Vandana Mishra

Renewable Energy and Globalization

2011-12-03T01:19:00.000-08:00

Energy is the key constraint to the world's development and economic growth especially in the third world countries. Fossil fuels that cause air pollution, environmental degradation, acid rain and global warming are finite. Failure to recognize this finiteness will result in continuing energy crises. Our timescale for change is decades not centuries. Renewable energy will play a substantial role helping us meet our energy needs and to keep our earth healthy.

Renewable Energy Management is an efficient use of all Renewable Energy Sources generated from Bio fuels, Biomass, Bio gas, Sun as Solar Energy, Earth as Geothermal Energy, Water as Hydro power, Wind as Wind Energy, Ocean Waves as Wave Energy, Tidal Currents as Tidal Energy, Magnetic Fields as Eddy Currents; while achieving Energy Efficiency through Green Technology to reduce Global Warming Causes and Effects to a higher extent possible. It is the combination of Renewable Solutions and is the only way to reduce global warming, to control climate change and to protect nature & wildlife from human disturbances.

Renewable Energy Sources

Bio fuel energy - Plants use photosynthesis to grow and produce biomass. Bio fuel is burned to release its stored chemical energy. Biofuels can be made from waste, virgin vegetable, animal oils and fats.

Bio gas energy - Various waste streams are slurred together and allowed to naturally ferment, producing methane gas by using biogas plants or mechanical biological treatment. Renewable natural gas is a bio gas which has been upgraded to a quality similar to natural gas.

Biomass energy - Biomass forms and sources include wood fuel, the bio genic portion of municipal solid waste, or the unused portion of field crops. Energy harvesting via a bio reactor is a cost-effective solution to waste disposal.

Geothermal Energy - Geothermal energy derives from heat in the Earth's core by tapping the heat deep into Earth's crust.

Magnetic energy - Magnetic energy derives from relative motion of the field source and conductor producing a circulating flow of electrons or a current. These circulating eddies of current create induced magnetic fields that oppose the change of original magnetic field causing repulsive or drag forces between conductor and magnet.

Solar energy - Solar energy refers to the energy collected from sunlight. The water absorbs major fraction of incoming sun radiation. Most radiation is absorbed at low latitudes around the equator, but solar energy is dissipated around the globe in the form of winds and ocean currents.

Tidal energy - Tidal energy is generated by the relative motion of Earth, Sun and Moon, which interact via gravitational forces. The stronger the tide, either in water level height or tidal current velocities, the greater the potential for tidal energy generation.

Wave Energy - Wave energy is the transport and capture of energy by ocean surface waves to do useful work. Wave energy is distinct from diurnal flux of tidal power and steady gyre of ocean currents.

Water Energy - Kinetic energy in water can be harnessed and used. Hydroelectricity is the production of power through use of gravitational force of falling or flowing water.
Wind energy - Air flows are used to run wind turbines to produce power. As wind speed increases, power output increases dramatically. Wind energy is renewable and produces no greenhouse gases, such as carbon-dioxide or methane, during operation.

The Advantage of Renewable Energy

· We can use it repeatedly without depleting it: Using renewable energy however merely taps into a natural flow of energy, sunlight, moving water, wind, biological- or geothermal processes. These are part of natural cycles of highs and lows. Their energy is truly renewable as it remains available to the same degree and is not depleted any more than it otherwise would by using it

· Optimum Utilization of Natural Resource: An advantage of renewable energy therefore is that it requires us to rise to the occasion, and to bring out our best inner resources.

No contribution to global warming: Non-renewable fossil fuel use causes global environmental problems, Renewable energy sources have environmental, health and cost advantages over fossil fuels.
No polluting emissions: The advantage of renewable resources includes their inability to produce carbon-based warming and polluting agents into the atmosphere.
Low cost applications when counting all costs: The financial cost of its applications is not always cheap but if the environmental costs of using fossil fuels are accounted for, renewable energy wins hands-down.
Renewable energy sources are crucial to sustainable human life on planet Earth: There are also indirect savings on health and its costs as there are no harmful emissions.
The final advantage of renewable energy: Thinking about this and using it has the advantage of transforming ourselves into flourishing, truly social human beings.

Global Warming

Global Warming refers to average increase in the earth's temperature due to increase in pollution which results in greenhouse effect which in turn leads to climate change. Global warming may lead to rise in the sea level due to melting of glaciers, shrinkage of forests, changes in the rainfall pattern and wide range of impacts on plants and humans.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a group of over 2,500 scientists from countries across the world have determined that a number of human activities are contributing towards the growth of global warming by releasing excessive amount of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide accumulate into the atmosphere and trap heat that would normally would exit into the outer space. Over the last few decades cars, industries and power plants have released tons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and this has caused the temperature of the earth to rise from .6 degree Celsius between 1901 and 2000. If nothing is done to stop global warming now then it could prove to be a big disaster for the human kind.

Future of Global Warming

As we are going to more fossil fuels the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the earth atmosphere is going to rise and rise. And these greenhouse gases will raise the earth's surface temperature with them. According to IPCC, the temperature of the earth will rise from 2 degree Celsius to 6 degree Celsius by the end of 21st century. With the rise in such temperature the glaciers and ice shelves around the world will start melting. Scientists’ project rising sea levels will increase between 7 and 22 inches by 2100. When the sea level will rise combined with the rise in the temperature of the sea, tropical storms such as tsunami could increase.

Conclusion:

We human beings have been using vast proportions of earth's natural resources for our own needs. We use energy for or heating and cooling, lighting, heating water and operating appliances. Apart from that we use energy for many purposes, such as traveling in airplanes and cars using oil that is converted into gasoline. The U.S. department of energy has divided energy users into 3 categories: Residential and Commercial, Industrial and Transportation. Energy needs to be conserved to protect our environment from drastic changes, to save the depleting resources for our future generations. The rate at which the energy is being produced and consumed can damage our world in many ways. In other words, it helps us to save the environment. We can reduce those impacts by consuming less energy. The cost of energy is rising every year. It is important for us to realize how energy is useful to us and how can we avoid it getting wasted

Earth's temperature is rising day by day and there is no single solution to solve global warming problem, we need to Use energy efficient products, Going nuclear, Phasing out fossil fuels, Switch off gadgets when not in use, Stop deforestation, and the most important is to Explore renewable sources and Developing low carbon technologies.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released its Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, the report says, nearly 80 percent of global energy demand could be met by renewable energy sources by 2050.
Prepared by 120 scientists, the Special Report considers six of the most promising renewable energy technologies and their potential “integration into present and future energy systems.” The energy technologies include solar, wind, bioenergy (including sources such as wood scavenging in developing countries), geothermal, and ocean, notably excluding nuclear as a source of renewable energy.
The report’s authors see the growth of renewable energy, as defined in the report, far outpacing that of fossil and nuclear energy. Indeed, nearly half of new electricity generating capacity came from renewable sources between 2008 and 2009, and the pace of growth continues to rise. “The technical potential of renewable energy technologies exceeds the current global energy demand by a consider amount, globally, and in respect of most regions of the world,” the report concludes.

References:

· en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_resource

· library.thinkquest.org/26026/.../renewable_resources.html

· www.globalwarming.org.in/ -

· www.alternate-energy-sources.com/

· R. Eisenberg and D. Nocera, "Preface: Overview of the Forum on Solar and Renewable Energy," Inorg. Chem. 44, 6799 (2007).

P. V. Kamat, "Meeting the Clean Energy Demand:," J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 2834 (2007).

INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

2011-12-03T01:10:00.000-08:00

Eco tourism: A Tool for Sustainable Development

By:

Dr. Vandana Tiwari

HOD

Department of Economics

Mata Gujri Mahila Mahavidyalaya

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:

· the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and

· the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs."

Sustainable Development is often an over-used word, but goes to the heart of tackling a number of inter-related global issues such as poverty, inequality, hunger and environmental degradation. The idea of sustainable development grew from numerous environmental movements in earlier decades. Summits such as the Earth Summit in Rio, Brazil, 1992, were major international meetings to bring sustainable development to the mainstream. The concept of sustainability means many different things to different people, and a large part of humanity around the world still live without access to basic necessities.

Poverty & Sustainable Development

The causes of poverty and of environmental degradation are inter-related suggesting that approaching sustainable development requires understanding the issues in many ways.

Poverty and a degraded environment are closely inter-related, especially where people depend for their livelihoods primarily on the natural resource base of their immediate environment. Restoring natural systems and improving natural resource management practices at the grassroots level are central to a strategy to eliminate poverty. The survival needs of the poor force them to continue to degrade an already degraded environment. Removal of poverty is therefore a prerequisite for the protection of the environment. Poverty magnifies the problem of hunger and malnutrition. The problem is further compounded by the inequitable access of the poor to the food that is available. It is therefore necessary to strengthen the public distribution system to overcome this inequity. Diversion of common and marginal lands to ‘economically useful purposes’ deprives the poor of a resource base which has traditionally met many of their sustenance needs. Market forces also lead to the elimination of crops that have traditionally been integral to the diet of the poor, thereby threatening food security and nutritional status.

Concept of Eco-tourism

Fundamentally, Eco-tourism means making as little environmental impact as possible and helping to sustain the indigenous populace, thereby encouraging the preservation of wildlife and habitats when visiting a place. This is responsible form of tourism and tourism development, which encourages going back to natural products in every aspect of life. It is also the key to sustainable ecological development.

The International Eco-tourism Society defines Eco-tourism as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." This means that those who implement and participate in Eco-tourism activities should follow the following principles:

Minimize impact
Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect
Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts
Provide direct financial benefits for conservation
Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people
Raise sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social climate
Support international human rights and labour agreements

Eco-tourism is more than a catch phrase for nature loving travel and recreation. Eco-tourism is consecrated for preserving and sustaining the diversity of the world's natural and cultural environments. It accommodates and entertains visitors in a way that is minimally intrusive or destructive to the environment and sustains & supports the native cultures in the locations it is operating in. Responsibility of both travelers and service providers is the genuine meaning for Eco-tourism.

Eco-tourism also endeavors to encourage and support the diversity of local economies for which the tourism-related income is important. With support from tourists, local services and producers can compete with larger, foreign companies and local families can support themselves. Besides all these, the revenue produced from tourism helps and encourages governments to fund conservation projects and training programs.

Saving the environment around you and preserving the natural luxuries and forest life, that's what eco-tourism is all about. Eco-tourism focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering, personal growth and learning new ways to live on our vulnerable planet. It is typically defined as travel to destinations where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Responsible Eco-tourism includes programs that minimize the adverse effects of traditional tourism on the natural environment, and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, initiatives by hospitality providers to promote recycling, energy efficiency, water reuse, and the creation of economic opportunities for local communities are an integral part of Eco-tourism.

Eco-tourism is considered the fastest growing market in the tourism industry, according to the World Tourism Organization with an annual growth rate of 5% worldwide and representing 6% of the world gross domestic product, 11.4% of all consumer spending - not a market to be taken lightly.

Advantages of Eco-tourism

The goals of Eco-tourism are to help the environment, preserve natural resources as well as help the local communities and economies. Eco-tourism is an industry that stands to make a lot of money from tourists that are seeking environmentally friendly vacations or ecologically friendly activities. The money from ecotourism could be used to preserve nature, wildlife, species and earth's natural resources as well as help local people with access to civilization and education.

For example, if a country is prime for Eco-tourism, the money could be used to preserve the environment in that country so that the natural resources would last longer. Local residents could also benefit from the growth in their economy and no longer have to live poorly. This, however, usually does not happen in reality because the locals rarely benefit from the growth of their economy. The investors and foreign corporations do. And the environment and natural resources rarely get preserved because they are worth more in a theme park attracting Eco-tourists.

As a socially responsible person, you probably want to make the world a little better. Even when you travel, you might try to visit undeveloped areas where your tourism dollars can help a local economy thrive. You might even contribute your time to the community as a volunteer. Eco-tourism's idealistic goal is to improve the world through responsible travel; while its effects will probably never match its ideals, travelers can offer very real benefits to local communities.

Conservation

Eco-tourism's primary aim is to counteract the negative effects of human development. People who live in cities often choose to visit pristine jungles, mountains and beaches to enjoy their beauty. As local communities begin to see their natural resources as sources of tourist income, the communities may work harder to protect those resources. In many cases, locals find work as tour guides and discover that their jobs depend on local conservation efforts. (See References 1)

Local Business

Aside from tour guides, a range of local businesses benefit from Eco-tourism. Craftspeople, innkeepers and restaurateurs all provide services that help tourists discover local features. A 2003 study of Costa Rican communities found that once Eco-tourism has boosted an economy, people stop cutting trees because they are simply too busy. The same study, however, found that such a behavioral change didn't necessarily indicate greater environmental awareness. Once the local economy experiences some success, development starts to threaten natural resources (see References 3 and 4).

Cultural Exchange

The same Costa Rican study found that people with more education were less likely to be environmentally destructive. In fact, education and awareness may be the true benefits of Eco-tourism and provide the most lasting effect. Ecotourists meeting people who live more closely with nature may learn to live more simply themselves. Meanwhile, locals gain the funds and the ability to pursue more education of their own, giving them a better understanding of world issues like environmentalism.

Eco Tourism in Under Developed Countries

Tourism might not be the ultimate answer to poverty and economic woes, but it is a major boon for places around the world that suffer from a lack of natural resources or industry. For instance, tourism is a hugely important industry in the Caribbean. Without flocks of resort-goers, nations in this part of the world would have to rely more heavily on agriculture, leaving their economies at the mercy of the fluctuating prices of commodities like coffee, sugar and bananas.

There are plenty of valid concerns about the environmental impact of hotel construction, excessive tourist traffic and cruise ships, but it isn't fair to leave the positive economic impact out of the mass-tourism discussion. Large resorts employ hundreds of local people, and local entrepreneurs, from taxi drivers to guides to souvenir shop owners, benefit from the tourism trade.

The Eco-tourism industry's growth depends on practicality as much as it does on the will to conserve the environment. Ultimately, success will not only be measured by the acres of forest saved, but also by the amount of money earned and the number of jobs created. The International Eco-tourism Society (TIES) recognizes the human element in Eco-tourism. It defines the oft-catch-phrased term “Eco-tourism” as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people."

Many places that are considered Eco-tourism destinations have experienced varying levels of success. Here are three destinations in various parts of the world that are in different stages of development, but owe for eco tourism.

Dominica

This island nation has turned to Eco-tourism because it lacks the geography that makes other Caribbean destinations so popular among tourists seeking a warm-weather vacation. The postcard-like beach scenes of Jamaica and the Bahamas are absent from Dominica. The island has a rocky coast and, though its waters are clear and ideal for diving, it has never developed a mainstream resort industry. Proclaiming itself the Nature Island, Dominica has instead advertised its natural, undeveloped beauty. Hot springs and waterfalls, dense jungles and rugged coastline draw more adventurous travelers and nature lovers.
However, the number of visitors to Dominica is not substantial enough to make nature tourism the backbone of the nation's economy. Brand-name resorts are difficult to find on Dominica. Most of the accommodations are small-scale, locally owned venues. Some are full-fledged eco-resorts built in natural settings and offer a full menu of nature-themed activities. So, despite the overall lack of tourism infrastructure, the tourists who do come to Dominica are seeing more of their dollars go to locals rather than to multinational resort chains.

