variant vintage

Emancipation Proclamation

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 12 Jun 2011 01:14:00 +0100

Emancipation Proclamation

When the Civil War began, political leaders of the ruling Republican Party differed with regard to a precise policy concerning slavery. Radical elements within the party pushed for an immediate statement from the federal government abolishing the institution. Others, including Lincoln, initially preferred a more moderate course, but as the war progressed momentum for emancipation grew stronger. Not wanting to announce a major policy shift on slavery until federal armies had achieved a significant victory in the field, Lincoln delayed any announcement on the subject.

Finally in September 1862, after Union forces stopped Robert E.Lee’s invasion of Maryland at Antietam, the president announced his intention to free the slaves using his war powers. Lincoln officially signed the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. The order freed the slaves in the Confederate states but did not apply to the border states of Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware.

While in practical application the proclamation did not free any bondmen in areas under Confederate control, it had a great effect on the war effort.

It transformed the war into a moral struggle to end slavery in addition to preserving the Union, and made it less likely that England would ally itself with a Confederacy fighting to preserve the institution.

The proclamation also clarified the status of those slaves who by the thousands flocked to the Union armies as they made their way through the south.

Crittenden Compromise

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 12 Jun 2011 01:13:00 +0100

Crittenden Compromise

Lincoln’s election in 1860 was viewed by many white southerners as a sign that the federal government was about to take steps to end slavery, whether the south agreed with the proposition or not. The Republican Party was dedicated to stopping the spread of slavery into the territories, and many believed that it was only a matter of time until Lincoln and his supporters would threaten the institution where it already existed.

As secession and civil war loomed on the horizon in late 1860,

U.S.

Senator John J. C rittenden of Kentucky promoted a political compromise that he hoped would keep the nation whole. Called the “Crittenden Compromise,” the proposal primarily dealt with concerns among the southern states that R epublican Abraham Lincoln’s election as president posed a serious threat to the institution of slavery. Crittenden introduced legislation calling for six new amendments to the U.S. Constitution, and several congressional resolutions designed to protect slavery in states where it already existed and in the territories. Crittenden’s plan included permanently reinstituting the so-called Missouri Compromise line and extending the protection of slavery south of that line all the way to the Pacific Coast; protecting slavery in the District of Columbia; strengthening fugitive slave laws; accepting popular sovereignty as the method through which questions related to slavery in the territories could be resolved; and in general restricting the power of the federal government to tamper with the institution of slavery. Crittenden introduced his proposal as a joint resolution on December 18, 1860.

The south supported the plan, as did representatives from the border states, but it was met with disapproval by Lincoln and northern Republicans who were dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery.

After much debate the compromise was defeated in both the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Crittenden also introduced legislation calling for a national referendum on his proposal, but the Senate took no action on the bill. The Crittenden Compromise represented the final effort to reconcile the slaveholding and non-slaveholding states. A few months after it was voted down, the Civil War began with the firing on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861.

John brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 12 Jun 2011 01:12:00 +0100

John brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry

As if to confirm everything that states’ rights politicians had said during the

1850s, the fanatical abolitionist John Brown launched his famous raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859. Though unsuccessful, Brown’s attempt to capture a federal arsenal and provoke a slave rebellion struck fear in the hearts of whites throughout the south.

Many in the north condemned the violence, but many others lauded Brown’s efforts as the notion of a vast abolitionist conspiracy became believable in the minds of many southerners. For months after the raid radical southern politicians and the newspapers that supported them exploited the fears of the electorate by printing account after account of rumored slave atrocities that were supposedly taking place around the south.

Whether threats to their safety were real or imagined, southern whites, especially those involved in state government, took them seriously. In 1860 the south fortified itself for whatever trials might lay in the future.

State legislatures appropriated funds for arming and reorganization state militias, and throughout the region many communities began recruiting new volunteer Home Guard units.

Meanwhile in Washington, D.C., the nation was unraveling in part because the national Democratic Party was fracturing. During the spring of 1860 the slavery issue irreparably divided the Democrats, thus ensuring a Republican victory in the presidential election the following fall.

The Democratic National Convention met in Charleston, South Carolina, in April and there northern Democrats passed resolutions endorsing the concept of popular sovereignty, with the people of a given territory or state deciding the issue, as a solution to the slavery debate. Democratic delegates from the south condemned popular sovereignty and any other form of compromise on the slavery issue, insisting on blanket federal protection of the institution in all states and territories.

