motricity), a slightly reduced IQ and difficulties in sustained attention, executive function and verbal comprehension were observed at school age. No socioemotional difficulties were found. The results show the vulnerability of extrem preterms and the need to monitor this population at least until school age. This research reveals the work to be done on the validity of neuropsychological tools in our territory.

Lehen Hezkuntzan ordenagailuan idazten ikasten hasten badira ere, oraindik orain ariketa eta ebaluazio-ataza askotan garrantzitsua da eskuz idaztea. Disgrafia ez da asko nabarmentzen Lehen Hezkuntzako lehen urteetan, baina eskuz idatzitako zereginen konplexutasuna handitzen den heinean, idazkerako arazoak nabarmendu egiten dira.

Artikulu honetan ikasle baten garapeneko disgrafia identifikatzeko prozedura, probak eta esku-hartze pertsonalizatua deskribatu nahi da. Horretarako, idazkailu digitalarekin eta Handspy sistemarekin ebaluatu da idazkolpe-segidak (burstetan) eta pausak kontuan hartuz. 9 urteko haurrari esku-hartzea egitea proposatu zaio letren ulergarritasuna lortzeko eta abiadura edo automatikotasuna lortzeko. Eskuhartzearen ariketa egokienak proposatzeko hizkuntza-corpusa erabili da. Emaitzei dagokienez, 8 hilabete iraun duen esku-hartzearen ondoren lortu diren aurrerapen eta emaitzak aurkezten dira.

An intervention to improve dysgraphia using a smartpen Although students from Elementary School started learning to write on the computer, handwriting still takes many exercises and evaluation tasks. Dysgraphia may not stand out much at the beginning of Elementary School, but as the complexity of handwritten tasks increase, the problem of handwriting becomes noticeable.

This article aims to describe the procedure, tests and personalized intervention to identify developmental dysgraphia in a particular student. We performed some intermediate tests to measure the development of writing using a smartpen and we analysed the bursts with the Handspy program. Improvements in the modelling of the letters, memory access to letters and writing automation exercises have been described showing improvements in handwriting. Language corpora have been employed to design exercises based on frequency data. Finally, we report on the student’s progress of an 8th-month intervention.

Artikulu honen helburua da gogoeta demokratiko eta ireki batetik emakumearen egoera aztertzea Marokoko Familia Kodearen erreformaren aurrean. Kontuan izan behar da, praktikan, estereotipo sexistek eta Marokoko gizarte-egituren hauskortasunak hainbat oztopo eta zailtasun ekarri dituztela erreforma hori aplikatzean. Hori dela eta, emakume marokoarra Europara doan migrazio-fluxuaren bektore ekonomiko eta sozial nagusia bihurtu da. Ezinbestekoa da aipatzea migrazio horrek kulturen arteko elkarbizitza dakarrela halabeharrez, bi zutabetan oinarrituz: giza eskubideen arloan gutxieneko komun bat onartzea, eta aniztasuna errespetatzea eta integratzea.

The objective of this article, from a democratic and open reflection, is to analyze the situation of women before the reform of the Moroccan family code. It must be taken into account that, in practice, sexist stereotypes and the fragility of Moroccan social structures have created a series of obstacles that make it difficult to implement all these reforms. For this reason, Moroccan women have become the main economic and social vector of the migratory flow to Europe. It is essential to point out that this migration supposes an intercultural coexistence based on two pillars: the acceptance of a common minimum in the matter of human rights, and the respect and integration of diversity.