A culture of conservation has been developed in Dominica. Local guides are involved in protecting one of the more popular tourist draws: nesting sea turtles. The giant amphibians lay their eggs on the seashore, with some choosing to use the sands of the beaches of the capital city. Specially trained local guides lead limited tours to the nesting areas so as not interfere with the nesting process. This type of grassroots effort is an example of the ability to balance a successful tourism attraction with a conservation effort. This culture of conservation is one of the reasons that Dominica remains such a promising eco-tourism destination.

Botswana

This nation in southern Africa does not have to rely as heavily on tourism as Dominica and its Caribbean cousins. A relatively wealthy nation with one of the highest per capita GDP in Africa, tourism is one of the main economic alternatives to the industry that has made Botswana wealthy, diamond mining. As a landlocked country without many urban areas, nature-themed tourism is the main part of the industry by default. The backbone of this would-be tourism boom is nature-viewing safaris to places like Chobe National Park, the Okavango Delta and the vast Kalahari Desert. These uninhabited, wildlife-filled lands are considered to be among the last few untouched and truly natural places on the continent.

To limit the number of tourists while still enjoying healthy profits, Botswana has focused on developing high-end safari tourism. Tourists pay a high premium for an all-inclusive safari that offers both comfort and easy access to the wilderness. The government can control the industry and keep out mass-market safari companies because it has strict licensing guidelines for travel companies. Would-be companies are required to complete an environmental impact report as part of their application process. There is also a national eco-tourism certification program that further encourages tourism businesses to be more eco-friendly.

Suriname

This small, unique South American nation has an ethnically diverse population and sits on the northeastern part of the continent. Most of the people here live along the Caribbean coastline. The country's undeveloped interior is ripe for logging, but the Surinamese government, along with international conservation organizations, has decided to protect a large part of the interior from exploitation. The giant Central Suriname Nature Reserve is made up of primary forest. With the help of Conservation International, the government is trying to develop this area for tourism. Lack of infrastructure has hindered development and made it expensive to visit this area, but the reserve remains protected from logging and the government seems intent on continuing to place its bets on eco-tourism. Already operational nature preserves are found along the coastline.
In India too the movement is gathering momentum with more and more travel and travel related organisation's are addressing the needs of the eco-tourists and promoting eco-tourism in the country. Some basic do's and don'ts of eco-tourism are listed below:

Ecotourism in India

Though it sounds clichéd, India is one of the most unique countries in the world. The physical, economical, cultural and religious diversity of India has always been an enigma for the rest of the world. Hence, people from all over the world have been attracted to this huge and mysterious land in the east. With India rapidly emerging as a major economic stronghold, every sector in the nation is witnessing tremendous growth and development. One such rapidly growing sector in India is tourism and one of its offshoots that is drawing tourists from across the globe is Eco-tourism in India.

Tourism with a Difference

Eco-tourism in India is a niche industry that has mainly developed in the past few years. Eco-tourism is largely based on the concept of sustained tourism or Eco-friendly tourism. It has often been the case with the tourist destinations in India where the ecological balance of a fragile area has degraded drastically due to the pressure of tourism. Hence, the country is trying to promote tourism in a manner in which it generates considerable revenue without disturbing the delicate ecosystem in the region. This type of tourism is extremely essential for India considering that it has one of the richest bio diversities in the world. The nation is blessed with the massive Himalayan barricade in the north, an extensive peninsula with a rich coastal line on both sides and rich forests and landscapes that are unique to the nation of India. Hence, the government is trying to push the concept of Eco-tourism so that these rich habitats do not get affected even after the influx of tourists.

Forms of Eco-tourism in India

There are various forms of Eco-tourism in India that attract an increasing number of tourists each year. Some of the most prominent forms include Wildlife tourism, Agro tourism, Village tourism and even Religious tourism. Of these, wildlife tourism is emerging as one of the most popular forms of Eco-tourism in India. India has an unbelievable diversity with respect to flora and fauna and has some of the most renowned national parks and tiger reserves like Kanha, Ranthambore, Kaziranga, Corbett and Sunderbans. Apart from this, agro tourism is making its own mark and tourists are flocking to India to get a taste of the rustic rural life of the countryside.

These are some of the aspects that have promoted Eco-tourism in India to a great extent. However, India's full potential is yet to be realized and in the future years the country can expect to reap some great rewards.

The Economic Impacts of Eco-tourism

There are two related, but distinct, economic concepts in Eco-tourism: economic impact and economic value. Economic impact, which refers to the change in sales, income, jobs, or other parameter generated by Eco-tourism. A common Eco-tourism goal is the generation of economic benefits, whether they are profits for companies, jobs for communities, or revenues for parks. Eco-tourism plays a particularly important role because it can create jobs in remote regions that historically have benefited less from economic development programs than have more populous areas. Even a small number of jobs may be significant in communities where populations are low and alternatives are few.

This economic impact can increase political and financial support for conservation. Protected areas and nature conservation generally, provide many benefits to society, including preservation of biodiversity, maintenance of watersheds, and so on. Unfortunately, many of these benefits are intangible. However, the benefits associated with recreation and tourism in protected areas tends to be tangible. For example, divers at a marine park spend money on lodging, food, and other goods and services, thereby providing employment for local and non-local residents. These positive economic impacts can lead to increased support for the protected areas with which they are associated. This is one reason why Eco-tourism has been embraced as a means for enhancing conservation of natural resources.

The impacts of Eco-tourism, or any economic activity, can be grouped into three categories: direct, indirect, and induced. Direct impacts are those arising from the initial tourism spending, such as money spent at a restaurant. The restaurant buys goods and services (inputs) from other businesses, thereby generating indirect impacts. In addition, the restaurant employees spend part of their wages to buy various goods and services, thereby generating induced impacts. Of course, if the restaurant purchases the goods and services from outside the region of interest, then the money provides no indirect impact to the region -- it leaks away.

By identifying the leakages, or conversely the linkages within the economy, the indirect and induced impacts of tourism can be estimated. In addition, this information can be used to identify what goods are needed but are not being produced in the region, how much demand there is for such goods, and what the likely benefits of local production would be. This enables policy makers to determine priorities for developing inputs for use by the tourism or other industries.

Poverty & Sustainable Development

The study of Eco-tourism offers many opportunities to reflect on the importance of sustainability, and the possibilities of implementing approaches which move us in a new direction. But it also suggests that there are significant obstacles. Overcoming these obstacles requires more than well-intentioned policies; it requires a new correlation of social forces, a move towards broad-based democratic participation in all aspects of life, within each country and in the concert of nations. Strategies to face these challenges must respond to the dual challenges of insulating these communities from further encroachment and assuring their viability.
The obstacles are an integral part of the world system, a system of increasing duality, polarized between the rich and poor --nations, regions, communities, and individuals. A small number of nations dominate the global power structure, guiding production and determining welfare levels. The remaining nations compete among themselves to offer lucrative conditions that will entice the corporate and financial powers to locate within their boundaries. Similarly, regions and communities within nations engage in self-destructive forms of bargaining --compromising the welfare of their workers and the building of their own infrastructure-- in an attempt to outbid each other for the fruits of global growth. The regions unable to attract investment suffer the ignoble fate of losers in a permanent economic olympics, condemned to oblivion on the world stage, their populations doomed to marginality and permanent poverty.
Sustainability is not possible as long as the expansion of capital enlarges the ranks of the poor and impedes their access to the resources needed for mere survival. Capitalism no longer needs growing armies of unemployed to ensure low wages, nor need it control vast areas to secure regular access to the raw materials and primary products for its productive machine; these inputs are now assured by new institutional arrangements that modified social and productive structures to fit the needs of capital. At present, however, great excesses are generated, excesses that impoverish people and ravage their regions. Profound changes are required to facilitate a strategy of sustainable development: in the last section we explore such an approach, suggesting that ecotourist development strategies may contribute to promoting a new form of dualism: a dual structure that allows people to rebuild their rural societies, produce goods and services in a sustainable fashion while expanding the environmental stewardship services they have always provided.
Research shows that when given the chance and access to resources, the poor are more likely than other groups to engage in direct actions to protect and improve the environment. From this perspective, an alternative development model requires new ways to encourage the direct participation of peasant and indigenous communities in a program of job creation in rural areas to increase incomes and improve living standards. By proposing policies that encourage and safeguard rural producers in their efforts to become once again a vibrant and viable social and productive force, this essay proposes to contribute to an awareness of the deliberate steps needed to promote sustainability.
In the ultimate analysis, we rediscover that in present conditions, the very accumulation of wealth creates poverty. While the poor often survive in scandalous conditions and are forced to contribute to further degradation, they do so because they know no alternatives. Even in the poorest of countries, social chasms not only prevent resources from being used to ameliorate their situation, but actually compound the damage by forcing people from their communities and denying them the opportunities to devise their own solutions. For this reason, the search for sustainability involves a dual strategy: on the one hand, it must involve an unleashing of the bonds that restrain people from strengthening their own organizations, or creating new ones, to use their relatively meager resources to search for an alternative and autonomous resolution to their problems. On the other hand, a sustainable development strategy must contribute to the forging of a new social pact, cemented in the recognition that the eradication of poverty and the democratic incorporation of the disenfranchised into a more diverse productive structure are essential.
Sustainable development, however, is not an approach that will be accepted, simply because "its time has come." In the final analysis, it involves a political struggle for control over the productive apparatus. It requires a redefinition of not only what and how we produce but also of who will be allowed produce and for what ends. For organizations involved in projects of sustainable development in rural areas, the conflict will center around control of mechanisms of local political and economic power, and the use of resources. The struggle to assure a greater voice in the process for peasants, indigenous populations, women, and other underprivileged minorities, will not assure that their decisions will lead to sustainable development. But broad-based democratic participation is the best way creates the basis for a more equitable distribution of wealth, one of the first prerequisites for forging a strategy of sustainable development.

Concluding Comments

Eco-tourism development is a complex issue that goes well beyond catchphrases and well-meaning attempts at conservation. Without a solid, universal model for creating a balance between a successful eco-tourism industry and a successful conservation movement, countries are left to find a system that works best for themselves. The ideal results of these efforts would be a balanced industry that brings profits to the local economy while strengthening conservation fforts that will keep the natural attractions intact.

The development of commercial ecotourism can increase public support and the total amount of funding available for nature conservation. It can be a positive contributor to the conservation of nature. However, this requires a number of assumptions or conditions to be satisfied and some of these have been outlined in this paper. If these are not satisfied, use of commercial values and ethics in relation to nature conservation can

Have negative consequences for nature conservation. For instance, the total economic value of nature conservation programs may be reduced by this type of emphasis. When over-emphasis on the commercial value occurs, the holistic picture of economic value is lost. Certainly funds obtained from ecotourism development should not be seen as a complete substitute for public funding of nature conservation. While some Substitution might be not acceptable, it should not be on a scale that reduces total public funding of nature conservation, nor be such as to cause substantial distortion in favor only of commercially valuable species and areas for ecotourism. Ideally, the development of wildlife-based tourism should contribute positively to the total amount of funds available for nature conservation, add to overall conservation efforts and results in this regard, and provide enhanced economic benefits to local communities.2,3 To ensure this,

However, requires some precautions to be taken.

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Conservation of Water, through dam construction (With special reference to India)

2011-12-03T00:47:00.000-08:00

Dr. Vandana Tiwari,

HOD, Department of Economics

Mata Gujri Women’s College.

Marhatal, Civic Center

JABALPUR

Conservation of Water, through dam construction ( with special refrence to India)

With only 1% of water available for human consumption, doesn't it make sense that we should treat our water supply with more respect? Water is the source of life on this planet. If you look at the earth's surface and see that 70 per cent of it is water, it may be hard to grasp that many parts of the world are suffering from a lack of this seemingly abundant resource. Of all the water present on earth 97.5% of it is not fit to drink.

Only 2.5% of water is consumable, with one third frozen in the form of glaciers and polar ice. The water left for human use is roughly 1% of the total water present. In order to fulfill the demands of consumption, the water from rainfall is collected in huge dams and is purified to make it drinkable. These filtering and detoxifying methods require sufficient funding. Because of the technological and financial resources needed to make water fit to drink, many economically challenged countries simply go without. In addition, there has been a great change in the world weather and the rainfall patterns due to global warming. This phenomenon adds to the water scarcity issue in various parts of the world.

Water conservation should not be considered an option any longer. Current circumstances require our full attention if we hope to thrive as a civilization.

The studies conducted in 2005 revealed that there has been a decrease of 7% in water consumption in households as compared with the results obtained in 2001. The main reason of this reduction in water usage is increased awareness of global warming and involvement in the going green campaigns. Another reason is a boost in green technology and the production of energy efficient appliances.

Water is essential for sustenance of all forms of life on earth. It is not evenly distributed all over the world and even its availability at the same locations is not uniform over the year. While the parts of the world, which are scarce in water, are prone to drought, other parts of the world, which are abundant in water, face a challenging job of optimally managing the available water resources. No doubt the rivers are a great gift of nature and have been playing a significant role in evolution of various civilizations, nonetheless on many occasions, rivers, at the time of floods, have been playing havoc with the life and property of the people. Management of river waters has been, therefore, one of the most prime issues under consideration. Optimal management of river water resources demands that specific plans should be evolved for various river basins which are found to be technically feasible and economically viable after carrying out extensive surveys. Since the advent of civilization, man has been constructing dams and reservoirs for storing surplus river waters available during wet periods and for utilization of the same during lean periods. The dams and reservoirs world over have been playing dual role of harnessing the river waters for accelerating socio-economic growth and mitigating the miseries of a large population of the world suffering from the vagaries of floods and droughts. Dams and reservoirs contribute significantly in fulfilling the following basic human needs: -

Water for drinking and industrial use:

Due to large variations in hydrological cycle, dams and reservoirs are required to be constructed to store water during periods of surplus water availability and conserve the same for utilization during lean periods when the water availability is scarce.

Properly designed and well-constructed dams play a great role in optimally meeting the drinking water requirements of the people.

Water stored in reservoirs is also used vastly for meeting industrial needs. Regulated flow of water from reservoirs help in diluting harmful dissolved substances in river waters during lean periods by supplementing low inflows and thus in maintaining and preserving quality of water within safe limits.

Irrigation:

Dams and reservoirs are constructed to store surplus waters during wet periods, which can be used for irrigating arid lands. One of the major benefits of dams and reservoirs is that water flows can be regulated as per agricultural requirements of the various regions over the year.

Dams and reservoirs render unforgettable services to the mankind for meeting irrigation requirements on a gigantic scale.

It is estimated that 80% of additional food production by the year 2025 would be available from the irrigation made possible by dams and reservoirs.

Dams and reservoirs are most needed for meeting irrigation requirements of developing countries, large parts of which are arid zones.There is a need for construction of more reservoir based projects despite widespread measures developed to conserve water through other improvements in irrigation technology.

Flood Control:

Floods in the rivers have been many a time playing havoc with the life and property of the people. Dams and reservoirs can be effectively used to control floods by regulating river water flows downstream the dam.

The dams are designed, constructed and operated as per a specific plan for routing floods through the basin without any damage to life and property of the people.

The water conserved by means of dams and reservoirs at the time of floods can be utilized for meeting irrigation and drinking water requirements and hydro power generation.

Hydro power generation:

Energy plays a key role for socio-economic development of a country. Hydro power provides a cheap, clean and renewable source of energy.

Hydro power is the most advanced and economically viable resource of renewable energy. Reservoir based hydroelectric projects provide much needed peaking power to the grid. Unlike thermal power stations, hydro power stations have fewer technical constraints and the hydro machines are capable of quick start and taking instantaneous load variations.