The convention as a whole eventually voted to endorse popular sovereignty.

In response the states of the lower south walked out on the proceedings.

Eventually the two wings of the Democratic Party met separately to nominate candidates for president. Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas of Illinois while the southern states’ rights advocates chose the vice-president of the

United States

, Kentuckian John C. Breckinridge, as their candidate.

Along with Republican nominee Abraham Lincoln, a fourth candidate rounded out the field in the general election. John Bell of Tennessee represented the Constitutional Union Party, an upstart organization that hoped to become an effective agent for compromise. Bell and his followers argued that southerners should fight for their rights within the Union, and did their best to side-step any inflammatory political discussions of slavery.

This moderate strategy would garner significant support in some parts of the south, but the Constitutional Union Party was not destined to carry the day in a region still haunted by the ghost of John Brown. Lincoln emerged victorious, though he only garnered around 40 percent of the popular vote.

United States turmoil and bloody civil war from 1860 to 1876

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 12 Jun 2011 01:11:00 +0100

United States

turmoil and bloody civil war from 1860 to 1876

From 1860 to 1876 the

United States

was in turmoil. A bloody civil war tore the country apart from 1861 to 1865, and in the war’s aftermath the United States struggled to put itself back together as it dealt with a host of complicated social problems created by the demise of slavery in the south.

By 1876 the nation was politically reconstructed, but the social system that condemned African Americans to a subordinate position in the region was quickly re-established with segregation replacing slavery. Meanwhile in the north, the war accelerated the process of industrialization and set the stage for the United States to emerge as a true industrial power on the world stage.

The political, economic, and social factors that led to the Civil War were complex, but in the end they were all tied to the fact that in 19th-century America one section of the country maintained the institution of slavery while the other did not. From the founding of the

United States

under the Constitution slavery was a major part of American life, and the great contradiction of the entire American existence.

Thomas Jefferson, the founding father who authored the Declaration of Independence and also owned slaves, embodied this national turmoil. Speaking for enlightened southerners of his day, Jefferson famously declared that slavery was like a man holding a wolf by the ears.

The man might not like it, but he did not dare let it go. As the abolitionist movement in the north began to emerge in the 1830s southern politicians and many white southerners in general began defending slavery with greater vigor, and a succession of national events widened the gulf between America’s slaveholding and non-slaveholding states. In 1848 the United States acquired a vast amount of western territory as the result of the Mexican War, and the question of whether or not slavery would be allowed there began to dominate political discourse at the national level. Two years later the slaveholding and non-slaveholding states reached a temporary compromise on the issue, but during the 1850s the national debate over slavery escalated. Radical politicians in the south fanned the flames of secession through the decade with blustering, emotional speeches designed to instill fear in their constituents.

The “southern way of life” was under siege, they claimed, and white southerners as a whole should be ready to fight if necessary to maintain their station in society. The rhetoric grew stronger with the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852, and in 1854 when pro-slavery and anti-slavery partisans went to war in what became known as Bleeding Kansas.

Accommodationism ideology

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 12 Jun 2011 01:10:00 +0100

Accommodationism ideology

Accommodationism refers to an ideology that endorses cooperation and concession to the viewpoint or actions of the opposition. Booker T. Washington and, to a disputable extent, Martin Luther King, Jr., are examples of black leaders who have embraced this concept as a strategy against racial segregation. Competing ideologies developed largely in response to the mass violence that blacks experienced at the hands of whites.

Washington, an influential black leader during the Jim Crow era, is widely recognized as a prominent accommodationist. He promoted black acquiescence to the system of discrimination and disenfranchisement of post-Reconstruction life as a tactic to bring about social and political empowerment. He frequently collaborated with white leaders. However, Washington’s philosophy is believed to have ‘‘increased anti-black violence’’ (Reiland, 3).

In contrast to Washington’s accommodationism, W.E.B. Du Bois and others advocated protest and black self-defense and launched public attacks against segregation and white aggression. Blacks aggressively confronted discrimination and violence in the Brownsville (Texas) Riot of 1906.

Although supporters of the quieter, more gradual process of change via participation in municipal politics believed that the civil rights movement was a radical response, the nonviolent protests of the 1950s and 1960s were fundamentally accommodationistic in their general concession to retaliatory white violence and cooperation with white-dominated institutions.