Lan hau espetxeko irakaskuntza- eta ikaskuntza-ereduei buruz egindako azterketa eta proposamen pedagogiko zabalago baten laburpena da. Ikerketaren erdigunea ikasle presoen soslai eta egoera berezia xehetasunez ezagutzea izan da, hobeki erantzun ahal izateko pertsonen garapen pertsonal eta soziala sustatzeko hezkuntzaren xedeari. Lehenik, espetxe barruko hezkuntzari buruzko ikuspegi teoriko ezberdinak landu ditugu, aztergai izan dugun testuingurua paradigma orokor baten barnean kokatzeko. Ondoren, Mont de Marsango espetxeko zenbait presorekin egindako sakoneko elkarrizketetan oinarrituz, eta hori beste erreferentzia eta datuekin osatuz, espetxeko eskolaren testuingurua zein ikasleen ezaugarri bereizgarriak aztertzeari ekin diogu, hortik eratortzen diren zailtasun, behar eta motibazioak identifikatzeko. Azkenik, ondorio kritiko batzuk finkatu ditugu, zenbait hobekuntza-proposamen egitearekin batera, lanaren helburu behinena kartzeletan indarrean den hezkuntza-eredua eraldatzeko oinarrizko ideiak finkatzea delako.

This work is a summary of a broader pedagogical analysis and proposal on teaching and learning models in prison. The central focal point of the research has been to know in detail the profile and the particular situation of the inmate students in order to give a better respond to the educational purpose of promoting the personal and social development of people. In the first place, we have worked on different theoretical approaches of the education inside the prison, to place the context that we have analyzed within a general paradigm. Below, based on in-depth interviews with some of the inmates of Mont de Marsan prison, and completing it with other references and data, we have begun to analyze both the context of the prison school and the differential characteristics of the students, to identify the difficulties, needs and motivations derived from it. Finally, we have established some critical conclusions, since, together with the development of some improvement proposals, the main objective of the work is to consolidate the basic ideas to transform the current educational model in prison.

Ikerlan honen helburua da lehen mailako unibertsitate-ikasleen berrikuntzarako joera aztertzea, generoaren eta izena emandako ikasketaren jakintza-arloaren arabera. Horretarako, proposatu da autoeraginkortasun sortzailea, autoeraginkortasun ekintzailea eta pertseberantzia aintzat hartzen dituen berrikuntzarako joeraren eredu teoriko berri bat. Ikerketan, 2.369 ikaslek hartu zuten parte, horietatik % 50,11 emakumezkoak (adinaren B=18.50, DT = 2.16) eta % 49,89 gizonezkoak (adinaren B= 18.33, DT= 2.31). Ingeniaritza eta Arkitektura jakintza-arloko ikasleek erakutsi zuten Gizarte eta Lege Zientzietakoek baino berrikuntzarako joera handiagoa. Zehazki, ikasle horiek puntuazio handiagoak izan zituzten pertseberantziari lotutako esfortzuaren iraunkortasunean eta helburuen trinkotasunean. Aitzitik, ez zen ezberdintasunik aurkitu gizonezkoen eta emakumezkoen berrikuntzarako joeren artean. Ikasleen berrikuntzarako joera sustatzeko, proposatzen da horretarako eskuhartzeak abiaraztea unibertsitate-eremuan.

The objective of this research was to examine propensity toward innovation among first-year university students of different genders and enrolled in distinct disciplines of study. In order to do so, a novel theoretical model of propensity toward innovation including entrepreneurial self-efficacy, creative self-efficacy, perseverance of effort and consistency of interest was proposed. We used data obtained from questionnaires distributed among 2369 students, 50.11% were women (M of age = 18.50, SD = 2.16) and 49.89% were men (M of age = 18.33, SD = 2.31). Our findings indicated that engineering and architecture students reported a greater propensity toward innovation, particularly with regard to perseverance of effort and consistency of interest. No differences were found across genders. These results suggest that there is a need to promote interventions aimed at enhancing student’s propensity toward innovation in higher education institutions.

Frankismoaren ondoren, demokratikotzat hartu ziren lehenengo hauteskundeak egin ziren 1977ko ekainean. Eratutako lehenengo estatu demokratikoak kudeatu behar izan zuen frankismoak herentzian utzitako jarduera armatuaren arazoa. Emandako erantzuna enfrentamenduarena izan zen; hain zuzen, erregimen diktatorialak emandako berdintsua. Lan honetan, gainetik bada ere, frankismo berantiarraren diktadurak zein geroko estatu demokratikoak erabili zituzten zenbait jardunbide eta diskurtso argituko dira, baita horietan izandako jarraipenak eta aldaketak ere trantsizioaren garai hartan.