While large hydro potentials can be exploited through mega hydroelectric projects for meeting power needs on regional or national basis, small hydro potentials can be exploited through mini/micro hydel projects for meeting local power needs of small areas. Besides hydro power generation, multi purpose hydroelectric projects have the benefit of meeting irrigation and drinking water requirements and controlling floods etc.

Inland navigation:

Enhanced inland navigation is a result of comprehensive basin planning and development, utilizing dams, locks and reservoirs that are regulated to play a vital role in realizing large economic benefits of national importance.

Conclusion:

One-third of the developing world will face severe water shortages in the twenty-first century even though large amounts of water will continue to annually flood out to sea from water-scarce regions. The problem is that the sporadic, spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation rarely coincides with demand. Whether the demand is for natural processes or human needs, the only way water supply can match demand is through storage.

There are four major ways of storing water—

in the soil profile,

in underground aquifers,

in small reservoirs, and

in large reservoirs behind large dams.

Water Scarcity and the Role of Storage in Development

By 2025, one-third of the population of the developing world will face severe water shortages. Yet, even in many water scarce regions; large amounts of water annually flood out to the sea. Some of this floodwater is committed flow to flush salt and other harmful products out of the system and to maintain the ecological aspects of estuaries and coastal areas. However, in many cases, the floodwater is not fully utilized; and, of course, the floods themselves can do a great deal of harm. This problem is epitomized in India, where annual precipitation is concentrated in the 4 months of the monsoon, and then in only a few hours of these months. Because of the sporadic spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation, the only way water supply can be controlled to match demand is through storage.

On the land, surface water is stored in watercourses, lakes, and other water bodies and in frozen form as snow and ice. Man can create and enhance water storage by such activities as water conservation tillage, constructing dams and dikes to impound water, and artificially recharging groundwater. Regardless of the method or type of storage, the purpose is to capture water when and where its marginal value is low—or, as in the case of floods, even negative—and reallocate it to times and places where its marginal value is high. Here, “marginal value” includes all of the economic, social, and environmental values of water.

India is sometimes referred to as the "Land of Rivers". The multitude of tributaries and the close binding of Indian civilization and culture to the local rivers is the reason for this characterization. The Indian River Systems can be divided into four categories – the Himalayan, the rivers traversing the Deccan Plateau, the Coastal and those in the inland drainage basin. The Himalayan Rivers are perennial as they are fed by melting glaciers every summer. During the monsoon, these rivers assume alarming proportions. Swollen with rainwater, they often inundate villages and towns in their path. India has an annual precipitation of 1140 mm/year, which translates into 400 million hectare meters (mham) of water availability in the country. Out of 400 mham, 70mham is lost to the atmosphere through evaporation, 215 mham recharges the Ground Water, while 115 mham flows as a surface run-off. However the actual surface runoff is 180 mham. As some water comes from Nepal, Tibet etc. These streams which come from catchments areas of other countries feeds the country’s water resources to an extent of 20 mham, while 45 mham is obtained by Ground Water regeneration. Out of 180 mham, 70.2 mham is the utilizable flow. A list of important rivers of India are Beas, Bhagirathi, Brahmaputra, Cauvery (Kaveri) , Chambal, Ganga (Ganges) Godavari, Gomati, Indus, Jhelum, Krishna, Kali, Mandovi, Narmada, Periyar, Ravi, Sharavati, Sutlej, Tapti, Tungabhadra, Yamuna .

Conclusion

Theses record illustrates that India can be the largest manufacturer of dam, If Government emphasis on it at priority basis. A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams. India having maximum rivers and good rainfall lack dam construction, list of largest dams in world is enclosed, in which no Indian dam exists. The datas show that Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees (also known as dikes) are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions. Hydropower and pumped-storage hydroelectricity are often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed between locations. After independence we have made lots of progress in Dam and Water Reservoirs, Now India is one of the world’s most prolific dam-builders. Around 4300 large dams already constructed and many more in the pipeline, Almost half of which are more than twenty years old.

The dam benefits human society in several ways such as: agriculture, water, damage prevention and power generation, it also benefits nature and wildlife (especially fish and rare species), impact on the geology of an area - whether the change to water flow and levels will increase. Reservoirs held behind dams affect many ecological aspects of a river. Rivers topography and dynamics depend on a wide range of flows whilst rivers below dams often experience long periods of very stable flow conditions or saw tooth flow patterns caused by releases followed by no releases. The impact of dam on human society is also significant; they get water source, electricity and opportunities of employment in the region of dam establishment.

Refrences:

Agarwal, Anil; and Sunita Narain (Eds.). 1997. Dying wisdom: Rise, fall and potential of India’s traditional water

Babbitt, Bruce. 1998. Dams are not forever. Remarks of the Secretary of the United States Department of Interior to

the Ecological Society of America, August 4, 1998, Baltimore, MD, USA. Speech available at

http://www.doi.gov/secretary/ecologic.htm.

Chambers, Robert. 1988. Managing Canal Irrigation. Oxford, England and New Delhi, India: Oxford & IBH Publishing

Company Pvt. Ltd.

Gleick, Peter (editor). 1993. Water in crisis: A guide to the world’s fresh water resources. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Gleick, Peter. 1998. The world’s water 1998-1999: The biennial report on freshwater resources. Washington, D.C.,USA: Island Press.

http://genepi.louis-jean.com/cigb/chartean.html. International Commission on Large Dams.

Journal of Applied Irrigation Science, Volume 33, No. 2, October 1998, Frankfurt, Germany.

Agrawal and Narain 1997

http:www.benefits-of-recycling.com

BABA RAMDEV: A TRUE NATION BUILDER.

2011-06-13T02:42:00.000-07:00

(Analytical study)

By:
Dr. Vandana Tiwari
HOD
Department of Economics
Mata Gujri Mahila Mahavidyalaya

ABSTRACT:

Swami Ramdev Maharaj is a revered saint and a preacher from India. He has created a "Yog" revolution by teaching Pranayama, an ancient Indian art of breathing exercises. Swami Ji deeply studied and mastered the art of Yog (an art of mind and body control, which was discovered, researched and perfected by learned saints and seers of ancient

India

). Saint Patanjali, more than thousand years ago, compiled this knowledge and popularized it in his writings. Swami Ji, while studying these ancient scriptures, realized that Yog is a divine science which brings mankind on the path of positive thinking and a healthier body. In an era when medical treatment is too expensive, not an ordinary man can afford it. His methods of ailment give relief to people.

While yoga will take care of physical, mental and spiritual health, the downslide, in social, political and economic system of the country will be salvaged only through the patriotic zeal, fearlessness and strong character, of which he himself is a living example. He has given a clarion call to the people to come forward and save the country and the democracy. He wants to see an addiction-free, vegetarian, corruption-free

India

, proud of its swadeshi products. His mind may be soaring in the ethereal spheres of spiritualism, but his feet are firmly planted on earth where he is very much alive to the mundane concerns such as treatment/ enrichment of soil, cow breeding/cow protection, cleaning the Ganga etc.

I believe that Ramdev ji is actively working for social and economic development of the nation. By investing more than 500 crores and employing Lakhs of people through it, he has proved to be a good entrepreneur. It is often taught that India needs to generate employment, through identification and exploitation of natural resources, but he actually identified the need and is creating employment. Total investment of more then 4000 crores, and accepting it, itself makes him qualified to protest against Black money.

Not only is this but he is also standing without any personal motive and selflessly, with the public to speak against corruption which is wide spread in

India

I admire him personally as an ENTERPRENUER, SOCIAL WORKER AND A TRUE CITIZEN.

INTRODUCTION

Ramdev has clarified in so many yog shivir to the public that he had no political ambitions nor he is running away from the society to observe penance at the Himalayas. But he feels his obligatory duty to reform social and political ambiguities apart from popularising yoga and thus strengthening each individual and nation of India.^[29] He also suggests that a political system already exist in

India

but it is the duty of every citizen not to create more political parties. In stead he must remain vigilant and confirm that the elected government is delivering its duty or not.

BABA RAMDEV AS AN ENTERPRENUER AND AN ECONOMIST:

Focusing on organic farming Baba Ramdev is now all set to show his entrepreneurship, by establishing country’s first mega food park .Swami Ramdev's flagship project, the Patanjali Yog Peeth (P.Y.P.) Trust, was inaugurated on August 6, 2006. Prime aim of this base institution is to build the world's largest centre for Ayurved and Yog that includes facilities for treatment, research and a teaching university. Patanjali Ayurved College, Patanjali Chikitsalaya, Yog Gram, Go-Shala, Patanjali Herbal Botanical Garden, Organic Agriculture Farm, Patanjali Food And Herbal Park Ltd are some of its known institutions which are successfully run under the guidance of Swami Ramdev and his right hand Acharya Bal Krishna. The project is 10 times bigger than Divya Pharmacy.

An investment of Rs 500 crore is expected in the food park, which is considered to be the biggest in India.

At least two-dozen factories related to organic, herbal and other agriculture products would be set up in the food park.

The food park has been built on 100 acres of land in Padartha area of Haridwar district. Nearly five companies had already invested Rs 200-300 crores. The capacity of the food park would be 1,000 million tones per day.

“Through this endeavour PYP is procuring agriculture produce directly from farmers giving them all their dues in Uttarakhand and other areas? Apart from this food park has provided employment to nearly 50,000 families.

The centre has proposed to set up 10 mega food parks under the 11th 5-year Plan. Each food park is expected to have 20-30 units.

A couple of factories linked to food processing is started in about 95 acres of land around the village. It is a first step taken by the Patanjali Yog Peeth towards empowerment of agro economy of the state. Around 650 tone material per day is processed at the park-the first in the world.

Through this endeavour, PYP will be procuring agricultural produce directly from farmers, giving them all their dues in Uttarakhand and other areas. ''The main reason for establishing this park is to benefit farmers and give them the most appropriate price of their produce. It will provide health to 40 crore urbans and a source of income to over 40 crore people living in villages.

''The move will lead to industrialisation of Agricultural produce and encourage them to use herbs as food supplement,'' he added. This project aims at having 32 processing units to obtain value added products of fruits and vegetables like juice, pulp, puree, candies, herbal products and pickles. Many entrepreneurs from all over the country will be associated in this mega project sharing common infrastructure and support services. In the first phase of its establishment, factories for processing juices of Lauki, Karela, Carrot, Amla, Aloe Vera, Pudina, Tulsi, Tomato, Cucumber and Wheat Grass are proposed to be established. Carrot and papaya candy making plant machinery will also be commissioned. It will be a boon for the growers of these fruits and vegetables since they can give their bulk produce to feed this mega utility Park. The growers will be trained how to grow Amla and Aloe Vera crops on barren lands by the training centers of the food park. Patanjali Yog Peeth will develop 100 such centers which will also provide good quality seed and manure to the farmers. It is proposed that a unit for powder and extract making of herbs will be established at a later stage. Bio diesel project to be procured from Jetropa and crude palm oil is another project in the pipeline. The whole food project has a socio economic impact on the local cultivators, farmers and processors reducing the role of middlemen and giving direct benefit to the growers. Already, several herbal products made at Patanjali Yogpeeth are popular in the market. In the proposed food park at Padartha, Baba Ramdev will also offer various juices from different vegetables and fruits like carrot and papaya. A factory for bio-diesel from jetropha has also been proposed in the food park.

Patanjali Yog Peeth has acquired a Scottish Island for about £2 million to set up a wellness retreat. The Little Cumbrae Island, off the fishing town of Largs in Scotland, will also serve as the yoga’s base overseas, where the teachings of yoga as a means to cleanse the body and mind will be provided. The acquisition of the land itself was carried out by a Scottish couple of Indian origin, Sam and Sunita Poddar, to expand the base of Patanjali Yog Peeth — the institution founded by Ramdev for scientific research and treatment in yog, spiritualism and ayurveda abroad. The island premises was inaugurated by Swami Ramdev in September 2009 with a ‘Yagya' (a Vedic Ritual System in the presence of a purifying fire). These premises are administered by the Patanjali Yogpeeth (UK) Trust.

Some useful books are also published by its sister concern Divya Prakashan. Yog Sandesh is its authorised journal which is being published in 11 languages viz. Hindi, English, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, Bengali, Oriya, Assamese, Nepali, Kannad and Telugu. Monthly readers of this multi lingual journal are more than one million.

Already, several herbal products made at Patanjali Yogpeeth are big hit in the market. In the proposed food park at Padartha, Baba Ramdev would also make various juices from different vegetables and fruits like carrot and papaya. One factory on bio-diesel from jetropha is also proposed in the food park. A sum of Rs 35,000 crores has been assured for the 10 mega food parks which are being built in different parts of the country.

Every story has something to tell and something we can learn from. The success story of Ramdev baba shows his economic skills too. Keeping this in mind, “Customer is cost-sensitive” is more like a stone carving than a euphoric realization. This is exactly what Baba Ramdev’s Divya Yoga Trust came up with for the devotees (and for the non-devotees) by launching daily consumer products ranging from toothpaste to hair oil to tea leaves to medicines. These products have taken over households by storm and especially the joint families where the older generation still has an influential say. This calculation of baba must have benefited his PYP and has proved to decrease outflow of Indian currency to multinational companies. He has stopped the flow of Indian currency through his following efforts also:

He also educates the public that commercially available aerated drinks are more harmful to the children as well as to the adults due to the presence of phosphoric acids, preservatives, unknown chemicals and emulsifiers. he has raises the issue of increased consumption of fast foods, packed foods and soft drinks by the common people. He usually calls in his public meetings to take pledge by every citizen of India to avoid consuming commercial aerated drinks to protect individual health as well as to avoid Indian currency reaching to multinational companies. In stead he advices the public to take hot water, milk or traditional Indian juices only so that our country may become prosperous.

He gives his suggestion as an thoughtful economist for bringing back black money. Swami Ramdev proposes that the black money stashed in foreign banks by Indian individuals should be declared national property to retrieve our country from foreign exploitation. He also emphasizes that money kept in foreign banks actually belongs to India and it should be immediately brought to India. Not only proposes but he strongly demands also to the Indian government for immediate declaration of the black money kept by Indian politicians and businessmen in Swiss Banks as national property, so that the money could be used for the welfare of the common man when it is brought back to the country. And in the last he suggests that no pardon should be given to any body who handled black money or stashed black money in foreign banks whosoever he be. Notwithstanding, he or she should be given capital punishment or life long imprisonment. Many find his insistence in this regard to be in dissonance with the tradition of yoga he inherits and claims as Hinduism’s gift. However, given the violent nature of the Hindu revival in India ^[14], most such unease is easily brushed aside by both- those who identify with the Fundamentalist Right-wing in the country and those who do not. Swami Ramdev has publicly raised the issue of bringing back Indian money stashed away illegally in Swiss banks. He says that the government must take concrete action and bring back the money as it belongs to the people of India and has been taken out of the country illegally.^[7] He proposed that the exchange rate of the Indian rupee to the US dollar will rise from 50:1 ratio to 1:50 ratio if the black money is retrieved.

BABA RAMDEV AS AN SOCIAL WORKER

The trust primarily offers free treatment to those who cannot afford to pay. For others, treatment is provided at a lower cost than the other hospitals. Second phase of PYP has also started its working.

Through his Yog shivir’s Baba Ramdev is truly doing stress management in present stressed nation.

Through PYP, Swami Ramdev continues to work with various institutions and medical organizations in an effort to study and improve the effectiveness of yog against diseases like diabetes, hypertension, obesity, etc.

Baba Ramdev has been organising yoga camps across India to create awareness amongst people for healthy living and create awareness regarding following practices in India:

1. He also says that the use of fertilizers and pesticides has led to an undue load on the poverty of farmers and increased the profits of large business houses involved in this trade.

