<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8474176338195081191</id><updated>2024-10-05T09:03:22.350+07:00</updated><category term="Open...open.....source..."/><category term="iptv .."/><title type='text'>VanDutto</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>evan verdian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03680057277211349419</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9AHTM0cMjMwDtKDh6UKi2zQBqjAcmimvMrq9SGV0N-vLaNwYO_pHayuCKqPgbEbYaueyoNfLNefyA-Ctb1nDxap62GO_puH-BZp-cpGHRm5S6Szzv9DKNavzExyHiOS4/s220/evan1.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>9</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8474176338195081191.post-7212226580148946032</id><published>2012-03-22T02:32:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2012-03-22T02:37:13.905+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Komputasi, Komputasi Modern, dan Bioinformatika</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Komputasi Modern&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Komputasi
 Modern terdiri dari dua kata yaitu Komputasi dan Modern,  dimana 
Komputasi dapat diartikan sebagai cara untuk menemukan pemecahan 
permasalahan dari data input dengan suatu algoritma sedangkan Modern 
artinya mengungkapkan tentang teknologi masa kini. Maka Komputasi Modern
 merupakan perhitungan yang menggunakan computer canggih dimana pada 
computer tersebut tersimpan sejumlah algoritma untuk menyelesaikan 
masalah perhitungan secara efektif dan efisien.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sejarah Komputasi Modern &lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1940 komputer yang semula dikhususkan sebagai instrument untuk science,  berubah menjadi produk komersil.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1945 di temukan Bug Komputer oleh Grace Murray Hopper&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1947 tanggal 23 Desember ditemukan transistor yang pertama kali oleh Bardeen  dan Walter Brattain bersama dengan William Shockley&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1951 dimulai sebuah gagasan microprogramming oleh Maurice Wilkes&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1951-1952 Grace Murray Hopper mengembangkan A-O, yang merupakan compiler  pertama.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1957 John Backus dan kolega IBM mengirimkan Compiler Fortran yang pertama.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1958 Jack Kilby menghasilkan prototype semiconductor IC&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1960 merupakan timbulnya system kecil seperti word length, register structure, Number of Addresses, I/O channel, Floating point hardware.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1960 juga Paul Baran yang bekerja di Rand Corp. menemukan dasar packet switching untuk data komunikasi.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1962 video game pertama kali di temukan oleh Steve Russell yang merupakan  seorang lulusan MIT.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1964 mouse ditemukan oleh Doug Engelbart.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1969 munculnya internet oleh DARPA&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1970 merupakan kedatangan PC (personal computer).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1970 ditemukan UNIX oleh Dennis Ritchie dan Kenneth Thomson.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pada tahun 1970 juga floppy disk dan daisywheel printer di tunjukkan kepada umum (debut pertama).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1971 Ray Tomlinson of Bolt Beranek dan Newmen pertama kali mengirimkan  jaringan surat e-mail.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1971 Niklaus Wirth menemukan Pascal&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1972 di temukan bahasa C oleh Dennis Ritchie di Bell Labs.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1973 Robert Metcalfe menuliskan catatan di “Ether Acquisition” yang mendeskripsikan Ethernet.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1973 Robert Metcalfe dan David Boggs menemukan Ethernet.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1976 merupakan tahun pertama kalinya muncul supercomputer dengan vektorial  arsitektur.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1976, Steve Jobs dan Steve Wozniak mendesain dan membangun Apple I yang  terdiri dari kebanyakan papan circuit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1977, Steve Jobs dan Steve Wozniak tergabung dalam Apple computer pada 3  januari.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1978, Muncul MS&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1978, Wordstar yang merupakan software pengolah kata diperkenalkan dan  meluas.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1979 telepon seluler di test di Jepang dan Chicago.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1980 IBM memilih PC-DOS dari Microsoft sebagai OS (Operating System)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1980 bahasa Ada muncul yang di temukan oleh Departemen Pertahanan US.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1980 portable computer seberat 24 pounds lahir.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;1 januari 1983, muncul TCP/IP&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1984, muncul Apple Macintosh&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1984, muncul DNS&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1985 menyebarnya sistem networking.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1990 tim Barners Lee Menemukan WWW yaitu aplikasi internet yang membawa perkembangan dan perubahan besar di dunia internet.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1991 Trovalds menempatkan UNIX di IBMnya.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1992 muncul istilah surfing&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1993 pentium milik intel diperkenalkan kepada umum pada bulan Maret&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1993 muncul NSCA Mosaic&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1994 muncul Yahoo dan Netscape Navigator 1.0&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tahun 1995 muncul bahasa pemrograman Java pada bulan Mei.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pada Desember 1994 maka Spyglass milik Microsoft telah dibayar dan diberi&amp;nbsp; lisensi,  sehingga untuk web browser yang nantinya nama spyglass tersebut akan diganti dengan  nama Internet Explorer.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pada 1995 spyglass sudah menjadi bagian dari OS dan bagian dari windows&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Macam-macam Komputasi Modern:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
Komputansi modern mempunyai karakteristik komputasi modern yang terdiri atas 3 macam, yaitu :&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Komputer-komputer
 penyedia sumber daya bersifat heterogenous karena terdiri dari berbagai
 jenis perangkat keras, sistem operasi, serta aplikasi yang terpasang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Komputer-komputer terhubung ke jaringan yang luas dengan kapasitas bandwidth yang beragam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Komputer maupun jaringan tidak terdedikasi, bisa hidup atau mati sewaktu-waktu tanpa jadwal yang jelas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Komputasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Apa yang kalian ketahui tentang Komputasi?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;Komputasi adalah sebuah istilah umum untuk segala jenis pemrosesan 
informasi untuk menemukan pemecahan masalah dari data input dengan 
menggunakan suatu algoritma.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Apa yang kalian ketahui tentang Parallel Processing ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;Pemrosesan paralel (parallel processing) adalah penggunakan lebih 
dari satu CPU untuk menjalankan sebuah program secara simultan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Hubungan Antara Komputasi Modern dengan Parallel Processing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;Kinerja Parallel komputasi digunakan untuk melakukan perhitungan 
komputasi dengan menggunakan 2 atau lebih CPU atau Processor dalam suatu
 komputer yang sama atau komputer yang berbeda dimana dalam hal ini 
setiap instruksi dibagi kedalam beberapa instruksi kemudian dikirim ke 
processor yang terlibat komputasi dan dilakukan secara bersamaan. Untuk 
proses pembagian proses komputasi tersebut dilakukan oleh suatu software
 yang betugas untuk mengatur komputasi. Terdapat dua jenis kinerja 
parallel processing yaitu Multi-core dan PC Clustering. Sehingga paralel
 processing dapat mempercepat waktu penyelesaian masalah komputasi 
karena proses dijalankan secara paralel dengan beberapa 
processor/komputer dengan tujuan/algoritma yang sama. Banyaknya jumlah 
komputer/prosessor untuk paralel processing, proses komputasi menjadi 
lebih cepat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Bioinformatika&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Apa yang dimaksud mengenai Bioinformatika ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;Bioinformatika kajian ilmu yang memadukan disiplin biologi molekul, 
matematika dan teknik informasi (TI). Ilmu ini didefinisikan sebagai 
aplikasi dari alat komputasi dan analisa untuk menangkap dan 
menginterpretasikan data-data biologi molekul. Pada saat ini, 
Bioinformatika ini mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting, diantaranya 
adalah untuk manajemen data-data biologi molekul, terutama sekuen DNA 
dan informasi genetika.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt; &lt;br /&gt;2. Bidang-bidang yang terkait dengan Bioinformatika ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;1. Bioinformatika dalam Bidang Klinis Bioinformatika
 dalam bidang klinis sering disebut sebagai informatika klinis (clinical
 informatics). Aplikasi dari informatika klinis ini berbentuk manajemen 
data-data klinis dari pasien melalui Electrical Medical Record (EMR) 