After the elections in June 1977, considered to be the first democratic elections in post-Francoist time, the first democratic state had to deal with the problem of armed practice, passed down from late-Francoist regime. The strategy used, just like the one used during the dictatorial regime, was confrontation. This work, even superficially, will shed light on some of the practices and discourses used by the late Francoism dictatorship and later democratic state, as well as the continuations and changes that took place in them during the transition period.

Artikulu honetan Larramendiren Hiztegi Hirukoitzaren digitalizazioko OCR prozesua deskribatzen da, adimen artifizialaren adarra den ikasketa automatikoa baliatuz. Horretarako, eskaneatutako irudien aurreprozesamendua deskribatzen da, eta ondoren, Kraken erreminta baliatuz, eskuz transkribatutako laginetik abiatuta hiztegiko testua ezagutuko duen ereduaren trebakuntza azaltzen da. Doitasun handiko testuaz gain, letra etzana eta testuaren posizioa gordetzen dituzten fitxategiak sortu dira, hiztegiaren egitura irudikatzeko balioko dutenak. Emaitzak prozesatu eta Wikiteka plataforman eskuragarri jarri direnez, auzolanez transkripzio osoa zuzendu daiteke. Zuzendutako transkripzio hori informazio-erauzketa prozesutik pasako da, hiztegiaren egitura lexikografikoa ikasketa automatikoz erauzteko. Informazio horrekin RDF estandarrarekin bat datorren moldaketa-eredu baten lehen proposamena landuko da, Wikidatan integratzeko.

In this article, we describe the OCR process using machine learning, a part of artificial intelligence, in the digitization of Larramendi’s Diccionario Trilingüe. For this purpose, we describe the pre-treatment of scanned images and the training of a tool named Kraken, in order to train a model from a hand-transcribed sample that will recognize the dictionary text. In addition to the highly accurate text, files containing italics and the position of the text have been created, enabling the representation of the structure of the dictionary. As the results are available on the Wikisource platform, the transcription can be corrected using crowdsourcing, so that we can carry out the information extraction process of the corrected transcription using machine learning to extract the lexicographic structure of the dictionary. With this information, the first proposal for a RDF model will be developed, in order to integrate the data in Wikidata.

Belako zaldun mauletarrak XVIII. mendean euskarara itzulitako testu filosofiko bat du hizpide lan honek. Lehenik, eskuizkribu argitaragabe hori testuingurura ekartzeko, Belaren eta Manuel Larramendiren arteko harremanaren inguruko xehetasunak eman ditut, lehenak bigarrenaren hizkuntz ideiak nola bereganatu eta Zuberoako datuekin osatu zituen erakutsiz. Ondoren, testua itzulpengintza apologetikoaren azpigenero berezi batean txertatu behar dela aldarrikatu dut, zeinean irakurleak ez baitu xede-hizkuntza ezagutzen, eta edukiak baino gehiago, formak hartzen duen garrantzi guztia. Azkenik, testuaren edizioa bera eman dut, iruzkin linguistikoz eta azalpenez horniturik.

This work is devoted to a philosophical text translated into Basque by the Mauleonese Knight of Bela in the 18th century. First of all, in order to put this unpublished manuscript into context, I have provided some details on the relation between Bela and Manuel Larramendi, showing how the first was imbued by the second’s linguistic ideas, but completing them with data from Soule. Then, I have claimed that this text belongs to a special subgender of apologetic translation in which the reader does not know the target language, and in which the form gains the whole relevance upon the content. Last but not least, I have provided the text edition, including linguistic comments and explanations.

Multilingualism is an important matter in our country. One of the main concerns of society and especially of the educational community is to guarantee the transmission of Basque and the teaching quality of the other curricular languages. The main objective of this study is to discover Pre-Primary and Primary school teachers’ beliefs about multilingualism in Hegoalde (Basque Country). In fact, doing research about teachers’ beliefs means gaining better understanding of their judgments and teaching practices. In order to know about these beliefs, an online questionnaire was designed to collect the quantitative data from 418 inservice teachers. The results reflect the positive beliefs teachers hold about multilingualism and that they consider multilinguals better language learners, rejecting any belief that may consider multilingualism problematic. Nonetheless, Pre-Primary and Primary school teachers hold a deep rooted belief: the sooner you start learning the language, the better.