2. This type of malpractice poses a big threat to farmers as well as to the health of the common man since the farm land is increasingly becoming barren and contaminated with harmful chemicals. The farming produces like grains, fruits and vegetables are contaminated with inorganic fertilizers and pesticides.

3. Swami Ramdev blames the corrupt governance practices for the miserable conditions of the poor farmers and other backward class of the society. He says that agriculture is the biggest contributor to India's economy and yet the farmers are the most poverty stricken class of the country. So far as the illegal mining is concerned he puts the record before the people and says that there is the permission for only 200 mining leases but one lakh illegal mines are operational in the country. According to a rough estimate, 18% of the iron ore exported from Goa comes from illegal mines. The state has 100-odd legal mining leases. He also describes illegal mining in India as one of the major social issue that requires an immediate ban.

4. Black money deposited in various Swiss Banks by Indians is alleged to amount more than Rs 7,280,000 Crores (USD $1.4 trillion), but the exact figure is not yet known to the public. This amount is 2 times larger than the nation's foreign debt. In January 2011 the Supreme Court of India asked why the names of those who have stashed money in the Liechtenstein Bank have not been disclosed.

5. Not only he raises the issues but also suggests the solutions which seem to be revolutionary based on the economic science. First of all he gives a concrete suggestion by which the use of black money can be eradicated. The six point solution suggested by him are: 1. Withdrawal and demonetizing of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 currency notes - so as to avoid misuse of unaccounted money and quick arrest of the entire locally circulated black money, bribing, and fake note traffic. 2. Agree to and accept the U.N. Convention against Corruption – pending since 2006. 3. Death penalty provision for the corrupt persons in Indian Penal Code. 4. Access, monitor and disrupt payment gateway servers enabling corrupt people to manage money in tax heavens. 5. Scrutinizing accounts of people having credit/debit cards of foreign banks without any foreign work/relation. And 6. Disabling operations of any bank from a tax heaven country.

Vision of Ramdev Baba:

Ramdev Baba’s Vision describing him ENTERPRENUER and SOCIAL WORKER are as follows:

To make a disease free world through a scientific approach to Yoga and Ayurveda.
To establish a new World Health Organisation, to fulfill the resolution of making a new world order free from disease and medicine, through research work on the knowledge-base of our great saints and sages viz. Maharishi Patanjali, Charak and Sushurut.
Making the world a peaceful and tranquil place by using Yogic techniques to eradicate fatal effects of medicines and weapons.
To study and research subjects associated with Yajna, Organic Agriculture, Cow-Urine, Nature and Environment in addition to the study and research in Yoga and Ayurveda at the research centre of Institution.
Besides imparting Yoga and health education, to set up an equalitarian society based on values of spiritualism, nationalism and justice beyond the boundaries of cast, creed, class and religion for the country's development.
To establish India as the strongest Economic and Cultural power in the world to provide an atmosphere for every citizen of the world to live with pride.
For realisation of dream of healthy, strong, prosperous and advanced India, far from caste, creed, class, religion, region, corruption and violence through Yoga.
To open and establish charitable hospitals for the treatment of the helpless poor out caste and also to distribute free medicines, cloths and food articles in the trible areas.
To furnish and equip the charitable hospital with modern medical facilities.
To run the free educational centers and to facilitate the worthy poor helpless orphans students by providing clothes, food, study materials and lodging.
To help and co-operate the relief activities related to flood, earthquake, epidemic drought etc.
To co-operate other such institutions and organizations which match or aims and objectives, and order to fulfill these aims and objectives to accept the donating of money, land etc.
To grow different kinds of herbal medicines through preservation of different categories of species. Conservation, preservation, and different kind of medicinal gardens for it. Construction of green house etc. For the promotion and conservation of herbal medicine a cooperative institution will be formed for the farmers to sow herbal medicines. To generate employment and to increase the purchasing power of farmers and to sale purchase medicines for manufacturing pure medicines.
Publication of different monthly, fortnightly and yearly magazines and writing and publication of research books on nationalism, spiritualism, Yog, Ayurved and arrangement of publication, reprinting, original writing, compilation and to spread these Vedic ancient treatise among the general public. To establish a printing press.
To open the free of cost educational institute in rural and backward areas for the females and children below 12 years of age. To open medical and engineering institutes in the area of below 5 lakh population. To open training and vocational institutes in such areas. To establish employment oriented training institutes for. Development and establishment of Yog and Ayurved based medicinal studies particularly for eligible, educated unemployed and helpless people so that they can realize the dreams of medicine free society by spreading Yog and Ayurved, herbal medicine in every nook and corner of the world.
To establish a new World Health Organisation, to fulfill the resolution of making a new world order free from disease and medicine, through research work on the knowledge-base of our great saints and sages viz. Maharishi Patanjali, Charak and Sushurut.
Making the world a peaceful and tranquil place by using Yogic techniques to eradicate fatal effects of medicines and weapons.
To study and research subjects associated with Yajna, Organic Agriculture, Cow-Urine, Nature and Environment in addition to the study and research in Yoga and Ayurveda at the research centre of Institution.
Besides imparting Yoga and health education, to set up an equalitarian society based on values of spiritualism, nationalism and justice beyond the boundaries of cast, creed, class and religion for the country's development.
To establish India as the strongest Economic and Cultural power in the world to provide an atmosphere for every citizen of the world to live with pride.
For realisation of dream of healthy, strong, prosperous and advanced India, far from caste, creed, class, religion, region, corruption and violence through Yoga.
To open and establish charitable hospitals for the treatment of the helpless poor out caste and also to distribute free medicines, cloths and food articles in the trible areas.
To furnish and equip the charitable hospital with modern medical facilities.
To run the free educational centers and to facilitate the worthy poor helpless orphans students by providing clothes, food, study materials and lodging.
To help and co-operate the relief activities related to flood, earthquake, epidemic drought etc.
To co-operate other such institutions and organizations which match or aims and objectives, and order to fulfill these aims and objectives to accept the donating of money, land etc.
To grow different kinds of herbal medicines through preservation of different categories of species. Conservation, preservation, and different kind of medicinal gardens for it. Construction of green house etc. For the promotion and conservation of herbal medicine a cooperative institution will be formed for the farmers to sow herbal medicines. To generate employment and to increase the purchasing power of farmers and to sale purchase medicines for manufacturing pure medicines.
Publication of different monthly, fortnightly and yearly magazines and writing and publication of research books on nationalism, spiritualism, Yog, Ayurved and arrangement of publication, reprinting, original writing, compilation and to spread these Vedic ancient treatise among the general public. To establish a printing press.
To open the free of cost educational institute in rural and backward areas for the females and children below 12 years of age. To open medical and engineering institutes in the area of below 5 lakh population. To open training and vocational institutes in such areas. To establish employment oriented training institutes for. Development and establishment of Yog and Ayurved based medicinal studies particularly for eligible, educated unemployed and helpless people so that they can realize the dreams of medicine free society by spreading Yog and Ayurved, herbal medicine in every nook and corner of the world.
To do research and spread the uses of non conventional energies like biogas solar energy, gobar gas particularly in rural areas.

CONCLUSION:

Baba Ramdev has been probably most successful of God men of recent times. He claims to have a following of over a billion people. There are an infinite number of people claiming that his yoga therapy and medicines work wonders for their health. Baba in a short span of time has built a multi million empire; his Trust is owning series of Ashrams, ayurvedic drug factories, yoga training centers and many such things, in

India

and abroad. Overall the medicines prescribed-marketed by him are selling like hot cakes. He himself adorns the divine status and his followers also regard him so, a saint, above the worldly matters. His saffron robes are a symbol of renunciation as such. All this is remarkable, good of both the Worlds, as he is not only wearing divine halo but is also presiding over the empire running into hundreds of crores of rupees built in last decade or so and now entering politics too.

India

needs to generate employment, through identification and exploitation of natural resources, but he actually identified the need and is creating employment.

Not only is this but he is also standing without any personal motive and selflessly, with the public to speak against corruption which is wide spread in

India

I admire him personally as an ENTERPRENUER, SOCIAL WORKER AND A TRUE CITIZEN.

REFRENCES:

http://www.divyayoga.com/introduction/vision-and-objectives.html

The HINDU: April 14 2011, Ramdev to launch people to root out Corruption.

Times of India 22 April 201: Baba Ramdev Slams Congress.

http://www.yourstory.in/expert-talk/guest-column/5933-rise-of-the-entrepreneur-baba-ramdev-who-is-taking-a-bite-off-the-market

http://bsl.co.in/india/news/baba-ramdev-now-turns-entrepreneur/381676/

Women entrepreneurship

2011-02-15T23:58:00.000-08:00

(All women are endowed with innate power that can make them successful entrepreneurs.)

Co-Author

Mrs Sushma Jhinge ( Astt Professor)

Mata Gujri Women’s College, Jabalpur, M.P.

jhingesushma@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION

Women constitute almost half of the total population of world. Similarly in India also women constitute fifty percent of the total population.

Till the turn of the century, man has enjoyed a dominant position. But change in position technological innovation and modern way of thinking can reduce the disparity between man and women, and bring about equality and equity between them, the need of the hour in women empowerment both through provision of employment and enterprise creation. Typologically, the former leader to endogenous empowerment and the latter give rise to exogenous empowerment.

Women entrepreneurs may be defined as a woman or a group of women who initiate, organize and run a business enterprise. In terms of Schumpeterian concept of innovative entrepreneurs, women who innovate, initiate or adopt a business activity are called business entrepreneur. Now a day's women's are running several businesses like beauty parlors, switching shops, boutique, newer areas chosen by women are retail trade, restaurants, hotels, education, cultural, cleaning insurance and manufacturing.

Women entreprenurer's have been making a significant impact in all segments of the economy in Canada, Great Britain, Germany Australia and US.

CONCEPT OF THE PAPER

In this regard, I would like to add the component that, All women are endowed with innate power that can make them successful entrepreneurs. Women have innate ability to face the risk of life with firm courage. Life of a women is full of challenges and undergoes various ups and downs in life. If we undergo her life it fulfills several qualities of an entrepreneur. Women are naturally endowed with the qualities of entrepreneurship

SPECIAL FEATURES OF INDIAN WOMEN

1. Inborn creative capacity : Introduction of innovations, imitations of innovations. Women entrepreneurship is inherent and also a natural process. Women are naturally endowed with the qualities of entrepreneurship. Maternity is a creative capacity involving risk of life. Maternal instincts generate enormous strength and determination that drive the fear away from them. Courageousness and determination that generate at the time of maternity are in born. These characters generate within themselves and not come from elsewhere. Women empowerment becomes reality by nurturing their innate qualities of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is like giving birth to a child. The Women’s Love of child overcomes the risk of life. The entrepreneur overcomes the risk of loss with the passion of entrepreneurship. Bringing life by the women is experiencing the inborn creative capacity. When you are creating an enterprise you are experiencing your creative capacity.

2. Patience: rising every time you fall. Is the prime motto that can be seen in a lady’s life? Adjustment in a new family after marriage, demonstrates her level of patience. The process of upbringing a child with good habits, sanskars and educations represents a lady’s patience.

3. Imaginative: It refers to the imaginative approach or original ideas with competitive market. Well-planned approach is needed to examine the existing situation and to identify the entrepreneurial opportunities. It further implies that women entrepreneur's have association with knowledgeable people and contracting the right organization offering support and services. Exploration of the prospects of starting a new business enterprise. Every woman is imaginative at every step in her life. Making a beautiful home itself is the sigh of her imaginative quality. A lady decorates her home with limited resources; we can differentiate a house with or without a lady. It is truly said “har ghar kuch kahta hai.” This is sign of her unending imagination.

4. Attribute to work hard: Enterprising women have further ability to work hard. The imaginative ideas have to come to a fair play. Hard work is needed to build up an enterprise. At home servants may come or not, country may go on strike, may be if a lady is suffering from sickness, her enthusiasm and affection to dear ones, make her work throughout the day.

5. Persistence: Women entrepreneurs must have an intention to fulfill their dreams. They have to make a dream transferred into an idea enterprise; Studies show that successful women work hard. Without any pain or much regrets a lady keeps on working hard to make her child successful.

Co ordination, administration and control. Ability to the proficiency in planning making forecast estimates and calculations. saving out of small family income, to decorate her home, keep the relations continued, keep the family honour, fulfill desire of kids and elderly people at home, save for education marriage of children and above all build a ashiyana for her family. This demonstrates her planning management and forcastings.
Ability and desire to take risk the desire refers to the willingness to take risk. Undertaking a risk and handling of economic uncertainties involved in business. Every woman undergoes a risk of life to bring life into this world. Women do not deny motherhood on the plea of risk is involved. Their maternal instincts overcome the thoughts of risk to life. Women have the innate ability to face the risk of life with firm courage. This is an essential quality for Entrepreneurship. Women entrepreneurship is therefore, a natural process for women. Encouragement of women entrepreneurs are the only solution for women empowerment.

EXAMPLES:

Managing a home with tremendous problems is sign of good management, that every lady may be literate, educated or illiterate gives.

UNQUALIFIED WOMEN ENTERPRENUERS:

a) Recently we have read in news papers about contribution of 02 villager ladies. They decided to work for 03 hours in a day, and created greenery in that area. The area known for unfertile land is finally converted in to fertile and productive land, due to their efforts.

b)Another example of this kind is what started from west Bengal and is now popular in whole of the India , here women’s started collecting Re. 1/- from every home and formed a cooperative society, this money was used to help Women’s in opening Self employment works. This chain of collecting money has expanded tremendously and helped many people in generating employment; this way they have even overcome all the limitations of Banks.

c)The entrepreneurial success of Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad (SMGULP) is noteworthy. SMGULP was a cooperative system in which women over the age of 18 could become members. Starting humbly, with an initial capital of Rs 80, borrowed from a local money lender and social worker, SMGULP grew phenomenally. In 2002, it had a turnover of Rs 3 billion and exports worth Rs.100 million. It employed 42,000 people in 62 divisions all over the country. SMGULP was the brain child of seven semi-literate Gujarati housewives, who started a venture to create a sustainable livelihood using the only skill they had– cooking. These women did not know what entrepreneurship was; neither did they envisage the proportions their small business venture would grow to. All they wanted was to do something worthwhile with their time and help supplement their family income.

QUALIFIED WOMEN ENTERPRENUERS

a) Shahnaz Husain (Shahnaz) was another successful woman entrepreneur of India. She popularized herbal treatments for beauty and health problems. Her company, Shahnaz Husain Herbals, was the largest of its kind in the world and had a strong presence in over 100 countries, from the US to Asia. By 2002, the Shahnaz Husain Group had over 650 salons around the world, employing about 4200 people. The net worth of the Group was $100 million. The turning point in her business came when she represented India at the Festival of India in 1980. Her team was given a counter in the perfumery section of Selfridges in London. She managed to sell her entire consignment in three days and also broke the store's record for cosmetics sales for the year.

b) Priyanka Malhotra is successful woman entrepreneur in India. She is operating the business of book publishing and also devotes her time in cafe business. She did graduate in printing and publishing from Landon college of publishing. She also holds the degree of Msc. in media and communication field. After this, she came to India and became successful businesswomen in Delhi. Priyanka thinks differently about the idea of scaling her businesses. Here's a young entrepreneur unplugged. She got licence for operating cafe. She encouraged young woman in this video also.

c) Bhawana Kakkar is young graduate woman in Painting and Arts. She did also postgraduate in Art history from Baroda University. She has huge experience in fashion designing in India and she opened Art gallery. She is also publishing a magazine named "Take - Simple Black". She is successful woman entrepreneur in India and she told many tricks to success in business in following video.

d) Rajashree Birla is a successful woman entrepreneur and chairperson of Aditya Birla Centre for Community and rural development. Her focus is on the all-round development of the communities around our plants located mostly in distant rural areas and tribal belts. All our Group companies —- Grasim, Hindalco, Aditya Birla Nuvo, Indo Gulf and UltraTech have Rural Development Cells which are the implementation bodies.

e) Shruti is a degree holder in Chemistry from University of Pennsylvania and she did worked with Merrill Lynch. She came back India after study in USA and started his own hotel business and became successful woman entrepreneur in India.