yang dikembangkan oleh Clement J. McDonald dari Indiana University 
School of Medicine pada tahun 1972.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;2. Bioinformatika untuk Identifikasi Agent Penyakit Baru&lt;/span&gt; Bioinformatika
 juga menyediakan tool yang sangat penting untuk identifikasi agent 
penyakit yang belum dikenal penyebabnya. Banyak sekali penyakit baru 
yang muncul dalam dekade ini, dan diantaranya yang masih hangat adalah 
SARS (Severe  Acute Respiratory Syndrome).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;3. Bioinformatika untuk Penemuan Obat&lt;/span&gt; Cara
 yang digunakan pada contoh ini adalah dengan menganalisa struktur dan 
fungsi enzim-enzim yang diperlukan untuk perkembangbiakan suatu agent 
dimana agent tersebut adalah penyebab dari suatu penyakit. Kemudian 
mencari atau mensintesa zat atau senyawa yang dapat menekan fungsi dari 
enzim-enzim tersebut.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;4. Untuk Mendiagnosa Penyakit Baru&lt;/span&gt;Untuk
 menangani penyakit baru diperlukan diagnosa yang akurat sehingga dapat 
dibedakan dengan penyakit lain. Diagnosa yang akurat ini sangat 
diperlukan untuk pemberian obat dan perawatan yang tepat bagi pasien.Ada
 beberapa cara untuk mendiagnosa suatu penyakit, antara lain: isolasi 
agent penyebab penyakit tersebut dan analisa morfologinya, deteksi 
antibodi yang dihasilkan dari infeksi dengan teknik enzyme-linked 
immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dan deteksi gendari agent pembawa penyakit 
tersebut dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).Teknik yang 
banyak dan lazim dipakai saat ini adalah teknik PCR. Teknik ini 
sederhana, praktis dan cepat. Yang penting dalam teknik PCR adalah 
disain primer untuk amplifikasi DNA, yang memerlukan data sekuen dari 
genom agent yang bersangkutan dan software seperti yang telah diuraikan 
di atas. Disinilah Bioinformatika memainkan peranannya. Untuk agent yang
 mempunyai genom RNA, harus dilakukan reverse transcription (proses 
sintesa DNA dari RNA) terlebih dahulu dengan menggunakan enzim reverse 
transcriptase. Setelah DNA diperoleh baru dilakukan PCR. Reverse 
transcription dan PCR ini bisa dilakukan sekaligus dan biasanya 
dinamakan RT-PCR.  Teknik PCR ini bersifat kualitatif, oleh sebab itu 
sejak beberapa tahun yang lalu dikembangkan teknik lain, yaitu Real Time
 PCR yang bersifat kuantitatif. Dari hasil Real Time PCR ini bisa 
ditentukan kuantitas suatu agent di dalam tubuh seseorang, sehingga bisa
 dievaluasi tingkat emergensinya. Pada Real Time PCR ini selain primer 
diperlukan probe yang harus didisain sesuai dengan sekuen agent yang 
bersangkutan. Di sini juga  diperlukan software atau program 
Bioinformatika.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;5. Bioteknologi Dalam Bidang Pertanian&lt;/span&gt; Bioteknologi telah diterapkan secara luas dalam bidang pertanian, antara lain yaitu:Pupuk Hayati (biofertiliser) yaitu suatu bahan yang berasal dari jasad hidup,khususnya mikrobia yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan kuantitas dan kualitasproduksi tanaman.Kultur in vitro, yaitu pembiakan tanaman dengan menggunakan bagian tanaman yangditumbuhkan pada media bernutrisi dalam kondisi aseptik.Kultur in vitro memungkinkan perbanyakan tanaman secara massal dalam waktu yangsingkat.Teknologi DNA Rekombinaan, pengembangan tanaman transgenik, misalnya galur tanamantransgenik yang membawa gen cry dari Bacillus thuringiensis untuk pengendalian hama.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sumber:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://anitaapriliani.blogspot.com/2011/04/bioinformatika-perkembangan-ilmu.html&quot;&gt;http://anitaapriliani.blogspot.com/2011/04/bioinformatika-perkembangan-ilmu.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;goog_1312601316&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;goog_1312601317&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://draft.blogger.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hikarunamie.wordpress.com/2011/06/03/penjelasan-singkat-komputasi-modern/&quot;&gt;http://hikarunamie.wordpress.com/2011/06/03/penjelasan-singkat-komputasi-modern/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ghani.gxrg.org/2011/04/01/kinerja-komputasi-dengan-parallel-processing/&quot;&gt;http://ghani.gxrg.org/2011/04/01/kinerja-komputasi-dengan-parallel-processing/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/feeds/7212226580148946032/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2012/03/komputasi-komputasi-modern-dan.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/7212226580148946032'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/7212226580148946032'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2012/03/komputasi-komputasi-modern-dan.html' title='Komputasi, Komputasi Modern, dan Bioinformatika'/><author><name>evan verdian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03680057277211349419</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9AHTM0cMjMwDtKDh6UKi2zQBqjAcmimvMrq9SGV0N-vLaNwYO_pHayuCKqPgbEbYaueyoNfLNefyA-Ctb1nDxap62GO_puH-BZp-cpGHRm5S6Szzv9DKNavzExyHiOS4/s220/evan1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8474176338195081191.post-8718479868257880769</id><published>2012-03-22T02:21:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2012-03-22T02:21:31.877+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Komputasi Modern, Sejarah dan Jenisnya</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Pengertian komputasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Komputasi
 sebetulnya bisa diartikan sebagai cara untuk menemukan pemecahan 
masalah dari data input dengan menggunakan suatu algoritma. Hal ini 
ialah apa yang disebut dengan teori komputasi, suatu sub-bidang dari 
ilmu komputer dan matematika Selama ribuan tahun, perhitungan dan 
komputasi umumnya dilakukan dengan menggunakan pena dan kertas, atau 
kapur dan batu tulis, atau dikerjakan secara mental, kadang-kadang 
dengan bantuan suatu tabel. Namun sekarang, kebanyakan komputasi telah 
dilakukan dengan menggunakan komputer.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Secara umum iIlmu komputasi 
adalah bidang ilmu yang mempunyai perhatian pada penyusunan model 
matematika dan teknik penyelesaian numerik serta penggunaan komputer 
untuk menganalisis dan memecahkan masalah-masalah ilmu (sains). Dalam 
penggunaan praktis, biasanya berupa penerapan simulasi komputer atau 
berbagai bentuk komputasi lainnya untuk menyelesaikan masalah-masalah 
dalam berbagai bidang keilmuan, tetapi dalam perkembangannya digunakan 
juga untuk menemukan prinsip-prinsip baru yang mendasar dalam ilmu.&lt;br /&gt;Bidang
 ini berbeda dengan ilmu komputer (computer science), yang mengkaji 
komputasi, komputer dan pemrosesan informasi. Bidang ini juga berbeda 
dengan teori dan percobaan sebagai bentuk tradisional dari ilmu dan 
kerja keilmuan. Dalam ilmu alam, pendekatan ilmu komputasi dapat 
memberikan berbagai pemahaman baru, melalui penerapan model-model 
matematika dalam program komputer berdasarkan landasan teori yang telah 
berkembang, untuk menyelesaikan masalah-masalah nyata dalam ilmu 
tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sejarah Komputasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: right; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizK0g0CKJrHGPU07B74g1BLmjXFwgBqGZ-mQU5DnYkQdLSfwyu1c0sHI7ytaSEs6cx65tcgNx2FH9vMEoAJFglSuurNSlo-3JPHLlD2CmRrq2iNiD4H3Q7TjPqqH9SgEYew5p8mY1-nggB/s1600/200px-JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5721657464058952194&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizK0g0CKJrHGPU07B74g1BLmjXFwgBqGZ-mQU5DnYkQdLSfwyu1c0sHI7ytaSEs6cx65tcgNx2FH9vMEoAJFglSuurNSlo-3JPHLlD2CmRrq2iNiD4H3Q7TjPqqH9SgEYew5p8mY1-nggB/s400/200px-JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.jpg&quot; style=&quot;display: block; height: 236px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 200px;&quot; width=&quot;338&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;John von 
Neumann&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Penggunaan
 pertama kata &quot;komputer&quot; direkam pada tahun 1613, merujuk kepada orang 
yang melakukan perhitungan, atau perhitungan, dan kata itu terus 
digunakan dalam arti bahwa sampai pertengahan abad ke-20. Dari akhir 
abad ke-19 dan seterusnya meskipun,kata mulai mengambil makna yang lebih
 akrab, menggambarkan sebuah mesin yang melakukan perhitungan keluar.&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Melalui
 tokoh yang saya temukan dari mesin pencari atau yang lebih dikenal dari
 browser sebagai bahan referensi pembuatan artikel ini ditemukan salah 
satu tokoh yang dikenal sebagai pionir computer digital computer dan 
penerapan teori operator dibidang mekanika kuantum yakni John von 
Neumann&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ia
 juga sebagai pencipta dari sebuah Mesin yang dikenal sebagai Mesin Von 
Neumann. Mesin tersebut terdiri dari empat bagian utama yakni : Unit 
Aritmatika dan Logis (ALU), unit kontrol, memori, dan alat masukan dan 
hasil (secara kolektif dinamakan I/O). Bagian ini dihubungkan oleh 
berkas kawat, &quot;bus&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJVFLnRe2NogsQd0DJSVTUt_vEN7QVyJx6Uc7ctzUyfQX7klqBX8G6CpF58c_D7IYCU3LGmF-hNx2MW5yXnwXw29XcqrUTlm8-nmJqOMjrqdJ3xhlcg1sgsGz5HZXMp_ZbTWkkwrxA1LJf/s1600/280px-Von_Neumann_architecture.svg.png&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5721657857695578082&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJVFLnRe2NogsQd0DJSVTUt_vEN7QVyJx6Uc7ctzUyfQX7klqBX8G6CpF58c_D7IYCU3LGmF-hNx2MW5yXnwXw29XcqrUTlm8-nmJqOMjrqdJ3xhlcg1sgsGz5HZXMp_ZbTWkkwrxA1LJf/s320/280px-Von_Neumann_architecture.svg.png&quot; style=&quot;cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 267px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 280px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Macam-macam komputasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebelumnya
 jenis -jenis komputasi modern terbagi tiga macam, yaitu komputasi 
mobile (bergerak), komputasi grid, dan komputasi cloud (awan). 