Innovation in Small eta Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is crucial for the survival of them in times of economic crisis in a complex and globalized market. The main objective of this study is to investigate in them the influence of factors that facilitate and hinder innovative behavior through the analysis of innovation teams and their environment over time. Through a mixed methodological approach with a multilevel perspective, we examine if innovative and participative culture, transformational leadership and planning increase innovative behaviors in SMEs. The sample consisted of 14 teams belonging to 8 different organizations corresponding to both the public and private sectors, with activities typical of the service and production sectors.Our results showed that the perception of an innovative culture and participation in decision-making is positively related to innovative behavior, that this is key to enhancing the innovative behavior of workers. Transformational leadership only enhances innovative behavior in a group context through a planning of actions in the team’s star-up phase. There is an interference between managers and workers regarding innovation meaning, which may solve through innovation teams.

Aldaketa-prozesuak protesta-mugimenduen ekintza kolektiboari lotuta agertu ohi dira. Gure aztergaiari dagokionez, 1990eko hamarkadaren bigarren erdialdean euskal protesta-zikloaren areagotze nabarmena gertatu zen, autoritateen eta lehiatzaileen arteko ekintza kolektiboa zabalduz. Artikulu honen helburua da areagotze horretan parte hartu zuten gertakariak eta haien ondorioak azaltzea. Horretarako, gatazka konplexuen ikerketetan Doug McAdamek, Sidney Tarrowek eta Charles Tillyk baliatutako mekanismo eta prozesuak erabiliko ditugu. Zentzu horretan, liskarraldi mota ezberdinetan parte hartzen duten bitarteko horiek Lizarra-Garaziko Akordioak ezaugarritu zuen epealdian (1995-2000) ere funtsezko papera jokatu zutela ikusi ahal izango dugu; bai ekintza kolektiboaren garapenean, bai politika instituzionaletan emandako aldaketetan. Aldaketa horiek, ordea, mugatuak izan ziren, eta inplikatutako eragileek eraldaketa-prozesuak ulertzeko baliatu zituzten paradigma ezberdinetan aurki dezakegu haien ezintasun nagusietako bat.

Processes of change usually appear to be linked with the development of collective action in protest movements. As far as our object of study is concerned, the Basque protest cycle heightened considerably in the second half of the 1990s, with collective action spreading among the authorities and parties to the conflict. The aim of this article is to explain the events that were involved in such a spread and their consequences. To this end, we will use the mechanisms and processes employed by Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly in the study of complex conflicts. In this regard, we will see how such resources involved in different types of conflicts played a crucial role in the phase characterised by the Lizarra-Garazi Agreement (1995-2000), both in the development of collective action and the changes wrought to institutional policies. However, the changes brought about were limited. The different paradigms used to understand the processes of transformation by the stakeholders involved would constitute one of the primary causes for this.

Euskal idazlea eta Euskal Herriko Unibertsitateko irakaslea eta ikerlaria Politika-arloan bortxari buruz Jose Azurmendik eskainitako gogamen filosofikoa (Demokratak eta biolentoak, 1997; Oraingo gazte eroak, 1998; La violencia y la busqueda de nuevos valores, 2001; Barkamena, Kondena, Tortura, 2012) testu bat du oinarritzat: Gizaberearen bakeak eta gerrak, 1991. Aipatu liburuaren ardatzetariko bat etologian datza eta, zehazkiago, K. Lorenzen irakurketan. Hori dela eta, Azurmendiren pentsamendu politikoa, etikaz eta antropologiaz harago, gizakia ulertzeko egun irekitzen ari den bide berri baten (Wrangham, 2019) aitzindaria dela esan eta froga dezakegu.