SOME MORE EXAMPLES

• Lakme – Simon Tata• Shipping corporation – Mrs. Sumati Morarji• Exports – Ms. Nina Mehrotra• Balaji films - Ekta Kapoor• Bio-technology - Kiran Mazumdar

•Film Producer – Farah Khan

•Film Producer and Director- Aparna Sen

CONCLUSION:

When women bring life into this world, it contributes to the society. When an entrepreneur creates an enterprise it generates employment, create wealth. Entrepreneurship is a prerequisite for the development of any nation. Hence the contributions of women entrepreneurs are a prerequisite for nation building. Women entrepreneurship, women empowerment and nation building are therefore, synonymous.

Women are naturally endowed with the emotions of love. This positive energy could be used managing human resources efficiently. All the women have all the resources to manage an enterprise. Women entrepreneurship can only bring about women empowerment. Women are naturally blessed with the qualities of entrepreneurship. I also realized that women entrepreneurship and women empowerment would be the realities of tomorrow. This is a usual phenomenon in the life of any woman.

Women entrepreneurship can bring about women empowerment. Social entrepreneurship can eliminate the ignorance and poverty

References 1. Dhameja S K (2002) , Women Entrepreneurs : Opportunities, performance, problems, Deep publications (p) LtD, New Delhi, p 11
2. Rajendran N (2003) , "Problems and prospects of women Entrepreneurs" SEDME, Vol. 30 no.4 Dec.
3. Rao Padala Shanmukha (2007) "Entrepreneurship Development among Women : A case study of self help Groups in Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh" The Icfai Journal of Enterpreneurship Development Vol.1V No. 1
4. Sharma Sheetal (2006) “Educated Women , powered, women" Yojana Vol.50, No.12
5. Shiralashetti A S and Hugar S S " Problem and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurs In North Karnataka District: A case study" The Icfai Journal of Entrepreneurship Development Vol.1v No. 2
6. Web Side-

www. Googlee.co. in
www. Wikipedia.com

World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011, Davos

2011-01-26T21:58:00.000-08:00

World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011

Wave Theory

2011-01-24T22:52:00.000-08:00

Wave interference is the phenomenon which occurs when two waves meet while traveling along the same medium. If two crests meet up with one another the resultant net effect is of enhanced crest. This interference is known as constructive interference. If a crest and a trough meet up with one another the two pulses will try to cancel each other's effect and the resultant net effect will tend toward zero or the equilibrium position. This interference is known as destructive interference. Ever wondered why carpenters saw the wood in the directions of the grains rather than up against the grains? - The bundles are sliced clearly leaving a smooth surface with minimum defects.

The motion of a pendulum or the motion of a child on a see-saw is a wavelike phenomenon. A wave has a crest and trough and travels from one location to another. One crest is often followed by a second crest which is followed by a third crest and so on and so forth. Every crest is separated by a trough to create an alternating pattern of crest and troughs.

For the stock price to move it must vibrate. These vibrations are waves that are repetitive in form but are not necessarily repetitive in time, amplitude and neither is the axis fixed. Since these vibrations are of such complex nature and determined by ever changing real time news, economic growth reports, manipulation, fear and greed, it is therefore difficult to solve the wave's equation as we would in the science of Physics and Mathematics without imposing sizeable assumptions. And because our brains are lazy, to proceed we make this assumption: that the movement of stock market price, which is a vibration of waves that are repetitive in time and amplitude, is linear (even though we know very well it is not linear). Having made that assumption we now can proceed and use our basic understanding of Physics and Mathematics, and as you will see we shall beat everyone else hands down.
Constructive and Destructive Waves

Like a Bouncing Tennis Ball

Like a bouncing tennis ball, a lower bounce than the previous bounce means the ball is coming to a halt. In the stock market, another secret of stock trading tips is that strength is quantified by series of crests where each crest exceeds the highest point of the previous crest and weakness by series of troughs where each trough goes lower than the lowest point of the previous trough.

NO MORE PROMISES OF POVERTY ALLEVATION IN ELECTION SPEECHES

2011-01-24T22:50:00.000-08:00

Poverty in India

_{Poverty In India Is Widespread With The Nation Estimated To Have A Third Of The World's Poor. According To The Criterion Used By The Planning Commission Of India 27.5% Of The Population Was Living Below The Poverty Line In 2004–2005, Down From 51.3% In 1977–1978, And 36% In 1993-1994. While Poverty Rates In India Are High, They Are Not On A Par With What Neighboring Pakistan And Bangladesh Experience. Economic Growth Has In The Past Been Dampened By The Economic Policies Adopted After Its Independence.}

_{Even More Than 50 Years after Independence from Almost Two Centuries of British Rule, Large Scale Poverty Remains The Most shameful Blot On The Face Of India. India Still Has the World’s Largest Number of Poor People in a Single Country of it’s nearly Billion Inhabitants, an estimated 350-400 Million Are below the Poverty Line, 75 Per Cent Of Them In The Rural Areas. Poverty Is One Of The Main Issues, Attracting The Attention Of Sociologists And Economists. Poverty In India Can Be Defined As A Situation When A Certain Section Of People Are Unable To Fulfill Their Basic Needs. It Indicates A Condition In Which A Person Fails To Maintain A Living Standard Adequate For A Comfortable Lifestyle. Though India Boasts Of A High Economic Growth, It Is Shameful That There Is Still Large Scale Poverty In India. Even After High Growth Rate Why Can’t India Achieve The Stage Of Poverty Free Country? It is actually matter of just 5 years to eliminate poverty and increase national produce.}

_{Poverty Estimates}

_{The Proportion Of India's Population Below The Poverty Line Has Fluctuated Widely In The Past, But The Overall Trend Has Been Downward. In 1951, 47% Of India's Rural Population Was Below The Poverty Line. The Proportion Went Up To 64% In 1954-55; It Came Down To 45% In 1960-61 But In 1977-78, It Went Up Again To 51%. Income Poverty Declined Significantly Between The Mid-1970s And The End Of The 1980s. The Decline Was More Pronounced Between 1977-78 And 1986-87, With Rural Income Poverty Declining From 51% To 39%. It Went Down Further To 34% By 1989-90. Urban Income Poverty Went Down From 41% In 1977-78 To 34% In 1986-87, And Further To 33% In 1989-90. The Post-Economic Reform Period Evidenced Both Setbacks And Progress. Rural Income Poverty Increased From 34% In 1989-90 To 43% In 1992 And Then Fell To 37% In 1993-94. Urban Income Poverty Went Up From 33.4% In 1989-90 To 33.7% In 1992 And Declined To 32% In 1993-94 Also, Nss Data For 1994-95 To 1998 Show Little Or No Poverty Reduction, So That The Evidence Till 1999-2000 Was That Poverty, Particularly Rural Poverty, Had Increased Post-Reform. However, The Official Estimate Of Poverty For 1999-2000 Was 26.1%, A Dramatic Decline That Led To Much Debate And Analysis. This Was Because For This Year The Nss Had Adopted A New Survey Methodology That Led To Both Higher Estimated Mean Consumption And Also An Estimated Distribution That Was More Equal Than In Past Nss Surveys. The Latest Nss Survey For 2004-05 Is Fully Comparable To The Surveys Before 1999-2000 And Shows Poverty At 28.3% In Rural Areas, 25.7% In Urban Areas And 27.5% For The Country As A Whole, Using Uniform Recall Period Consumption. The Corresponding Figures Using The Mixed Recall Period Consumption Method Was 21.8%, 21.7% And 21.8% Respectively. Thus, Poverty Has Declined After 1998, Although It Is Still Being Debated Whether There Was Any Significant Poverty Reduction Between 1989-90 And 1999-00. The Latest Nss Survey Was So Designed As To Also Give Estimates Roughly, But Not Fully, Comparable To The 1999-2000 Survey. These Suggest That Most Of The Decline In Rural Poverty Over The Period During 1993-94 To 2004-05 Actually Occurred After 1999-2000.}

_{The Data Show Significantly Decline In Poverty Ratio Of The Country, Still We Hear Promises Of Poverty Alleviation From Every Political Leader During Election. Poverty Has Become Good Means Of Making An Effective And Demanding Voter Speech To Be Delivered By Each Nominee.}

_{Causes of Poverty in India}

_{Lack Of Investment For The Poor}_:_{Over The Past 60years, India Decided To Focus On Creating World-Class Educational Institutions For The Elite, Whilst Neglecting Basic Literacy For The Majority. This Has Denied The Illiterate Population - 33% Of India - Even The Possibility Of Escaping Poverty.}

_{Caste System:}_{A Disproportionally Large Share Of Poor Are Lower Caste Hindus. According To S. M. Michael, Dalits Constitute The Bulk Of Poor And Unemployed. Society Has Developed Considerably, Practically Casteism Does Not Exists in Major Parts of the Nation except on Papers and Speeches of Various political Parties. Nation, However, Have Noted The Steady Rise And Empowerment Of The Dalits Through Social Reforms And The Implementation Of Reservations In Employment And Benefits.}

_{India's Economic Policies}_:_{In 1947, the Average Annual Income in India Was $439, By 1999, the Numbers Were $1,818; $3,259; $13,317; and $15,720. In Other Words, The Average Income In India Was Not Much Different From South Korea In 1947, But South Korea Became A Developed Country By 2000s. At The Same Time, India Was Left As One Of The World's Poorest Countries.}

_{India Had Started Out In The 1950s With:}	_{But We Ended The 1980s With:}
_{High Growth Rates}	_{Low Growth Rates}
_{Openness to Trade and Investment}	_{Closure to Trade and Investment}
_{A Promotional State}	_{A License-Obsessed, Restrictive State Inability to Sustain Social Expenditures}
_{Social Expenditure Awareness}	_{Macro Instability,}
_{Macro Stability}	_{Poverty Has Decreased Significantly Since Reforms Were Started In The 1980s.}

_Also:

_{Over-Reliance on Agriculture. There Is A Surplus Of Labour In Agriculture. Farmers Are A Large Vote Bank And Use Their Votes To Resist Reallocation Of Land For Higher-Income Industrial Projects. While Services And Industry Have Grown At Double Digit Figures, Agriculture Growth Rate Has Dropped From 4.8% To 2%. About 60% Of The Population Depends On Agriculture Whereas The Contribution Of Agriculture To The GDP Is About 18%.}
_{High Population Growth Rate, Although Demographers Generally Agree That This Is A Symptom Rather Than Cause Of Poverty.}

_{Neo Liberal Policies And Their Effects}

_{Other Points Of View Hold That The Economic Reforms Initiated In The Early 1990s Responsible For The Collapse Of Rural Economies And The Agrarian Crisis Currently Underway. As Journalist And The Rural Affairs Editor For The Hindu, P Sainath Describes In His Reports On The Rural Economy In India, The Level Of Inequality Has Risen To Extraordinary Levels, When At The Same Time, Hunger In India Has Reached Its Highest Level In Decades. He Also Points Out That Rural Economies Across India Have Collapsed, Or On The Verge Of Collapse Due To The Neo-Liberal Policies Of The Government Of India Since The 1990s. The Human Cost Of The "Liberalisation" Has Been Very High. The Huge Wave Of Farm Suicides In Indian Rural Population From 1997 To 2007 Totaled Close To 200,000, According To Official Statistics. As Professor Utsa Patnaik, India’s Top Economist On Agriculture, Has Pointed Out, The Average Poor Family In 2007 Has About 100 Kg Less Food Per Year Than It Did In 1997.}

_{Government Policies Encouraging Farmers To Switch To Cash Crops, In Place Of Traditional Food Crops, Has Resulted In An Extraordinary Increase In Farm Input Costs, While Market Forces Determined The Price Of The Cash Crop.}

_{As Of 2006, The Government Spends Less Than 0.2% Of GDP On Agriculture And Less Than 3% Of GDP On Education. However, Some Government Schemes Such As The Mid-Day Meal Scheme, And The Nrega Have Been Partially Successful In Providing A Lifeline For The Rural Economy And Curbing The Further Rise Of Poverty.}

_{Can A Land Be Worthless? At least As Per Ricardian Theory It Cannot, It Can Be High Paying Or Less. It Can Produce Grain Or Vegetable Or Cash Crop Or Taleast Medicinal Plants Or Brick. So Instead Of Concentration In Particular Areas Why The Population Can’t Be Scattered To Interior Areas And Even More Outside. As Certain Policies Of China Are Appreciable And Inspiring. Unemployed Youths Can Be Taken To Barren Lands, To Plough To Produce, At least They Will Not Feed Themselves On Berojgari Bhatta, They Will Get It As Stypened And Nation Will Get High GDP. This Way The Young Unemployed Energy Can Be Diverted From Crime, Mischief’s And Election Campaign To Productivity.}

_{Efforts To Alleviate Poverty}

_{Since The Early 1950s, Government Has Initiated, Sustained, And Refined Various Planning Schemes To Help The Poor Attain Self Sufficiency In Food Production. Probably The Most Important Initiative Has Been The Supply Of Basic Commodities, Particularly Food At Controlled Prices, Available Throughout The Country As Poor Spend About 80 Percent Of Their Income On Food.}_{Government has made major efforts to uplift Dalits in the nation. Lot of funds is issued in this regard along with the various reservation policies.}_{Still Large No Of Dalits Remain Illiterate, But Not Poor. As They Are So Severely Bound To Their Customs And Don’t Want To Leave It. The Way To Their Development Can Be Changed Rather Then Reservations. It Is Now More Or Less Becoming A Political Issue. Each Party Wants To Keep The Reservation And Caste Issue Alive As It Is Forms A Major Vote Bank. Less Concerned About The Actual Rise And Amending The 50 Years Old Policy As Per The Present Era, In spite Being Concerned About Vote Banks. Crores Of Rupees Are Invested Through Ngo’s, Fact Is That More Then 50% Of Ngo’s Does Not Actually Exist. This Money Can Be Invested To By Providing Them Self Employed And Self Reliance Economy developing Their Living Place For Tourism Or Rural And Tribal Art. That Will Add Upon To Incredible India.}

_{Large Amount Of Lands Are Lying Barron Outside Cities But Nether Are Ploughed Nor Factories Like Tata Motors Are Installed There. If The Land Is Not Good For Agriculture, As Some Costal Areas Or Hot And Dry Areas, Industries Should Be Established Their In spite Of Struggling With Farmers And Their Fertile Land. India Needs Equality Of Income Not Only Industalisation. Why Can’t Agriculture Be Promoted As A Noble And High Income Generating Jobs, So That More Entrepreneurs Promote To Invest Their. Why Can’t The News Papers Be Filled With Motivational Thoughts Of Promoting Agriculture, Plantation, Tourism, Small Scale Industries Etc. In spite Of Vote Requests And Other Free Schemes Of Marrying A Poor Girl. Our Aim Is Nor Marring A Girl But Making A Economically Sound And Literate Family. In spite of Ladli Laxmi Yojna, People need opportunities to survive and earn of their own}