Penjelasan lebih lanjut dari jenis-jenis komputasi modern sebagai 
berikut :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Mobile computing&lt;br /&gt;Mobile computing atau komputasi 
bergerak memiliki beberapa penjelasan, salah satunya komputasi bergerak 
merupakan kemajuan teknologi komputer sehingga dapat berkomunikasi 
menggunakan jaringan tanpa menggunakan kabel dan mudah dibawa atau 
berpindah tempat, tetapi berbeda dengan komputasi nirkabel.&lt;br /&gt;Dan 
berdasarkan penjelasan tersebut, untuk kemajuan teknologi ke arah yang 
lebih dinamis membutuhkan perubahan dari sisi manusia maupun alat. Dan 
dapat dilihat contoh dari perangkat komputasi bergerak seperti GPS, juga
 tipe dari komputasi bergerak seperti smart phone, dan lain sebagainya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Grid computing&lt;br /&gt;Komputasi
 grid menggunakan komputer yang terpisah oleh geografis, didistibusikan 
dan terhubung oleh jaringan untuk menyelasaikan masalah komputasi skala 
besar.&lt;br /&gt;Ada beberapa daftar yang dapat dugunakan untuk mengenali sistem komputasi grid, adalah :&lt;br /&gt;• Sistem untuk koordinat sumber daya komputasi tidak dibawah kendali pusat.&lt;br /&gt;• Sistem menggunakan standard dan protocol yang terbuka.&lt;br /&gt;•
 Sistem mencoba mencapai kualitas pelayanan yang canggih, yang lebih 
baik diatas kualitas komponen individu pelayanan komputasi grid.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Cloud computing&lt;br /&gt;Komputasi
 cloud merupakan gaya komputasi yang terukur dinamis dan sumber daya 
virtual yang sering menyediakan layanan melalui internet.&lt;br /&gt;Komputasi 
cloud menggambarkan pelengkap baru, konsumsi dan layanan IT berbasis 
model dalam internet, dan biasanya melibatkan ketentuan dari keterukuran
 dinamis dan sumber daya virtual yang sering menyediakan layanan melalui
 internet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;IMPLEMETASI KOMPUTASI MODERN&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;Dampak dari adanya 
komputasi modern adalah dapat membantu manusia untuk menyelesaikan 
masalah-masalah yang kompleks dengan menggunakan komputer. Salah satu 
contohnya adalah biometric. Biometric berasal dari kata Bio dan Metric. 
Kata bio diambil dari bahasa yunani kuno yang berarti Hidup sedangkan 
Metric juga berasal dari bahasa yunani kuno yang berarti ukuran, jadi 
jika disimpulkan biometric berarti pengukuran hidup.&lt;br /&gt;Tapi secara 
garis besar biometric merupakan pengukuran dari statistic analisa data 
biologi yang mengacu pada teknologi untuk menganalisa karakteristik 
suatu tubuh (individu). Dari penjelasan tersebut sudah jelas bahwa 
Biometric menggambarkan pendeteksian dan pengklasifikasian dari atribut 
fisik&lt;br /&gt;Dalam bidang kedokteran,yaitu dalam pencarian obat. Untuk 
meramalkan aktivitas sejumlah besar calon obat, seorang praktisi 
komputasi meniru suasana pengujian aktivitasnya di laboratorium basah 
dengan model-model Fisika atau Matematika (seperti: struktur 3 dimensi 
calon obat) sebagai pengganti bahan-bahan laboratorium tersebut. 
Model-model ini kemudian dinyatakan di dalam persamaan-persamaan 
Matematika yang kemudian diselesaikan oleh komputer dengan kapasitas dan
 kelajuan yang melebihi kapasitas dan kelajuan manusia. Hasilnya berupa 
suatu bilangan bagi tiap calon obat yang dapat dibandingkan satu dengan 
yang lainnya. Perbandingan ini merupakan ramalan tingkat aktivitas suatu
 calon obat relatif terhadap calon obat lainnya. Demikianlah cara 
meramalkan aktivitas calon obat dengan metode komputasi. Dengan 
demikian, calon-calon obat yang diramalkan akan memberikan aktivitas 
yang rendah dapat dihindari.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Source :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputasi&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur_von_Neumann&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/36877405/Sejarah-komputasi&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Scribd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bramantyads.blogspot.com/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Blog &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/feeds/8718479868257880769/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2012/03/komputasi-modern-sejarah-dan-jenisnya.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/8718479868257880769'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/8718479868257880769'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2012/03/komputasi-modern-sejarah-dan-jenisnya.html' title='Komputasi Modern, Sejarah dan Jenisnya'/><author><name>evan verdian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03680057277211349419</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9AHTM0cMjMwDtKDh6UKi2zQBqjAcmimvMrq9SGV0N-vLaNwYO_pHayuCKqPgbEbYaueyoNfLNefyA-Ctb1nDxap62GO_puH-BZp-cpGHRm5S6Szzv9DKNavzExyHiOS4/s220/evan1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizK0g0CKJrHGPU07B74g1BLmjXFwgBqGZ-mQU5DnYkQdLSfwyu1c0sHI7ytaSEs6cx65tcgNx2FH9vMEoAJFglSuurNSlo-3JPHLlD2CmRrq2iNiD4H3Q7TjPqqH9SgEYew5p8mY1-nggB/s72-c/200px-JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8474176338195081191.post-3155369248021081057</id><published>2010-10-06T21:00:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2010-10-06T21:00:50.357+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Grafik Komputer</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk44cQajsLQoulEOHCvgXOoSbLJG64H3JPQp8-hqZWUV8oyEWaeRD4yhFCzwe-X6Ce28s4hNbU9aorJvDWJ96knUgujZ-cgjCrDmgUT4B59HAz_8rcFhni-IsbYJvPpwhxyNEgMemU_UY/s1600/graf.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk44cQajsLQoulEOHCvgXOoSbLJG64H3JPQp8-hqZWUV8oyEWaeRD4yhFCzwe-X6Ce28s4hNbU9aorJvDWJ96knUgujZ-cgjCrDmgUT4B59HAz_8rcFhni-IsbYJvPpwhxyNEgMemU_UY/s200/graf.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;“&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Grafik komputer&lt;/span&gt;” atau Grafika komputer (Computer graphics) adalah salah satu cabang &lt;a href=&quot;http://ilmukomputer.com/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;ilmu komputer&lt;/a&gt; yang berhubungan dengan pembuatan dan manipulasi gambar visual secara digital. Bentuk dari grafik komputer ini berawal dari grafika komputer 2D yang merupakan bentuk sederhana dari &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;grafik komputer&lt;/span&gt; ini.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Kemudian grafik komputer mengalami perkembanagn yang lebih canggih dari teknologi 2D menjadi grafika komputer 3D. Cabang ilmu komputer ini emmiliki dua cabang lahi, yaitu pemrosesan citra (image processing), dan pengenalan pola (pattern recognition). Grafik komputer sering dikenal juga dengan istilah visualisasi data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bagian dari disiplin ilmu grafik komputer meliputi:&lt;br /&gt;
• Geometri: yaitu ilmu untuk mempelajari cara menggambarkan permukaan bidang&lt;br /&gt;
• Animasi: yaitu ilmu untuk mempelajari cara menggambarkan dan memanipulasi gerakan&lt;br /&gt;
• Rendering: yaitu ilmu untuk mempelajari algoritma untuk menampilkan efek cahaya&lt;br /&gt;
• Citra (Imaging): yaitu ilmu untuk mempelajari cara pengambilan dan penyuntingan gambar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Pada perkembangan saat ini, pemanfaatan teknologi grafika komputer&lt;br /&gt;
sangat dibutuhkan untuk memvisualisasikan objek-objek dunia nyata menjadi&lt;br /&gt;
objek grafis, dan implementasi yang real yaitu digunakannya teknologi grafika&lt;br /&gt;
komputer pada fraktal untuk pembuatan aplikasi desain suatu benda.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
”Toy Story” (1995), merupakan film pertama yang di produksi oleh The Walt Disney Company secara penuh menggunakan teknologi &lt;a href=&quot;http://tips-tipskomputer.blogspot.com/2010/03/komputer-rakitan-vs-komputer-build-up.html&quot;&gt;komputer&lt;/a&gt; dan ilmu Grafik komputer. Sejak saat itu, mulailah studio animasi digital lain untuk membuat film serupa. diantaranya Blue Sky Studios (Fox), DNA Productions (Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros.), Onation Studios (Paramount Pictures), Sony Pictures Animation (Columbia Pictures) dan DreamWorks.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kunci pembuatan film-film ini adalah sebuah aplikasi komputer grafis yang disebut computer generated imagery (CGI). Dengan perangkat lunak ini bisa diciptakan gambar 3D lengkap dengan berbagai efek yang dikehendaki. Beberapa software CGI populer antara lain Art of Illusion (bisa di-download di sourceforce.net), Maya, Blender, dan lain-lain.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Salah satu efek CGI dalam film yang kurang dikenal, namun penting, adalah digital grading. Dengan efek ini warna asli hasil shooting direvisi menggunakan perangkat lunak untuk memberikan kesan sesuai dengan skenario. Contohnya wajah Sean Bean (pemeran Boromir) dalam ”The Lord of the Rings: the Two Tower” ketika mati dibuat lebih pucat. Jadi, tidak dengan trik kosmetik, tetapi dengan polesan komputer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lantas, bagaimana dengan mimik wajah yang bisa mengekspresikan perasaan haru, sedih, ataupun gembira pada tokoh ciptaan komputer? Dalam pembuatannya, animasi komputer mengkombinasikan vektor grafik dengan pergerakan yang sudah terprogram. Bagian-bagian utama seperti pada wajah, tangan, kaki, dll terdiri dari sejumlah variabel animasi yang akan dikendalikan dengan pemberian nilai tertentu untuk menampilkan ekspresi atau mimik wajah yang dikehendaki.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;post-title entry-title&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Maps pada Realisme Komputer Grafik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;post-title entry-title&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ada dunia komputer grafik, khususnya untuk pengembangan grafis 3D, istilah mapping sangat dikenal luas oleh para pengembang grafis. Mapping ialah sebuah bentuk kegiatan untuk melakukan pewarnaan atau memetakan permukaan geometri pada objek 3D. Sedangkan Maps adalah bentuk gambar atau warna yang digunakan untuk melapisi objek 3D pada saat dilakukan mapping. Pembagian maps untuk mapping pada realisme komputer grafik dibagi menjadi 5, yaitu :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Tekstur-Maps&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Maps berwujud gambar tekstur 2D yang dituangkan ke permukaan geometri/objek untuk membuat penampilan objek tersebut tampak halus untuk detail permukaannya. Pada pengembangan grafik realisme tingkat tinggi diperlukan lebih banyak lapisan tekstur, agar hasil mapping mendekati kesempurnaan. Sebuah tekstur maps yang diterapkan (dipetakan) biasanya dipakai untuk permukaan bentuk objek polygon, proses ini mirip dengan menerapkan texture pada kertas berpola kotak putih yang polos.Kegiatan texture mapping untuk texture maps dapat didefinisikan sebagai sebuah metode untuk menambahkan detail tekstur permukaan (bitmap atau raster image), atau warna yang dihasilkan komputer grafis atau model 3D. Penerapannya pada grafis 3D dirintis oleh Dr Edwin Catmull pada proyek Ph.D tesisnya tahun 1974.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Environment-Maps&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Adalah Maps yang memiliki pewarnaan dengan banyak gambar (tekstur) yang merekam refleksi global dan pencahayaan pada objek. Gambar-gambar ini difungsikan sebagai resampled selama proses rendering, dengan tujuan untuk mengekstrak, dan melihat informasi spesifik yang kemudian diterapkan sebagai tekstur objek pada permukaan geometri. Maps ini sering disebut reflection yang berarti tekstur pencahayaan dari benda-benda luar di sekitar objek, maps jenis ini sangat cocok untuk benda-benda yang memiliki tingkat refleksi yang sangat tinggi, seperti kaca, dan lain sebagainya.Environmet mapping pada maps ini memiliki definisi yaitu metode yang efisien untuk simulasi kompleks permukaan bercermin melalui suatu gambar tekstur. Tekstur yang digunakan bekerja untuk menyimpan gambar dari lingkungan sekitar objek yang diberikan. Ada beberapa cara untuk menyimpan tekstur lingkungan sekitar objek, salah satu metode yang paling umum adalah metode Spherical Environment Mapping, di mana dalam metode ini suatu tekstur yang berisi citra lingkungan sekitar akan direfleksikan sebagai bola cermin, dan kemudian dimasukkan sebagai tekstur objek yang diberi maps.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Bump-Maps&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Bump maps adalah maps yang memfokuskan permukaan tekstur pada objek, dengan menggunakan maps ini, permukaan geometri/objek akan terlihat berbeda dan unik, tidak seperti objek-objek yang memiliki permukaan normal pada umumnya. Rumus pekerjaan dari maps ini akan menerapkan bidang untuk intensitas dalam maps yang menunjukkan tingkat rendah tingginya suatu permukaan objek, fungsi maps ini akan mengacaukan permukaan objek yang normal, sehingga menimbulkan kesan unik ketika hasilnya sudah di-render.Untuk kegiatannya, bump mapping adalah sebuah teknik grafis komputer di mana pada setiap pixel untuk permukaan normal objek, akan diberikan efek tidak halus dan diterapkan sebelum melakukan perhitungan iluminasi. Hasilnya, objek yang diberi maps akan lebih kaya, serta lebih rinci untuk representasi permukaan objek dan lebih mirip pada permukaan alam. &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Normal-Maps&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Maps ini serupa dengan bump-maps, perbedaannya adalah fungsionalitas yang ada pada normal maps, maps ini secara alami akan menghasilkan bentuk permukaan yang tidak halus tanpa menggunakan lebih banyak penambahan atau pengurangan poligon pada objek.Dalam dunia grafik komputer 3D, normal mapping pada maps ini bisa disebut &quot; Dot3 bump mapping &quot;, definisinya adalah sebuah teknik yang digunakan untuk ”berpura-pura” menambahkan efek tidak halus pada permukaan objek. Kenapa disebut ”berpura-pura” ? Hal ini disebabkan karena mapping ini bekerja dengan menambahkan rincian tidak halus pada permukaan objek tanpa menggunakan poligon. Normal mapping biasanya diakurasi sebagai sebuah gambar RGB yang berhubungan dengan koordinat X, Y, dan Z dari permukaan normal suatu objek. Penggunaan umum teknik ini adalah untuk lebih meningkatkan tampilan dan detail dari model poligon rendah dengan menghasilkan peta normal dari model poligon yang tinggi.