Jose Azurmendi’s philosophical thoughts on violence in politics (Democrats and Violents, 1997; Mad Young People, 1998; Violence and the Search for New Values, 2001; Forgiveness, Condemnation, Torture, 2012) are based on a text: Gizaberearen bakeak eta gerrak, 1991. One of the main points of the book is ethology and, more specifically, the understanding of K. Lorenz. Therefore, we can say and prove that Azurmendi’s political thought, beyond ethics and anthropology, is pioneer of a new path that is opening today for understanding the human being (Wrangham, 2019).

Azterlanaren helburu nagusia izan da ezagutzea zer oztopo eta zer arrazoi duten jarduera fisikoa (JF) egiteko desgaitasunen bat duten pertsonek. Ikerketa honetan desgaitasun fisikoa, adimenekoa, sentsoriala edo bestelako desgaitasuna zuten 55 pertsonak hartu zuten parte. Partaideek Motivos y Barreras para la Actividad Física y el Deporte (MBAFD) galdetegiari erantzun zioten. Desgaitasuna izatea eta teknikari egokiak ez izatea izan ziren JFa egiteko hautemandako oztoporik handienak. Arrazoiei dagokienez, puntu gehien jasotako itemak JF jakina gustukoa izatea eta sasoian egotea izan ziren. Arrazoiei erreferentzia egindako item gehienek 2tik gorako (0-3 eskala) puntuazioa jasoz, JFa egiteko faktore garrantzitsuak direla erakutsi zuten. Desgaitasunen bat duten pertsonek, oro har, JFa egiteko garaian, desgaitasunik gabekoek baino oztopo gehiago eta arrazoi gutxiago hautematen dituzte, partaideen sexuaren eta desgaitasun motaren arabera ezberdintasunak egonik. Horiek horrela, nork bere gustuko JFa hautatzeko aukerak handitu nahian, ezinbestekotzat jotzen da banakoaren beharretara egokitutako osasunera eta ongizatera bideratutako JFaren eskaintza areagotzea.

The main objective of the study was to identify the perceived barriers and aids detected by people with disabilities for the practice of physical activity (PA). This research involved 55 people with physical, intellectual, sensory or other disabilities. Participants responded to the Motives and Barriers for Physical Activity and Sport (MBPAS) questionnaire. The disability and lack of adequate technicians constituted the greatest obstacles detected for the PA practice. In terms of support, the items that received the highest number of points were the ones obviously like PA and keep in shape. The majority of the items referred to the aids proved to be relevant factors for the realization of PA with a number of points greater than two (scale 0-3). People with disabilities generally perceive more barriers and less support than those without disabilities when practicing PA, with differences depending on the sex and type of disability of the participants. In this sense, in order to increase the chances of selecting the PA that suits them, it is considered essential to increase the PA offer focused on health and well-being adapted to the needs of the individual.

Ingurune urruti zein hurbilean gertatzen ari diren aldaketa sozioekonomiko nahiz kulturalek eragin zuzena dute gure hizkuntza- eta kultura-identitatean. MU-HUHEZIra datozen ikasle etorri berrien euskararen erabilerari eta euskal kulturaren pertzepzioari jarri diegu arreta, ikasle berrien profil horietan sumatzen diren aldaketen arrazoiak identifikatzeko. Helburu horrekin diseinatu zen lau urteko proiektuan, ikasleek EOSKOLA liburua irakurri behar izan zuten 2017-2018 ikasturtean; ondoren, elkarrizketa bat izan zuten egilearekin, eta, azkenik, galdetegi bati erantzun behar izan zioten. Egindako lanketatik ateratako emaitzek adierazi digute ikasleen hizkuntza-erabilera zein kultura-pertzepzioa askotarikoak direla, eta horri erantzuteko hizkuntza-konpetentziaren zein curriculumaren berrikuspena egitea —euskal dimentsioari arreta gehiago jarriz— beharrezkoa dela.

Linguistic and Cultural Identity of the primary education degree students from HUHEZI (MU) Socioeconomic and cultural changes taking place in the far and near environments have a direct impact on our language and cultural identity. We focused on the use of the Basque language by the new students at MU-HUHEZI, and on their perception of Basque culture, in order to identify the reasons for changes observed in the profiles of these new students. In a four-year project designed for this purpose, the students first read the book EOSKOLA during the 2017-2018 academic year. They then had an interview with the author and completed a questionnaire. The results indicate that the students’ language use and cultural perceptions are diverse, and that in order to address this, it is necessary to review both language competence and the curriculum, with greater attention to the Basque dimension.