_{But These Processes Can Be Helpful Only If The Policies Go To Those People For Whom It Is Meant. The Clash Between The Central Government And The State Government Often Results In The Lack Of Implementation Of These Policies. So It Is Very Important That The Governments Do Not Play Power Politics When It Comes To A Serious Issue Such As Poverty.}

_{Outlook For Poverty Alleviation}

_{Eradication Of Poverty In India Is Generally Only Considered To Be A Long-Term Goal. Poverty Alleviation Is Expected To Make Better Progress In The Next 50 Years Than In The Past, As A Trickle-Down Effect Of The Growing Middle Class. Increasing Stress On Education, Reservation Of Seats In Government Jobs And The Increasing Empowerment Of Women And The Economically Weaker Sections Of Society, Are Also Expected To Contribute To The Alleviation Of Poverty. It Is Incorrect To Say That All Poverty Reduction Programmes Have Failed. The Growth Of The Middle Class (Which Was Virtually Non-Existent When India Became A Free Nation In August 1947) Indicates That Economic Prosperity Has Indeed Been Very Impressive In India, But The Distribution Of Wealth Is Not At All Even.}

_{After The Liberalization Process And Moving Away From The Socialist Model, India Is Adding 60-70 Million People To Its Middle Class Every Year. Analysts Such As The Founder Of "Forecasting International", Marvin J. Cetron Writes That An Estimated 390 Million Indians Now Belong To The Middle Class; One-Third Of Them Have Emerged From Poverty In The Last Ten Years. At The Current Rate Of Growth, A Majority Of Indians Will Be Middle-Class By 2025. Literacy Rates Have Risen From 52 Percent To 65 Percent During The Initial Decade Of Liberalization (1991-2001).}

_{It Is True That India Has Attained High Limits Through Various Schemes Launched By Government, But To Make The Country Fully And Equally Developed Without Any Regional Disparities, Policies Need To Change. Government Has To Rise Above The Vote Bank Interest And Peep In To Nations Interest, In The Changing Era.}_{Eradication Of Poverty Can Only Be A Very Long-Term Goal In India.}

_{Controversy Over Extent Of Poverty Reduction}

_{While Total Overall Poverty In India Has Declined, The Extent Of Poverty Reduction Is Often Debated. While There Is A Consensus That There Has Not Been Increase In Poverty Between 1993-94 And 2004-05, The Picture Is Not So Clear If One Considers Other Non-Pecuniary Dimensions (Such As Health, Education, Crime And Access To Infrastructure). With The Rapid Economic Growth That India Is Experiencing, It Is Likely That A Significant Fraction Of The Rural Population Will Continue To Migrate Toward Cities, Making The Issue Of Urban Poverty More Significant In The Long Run .}

_{It Would Be Incorrect To Say That All Poverty Reduction Programmes Have Failed. The Growth Of The Middle Class (Which Was Virtually Non-Existent When India Became A Free Nation In August 1947) Indicates That Economic Prosperity Has Indeed Been Very Impressive In India, But The Distribution Of Wealth Has Been Very Uneven. Also India's Slums Represent Complex Political And Social Issues.}

_{When A Rickshaw Puller Or A Maid Servant And A Peon, A Retail Vegetable Seller, The Seasonal Laborers Can Effort To Have A Mobile Phone , Color Television At Home, And A Weekend Outings By Visit Theaters And Having Dinner Outside With Family. This Represents Contradictions In Our Society. As They Are Non Tax Payee Very Poor People. The middle class affords to travel in AC boogies of superfast trains rather then General Compartment or 2nd Sleeper.}

_{"Its Not Just Poor People Who Live In Slums, its Remarkable How Wide The Discrepancy In Wealth Is." Exact Situation Has To Be Analyzed By Governmental Machineries. The Traditional Performa Of Surveys Has To Be Changed. To Know The Actual Thirst Area, Policies Need To Be Changed.}

_{The Indian Society, And Particularly Its Youth, Is Much More Open To Changes Than Its Political And Bureaucratic Class, And Would Welcome A Third Wave Of Reforms That Would Help The Poor To Benefit From Economic Progress. This Fascinating Work Weaves Together A Set Of Seemingly Diverse Events Into An Intricate Tapestry Capturing The Essence And Purpose Of Emerging India. It Is Also An Inspiration To People In "Challenged" Economies That The Power Of Honest Entrepreneurship Can Bring About A Greater Transformation Than The Best Intentions Of Any Government. It is now no more Poverty Alleviation that is required it should be Development and Growth drive.}

POWER CONSERVATION OR POWER REPRESENTATION

2011-01-24T22:46:00.000-08:00

Like most of the world, however, India is facing testing economic times in 2008. The Reserve Bank of India had set an inflation target of 4%, but by the middle of the year it was running at 11%, the highest level seen for a decade. The rising costs of oil, food and the resources needed for India’s construction boom are all playing a part.

India has to compete ever harder in the energy market place in particular and has not been as adept at securing new fossil fuel sources as the Chinese. The Indian Government is looking at alternatives, and has signed a wide-ranging nuclear treaty with the US, in part to gain access to nuclear power plant technology that can reduce its oil thirst. This has proved contentious though, leading to leftist members of the ruling coalition pulling out of the government.

An energy summary of India

India is both a major energy producer and consumer. India currently ranks as the world’s eleventh greatest energy producer, accounting for about 2.4% of the world’s total annual energy production, and as the world’s sixth greatest energy consumer, accounting for about 3.3% of the world’s total annual energy consumption. Despite its large annual energy production, India is a net energy importer, mostly due to the large imbalance between oil production and consumption. An historical summary of India's Total Primary Energy Production (TPEP) and Consumption (TPEC) is shown in Table 1.

Table 1: India's TPEP and TPEC, 1993-2003
(in Quads)

	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003
TPEP	7.49	8.00	9.48	8.75	9.17	9.37	9.58	9.83	10.23	9.99	10.15
TPEC	9.24	9.97	11.49	11.14	11.76	12.17	12.74	13.50	13.85	13.79	14.03

Note: 1 Quad = 1 quadrillion Btu
Source: DOE/EIA

Petroleum

India's proved oil reserves are currently estimated (as of January 2005) at about 5 billion barrels, or about 4.5% of the world total. Most of these reserves lie offshore near Mumbai and onshore in Assam state. However, exploration is still happening, and India's offshore and on-shore basins may contain as much as 11 billion barrels. India presently ranks as the 25th greatest producer of crude oil, accounting for about 1% of the world’s annual crude oil production. About 30% of India's energy needs are met by oil, and more than 60% of that oil is imported. A strong growth in oil demand has resulted in India’s annual petroleum consumption increasing by more than 75% from what it was a decade ago, and petroleum consumption is projected to climb to about 3 million barrels per day by 2010. India is currently the world's sixth greatest oil consumer, accounting for about 2.9% of world's total annual petroleum consumption. An historical summary of petroleum production and consumption in India is shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Petroleum Production and Consumption in India, 1993-2003
(in thousands of barrels per day)

	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003
Production (total)*	578	651	770	751	780	761	765	770	782	813	815
Production (Crude Oil only)	534	590	703	651	675	661	653	646	642	665	660
Consumption	1,311	1,413	1,575	1,681	1,765	1,844	2,031	2,127	2,184	2,263	2,320

* Includes crude oil, natural gas plant liquids, other liquids, and refinery processing gain
Source: DOE/EIA

On one hand country like India is striving against power crisis and the development of nation. We are again now indulged in problem of fighting against terrorism. In such an era we need more power for production, definitely not for representation.

In India communalism has a vital part to play in, each community wants to display their power so that other communities don’t dare to take “panga” with them and stay away. Such processions are held in every city of the nation and these include display of religious beliefs in form of jhanki. Each procession goes its way covering the city in about 8- 10 hours. Many trucks, hand pullers, bands go all the way with this procession.

Liters of petrol/ diesel are wasted in these continuously on trucks, generators used for lighting and music. We have no account on records that how much power we are wasting just for the sake of power representation. This is not all traffic interruption due to this procession makes people travel longer distances and traffic jams make inconvenience to hang at one place for hours, where our vehicle move just 100 yards in about 45 minutes but petrol is on all that time. We again cannot account the amount of petrol/ diesel wasted in this procedure.

Similar is the case followed upon during election campaigns and visit of a minister in any city, during his visit to honor him a big procession follows him all the he goes.

Does a developing country like India really affords to waste such a huge amount of power just to represent their said hollow power?

Encouraging youth towards Entrepreneurship in Agriculture and Allied sectors

2011-01-24T22:32:00.000-08:00

Dr. Vandana Tiwari ( Astt. Prof)

Mata Gujri Women’s College

Jabalpur

tiwarivandana@ymail.com

Introduction:

Large population of India is dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. But Indian agriculture is low productive are with large number of disguised unemployed. Present paper is an attempt to highlight the importance of developing entrepreneurship in the area of agriculture. Agripreneurship is solution to many economic problems like urbanization, poverty, unemployment and economic development. It helps in rural development. But development of entrepreneurship in the areas of agriculture requires special skills like human development, knowledge of agriculture, knowledge of global agriculture market.

Bond between agriculture and youth

National vision of India is to become a welfare state, to reach the target for prosperity for all. The basic developmental needs still exist in our life spirit. We still hope to become a prosperous country.
Secondly, the country enjoyed tremendous economic growth in the 1980s and much of the 1990s, due to abundant natural resources and increases in the manufacturing and services sectors. As a result, India’s middle class grew considerably, but poverty remained widespread. Now the situation of food crisis will arrive. Nothing is older to man than his struggle for food. From the time the early hunters stalked the mammoths and the first sedentary "farmers" scratched the soil to coax scrawny grain to grow, man has battled hunger.
Our future standard of living rests squarely on our ability to innovate. Many economists now believe that world economy is transition from managerial economy – where the focus is on job and employment – to an entrepreneurial economy in which innovation, agility, and the capacity to respond to the unmet needs in society will be the key to sustained economic growth. Entrepreneurship in agriculture and the allied sector is one of the prime needs of today’s economy. That can be the best source for the Government to fight against various problems of economy. The growing need of today’s economy is certainly emphasizing on food crisis, poverty, and unemployment and as a result to that crime. I strongly believe that switching over to agriculture can solve the problems to greater extent. Through agriculture we have various scopes, which is briefly discussed in this paper.

Agriculture Sector

Agriculture is the mainstay of the Indian economy because of its high share in employment and livelihood creation. It supports more than half a billion people providing employment to 52 per cent of the workforce. Its contribution to the nation's GDP is about 18.5 per cent in 2006-07. It is also an important source of raw material and demand for many industrial products, particularly fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural implements and a variety of consumer goods.

Agriculture being a State subject, it is the responsibility of the State Governments to ensure growth and development of the sector within their respective State. Accordingly, separate departments have been set up in several States.

The rapid growth of agriculture is essential not only for self-reliance but also for meeting the food and nutritional security of the people, to bring about equitable distribution of income and wealth in rural areas as well as to reduce poverty and improve the quality of life.

It is also an important source of raw material and demand for many industrial products, particularly fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural implements and a variety of consumer goods.

Horticulture and Allied Sectors

Horticulture and allied' sector is an integral element for food and nutritional security in the country. Horticulture is the main segment, while its various sub-segments are fruits, vegetables, aromatic and herbal plants, flowers, spices and plantation crops. All these are regarded as the essential ingredients of economic security. The wide range of agro-climatic conditions of India is conducive for growing a large variety of horticultural crops, including, root and tuber crops, mushroom, ornamental crops, plantation crops like coconut, areca nut, cashew and cocoa. Horticulture seeks to create ample opportunities for employment, particularly for unemployed youths and women folk. India has maintained leadership in the production of many commodities like mango, banana, acid lime, coconut, areca nut, cashew, ginger, turmeric and black pepper. Presently, it is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world.

Over the years, much progress has been made for the advancement of horticulture and allied sector. Rising investments have resulted in increased production and availability of horticultural produce in the rural and urban areas.

Fruits and Vegetables

India is the fruit and vegetable basket of the world. India being a home of wide variety of fruits and vegetables holds a unique position in production figures among other countries. Over 90% of India's exports in fresh products goes to west Asia and East European markets. However, it needs to augment its food and processing industry at a mega scale, according to an agriculture consultant.

Ministry of Food Processing Industry is the main central agency of the Government responsible for developing a strong and vibrant food processing sector. It has been set up with a view to create increased job opportunities in rural areas, enable the farmers to reap benefit from modern technology, create surplus for exports and stimulate demand for processed food.

Floriculture

Commercial floriculture has been of recent origin though the traditional flower cultivation has been going on for centuries. Emphasis has been shifting from traditional flowers to cut flowers for export purposes. The liberalization of economy since 1991-92 has given an impetus to the Indian entrepreneurs for establishing export oriental floriculture unit under controlled climatic conditions.

Commercial Floriculture is one such scheme implemented by Government with the objectives of improve production and productivity of traditional as well as cut flowers through availability of quality planting material and transfer technology, improve human resource capabilities for growing flowers scientifically, promote production of off season and quality flowers through protected cultivation as well as improve on farm post harvest handling of flowers. State Governments have set up separate departments for promotion and development of the sector in their respective States.

Aromatic and Herbal Plantations

Medicinal, herbal and aromatic plants constitute a large segment of the flora, which provide raw materials for use by pharmaceutical, cosmetic, fragrance and flavor industries. They have been used in the country for a long time for their medicinal properties. India is considered as a treasure house of valuable medicinal and aromatic plant species. It has 15 agro-climatic zones, 47000 different plant species and 15000 medicinal plants. About 2000 native plant species have curative properties and 1300 species are known for their aroma and flavors. The Indian systems of medicines, popularly known as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha drugs are of great demand in the country. It has identified 1500 medicinal plants, of which 500 species are mostly used in the preparation of drugs.

The medicinal plants contribute to cater 80% of the raw materials used in the preparation of drugs. The effectiveness of these drugs mainly depends upon the proper use and sustained availability of genuine raw materials.

Further, India presents a great investment and business opportunity in the herbal sector, with the prospects of the country emerging as a global leader in the field. In recent times, there has been an enlightened awareness among the citizens of the country about the natural advantages that this country is endowed with. Herbal Tea is one of the most commonly used aromatic herbs, which has its own importance. It is gaining popularity due to its multipoint effects. The thrust area is to develop the disease-specific herbal tea. All this proves that India has one of the richest plant medical cultures in the world. There exists innumerable opportunities in the various segments of aromatic, medicinal and herbal plantations. Various efforts, both at the Central and State level, have been actively undertaken to attract significant investments into the sector and promote entrepreneurial activities therein.

Plantation Crops

Plantation crops in India are considered to be the main segment of the horticulture crops. They are the mainstay of agrarian economies in many States and Union Territories (UTs) of the country. They play an important role in the agricultural and industrial development of the country as a whole. They contribute a significant amount to the national exchequer and country's exports by way of excise and export earnings. They also provide direct and indirect employment to large number of people in the country, and thus tries to supplement the poverty alleviation programmes, especially in rural sector.

Plantation crops constitute a large group of crops. The major plantation crops include coconut, areca nut, oil palm, cashew, tea, coffee and rubber; and the minor plantation crops include cocoa. India is the largest producer and consumer of cashew nuts.

But, in India, plantation crops have been continuously facing the problem of lack of investment and depressed yields, and are in great need of modernization. Their total coverage is comparatively less and they are mostly confined to small holdings.