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Shadow-Maps&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Yang terakhir adalah shadow maps yaitu maps yang menghasilkan suatu bayangan tekstur pada objek dengan menangkap siluet objek tersebut dari sumber cahaya yang terlihat. Maps ini sangat sering dipakai oleh pengembang grafik 3D, karena efek yang dihasilkan seolah-olah menunjukkan objek tersebut sangat realistis, dan disebabkan adanya bayangan dari sumber cahaya yang ada.Fungsi kerjanya yang berkonsep shadow mapping adalah proses di mana bayang-bayang ditambahkan ke grafik komputer 3D. Konsep ini diperkenalkan oleh Lance Williams pada tahun 1978, dalam sebuah makalah yang berjudul &quot;Casting curved shadows on curved surfaces&quot;. Sejak saat itu, teknik ini telah digunakan baik dalam pra-render adegan, dipakai secara realtime, atau bahkan diterapkan ke banyak konsol dan PC high-end game.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;Sampai saat ini ilmu &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;grafik komputer&lt;/span&gt; mengalami perkembangan yang cukup pesat. Sehingga bisa mengahsilkan gambar digital yang mendekati real. Semoga bermanfaat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tips-tipskomputer.blogspot.com/&quot;&gt;Source&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://carilahinspirasi.blogspot.com/&quot;&gt;Source2 &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/feeds/3155369248021081057/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2010/10/grafik-komputer.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/3155369248021081057'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/3155369248021081057'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2010/10/grafik-komputer.html' title='Grafik Komputer'/><author><name>evan verdian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03680057277211349419</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9AHTM0cMjMwDtKDh6UKi2zQBqjAcmimvMrq9SGV0N-vLaNwYO_pHayuCKqPgbEbYaueyoNfLNefyA-Ctb1nDxap62GO_puH-BZp-cpGHRm5S6Szzv9DKNavzExyHiOS4/s220/evan1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk44cQajsLQoulEOHCvgXOoSbLJG64H3JPQp8-hqZWUV8oyEWaeRD4yhFCzwe-X6Ce28s4hNbU9aorJvDWJ96knUgujZ-cgjCrDmgUT4B59HAz_8rcFhni-IsbYJvPpwhxyNEgMemU_UY/s72-c/graf.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8474176338195081191.post-803418030174248597</id><published>2010-10-04T19:13:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2010-10-04T19:13:07.916+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Konsep Komunikasi Data</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;   &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;   &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;   &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;   &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;   &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;    &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;    &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;    &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;    &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;    &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;    &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;   &lt;m:mathPr&gt;    &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt; &lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Komunikasi Data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Komunikasi data adalah merupakan bagian dari telekomunikasi yang secara khusus &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;berkenaan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dengan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;transmisi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;atau&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pemindahan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;data&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;informasi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;diantara komputer- &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;komputer&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dan piranti-piranti&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang lain&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dalam bentuk&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;digital&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang dikirimkan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;melalui media&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;komunikasi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;data.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Data&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;berarti&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;informasi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;disajikan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;oleh&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;isyarat digital. Komunikasi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;data&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;merupakan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;baguan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;vital dari&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;suatu&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;masyarakat&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;informasi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;karena &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;sistem&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ini&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;menyediakan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;infrastruktur&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;memungkinkan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;komputer-komputer&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dapat &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;berkomunikasi satu sama lain. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Komponen Komunikasi Data &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Pengirim&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;adalah piranti yang mengirimkan data &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Penerima &lt;/i&gt;adalah piranti yang menerima data &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Data&lt;/i&gt; adalah informasi yang akan dipindahkan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Media&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pengiriman&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;adalah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;media&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;atau&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;saluran&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;digunakan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;untuk &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mengirimkan data &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Protokol&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;adalah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;aturan-aturan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;berfungsi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;untuk&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;menyelaraskan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;hubungan. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;Perbedaan Sinyal/Isyarat Analog Dengan Digital &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Sinyal Analog &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Sinyal&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;analog&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;adalah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sinyal&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;data&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dalam&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;bentuk&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;gelombang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;kontinyu, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;yang membawa informasi dengan mengubah karakteristik gelombang.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;Dua&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;parameter/karakteristik&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;terpenting&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dimiliki&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;oleh&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;isyarat&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;analog&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;adalah &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;amplitude dan frekuensi. Isyarat analog biasanya dinyatakan dengan gelombang sinus, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;mengingat gelombang sinus merupakan dasar untuk semua bentuk isyarat analog. Hal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;ini didasarkan kenyataan bahwa berdasarkan analisis fourier, suatu sinyal analog dapat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;diperoleh dari perpaduan sejumlah gelombang sinus. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Dengan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;menggunakan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sinyal&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;analog,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;maka&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;jangkauan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;transmisi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;data&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dapat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;mencapai jarak yang jauh, tetapi sinyal ini mudah terpengaruh oleh noise. Gelombang &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;pada sinyal analog yang umumnya berbentuk gelombang sinus memiliki tiga variable &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;dasar, yaitu amplitudo, frekuensi dan phase. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Amplitudo merupakan ukuran tinggi rendahnya tegangan dari sinyal analog. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Frekuensi adalah jumlah gelombang sinyal analog dalam satuan detik. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Phase adalah besar sudut dari sinyal analog pada saat tertentu. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Sinyal Digital &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Sinyal&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;digital&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;merupakan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sinyal&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;data&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dalam&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;bentuk&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pulsa&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dapat&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mengalami &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;perubahan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;tiba-tiba&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mempunyai&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;besaran&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;0&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;1.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Sinyal&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;digital&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;hanya memiliki&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dua keadaan, yaitu&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;0&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;1,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sehingga tidak&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mudah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;terpengaruh&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;oleh&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;derau, tetapi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;transmisi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dengan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sinyal&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;digital hanya mencapai jarak jangkau&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pengiriman&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;data yang relatif dekat. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Biasanya sinyal ini juga dikenal dengan sinyal diskret. Sinyal yang mempunyai dua keadaan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ini&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;biasa&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;disebut&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dengan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;bit. Bit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;merupakan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;istilah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;khas pada&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sinyal&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;digital.Sebuah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;bit&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dapat&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;berupa&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;nol&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;(0)&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;atau&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;satu&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;(1).&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Kemungkinan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;nilai&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;untuk&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sebuah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;bit &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;1 2 &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;adalah 2 buah (2 ). Kemungkinan nilai untuk 2 bit adalah sebanyak 4 (2 ), berupa 00, &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;01,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;10,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;11.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Secara&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;umum,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;jumlah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;kemungkinan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;nilai&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;terbentuk&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;oleh &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;kombinasi n bit adalah sebesar 2n buah. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Protokol &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Protokol&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;adalah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sebuah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;aturan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang mendefinisikan beberapa fungsi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ada dalam &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sebuah jaringan komputer, misalnya mengirim pesan, data, informasi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;fungsi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;lain &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;harus&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dipenuhi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;oleh&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sisi pengirim&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sisi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;penerima&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;agar&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;komunikasi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dapat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;berlangsung dengan benar, walaupun sistem yang ada dalam jaringan tersebut berbeda &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sama sekali. Protokol ini mengurusi perbedaan format data pada kedua sistem hingga &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pada masalah koneksi listrik. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Standar&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;protokol&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;terkenal&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yaitu&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;OSI&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;(Open&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;System&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Interconnecting)&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ditentukan oleh ISO (International Standart Organization). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Komponen Protokol &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;1.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Aturan atau prosedur &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mengatur pembentukan/pemutusan hubungan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mengatur proses transfer data &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;2.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Format atau bentuk &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;representasi pesan&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Kosakata (vocabulary) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Jenis pesan dan makna masing-masing pesan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;Fungsi Protokol &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;Secara umum fungsi dari protokol adalah untuk menghubungkan sisi pengirim dan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;sisi penerima dalam berkomunikasi serta dalam bertukar informasi agar dapat berjalan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;dengan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;baik&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;benar.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Sedangkan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;fungsi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;protokol&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;secara&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;detail&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dapat&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dijelaskan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;berikut: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Fragmentasi dan reassembly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Fungsi dari fragmentasi dan reasembly adalah membagi informasi yang dikirim &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;menjadi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;beberapa&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;paket&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;data&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pada&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;saat&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sisi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pengirim&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mengirimkan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;informasi &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;setelah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;diterima&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;maka&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sisi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;penerima&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;akan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;menggabungkan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;lagi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;menjadi &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;paket informasi yang lengkap. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Encaptulation &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Fungsi dari encaptulation adalah melengkapi informasi yang dikirimkan dengan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;address, kode-kode koreksi dan lain-lain. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Connection control &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Fungsi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dari Connection&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;control&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;adalah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;membangun&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;hubungan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;(connection) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;komunikasi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dari&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sisi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pengirim&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sisi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;penerima,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dimana&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dalam&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;membangun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;hubungan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ini&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;juga&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;termasuk&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dalam&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;hal&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pengiriman&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;data&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mengakhiri &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;hubungan. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Flow control &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Berfungsi sebagai pengatur perjalanan datadari sisi pengirim ke sisi penerima. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Error control &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Dalam&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pengiriman&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;data&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;tak&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;lepas&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dari&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;kesalahan, &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;baik&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;itu&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dalam&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;proses &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pengiriman&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;maupun&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pada&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;waktu&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;data&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;itu&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;diterima.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Fungsi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dari&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;error&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;control &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;adalah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mengontrol&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;terjadinya&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;kesalahan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;terjadi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pada&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;waktu&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;data &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dikirimkan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;Transmission service &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Fungsi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dari&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;transmission&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;service&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;adalah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;memberi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pelayanan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;komunikasi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;data &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;khususnya&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;berkaitan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dengan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;prioritas&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;keamanan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;serta&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;perlindungan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;data. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;3.3 Susunan Protokol &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;Protokol&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;jaringan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;disusun&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;oleh&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dalam&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;bentuk&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;lapisan-lapisan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;(layer).&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Hal&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ini &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;mengandung arti supaya jaringan yang dibuat nantinya tidak menjadi rumit. Di dalam &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;layer&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ini, jumlah, nama, isi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;fungsi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;setiap&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;layer&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;berbeda-beda. Akan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;tetapi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;tujuan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;dari setiap layer ini adalah memberi layanan ke layer yang ada di atasnya. Susunan dari &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;layer ini menunjukkan tahapan dalam melakukan komunikasi. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;Antara&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;setiap&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;layer&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;berdekatan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;terdapat&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sebuah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;interface.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Interface&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ini &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;menentukan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;layanan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;layer&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;di&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;bawah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;kepada&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;layer&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;di&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;atasnya.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Pada&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;saat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;merencanakan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sebah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;jaringan,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;hendaknya&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;memperhatikan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;bagaimana&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;menentukan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;interface yang tepat yang akan ditempatkan di antara dua layer yang bersangkutan. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;3.4 Standarisasi Protokol (ISO 7498) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;ISO (International Standard Organization) mengajukan struktur dan fungsi protocol &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;komunikasi data. Model tersebut dikenal&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sebagai&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;OSI (Open&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;System Interconnection) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;Reference Model. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Terdiri atas 7 layer (lapisan) yang mendefinisikan fungsi. Untuk tiap layernya dapat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;terdiri&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;atas&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sejumlah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;protocol&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;berbeda,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;masing-masing&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;menyediakan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pelayanan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;yang sesuai dengan fungsi layer tersebut. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;1. Application&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Layer: interface&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;antara&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;aplikasi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dihadapi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;user&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;resource &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;jaringan yang diakses. Kelompok aplikasi dengan jaringan: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;File transfer dan metode akses &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Pertukaran job dan manipulasi &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Pertukaran pesan&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;2.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Presentation Layer: rutin standard me-presentasi-kan data. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Negosiasi sintaksis untuk transfer &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Transformasi representasi data &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;3.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Session Layer: membagi presentasi data ke dalam babak-babak (sesi) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Kontrol dialog dan sinkronisasi &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Hubungan antara aplikasi yang berkomunikasi &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;4.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Transport Layer: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Transfer pesan (message) ujung-ke-ujung &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Manajemen koneksi &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Kontrol kesalahan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Fragmentasi &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Kontrol aliran &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;5.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Network Layer: Pengalamatan dan pengiriman paket data. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Routing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Pengalamatan secara lojik &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;setup dan clearing (pembentukan dan pemutusan) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;6.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Data-link Layer: pengiriman data melintasi jaringan fisik. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Penyusunan frame &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Transparansi data &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Kontrol kesalahan (error-detection) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Kontrol aliran (flow) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;7.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Physical&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Layer:&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;karakteristik&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;perangkat&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;keras&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mentransmisikan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sinyal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;data. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Router, Bridge dan Repeater &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;4.1 Router &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Router&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;adalah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;merupakan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;piranti&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;menghubungkan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dua&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;buah jaringan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;berbeda tipe maupun protokol. Dengan router dapat dimungkinkan untuk : &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Menghubungkan sejumlah jaringan yang memiliki topologi dan protokol yang &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;berbeda.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Menghubungkan jaringan pada suatu lokasi dengan jaringan pada lokasi yang &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;lain. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Membagi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;suatu&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;jaringan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;berukuran&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;besar&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;menjadi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;jaringan-jaringan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;lebih kecil dan mudag untuk dikelola. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Memungkinkan jaringan dihubungkan ke internet dan informasi yang tersedia &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dapat diakses oleh siapa saja. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mencari jalan terefisien untuk mengirimkan data ke tujuan. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Melindungi jaringan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dari&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pemakai-pemakai&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;tidak&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;berhak&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dengan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;cara &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;membatasi akses terhadap data-data yang tidak berhak untuk diakses. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Bridge &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Bridge adalah jenis perangkat yang diperlukan jika dua buah jaringan bertipe sama &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;(ataupun bertopologi berbeda) tetapi dikehendaki agar lalu lintas lokal masing-masing &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;jaringan tidak saling mempengaruhi jaringan yang lainnya. Bridge memiliki sifat yang &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;tidak&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mengubah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;isi maupun&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;bentuk&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;frame&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;diterimanya,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;disamping&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;itu&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;bridge &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;memiliki buffer yang cukup untuk menghadapi ketidaksesuaian kecepatan pengiriman &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;dan penerimaan data.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;Gambar. Fungsi Bridge padaj aringan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Adapun alasan menggunakan bridge adalah sebagai berikut : &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Keterbatasan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;jaringan,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;hal&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ini terkait&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;erat&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dengan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;jumlah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;maksimum&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;stasiun, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;panjang maksimum segmen, dan bentang jaringan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Kehandalan dan keamanan lalu lintas data, bridge dapat menyaring lalu lintas data &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;antar dua segmen jaringan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Semakin besar jaringan, performa atau unjuk kerja semakin menurun &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Bila&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dua&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sistem&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pada&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;tempat&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;berjauhan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;disambungkan,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;penggunaan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;bridge &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dengan saluran komunikasi jarak jauh jauh lebih masuk akal dibandingkan dengan &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;menghubungkan langsung dua sistem tersebut &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Repeater &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Repeater adalah piranti yang berfungsi untuk memperbaiki dan memperkuat sinyal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;atau&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;isyarat&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;melewatinya,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Dua&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sub&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;jaringan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dilewatkan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pada&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;repeater &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;memiliki&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;protokol&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sama&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;untuk&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;semua&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;lapisan.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Repeater&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;juga&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;berfungsi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;untuk &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;memperbesar&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;batasan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;panjang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;satu&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;segmen.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Sehingga&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dapat&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;digunakan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;untuk &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;memperpanjang jangkauan jaringan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=3&amp;amp;ved=0CBoQFjAC&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wahid.web.ugm.ac.id%2Fpaper%2Fkomunikasi_data.pdf&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=komunikasi%20data&amp;amp;ei=Hr2pTPCuBISMvQOp8b3MDA&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNF8GiytbDfgd2i8kQ4-eKSd3zsKDA&amp;amp;cad=rja&quot;&gt;SOURCE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/feeds/803418030174248597/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2010/10/konsep-komunikasi-data.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/803418030174248597'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/803418030174248597'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2010/10/konsep-komunikasi-data.html' title='Konsep Komunikasi Data'/><author><name>evan verdian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03680057277211349419</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9AHTM0cMjMwDtKDh6UKi2zQBqjAcmimvMrq9SGV0N-vLaNwYO_pHayuCKqPgbEbYaueyoNfLNefyA-Ctb1nDxap62GO_puH-BZp-cpGHRm5S6Szzv9DKNavzExyHiOS4/s220/evan1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8474176338195081191.post-1930745898484779265</id><published>2010-04-20T02:04:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2010-04-20T02:33:02.239+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Tips mudah mengatasi Internet Filters</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Internet Filters umumnya banyak  dipakai perkantoran atau sekolah untuk membatasi  ataupun melindungi jaringan. Alasan keamanan,  pencegahan terhadap masuknya content berbahaya maupun  pornograﬁ , hingga produktivitas kerja karyawan bisa  menjadi penyebab dilakukannya blocking akses  mempergunakan Internet Filters ini.   Lalu jika  Internet Filters sudah terpasang, dapatkah kita  menembusnya? Tentu, dapat saja kita menembusnya. Namun,  yang perlu diingat di sini adalah sebelum Anda menembus  Internet Filters ini, ada baiknya  Anda memikirkan  dampak yang akan ditimbulkannya nanti, baik dari sisi  keamanan jaringan hingga etis moral yang mungkin juga  akan mengikutinya. Karena seperti yang kita ketahui  bersama, sebuah ﬁ lter atau&lt;br /&gt;penyaring dipasang  tentunya juga dengan tujuan yang baik.   Dengan  mengambil pemikiran positif bahwa mungkin&lt;br /&gt;suatu  saat dalam keadaan yang diperlukan Anda membutuhkan  informasi-&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.beritanet.com/&quot;&gt;informasi&lt;/a&gt; yang  hanya akan bisa Anda dapatkan dengan menembus Internet  Filters ini, maka berikut ini akan kami sajikan 2 buah  cara, yaitu cara untuk menghapus dan cara untuk  melakukan bypass terhadap Internet Filters yang  terpasang. Berikut ini merupakan cara paling sederhana  untuk dapat mengatasi Internet Filters ini. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Menghapus Internet Filters:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;1.  Arahkan browser Internet ke halaman konﬁ gurasi  router yang Anda pergunakan. Ketikkan IP Address dari  router atau Internet network Anda ke dalam address bar  dari browser untuk dapat menjangkau halaman ini.  Biasanya Anda akan memerlukan username dan password  Administrator untuk dapat mengaksesnya. Sekedar sebagai  catatan saja, kebanyakan IP Address wireless router  Internet adalah “192.168.1.1”, satu-satunya  yang mungkin akan menjadikan hal ini sulit adalah Anda  harus mengetahui username dan password  Administrator.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;2.  Selanjutnya, klick pada  bagian “Access Restrictions” atau bagian  yang kurang lebih mempunyai arti sama, karena di bagian  inilah ﬁ lter untuk Internet policies dan website  di-setting atau diatur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;3.  