Covid-19ak irakaskuntza modu eta behar berriak sortu ditu. 2020ko martxoaz geroztik, Haur Hezkuntzan urruneko hezkuntza guztizkoa edo partziala erabiltzera behartuta egon dira irakasleak. Artikuluaren helburua da hurbilketa bat egitea Haur Hezkuntzako Graduko ikasleen usteetara, etorkizunean urruneko irakaskuntzari aurre egin beharko dioten profesionalak izanen baitira: galdetu diegu Haur Hezkuntzako ikasleekin urruneko irakaskuntzan aritzeko nola sumatzen duten beren burua gaitasunei, zailtasunei eta formakuntza-beharrari dagokienez. Galdetegia prestatu aurretik, pandemiak ekarritako irakaskuntza-aldaketei buruz galdetu genien Haur Hezkuntzako 5 adituri, eta pantaila bidezko urrutiko irakaskuntza izan zenez zailtasun-iturririk aipatuena, horri buruz galdetu diegu ikasleei. Onlineko inkesta hiru aldagai konposatuz osatua dago eta horietariko bakoitza, hamahiruna itemez. Ikerketa deskribatzaile eta esploratzaile honetako datuen azterketak hiru ondorio erakusten ditu. Batetik, inkestatuek zailtasunak sumatzen dituztela pantaila bidezko urruneko irakaskuntza Haur Hezkuntzan gauzatzeko; bertzetik, gaitasun-maila txikiagoa sumatzen dutela zailtasun-maila baino; azkenik, korrespondentzia ageri da zailtasun-mailaren eta formakuntza-beharraren artean.

Covid-19 has created new forms and needs of teaching. Since March 2020, Early Childhood Education teachers have been obliged to use distance education. This article makes an approximation to the opinions of Infant Grade students, as they will be professionals who will have to face distance education: they have been asked about their self-perception about the competence, difficulty and need for training to work remotely with students in Early Childhood Education. We have asked them about distance learning via screen, as this modality was mentioned by 5 experts in Early Childhood Education, consulted previously to carry out the questionnaire, as the modality that has brought more difficulty in pandemic-teaching. The online survey consists of three composite variables, each of which is composed of thirteen items. The analysis of the data from this descriptive and exploratory research yields three conclusions: respondents perceive difficulties in carrying out distance learning through the screen in Early Childhood Education, they perceive a lower level of competence than the difficulty, and there is a correspondence between the degree of difficulty and the need for training.

Artikulu honen xedea Arabako euskalgintzaren bilakaera frankismoan azaltzea da. Lehenik eta behin, ulertu behar dugu euskalgintza kontzeptu zabala dela, eta artikulu honetan helduen euskalduntzean, ikastoletan eta kulturgintzan zentratuko gara. Testuingurua dramatikoa zen Araban, mendeetako gainbeheraz gainera, frankismoaren errepresioaren erruz hizkuntza hilzorian zegoen. Egoera kezkagarri horretan, hainbat pertsona hasi ziren lanean euskararen berreskurapenaren aldeko hainbat arlotan, lehenik ilunpean eta denbora joan ahala argitasunean. Horrela, 1970eko hamarkadan jauzi bat eman zuen, helduen euskalduntzea eta ikastolak formalizatu ziren, eta kulturgintza zabaldu zen. Arabako euskalgintzak berezitasun batzuk eduki arren, Euskal Herriko marko orokorraren barruan koka dezakegu, garapena berbera izan zen eta gure herrialdean ere nabaritu ziren euskal munduan gertatutako tentsioak, adibide ezagunena euskararen batasunaren inguruko eztabaida izan zen. Oro har, ertz ugariko borroka izan zen, bertan politika edo erlijioa nahastu zirela eta. Oro har, esan dezakegu orduan hasi zela Araban euskara biziberritzeko bidea.