Spices

Spices are one of the main horticulture crops, which are used for flavoring and seasoning the food substances. It is basically defined as vegetable products or mixtures thereof, free from extraneous matter, used for imparting aroma in foods. Due to liberalization of Indian economy, the spices industry of India has grown very rapidly. It is a source of livelihood and employment for large number of people in the country, especially for rural population. India is known as the home of spices and produces a wide variety of spices like black pepper, cardamom (small and large), ginger, garlic, turmeric, chili, etc. It is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices and spice products. Out of the 109 spices listed by the ISO, India produces as many as 75 owing to its varied agro climatic regions. Almost all the States and Union Territories (UTs) of the country grow one or the other spices.

Animal Husbandry and Dairying

Animal Husbandry and Dairying is a State subject and the State Governments are primarily responsible for the growth of the sector. Dairying has become an important secondary source of income and employment for millions of rural families. The Indian Dairy Industry acquired substantial growth momentum from 9th Plan onwards, achieving an annual output of 97.1 million tones of milk during 2005-06. India's milk output during the year 2006-2007 reached the level of 100.9 million tones (provisional). This has not only placed the country on top in the world, but also represents sustained growth in the availability of milk and milk products for the burgeoning population of the country.

Fisheries

The 'fisheries and aquaculture sector' is recognized as the sunshine sector in Indian agriculture. It stimulates growth of number of subsidiary industries and is the source of livelihood for a large section of economically backward population, especially fishermen, of the country. It helps in increasing food supply, generating adequate employment opportunities and raising nutritional level. It has a huge export potential and is a big source of foreign exchange earnings for the country.

Over the years, fisheries' industry is emerging and rapidly growing. This covers both capture and culture including inland and sea, aquaculture, gears, navigation, oceanography, aquarium management, breeding, processing, export and import of seafood, special products and by-products, research and related activities. There exists several investment opportunities in the sector for the entrepreneur’s world over.

Sericulture

Silk is a way of life in India. Over thousands of years, it has become an inseparable part of Indian culture and tradition. No ritual is complete without silk being used as a wear in some form or the other. Sericulture and Silk Textiles Industry is one of the major sub-sector comprising the textiles sector. Sericulture is an agro-based cottage industry. Sericulture refers to the mass-scale rearing of silk producing organisms in order to obtain silk. Sericulture is one of the most labor intensive sectors, combining activities of both agriculture (sericulture) and industry. India is ranked as the second major raw silk producer in the world.

It is the only one cash crop in agriculture sector that gives returns within 30 days. Sericulture emerged as an important economic activity, becoming increasingly popular in several parts of the country, because of its short gestation period, quick recycling of resources. It suits very well to all types of farmers and exceptionally for marginal and small land holders as it offers rich opportunities for enhancement of income and creates own family employment round the year.

Government Policies and Initiatives

Several significant initiatives have been taken in recent years by the Government in order to reverse the downward trend in agricultural production. Some of these important initiatives include:

Bharat Nirman
National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme
National Horticulture Mission
Expansion of Institutional Credit to Farmers
Establishment of the National Bee Board
Establishment of the National Rainfed Area Authority
Establishment of the National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB)
Watershed Development and Micro Irrigation Programmes
Reforms in Agricultural Marketing and Development of Market Infrastructure
Revitalization of Cooperative Sector
Agro-business Development through Venture Capital Participation by the Small Farmer Agro-business Consortium
Reform and Support for Agriculture Extension Services.
National Food Security Mission.
Develop support services including provision for seeds, irrigation, power, machinery and implements, fertilizers and credit at affordable prices in adequate quantity for farmers.
Provide appropriate price and trade policy mechanisms to enhance farmers’ income.
Provide for suitable risk management measures for adequate and timely compensation to farmers.
Complete the unfinished agenda in land reforms and to initiate comprehensive asset and Aquarian reforms.
Pay explicit attention to sustainable rural livelihoods.
Make India a global outsourcing hub in the production and supply of the inputs needed for sustainable agriculture, products and processes developed through biotechnology and Information and Communication Technology (ICT).

Areas of Improvement

Undoubtabely, Government of India has made various fruitful efforts, through finance, irrigation, subsidies, at as discussed above. Scope of Growth in Agricultural and Allied sectors has also increased. But Social, Educational and political structure of the nation has kept us far behind, where we could have been. I believe in spite of neglecting this sector, and promoting industrial sector, Government should give maximum emphasis in Five-year plans on it. This can be the only bypass, through which nation can solve many of its troubles.

Although Indian Agriculture has come a long way, there are certain implications that have to be addressed for national and nutritional security. Our population is expected to be 1.4 billion by 2020. The increasing population, coupled with growing income will generate increased demand for food grains and non-food grain crops. Therefore, Indian agriculture has to achieve a higher growth rate targeted at 4 per cent per annum on a sustainable basis. Acceleration of growth of this sector will not only push the overall GDP growth upwards, it would also make the growth more inclusive.

The long-term policy framework at broad sect oral level needs to be strengthened and focused on improving inter- and intra-sect oral linkages. In addition, there is a need to build an outcome oriented perspective in the implementation of public programmes in the area of irrigation, fertilizers, use of high-yielding varieties of seeds, extension support for facilitating adoption of improved practices, and market access.

Avaibility of land

Since increase in net sown area has flattened out, further increase in agriculture production needs to come through an increase in gross cropped area (multiple cropping), coverage of area under irrigation and improvement in the productivity levels. Practice of sanctioning fertile land for industries like tata motors should be strictly prohibited. As establishment of such industries can be done in non-fertile land like in Tamil nadu and Andhra Pradesh. There are acres of land lying baron in those areas.

When land is provided to mines for mining of ores, as far as I know they are not returned back to farmers for agricultural produce. This practice is continuously decreasing the land use patterns in India. Many families who have got agricultural land from their ancestors. But have shifted their profession to service sector, keeping un ploughed land for the sake of family honor. Such land should be ceased and given to poor or landless farmers. Just as it happened during land reforms after independence.

Promoting agricultural produce and technology

Including agricultural economics as a subject in schools as a foundation course would also add upon encouraging youths to make their career in agriculture.

Making agriculture financially more earned would help them to motivate towards this field.

Indian agriculture also has to diversify into high-value crops, raise productivity, restore soil health and enhance the application of modern technologies including biotechnology. Strengthen the bio-security of crops, farm animals, and fish and forest trees for safeguarding the livelihood and income security of farmer families and the health and trade security of the nation.

Adoption of modern agricultural practices and technologies is inadequate, hampered by ignorance of such practices, high costs and impracticality in the case of small land holdings. Role of Food processing Industry, which is the main central agency of the Government responsible for developing a strong, and vibrant food processing sector should be increased and given high priority. It has been set up with a view to create increased job opportunities in rural areas, enable the farmers to reap benefit from modern technology, create surplus for exports and stimulate demand for processed food. The ministry of food processing industry should conduct training camps, workshops frequently in various divisions to encourage youngsters towards development of agricultural entrepreneurship

Changing pattern of financial support

While public investment in agriculture may not have kept pace with the requirements of the sector, food and fertilizer subsidies have supported the agriculture sector. There may be a need for better targeting of these subsidies with a view to optimize the resource allocation and returns there from. Instead of giving loans, farmers should be given equipments, as loans are usually utilized for fulfilling family needs, and finally government has to excuse the amount of loan. The pattern of financial loan should necessarily be changed. Farmers should be given agricultural commodities, as per their need, instead of cash. As the monetary amount is utilized for fulfilling other social and family needs. This has resulted to increase in agricultural debt.

Involving young generation in agriculture

Youth employment policies should be integrated with other policies regarding youth such as educational, training and investment policies. There is lot of baron lands lying over this can be ploughed by unemployed, in spite of giving them berozgari bhatta. This will make them divert towards this field instead of crime. Human resource development of the persons engaged in agriculture is necessary not only to have greater penetration of better technology but also because new skill sets would be necessary to enable underemployed labor in this sector to get absorbed in other fast growing sectors. Government should introduce measures that can help attract and retain youths in farming and processing of farm products for higher value addition by making it intellectually stimulating and economically rewarding.

Conclusion:

Few state of India has recently over gone the elections. The prominent and big leaders delivered their speeches. But to my surprise none discussed about agriculture. Only industrial development was discussed and priorities. It is shameful for us to purchase vegetables and Rs 100/ kg and above. Being a agriculturist nation, at least food supply should never slow down. The nation can achieve self subsistence and sustainable growth only through uplifting Agriculture. Instead of opening various technical Colleges, some changes must be made towards agricultural education. Policies regarding non sale of Agricultural land for Commercial purpose must be set up. ADOPT AGRICULTURE TO SAVE THE NATION.

References:

World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development
Global Warming and Agriculture: Impact Estimates by Country: William R Cline
Government Support to Agricultural Insurance: Challenges and opportunities: Oliver Mahul Charles J. Stutley
From Farm to Firm: Rural-urban Transition in Developing ...
Growth and Productivity in Agriculture and Agribusiness: ...Productivity Growth in Agriculture: An International Perspective Keith Owen Fuglie
Agricultural Entrepreneurship in India. Anjaneya swamy
Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship: Sangram Kesari Mohanty

IMPACT ON GLOBALISATION ON TRIBALS

2011-01-24T22:26:00.000-08:00

Abstract:

In a global context, Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG policy) are no longer an option but a fact. Whether one likes it or not, it is bound to influence all spheres of life and activities. Developing countries like India may have to learn to manage the process far more skillfully and efficiently for the development of the country.

In the broad setting of reforms in many countries in the 1980s, India was an apparent anomaly. India was at the crossroads. She was facing a macroeconomic crisis that required immediate attention. The macroeconomic crisis provided the opportunity and the necessity to address meaningfully the inefficiencies in our policy framework that had altered our economic performance and to begin constructively the task of undertaking the necessary microeconomic or structural reforms that had long been overdue. The reform process began in India in 1991.

The reform process has affected the indigenous communities of India, particularly their culture, languages and style of life. The indigenous people are largely the deprived section of India. They continue to become poorer due to the impact of reform measures. The paper studies the process of adverse impacts of reform measures on the indigenous communities of India with some case studies.

For nearly two decades, a “silent revolution” has been sweeping through the world – in developed countries as well as in developing countries. It is the revolution of economic reforms, in other words, a change from an economic system of central planning to a market based economy. Economic reforms have become a universal phenomenon and are viewed as indispensable for rapid and balanced development. It involves both macroeconomic stabilization and structural (microeconomic) reforms.

Stabilization measures can be defined as “a package of policies designed to eliminate disequilibrium between aggregate demand and supply in the economy, which typically manifests itself in balance of payment deficits and rising prices”. Economic reforms seek to usher in Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization, what is commonly known as LPG policies.

Liberalization:

Liberalization denotes deregulation and de-licensing of industry, relaxation of industry entry barriers and removal of restrictions on capacity expansion. “Economic Reform is sometimes equated with liberalization, but it is better described as encouragement of free and fair competition in all economic spheres as a spur to efficiency and growth. The negative aspects of liberalization are decontrol, deregulation and reduction in governmental intervention and involvement. These “liberalization” initiatives are important, but they are only a part of the agenda for increasing free and fair competition. The main aim of liberalization is to dismantle the excessive regulatory framework, which acts as a shackle on freedom of enterprise.

Privatization:

Privatization in a narrow sense indicates transfer of ownership of a public sector undertaking to private sector, either wholly or partially. But in a broad sense, it implies the opening up of the private sector to areas, which were hitherto reserved for the public sector. Such deliberate encouragement of investment to the private sector in the economy, while emphasizing to a lesser degree the expansion or growth of the public sector will, over a period of time, increase the overall share of the private sector in the economy. The purpose is to limit the areas of the public sector and to extend the areas of private sector operation, including heavy industries and infrastructure. The basic purpose of privatization is to infuse the spirit of efficiency into public enterprises.

Globalization:

Globalisation is considered to be an important element in the reforms package. It involves the increasing interaction of national economic systems – more integrated financial markets, economies and trade, higher factor mobility, and spectacular change in information technology leading to the spread of knowledge throughout the world. Globalisation means different things to different people. In business world, it refers mainly to specific strategies in companies designed to overcome the constraints of national boundaries through the mechanism of globalized production and marketing networks. In the field of economics it is considered synonymous to economic inter-dependence between countries covering increased trade, technology, labour and international capital flows. In the political debate, globalisation refers to the integrative forces drawing national societies into a global community covering the spread of ideas, norms and values. Last but not the least, in the social field, the tidal wave of global culture is sweeping the indigenous cultures all over the world.

Globalisation is defined as free movements of goods, services, capital (FDI), people and information technology across national boundaries. It creates and, in turn, is driven by an integrated global economy, which influences both, economic as well as social relations within and across countries. The opening up of an economy increases competition internally as well as externally, leads to structural changes in the economy, alters consumer preferences, lifestyles and demands of citizens. The process of global economic integration gained momentum only in the 1970s with the development of capital markets. While mainstream economists suggest that globalisation process is a strong force for equalizing per capita income between nations, others say that the developing countries are exposed to threats of further aggravation and marginalization in the process.

The advocates of globalization, especially from the developed countries, limit the definition of globalisation to only three components, viz., unhindered trade flows, capital flows and technology flows. They insist that the developing countries accept their definition of globalisation and conduct the debate on globalisation within the boundaries set by them. But several economists and social thinkers in developing countries believe that this definition is incomplete. If the ultimate aim of the globalisation movement is to integrate the world into one global village, then the fourth component of unrestricted movement of labour cannot be left out. But whether the debate about globalisation is carried out at the World Trade Organization (WTO) or at any other international forum, there is a deliberate effort to black out 'labour flows' as an essential component of globalisation.

Fears of Globalization:

Globalization has raised fears all over the world that the market could rend the social fabric of societies. Anti-globalizationists proclaim, "The world is not for sale." Globalization, these days, is not being warmly welcomed particularly in the developing countries. Quotations from centuries past would show that fears about globalization have long been prevalent. Back in the time of the Roman Empire, Pliny the Elder was already complaining about "India, China and Arabia robbing our Empire one hundred million sesterces every year.

The driving forces in the process of globalisation are incentives and integration. The most visible outcomes in the process are the development of transnational corporations and international banks having principal control over growing world trade in goods and services rather than governments (the world's 37,000 parent transnational corporations and their 200,000 affiliates control 75% of the world trade).

Globalization in India:

In the broad setting of reforms in many countries in the 1980s, India was an apparent anomaly. India was at the crossroads. She was facing a macroeconomic crisis that required immediate attention. The crisis had been simmering since the mid 1980s in spite of occasional minor reform measures, attempted by the governments led by Prime Ministers, V.P. Singh and Chandrasekar respectively. The macroeconomic crisis provided the opportunity and the necessity to address meaningfully the inefficiencies in our policy framework that had altered our economic performance and to begin constructively the task of undertaking the necessary microeconomic or structural reforms that had long been overdue.

The reform process began in India in 1991. The, then new Government of P.V. Narashima Rao moved swiftly and announced a programme of macroeconomic stabilization and structural adjustments, which initiated a series of reform measures in India. The proposed policy frame was radically different in approach and content from the one India had pursued since independence. Reforms initiated by Rao and his Finance Minister, Manmohan Singh are called the Second Wave of reforms. The major areas of reform include: 1. Fiscal policy reform; 2. Monetary policy reform; 3. Pricing policy reform; 4. External policy reform; 5. Industrial policy reform; 6. Foreign investment policy reform; 7. Trade policy reform; and 8. Public sector policy reform.