Pilihlah spesiﬁ  kasi Internet policy atau ﬁ lter yang ingin Anda  ubah. Dalam beberapa halaman konﬁ gurasi memiliki  menu drop-down box yang dapat Anda click untuk memilih  ﬁ lter atau pun Internet policy yang dimaksud.  Biasanya setiap Internet policy mempunyai nama yang  berbeda-beda, sehingga akan mudah bagi Anda untuk  memilih dan membedakannya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;4.  Langkah  terakhir adalah menghapuskan Internet policy atau ﬁ  lter tersebut dengan opsi ‘Delete’.  Alternatif lain untuk menghilangkan Internet address  ﬁ lters ini adalah dengan jalan menghapus URL website  pada ﬁ lter policy di bawah “blocked  URLs” atau bagian yang sama. Setelah itu klick  “Save Settings” untuk mengakhiri  proses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Langkah lain selain  menghapus Internet Filters adalah dengan cara melakukan  bypass. Sesuai dengan namanya,yaitu bypass, berarti  memang yang akan dilakukan adalah mengambil  ‘jalan pintas’ tanpa harus mengganggu  konﬁ gurasi setting Internet Filters yang sudah  ada.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Bypass Internet Filters:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;1.   Bukalah box command line pada box dari Sistem Operasi  Anda. Dalam beberapa seri OS Windows yang tera-&lt;br /&gt;khir, menemukan box command line ini sangat mudah,  yaitu dengan mengklick tombol “Start”,  setelah itu pilih sub menu “Run” kemudian  ketikkan ‘cmd’ dan tekan  “Enter”. Maka Anda akan segera mendapatkan  box command&lt;br /&gt;line ini.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;2. Lakukan ping ke  website Internet yang di-blocking oleh ﬁ lter  Internet di tempat Anda. Fungsi ping ini seharus-&lt;br /&gt;nya tetap bisa dipakai untuk melakukan ping ke  website yang telah di-block ﬁ lter sekalipun, kecuali  fungsi ping ini juga sudah di-block oleh kantor atau  instansi yang membuat Internet Policy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Berikut ini adalah contoh ping yang  dimaksud:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Ping dilakukan ke URL  4shared.Com. Dari hasil ping tersebut diketahui bahwa  Administrator masih mengijinkan fungsi ping dilakukan.  Jika Administrator tidak mengijinkan ping ini  dilakukan, maka langkah selanjutnya sudah bisa  dipastikan tidak dapat dieksekusi lagi, karena kunci  dari keseluruhan langkah ini adalah keberhasilan ping  yang dilakukan. Adapun yang diperlukan dari hasil ping  ini adalah untuk mendapatkan IP Address website yang  diblock.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;3.   Perhatikan hasil ping yang  telah dilakukan. IP Address dari website yang kita  butuhkan dapat kita baca pada baris pertama setelah  command ping berhasil dilakukan. Dalam hal ini IP  Address dari 4shared.com yang berhasil didapatkan  adalah 208.88.227.170 (Baca baris pertama: Pinging  4shared.com [208.88.227.170] with 32 bytes of data:).    Jika sebelumnya 4shared.Com dilarang dengan  mempergunakan Internet Filters sehingga pengguna  Internet tidak bisa mengakses dengan mengetikkan URL  4shared.Com di Address Bar browser, maka sekarang yang  perlu dilakukan hanyalah mengetikkan IP Address dari  hasil ping 4shared.Com tersebut, yaitu 208.88.227.170  ke dalam Address Bar browser Internet Anda.  Selanjutnya, Anda bisa melihat website kesayangan Anda  tersebut muncul di browser dan mulai melakukan browsing  dari website yang bersangkutan sesuka Anda.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Kedua tips di atas  masing-masing mempunyai kelebihan maupun kekurangan  dalam hal penerapannya. Kelema-&lt;br /&gt;han dari langkah  pertama di atas terletak pada perubahan konﬁ gurasi  yang Anda lakukan. Anda harus bisa memastikan bahwa  perubahan konﬁ gurasi yang Anda lakukan berhasil dan  tidak berbahaya bagi ‘keselamatan’ jaringan  Anda. Anda juga harus bisa memastikan bahwa website  yang Anda buka aksesnya tersebut selain tidak  mengandung content berbahaya bagi keamanan jaringan,  juga tidak mengandung content ‘berbahaya’  dari sisi edukasi bagi pengguna lainnya, misalnya untuk  anak-anak di bawah umur yang mungkin berbagi jaringan &lt;br /&gt;dengan Anda.  Sedangkan khusus untuk langkah  kedua, untuk beberapa situs website mungkin tidak dapat  ditembus dengancara ini. Contohnya youtube.com, mereka  mempunyai sistem pengacak IP yang secara otomatis akan  membuat IP yang kita dapatkan dari hasil ping tidak  dapat kita akses melalui browser. Hal ini dikarenakan  mereka menggunakan sistem pengacak IP dengan alasan  keamanan, yaitu agar server mereka tidak dapat  sembarangan diakses oleh pihak-pihak yang ingin  menembus (membobol) dan mencoba merusak server  mereka.  Kelemahan kedua pada langkah ini adalah  untuk setiap halaman yang ingin kita akses, kita harus  melakukan ping lagi ke halaman tersebut untuk  mendapatkan IP address-nya. Jadi untuk langkah kedua  ini, hanya bisa dilakukan untuk menembus satu halaman  web saja&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;source : http://www.beritanet.com/&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/feeds/1930745898484779265/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2010/04/tips-mudah-mengatasi-internet-filters_20.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/1930745898484779265'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/1930745898484779265'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2010/04/tips-mudah-mengatasi-internet-filters_20.html' title='Tips mudah mengatasi Internet Filters'/><author><name>evan verdian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03680057277211349419</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9AHTM0cMjMwDtKDh6UKi2zQBqjAcmimvMrq9SGV0N-vLaNwYO_pHayuCKqPgbEbYaueyoNfLNefyA-Ctb1nDxap62GO_puH-BZp-cpGHRm5S6Szzv9DKNavzExyHiOS4/s220/evan1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8474176338195081191.post-6473401050759737657</id><published>2010-04-05T12:13:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2010-04-05T12:20:41.208+07:00</updated><title type='text'>ORGANISASI BERKAS RELATIF</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;PENGERTIAN BERKAS RELATIF&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;;&amp;quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Suatu cara yang efektif dalam mengorganisasi sekumpulan record yang membutuhkan akses sebuah record dengan cepat adalah organisasi berkas relatif.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Dalam berkas relatif ada hubungan antara key yang dipakai untuk mengidentifikasi record dengan lokasi record dalam penyimpanan sekunder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:line id=&quot;_x0000_s1026&quot; style=&quot;&#39;position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251642880&#39;&quot; from=&quot;1in,32.15pt&quot; to=&quot;90pt,32.15pt&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:stroke endarrow=&quot;block&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:line&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; z-index: 251642880; left: 0px; margin-left: 95px; margin-top: 37px; width: 27px; height: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/USER%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif&quot; shapes=&quot;_x0000_s1026&quot; width=&quot;27&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ada 3 teknik dasar yang digunakan untuk menyatakan fungsi pemetaan R, dimana R(nilai key)&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;address&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Direct mapping (pemetaan langsung)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Directory look up (pencarian tabel)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Calculation (kalkulasi)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;times new roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Namun yang akan dibahas lebih mendalam ada tentang :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Teknik-teknik yang terdapat pada kalkulasi alamat :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Scatter storage techniques&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Randomizing techniques&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;;&amp;quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Key-to-address transformation methods&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Direct addressing techniques&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Hash table methods&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Hashing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Scatter Storage Techniques&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;     Scatter diagram atau bias kita sebut juga diagram hambur/pencar menggunakan sebuah grafik yang terdiri dari dua sumbu yaitu sumbu horizontal dan sumbu vertical. Pada sumbu horizontal berisi nilai-nilai dari suatu variable dan sumbu vertikal mewakili pengukuran dari variabel lain untuk mempelajari korelasi antara dua variable. Diagram ini juga tidak selalu menunjukkan atau membentuk suatu efek karena satu variabel terhadap variable yang lainnya tetapi mencerminkan keberadaan (serta sebagai jenis / kekuatan) dari suatu hubungan, yang mungkin tipe seperti kuat linier (positif atau negatif korelasi), kuadrat atau eksponensial hubungan, outliner, teredam (sinusoidal hubungan), dll. Maka dalam hal ini Scatter Diagram dapat menghasilkan analisis,yaitu yang disebut dengan Regression Analysis. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Randomizing techniques&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; Teknik Acak sederhana terinspirasi oleh metode probabilistik petajalan yang berguna untuk transformasi, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;menjadikan area bebas benturan/tabrakan (collision) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;dan menggambarkan metode transformasi iteratif &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;yang memungkinkan seseorang untuk mencarikan solusi masalah lebih mudah. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Key-to-address transformation methods&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;Dalam penyimpanan dan pengambilan isi data dari lokasi memory di&lt;br /&gt;komputer dengan pengalamatan langsung dimana komputer memberikan data&lt;br /&gt;ke lokasi memori eksternal spesifik yang berasal dari kunci karakter&lt;br /&gt;suatu data, salah satu dari metode tersebut yaitu dengan menggunakan&lt;br /&gt;angka yang setara dengan karakter baru pada nomor posisi array.&lt;br /&gt;Menterjemahkan kunci karakter data pertama dan seterusnya lalu lebih&lt;br /&gt;acak , karakter pada karakter dengan key-to-address transformation&lt;br /&gt;(transformasi kunci suatu alamat)ini menggunakan modul hashing. Cluster&lt;br /&gt;dan gaps sering terjadi dalam menentukan cara pengalamatan, disesuaikan&lt;br /&gt;dengan memory atau bin address dan sering diturunkan dengan cara&lt;br /&gt;konversi kunci atau transformasi alamat secara acak. Jadi idealnya,&lt;br /&gt;key-to-address transformation harus menghasilkan alamat yang unik dari&lt;br /&gt;beberapa document lain atau record dan 100% penyimpanan memori yang&lt;br /&gt;dialokasikan ,pendistribusiannya haruslah seragam dan semua ruang&lt;br /&gt;kosong harus terisi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;Key-to-address&lt;br /&gt;transformation menunjukkan penemuan dengan menggunakan tabel dalam&lt;br /&gt;operasi penterjemahan. Satu atau lebih karakter dari kunci record&lt;br /&gt;dianggap sebagai alamat tabel untuk penterjemahan awal. Setelah sebuah&lt;br /&gt;karakter diterjemahkan lalu digabungkan dengan operator logika yang&lt;br /&gt;tepat, logika matematika aritmatik , operasi boolean dengan karakter&lt;br /&gt;kunci lain atau table entri.&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Direct addressing techniques&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;Adalah teknik sederhana yang bekerja dengan baik ketika U sebagai&lt;br /&gt;semesta (nilai ruang kemungkinan ditandai dengan K). U = {0,1, ….&lt;br /&gt;,m-1}, nilai m tidak terlalu besar asumsikan bahwa tidak ada 2 unsur&lt;br /&gt;yang berbagi kunci yang sama Pada direct addressing techniques,&lt;br /&gt;instruksi lain yg diperlihatkan dengan menggunakan pengalamatan&lt;br /&gt;langsung,artinya data yang direferensikan sebnarnya disimpan didalam&lt;br /&gt;struktur lain,baik itu sebuah register ataupun lokasi memori. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;. Hash table methods&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;Hash Table juga merupakan metode yang digunakan untuk mengatasi&lt;br /&gt;benturan yang terjadi bila ada key yang memiliki alamat yang sama. Pada&lt;br /&gt;metode ini linear list menyimpan data ke direktori, tetapi struktur&lt;br /&gt;data hash tersebut juga digunakan. Hash table akan mengambil nilai yang&lt;br /&gt;nantinya akan dihitung dari nama berkas dan akan mengembalikannya ke&lt;br /&gt;sebuah penunjuk nama berkas yang ada di-linear list. Oleh karenanya, ia&lt;br /&gt;dapat memotong banyak biaya pencarian direktori (dipercepat).&lt;br /&gt;Memasukkan dan mendelete berkas juga lebih mudah dan cepat. Walupun&lt;br /&gt;demikian beberapa aturan harus dibuat untuk mncegah benturan, situasi&lt;br /&gt;dimana kedua nama berkas pada hash mempunyai based yang sama. Kesulitan&lt;br /&gt;paling rawan dalam hash table adalah ukurannya yang tetap dari hash&lt;br /&gt;table dan kebergantungan fungsi hash dengan ukuran hash table tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;. Hashing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;Hashing dalam bahasa indonesia memiliki arti &quot;penyincangan&quot;, metode Hashing&lt;br /&gt;pastinya digunakan untuk mengatasi benturan maupun mengurangi banyaknya&lt;br /&gt;ruang address yang digunakan dari key yang mempunyai cakupan nilai yang&lt;br /&gt;cukup luas ke nilai address yang telah dipersempit. Cara mengatasi&lt;br /&gt;benturan dengan hashing menggunakan metode-metode sebagai berikut: &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;metode Bucket&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;metode Open Addressing&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;metode Chaining&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;metode Coalesced Hasing&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;metode Chained Progressive Overflow&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;dikutip dari : www.google.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;   www.kakos.com.gr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: normal; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;   www.wikipedia.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Anggota Kelompok :&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bramantya Dwi Saputra&lt;/b&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cahaya Pangripta Alam&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ricardo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/feeds/6473401050759737657/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2010/04/organisasi-berkas-relatif.