The aim of this article is to explain the evolution of Basque cultural movement in Alava in the Francoism. First of all, we need to understand that the movement was very broad, and in this article we will focus on adult’s teaching, basque schools and culture. The context in Alava was dramatic, in addition to the decline of centuries, the language was in risk due to the repression of Francoism. In this worrying situation, many people began to work to recovery the Basque language. Thus, it took a leap in the 1970s with the formalization of adult education and basque schools, and the spread of culture. Although the movement in Alava has some peculiarities, it was inside on framework of the Basque Country, the development was the same and tensions were also noticed in our province, like the debate of the unity of the language. In general, it was a multi-edged struggle in which politics or religion were mixed.

Artikulu honetan euskarazko ote partikula modalaren interpretazioa eta haren erabilera dialektalak jorratzen dira. Partikularen bidez hiztunak proposizioarekiko engaiamendu txikia adierazten du -(e)n-ez markatutako mendeko adierazpenperpausetan. Ekarpen hori testuinguru interrogatiboei aplikatuz gero, galdera konjekturalak sortzen ditu; hots, hiztunak ez du entzulearengandik erantzun irmorik espero (cf. Littell eta beste 2010). Hortik abiatuta, egun eremu murritzagoa duten beste erabilera batzuk azal daitezke: a) pragmatikoki segurtasun handia adierazten duten testuinguruak («ote den ba!» bezalako formak eta perpaus-amaieran agertzen den ote) eta b) Yang eta Wiltschkoren (2016) eta Farkasen (2017) ildotik, intrusiboak edo kostosoak izan daitezkeen galderen indarra apalduz kortesiaz galdetzen diren testuinguruak. Interesgarria da analisi horien aldeko ebidentziaren berri beste hizkuntza batzuetan jasotzen dela.

The interpretation of the modal particle ote and its distinct dialectal uses are looked into in this article. Speakers use the particle ote to convey a low degree of commitment towards the proposition in embedded statement-clauses marked by the complementizer -(e)n. If this contribution is aplied to interrogative contexts, the result are conjectural questions; in other words, speakers do not expect a firm reply from the adreessee (cf. Littell et al., 2010). Taking this as a starting point, those uses geographically more restricted can also be accounted for: a) those contexts which express a high degree of commitment pragmatically (forms such as «ote den ba!» and the sentence final particle ote) and b) those questions asked in a politer manner by minimising the interrogative force of those contexts which may be considered intrusive or costly (Yang and Wiltschko, 2016; Farkas, 2017). Interestingly, evidence of these analyses can also be found cross-linguistically.

Euskal Herriko zein Europako testuak oinarri hartuta, euskal herri-ipuingintza europar tradizioan kokatu nahi da, bietan dauden ipuinen aldaera desberdinak aztertzeko eta konparatzeko. Obra jakin bat hartu da ikergai, Mari Xor edo ezagunagoa den Marierrauzkinena, hain zuzen ere; alde batetik, dituen euskarazko beste aldaeren artean alderatzeko eta, bestetik, bereziki Europako beste bertsioekin parez pare jartzeko. Nagusiki, lau ardatzetan jarri da arreta: ipuinaren ezaugarri orokorretan, gertaeretan, pertsonaien ezaugarrietan, eta sinbologian eta imajinarioan, hain justu ere. Azterketak erakusten du Euskal Herrian eta gure herri-literaturaren tradizioan kokatuta dagoen ipuina dela baina, aldi berean, unibertsala ere badela. Ahozkotasuna indartsua den kultura honetan, testuen aldakortasuna ia berezko ezaugarria da, baina hori izan da, hain zuzen ere, irauteko bermea. Elementu batzuk aldagaitzak diren bitartean, beste batzuk aldatuz joan dira, eta aldaketa bera izan da sorkuntzarako iturri.