India, characterized by pervasive poverty (300 million below the poverty line) has been implementing several poverty alleviation programmes over the passed decades. These programmes have been in the form of "Garibi Hatao" (eradicate poverty), self-employment creation (SEC), Food for Work (FFW), asset building programmes and wage employment creation (WEC) programmes. These programmes were mainly targeted towards the poor or very poor families on the basis of income threshold. However, a feature of most programmes is that they are financed by the state and, as such, periodic funding inadequacies often lead to either abandonment or reduced effectiveness of the schemes. However, with the onset of globalisation the resource allocations to these programmes in real terms are badly hit.

There is now substantial evidence that India's success at reducing the incidence of poverty during the 1970s and 1980s was halted, if not reversed, during the globalisation era of 1990s. Estimates made at the World Bank show that the incidence of poverty, which between 1972-73 and 1989-90 fell from 55.5 per cent to 34.3 per cent in rural India and from 54.3 to 34.1 per cent nationally, has in subsequent National Sample Survey (NSS) rounds, up to 1997 (when the incidence was 34.2 per cent national and 35.8 per cent rural) never gone below the 1989-90 level and has in fact risen to much higher levels in individual years. Other estimates (e.g., Gupta 1999) suggest an even greater increase in rural poverty during 1990s. All the estimates indicate that the gap between rural and urban areas, which had decreased during the 1980s and the 1970s, increased considerably during the 1990s.

In addition to the decline in the purchasing power of the incomes of the rural poor, the rate of growth of per capita rural income in real terms has sharply decelerated. This fall in rural income is, however, not just because the share of agricultural income in national income has fallen. The share in non-agricultural incomes in total rural incomes, which rose sharply between 1977-78 and 1990-91, has stagnated since then. The reason behind all this is the inefficiency and corrupts practices inherent in the governance system of the Indian Government, which does not enhance productivity, competitiveness and development.

Given that India accounts for about a third of the world's absolute poor, the nature of her integration with the international economy has critical implications for liberalization and globalisation reducing world poverty. India can be described as a relatively large, closed or protected economy, in the throes of industrialization, with trade and foreign investment plating a limited role, low per capita income, and a significant agrarian sector, marked by sharp inequality.

The issue of poverty and inequality is far more important for India both because of the alarming and overwhelming proportion of the population living below the poverty line (however measured) and also because inequality halting growth usually leads to the self-perpetuation of a low-level equilibrium. Globalisation takes society from a national to an international perspective, which is typified as being consumer driven. 21^st century consumers have informed value politics and a global culture. Their choices reflect the lifestyle consumerism and materialistic trend in society, where self-esteem is centred on one's consumption. "You are what you wear and eat". Globalisation is not really global. As Streeten points out, it increases the gap between different strata of people and countries. Globalisation is good for rich countries like USA, Japan and Europe. It is bad for developing countries like India. Globalisation is good for rich people with assets and skills. But it is bad for the poor people like Tribals and Dalits.

Tribals in India

The tribal population of India (67.6 million) around 7 percent of the total population is larger than that of any other country in the world. The rural and urban male population is 3,17,55,930 and 26,07,341 respectively. The rural female population is 3,09,95,096 while the urban female population is 24,00,013. The tribal population of India is more than the total population of France and Britain and four times that of Australia. If all the tribals of India had lived in one state, it would have been the fifth most populous state after Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Maharashtra. Madhya Pradesh is not only the largest state in India but also has the largest tribal population of the country.

The word 'tribe' is generally used for a "socially cohesive unit, associated with a territory, the members of which regard them as politically autonomous" (Mitchell, 1979: 232). Often a tribe possesses a distinct dialect and distinct cultural traits. The forest occupies a central position in tribal culture and economy. The tribal way of life is very much dictated by the forest right from birth to death. It is ironical that the poorest people of India are living in the areas of richest natural resources. Historically, tribals have been pushed to corners owing to economic interests of various dominant groups. In contemporary India, the need for land for development is still forcing them, albeit this time to integrate with mainstream.

In spite of the protection given to the tribal population by the Constitution of India (1950), tribals still remain the most backward ethnic group in India. They rate very low on the three most important indicators of development: health, education and income. The tribals are most backward not only compared with the general population, but also compared to the Scheduled Caste (Dalits), the other backward social group with constitutional protection. While examining the effects of planned developmental intervention on the tribals from 1961 to 1981, it was observed that twenty years of intervention has not made any significant impact in improving the conditions of the tribals.

The basic features of our Constitution indicate direction of change or modernization, if one wants to say so, of our society. Ours is supposed to be a casteless, secular, democratic and socialist polity and society. We have shaped our policies and programmes to realize this type of change. Our Constitution considers every citizen as equal. Legal and administrative framework, institutional network and policies of development in general are also considered suitable for tribals. The tribals are a part of the Indian society and general problems of consciously changing or modernizing Indian society are also applicable to them. But the tribals form a special case in this wider framework and the problem is the nature and type of this special category.

Tribal development policies and programmes in India assumed that all the tribals will develop and will integrate themselves with the so-called mainstream. This has happened only in a symbolic way. As a result of the planned tribal development, stratification on secular lines has taken place among tribals and only a small section has been able to take advantage of the development programmes. The reason being that the development programmes were not implemented due to inefficient and corrupt bureaucracy.[i][21]

Impact of Globalization on Tribals:

Displacement of Tribals: It is estimated that owing to construction of over 1500 major irrigation development projects since independence, over 16 million people were displaced from their villages, of which about 40 per cent belong to tribal population. The government and the planners are aware of (a) the eroding resource base and socio-cultural heritage of tribal population through a combination of development interventions, commercial interest, and lack of effective legal protection to tribal and (b) the disruption of life and environment of tribal population owing to unimaginative, insensitive package of relief (Planning Commission, 1990). Still the development process continued unmindful of displacement.

A common feature shared by most of the tribal people is their remoteness and marginal quality of territorial resources. In the past, exploitation of such poor regions was found both difficult and uneconomic. But, the recent rapid technological advancement and unrivalled economic and political strength of world capitalism, and the rising power of neo-colonialism through the G-8 directly and the IMF, WB, IBRD, etc., as agencies, have created favourable conditions for the evasion and extraction of natural resources from the ecologically fragile territories of tribal people. Thus, forced evictions of tribals to make way for mammoth capital-intensive development projects have become a distressing routine and ever-increasing phenomenon.

There is a heavy concentration of industrial and mining activities in the central belt. All the massive steel plants, BALCO, NALCO, heavy engineering concerns etc. are based here. Most river basin development schemes and hydropower projects, a chain of forest-based and ancillary industries and an increasing number of highly polluting industries are located in this region. Despite intense industrial activity in the central Indian tribal belt, the tribal employment in modern enterprises is negligible. Apart from the provisions of Apprenticeship Act, there is no stipulation for private or joint sector enterprises to recruit certain percentage of dispossessed tribal workforce. The tribals are forced to live in juxtaposition with alien capitalist relations and cultures, with traumatic results. They are forced onto the ever-expanding low paid, insecure, transient and destitute labour market. About 40 per cent of the tribals of central India supplement their income by participating in this distorted and over exploitative capitalist sector. Many more are slowly crushed into oblivion in their homeland or in urban slums. This is nothing short of ethnocide. Their economic and cultural survival is at stake.

India happens to be the second most dammed country in the world. It has invested over Rs. 300 billion on dams and hydropower projects by 2000. The World Bank has directly funded as many as 87 large-scale dam projects in India as against only 58 for the whole of the African continent and 59 for Latin America. Between 1981 and 1990, the World Bank provided $7 billion for such projects in India, i.e., one-fifth of its total funding for 85 countries world over. Almost all major dam projects in India are intrinsically linked to world capitalism and its obsequious national stooges. Nearly 60 per cent of these large dams are located in central and western India where about 80 per cent of the tribals live.

There is no reliable and complete information on the number of tribals displaced in the country since independence. The estimates range between 5 and 7 million - mostly by the dams, followed by mines and industries - or approximately one in every ten tribals has been displaced by different developments projects. It is not only the magnitude of involuntary tribal displacement that should attract the special concern but also the sacrifice of collective identity, historical and cultural heritage, and of course the survival support. Poverty, malnutrition, mortality, morbidity, illiteracy, unemployment, debt bondage, and serfdom among the tribals are markedly higher.

Privatization of PSUs:

One of the ways of globalisation in India is disinvestment or privatization. Many Public Sector Enterprises are being sold off to private sectors with the objective of raising revenues to meet the fiscal deficits and to improve efficiency. Profit making enterprises like BALCO, which are in the tribal belt, have been privatized. PSEs in the tribal belt were beneficial to tribal people giving them employment and livelihood. Privatization of these enterprises has adversely affected the tribal people and disturbed the regional balance in terms of industrialization.

Tribal population largely dominates the newly formed state of Chattisgarh. The land on which Balco stands is the tribal land that was bought or leased to the company, which was a public sector undertaking and for public purposes. The land was acquired at low prices as low as Rs.20 per acre. The argument is that the moment Balco is disinvested the ownership becomes private. Transfer of tribal land would be illegal as per the Land Act of Madhya Pradesh. The argument is further strengthened with the existence of precedence in the form of Supreme Court judgment in the Samatha Vs State of Andhra Pradesh case in 1996 that barred private business to be set up in tribal areas.

However, in case of BALCO, while certain areas fall under the scheduled areas list, neither MP nor Chhattisgarh have made any local amendments to the MMDRA prohibiting the grant of mining leases in scheduled areas to non-tribals. Also, in the present transaction, according to Central Government, the Aluminium Company is not transferring it’s rights or mining leases to a third party. After divestment, the company, as an entity remains the same. It is not more 'non-tribal' than before.

Development carnage under the New Economic Policy and its submission to the powers of globalisation have led to a process of conscious and systematic annihilation of the first people - the Adivasis- of this country.... This process of globalisation has invaded India too since the introduction of the New Economic Policy of the Nineties, which is a complete reversal of the welfare and socialistic essence of the Constitution.

Conclusion: Globalization with a Human Face:

Markets are not very friendly to the poor, to the weak or to the vulnerable, either nationally or internationally. Nor are markets free. They are often the handmaidens of powerful interest groups, and they are greatly influenced by the prevailing distribution of income. In a capitalist economy, all are not in a position to compete in the market. Some like Tribals and Dalits who do not have enough education, health and nutrition to compete will fall outside the market place. That is why much better distribution of income and assets, of credit, of power structures and certainly of knowledge and skills are vital to making markets work more efficiently. Markets cannot become more neutral or competitive unless the playing field is even and playable.

If globalisation were superimposed on a poorly educated and poorly-trained tribal people, particularly in states like Bihar and Jharkhand with poor systems of governance and infrastructure, it would not lead to growth nor reduce poverty. Globalisation may no longer be an option, but a fact. However, it must be implemented with a human face.

The efforts to become competitive often hurt the social sectors first. It is most often these sectors that face budgetary reductions when liberalisation policies are implemented. Conservative monetary and fiscal policies are often undertaken and these too, independent of reductions in the size and scope of social sectors, can indirectly reduce allocations to social services and basic provisions. Such cuts in social spending are likely to hit the tribals the hardest who already have limited access to education and health facilities.

It has been accepted as an undisputed fact that rural and tribal particularly women, have a very intimate and symbiotic relationship with the ecology around them as they are untenably linked to the natural resources. In India, people adversely affected by development have been mainly dalits and tribals and among them women, who suffer even severe forms of discrimination. Repeated displacement, migration and drastic changes in livelihood patterns have socially and culturally denuded the status of the indigenous people, increasing violence and abuse against them.

The tribals are part of the Indian society, at the same time they are different. Special policy and programmes are required to address and redress these differences especially in the context of globalisation. When we plan for tribal development, we have to regard these differences, take a special note of their situations and capabilities and provide them facilities to develop on the line they want to take. Outsiders cannot develop tribals; they can become only facilitators if they want to do so. If they have to unfold from within, they must have participation in any development decision. Their felt needs should be transformed in development programmes. The tribals can participate in their development programmes only if they are considered to be equals, and if unique identities are respected.

[i][21] Ibid, p. 14

About Me

2010-12-15T23:04:00.000-08:00

I am a woman who definitely searches for peace, quality, and justice in everything I does. I have a natural instinct in knowing what is fair and equitable, and can be useful and fair in the capacities of a mediator, a judge, or as a good friend if arbitrating differences between others.

Welcome to my world.

Vandana Mishra

Renewable Energy and Globalization

Renewable Energy Sources

Global Warming

Future of Global Warming

Conclusion:

References:

· en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_resource

· library.thinkquest.org/26026/.../renewable_resources.html

· www.globalwarming.org.in/ -

· www.alternate-energy-sources.com/

· R. Eisenberg and D. Nocera, "Preface: Overview of the Forum on Solar and Renewable Energy," Inorg. Chem. 44, 6799 (2007).

INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Advantages of Eco-tourism

Conservation

Local Business

Cultural Exchange

The Economic Impacts of Eco-tourism

Conservation of Water, through dam construction (With special reference to India)

BABA RAMDEV: A TRUE NATION BUILDER.

(Analytical study) By:Dr. Vandana TiwariHODDepartment of EconomicsMata Gujri Mahila Mahavidyalaya

ABSTRACT:

INTRODUCTION

Women entrepreneurship

(All women are endowed with innate power that can make them successful entrepreneurs.)

Women constitute almost half of the total population of world. Similarly in India also women constitute fifty percent of the total population.

SPECIAL FEATURES OF INDIAN WOMEN

e) Shruti is a degree holder in Chemistry from University of Pennsylvania and she did worked with Merrill Lynch. She came back India after study in USA and started his own hotel business and became successful woman entrepreneur in India.

SOME MORE EXAMPLES

•Film Producer – Farah Khan

•Film Producer and Director- Aparna Sen

CONCLUSION:

World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011, Davos

Wave Theory

NO MORE PROMISES OF POVERTY ALLEVATION IN ELECTION SPEECHES

Poverty in India

Poverty Estimates

Causes of Poverty in India

Lack Of Investment For The Poor: Over The Past 60years, India Decided To Focus On Creating World-Class Educational Institutions For The Elite, Whilst Neglecting Basic Literacy For The Majority. This Has Denied The Illiterate Population - 33% Of India - Even The Possibility Of Escaping Poverty.

High Growth Rates

Openness to Trade and Investment

Closure to Trade and Investment

A License-Obsessed, Restrictive State Inability to Sustain Social Expenditures

Social Expenditure Awareness

Macro Instability,

Macro Stability

Efforts To Alleviate Poverty

Outlook For Poverty Alleviation

Controversy Over Extent Of Poverty Reduction

POWER CONSERVATION OR POWER REPRESENTATION

An energy summary of India

Encouraging youth towards Entrepreneurship in Agriculture and Allied sectors

Horticulture and Allied Sectors

Avaibility of land

Promoting agricultural produce and technology

IMPACT ON GLOBALISATION ON TRIBALS

Tribals in India

About Me

(Analytical study)

By:
Dr. Vandana Tiwari
HOD
Department of Economics
Mata Gujri Mahila Mahavidyalaya

_{Poverty Estimates}

_{Causes of Poverty in India}

_{High Growth Rates}

_{Openness to Trade and Investment}

_{Closure to Trade and Investment}

_{A License-Obsessed, Restrictive State Inability to Sustain Social Expenditures}

_{Social Expenditure Awareness}

_{Macro Instability,}

_{Macro Stability}

_{Efforts To Alleviate Poverty}

_{Outlook For Poverty Alleviation}

_{Controversy Over Extent Of Poverty Reduction}