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/6473401050759737657'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/6473401050759737657'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2010/04/organisasi-berkas-relatif.html' title='ORGANISASI BERKAS RELATIF'/><author><name>evan verdian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03680057277211349419</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9AHTM0cMjMwDtKDh6UKi2zQBqjAcmimvMrq9SGV0N-vLaNwYO_pHayuCKqPgbEbYaueyoNfLNefyA-Ctb1nDxap62GO_puH-BZp-cpGHRm5S6Szzv9DKNavzExyHiOS4/s220/evan1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8474176338195081191.post-1398255776747823847</id><published>2009-12-08T23:55:00.004+07:00</published><updated>2009-12-08T23:59:51.349+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Open...open.....source..."/><title type='text'>Open Source</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sumber terbuka&lt;/b&gt;  (&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris&quot; title=&quot;Bahasa Inggris&quot;&gt;Inggris &lt;/a&gt;: &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;open source&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;)  adalah sistem pengembangan yang tidak dikoordinasi oleh suatu individu / lembaga pusat, tetapi oleh para pelaku yang bekerja sama dengan memanfaatkan kode sumber &lt;i&gt;(source-code)&lt;/i&gt; yang tersebar dan tersedia bebas (biasanya menggunakan fasilitas komunikasi &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet&quot; title=&quot;Internet&quot;&gt;internet&lt;/a&gt;). Pola pengembangan ini mengambil model ala &lt;i&gt;bazaar&lt;/i&gt;, sehingga pola Open Source ini memiliki ciri bagi komunitasnya yaitu adanya dorongan yang bersumber dari &lt;i&gt;budaya memberi&lt;/i&gt;, yang artinya ketika suatu komunitas menggunakan sebuah program Open Source dan telah menerima sebuah manfaat kemudian akan termotivasi untuk menimbulkan sebuah pertanyaan apa yang bisa pengguna berikan balik kepada orang banyak.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pola Open Source lahir karena kebebasan berkarya, tanpa intervensi berpikir dan mengungkapkan apa yang diinginkan dengan menggunakan pengetahuan dan produk yang cocok. Kebebasan menjadi pertimbangan utama ketika dilepas ke publik. Komunitas yang lain mendapat kebebasan untuk belajar, mengutak-ngatik, merevisi ulang, membenarkan ataupun bahkan menyalahkan, tetapi kebebasan ini juga datang bersama dengan tanggung jawab, bukan bebas tanpa tanggung jawab.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pada intinya konsep sumber terbuka adalah membuka &quot;kode sumber&quot; dari sebuah &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_lunak&quot; title=&quot;Perangkat lunak&quot;&gt;perangkat lunak&lt;/a&gt;. Konsep ini terasa aneh pada awalnya dikarenakan kode sumber merupakan kunci dari sebuah perangkat lunak. Dengan diketahui logika yang ada di kode sumber, maka orang lain semestinya dapat membuat perangkat lunak yang sama fungsinya. Sumber terbuka hanya sebatas itu. Artinya, dia tidak harus gratis. Definisi sumber terbuka yang asli adalah seperti tertuang dalam &lt;i&gt;OSD (Open Source Definition)/Definisi sumber terbuka.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;source : &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumber_terbuka&quot;&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/feeds/1398255776747823847/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2009/12/open-source.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/1398255776747823847'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/1398255776747823847'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2009/12/open-source.html' title='Open Source'/><author><name>evan verdian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03680057277211349419</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9AHTM0cMjMwDtKDh6UKi2zQBqjAcmimvMrq9SGV0N-vLaNwYO_pHayuCKqPgbEbYaueyoNfLNefyA-Ctb1nDxap62GO_puH-BZp-cpGHRm5S6Szzv9DKNavzExyHiOS4/s220/evan1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8474176338195081191.post-8883212492112955986</id><published>2009-12-08T23:44:00.003+07:00</published><updated>2009-12-08T23:48:47.744+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="iptv .."/><title type='text'>IP / TV</title><content type='html'>Teknologi Internet Protocol Television atau IP/TV merupakan suatu pengembangan baru  dalam software komunikasi client-server yang mem-broadcast video yang berkualitas tinggi (setara real time full motion video secara simultan ) ke user window melalui jaringan data yang ada sekarang.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keberadaan teknologi IP/TV ini diyakini bakal menggeser dan menjadi pesaing baru dalam bisnis televisi berlangganan, khususnya televisi kabel atau satelit. Akan tetapi, untuk sementara konsumen IPTV ini masih terbatas kalangan menengah atas&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beberapa  feature yang  dimiliki oleh IP/TV ini adalah :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;•IP/TV dapat menyiarkan secara live  atau prerecorded digital video program-program pendidikan, komersial,dsb, serta dapat melakukan capturing dan transmisi program dari berbagai source.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;•IP/TV dapat melakukan scheduling /penjadwalan program sesuai dengan kebutuhan antara pemilik informasi dan audience. Viewer dapat memilih program dari suatu listing yang akan dilihatnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;•IP/TV dapat memberikan layanan yang ekonomis namun dengan tidak mengorbankan kualitas layanan. Ini karena teknologi bandwidth transmisi yang efisien, yaitu IP multicasting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;•IP/TV mendukung  format standard MPEG (Motion Picturre Experts Group) untuk memberikan high quality, full motion video. Feature ini merupakan tambahan terhadap  standard CODEC (compression/decompression) untuk menjamin kualitas gambar yang optimal sesuai dengan spesifikasi aplikasi dan bandwidth yang tersedia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;•Bila dibandingkan dengan metode tutorial yang konvensional, IP/TV lebih efisien karena tidak perlu  membayar instruktur, biaya print materi relatif lebih sedikit, tidak perlu menyewa ruang seminar khusus (karena IP/TV dapat diakses oleh setiap meja selama terkoneksi dalam satu LAN/WAN).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;•kemampuan untuk merekam atau menghentikan gambar (pause) saat tayangan tersebut disiarkan. Bahkan, tayangan itu bisa diakses secara mobile tanpa harus berada di dalam rumah. Sebab, terdapat alat yang disebut set of box, yang berfungsi seperti decoder, sehingga melalui internet, tayangan itu dapat dinikmati dari jarak jauh.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/feeds/8883212492112955986/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2009/12/iptv.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/8883212492112955986'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/8883212492112955986'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2009/12/iptv.html' title='IP / TV'/><author><name>evan verdian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03680057277211349419</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9AHTM0cMjMwDtKDh6UKi2zQBqjAcmimvMrq9SGV0N-vLaNwYO_pHayuCKqPgbEbYaueyoNfLNefyA-Ctb1nDxap62GO_puH-BZp-cpGHRm5S6Szzv9DKNavzExyHiOS4/s220/evan1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8474176338195081191.post-727740184088377818</id><published>2009-12-08T23:26:00.004+07:00</published><updated>2009-12-08T23:34:05.845+07:00</updated><title type='text'>TCP / IP</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; 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priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt; 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&lt;/style&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;TCP/IP adalah suatu protokol komunikasi&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;yang terdiri dari lapisan-lapisan beberapa protocol yang dicetuskan oleh Vinton Cerf dan Robert E. Kahn pada tahun 1974 melalui proyek DARPA.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;TCP/IP sendiri terdiri dari dua bagian besar yaitu Transmission Control Protocol dan Internet Protocol. TCP/IP dikenal juga sebagai &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Internet Model&lt;/i&gt;. Disamping itu terdapat juga protocol standar komunikasi yang dikeluarkan oleh ISO (International Standard Organization) yaitu OSI (Open System Interconnection).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;TCP/IP &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;reference model &lt;/i&gt;pada awalnya memiliki 4 lapisan(layer), namun berkembang menjadi 5 layer. 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semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Normal&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt; 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priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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Pada layer ini terjadi Framing, Physical Addressing, Flow Control, Error Control, dan Access Control. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Network Layer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Berfungsi untuk pengiriman paket dari sumber ke tujuan akhir. Pada layer ini terjadi Logical Addressing dan Routing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Transport Layer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Berfungsi untuk mengiriman pesan dari suatu proces ke proces lainnya. Pada layer ini terjadi Port addressing, Segmentation and reassembly, Connection control, Flow control, dan Error Control.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Application Layer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Berfungsi untuk menyediakan layanan pada user untuk mengakses suatu jaringan. 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   &lt;w:cachedcolbalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;w:browserlevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;   &lt;m:mathpr&gt;    &lt;m:mathfont val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbin val=&quot;before&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbinsub val=&quot;--&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef/&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:latentstyles deflockedstate=&quot;false&quot; defunhidewhenused=&quot;true&quot; defsemihidden=&quot;true&quot; defqformat=&quot;false&quot; defpriority=&quot;99&quot; latentstylecount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; 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semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face 	{font-family:Wingdings; 	panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 	mso-font-charset:2; 	mso-generic-font-family:auto; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;; 	panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:roman; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;}  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal 	{mso-style-unhide:no; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 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	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;TCP/IP Core Protocols&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-weight: normal;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;       &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;IP (Internet Protocol)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;IP merupakan &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;connnectionless&lt;/i&gt; dan &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;unreliable datagram protocol. &lt;/i&gt;Maksud dari connectionless adalah tidak terdapat sesi ketika pengiriman data. Sedangkan &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;unreliable &lt;/i&gt;adalah proses pengiriman tidak dijamin dapat terkirim dengan benar. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-weight: normal;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Mengubah alamat logical menjadi physical dan sebaliknya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-weight: normal;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;ICMP menyediakan fasilitas troubleshooting dan memberikan pesan kesalahan ketika suatu packet tidak terkirim dengan benar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-weight: normal;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;      &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Protocol untuk mengatur anggota dari &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;multicast&lt;/i&gt; group pada suatu network segment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-weight: normal;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Merupakan &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;connection-oriented delivery service&lt;/i&gt;, maksudnya adalah suatu koneksi harus terbentuk ketika suatu host akan mengirimkan data. Untuk menjamin suatu paket telah terkirim dengan benar diperlukan suatu &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;acknowledgement (ACK).&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-weight: normal;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;UDP (User Datagram Protocol)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Merupakan &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;connectionless delivery service, &lt;/i&gt;process pengiriman paket tidak terjamin. Tidak terdapat ACK, sehingga apabila terjadi error saat pengiriman, paket tidak akan dikirim ulang. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  </content><link rel="related" href="Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol" title="TCP / IP"/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/feeds/727740184088377818/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2009/12/tcp-ip.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/727740184088377818'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8474176338195081191/posts/default/727740184088377818'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://vandutto.blogspot.com/2009/12/tcp-ip.html' title='TCP / IP'/><author><name>evan verdian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03680057277211349419</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9AHTM0cMjMwDtKDh6UKi2zQBqjAcmimvMrq9SGV0N-vLaNwYO_pHayuCKqPgbEbYaueyoNfLNefyA-Ctb1nDxap62GO_puH-BZp-cpGHRm5S6Szzv9DKNavzExyHiOS4/s220/evan1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>