Based on both Basque and European texts, the aim is to situate the Basque folk tale in the European tradition in order to analyse and compare the different variants of the tales existing in both. This work is based on the research on one specific folk tale: Mari Xor or commonly known as Cinderella. Taking this text as a basis, on one the hand, the Basque versions have been compared to each other, and on the other hand, with other different versions in other European languages. We have focused mainly on four aspects: the general characteristics of the text, the events of the story, the features and characterisation of the characters, as well as the symbolism and imagery. The study shows that this tale is rooted in the Basque Country as well as in the tradition of our popular literature, but which is also universal. In this culture where oral tradition is stong, the variability of the texts is practically a characteristic on its own, but this has been precisely a guarantee of its continuity. While there are elements that remain unchanged, there are others that have been changing, and change itself has been a source of creativity.

Ikerketa honetan aztertu ditugu unibertsitatean hasi berri diren ikasleen hizkuntzahautuak eta horien arrazoiak. Horretarako, Mondragon Unibertsitateko HUHEZIko lehenengo mailako Hezkuntzako Graduetako ikasleak hiru hizkuntza-profil ezberdinetan sailkatu ditugu eta profil horietako ikasleekin eztabaida-taldeak egin ditugu hizkuntzen inguruan dituzten pertzepzio eta usteak jasotzeko. Emaitzek erakusten dute aztertutako hiru hizkuntza-tipologietako ikasleek euskararen gaitasunarekiko autopertzepzio positiboa dutela, nahiz eta hizkuntza-hautuetan ezberdintasunak dauden hiruretan. Euskal elebidunak dira euskaraz gaztelaniaz baino erosoago sentitzen diren bakarrak eta bizi diren gune soziolinguistikoak eta gertuko sarearen nolakotasunak baldintzatzen dute neurri handian egiten duten hizkuntza-hautua. Euskal elebidunentzat hizkuntzak balio identitarioa duen bezala, gainerako ikasleentzat balio instrumentala du eta kasu gehienetan eskolako hizkuntzatzat daukate.

This study analysed the language choices of first-year student-teachers in the Faculty of Humanities and Education at Mondragon University and the reasons behind them. To this end, students-teachers were classified into three language profiles and focus groups were held with each profiles to reflect on their perceptions and beliefs about languages. The results showed that the student-teachers of the three language profiles examined have, a positive selfperception of their competence in Basque, although there are differences in language choices among them. Basque dominant are the only ones who feel more comfortable in Basque than in Spanish, and both the sociolinguistic areas in which they live and their social networks largely conditioned their language choices. For Basque dominant bilinguals the language has an identity value, but for the rest of the student-teachers, it has merely an instrumental value, and in most cases, they relate it only to school.

Gure egungo gogoetan unibertsoa dugu azken zola. Mundu osoa, existitzen den oro, alegia. Hala ere, hori guztia ezagutzetik arras urrun gaudenez «zientzia» arloan, gaurko gure gogoetan Euskal Herriko hominidoen prehistoriaz dakiguna gogoratuz kritikoki adierazten saiatzea dugu helburu. Euskal Herrian bizi izandako espezie hominidoen arteko harremanez XX. mendean adierazi izan zaigunaz arituko gara, Ataungo herrira so. Horretarako, hominidoen arteko harremanez adieraziak izan diren errepresentazio sozialak erabiliko ditugu. Hasteko, etnografoen lana, ondotik etnologoetara igaroaz lehenek jasotako ahozko produktuak, arte plastikozkoak eta idatzizkoak izan ditugu esku artean. Eta lan hau burutzeko antropologoetara heltzen gara. Gainera, gaur egun lekuan lekuko zientzietan ezinbestekoak diren soziologoak, psikologoak eta historiagileak ere presente edukiko ditugu eginkizun honetan.

In our present-day thoughts the universe is the horizon, namely, the whole world, everything in existence. Since we stand very far from knowing all of it according to the domain of «science», we intend to express critically our knowledge on the hominids living in the prehistory of the Basque Country. The paper discusses the views transmitted during the 20th century on the relations held by the hominid species inhabiting the area, with a focus in the municipality of Ataun. For the purpose, we study the social representations conveyed about the relations the hominids had among them. First of all, we address the work carried out by ethnographers, next moving on to the ethnologic approach on oral, plastic art and written production; the study concludes with a view to the work conducted by anthropologists. Sociologists, psychologists and historians are also considered in this pursuit.