Frustration with the mounting brutality, particularly during the Freedom Rides and Freedom Summer (Mississippi) of 1964, caused young blacks to break away from the philosophy of nonviolence in favor of a more militant and separatist approach.

By the mid-1960s, violence was the widely employed strategy of protest in black ghettos.

Johnson & Johnson vintage use of Absorbent Materials

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 12 Jun 2011 01:09:00 +0100

Johnson & Johnson vintage use of Absorbent Materials

For thousands of years, plant-derived materials have served as the primary ingredient of absorbent materials. Jute, flax, silk, hemp, potatoes, and primarily cotton, have been employed since pre-Roman times. These simple plant-based fibers demonstrated molecular properties such as surface tension and colloid attraction, but it wasn’t until the development of the ultra microscope in 1903 that the size and structure of molecules was better understood and the actual chemical process of absorption grasped.

The late nineteenth century inspired a new wave of design for the specialized applications of absorbent material—as sanitary napkins and diapers—and eventually helped drive innovative applications for the burgeoning fields of organic and polymer science in the twentieth century.

The need for sterile bandages in medicine precipitated the design of mass-producible, absorbent materials.

In 1886, the medical supply company Johnson & Johnson developed surgical wound dressings made of heated, sterilized absorbent cotton with gauze overlay to prevent fibers sticking to wounds.

This design for sterile wound dressing became a fixed part of medical treatment, although it was still unavailable to the general public. However, as women changed their clothing styles and became more independent, demand increased for transportable absorbent menstrual napkins, as well as disposable diapers.

In 1887 an American, Maria Allen, created a cotton textile diaper covered with a perforated layer of paper, to draw blood away from the skin, with a gauze layer stitched around it. It was an improvement over the usual washable cotton ‘‘rag’’ that was extremely leaky (as both a sanitary napkin and a diaper).

However, it was too expensive for mass production.

Johnson & Johnson continued to improve on the absorption capacity of their original bandage.

They discovered that heating and compressing several layers of cotton together provided higher absorption, less leakage, and less bulk in their dressings. When the Lister Towel, as it was named, became widespread in 1896, menstrual products such as the German-manufactured Hartman’s Pads and bolts of ‘‘sanitary’’ cotton cloth appeared in catalogs for women. However, the Johnson & Johnson product was expensive.

Cotton, while readily available, still had to be hand picked, processed and sterilized. So, in 1915, an American paper supply company called Kimberly–Clark developed Cellucotton, a bandage material that combined sterile cotton with wood pulp-derived cellulose.

During World War I, nurses working in Europe began to use both the Lister Towel and Cellucotton as menstrual pads.

By 1921, propelled by this innovative application, Kimberly–Clark manufactured Cellucotton-based disposable pads called Kotex. Thick, with a gauze overlay, they employed several different securing devices. Used in diapers, Cellucotton was sometimes covered by a thick rubber pant, which inhibited evaporation and could exacerbate diaper rash and urinary tract infections in babies.

‘‘Breathability’’ would become one of the challenges in the decades to come.

After the turn of the twentieth century, the molecular properties of most fibers were thoroughly understood. Protein fiber-based materials, such as wool, are made up of long, parallel, molecular chains connected by cross-linkages.

While able to absorb 30 percent of its weight, it would also expel liquid readily when squeezed, making it an unattractive menstrual or diaper material. Plant-based material such as cotton was made up of long chains of cellulose molecules arranged in a collapsed tube-like fiber.

Cotton could easily absorb water by holding the water molecules within the tubes and between the fibers.

In addition, the shape of the fibers meant that cotton could be easily manipulated by surfactants and additives.

The rate of absorption depended largely on the surface tension between the absorbent material, and the fluid it was absorbing.

Manipulating surface tension would become an element of future products.

For the first half of the twentieth century, absorbent materials varied little, but design changed dramatically. Tampons, available for millennia, now incorporated the new cotton-hybrid materials and by 1930 appeared widely on the market. In 1936, Dr. Earle C. Haas, an American physician, created and earned a patent for a cardboard tampon applicator. Soon thereafter, his product became the first Tampax brand tampon and was sold by Tambrands.

By 1938, American chemist Wallace Hum Carothers of the DuPont Company had helped create nylon, the first polymer textile, and it was soon included as a barrier to prevent leakage.

In 1950, American housewife Marion Donovan created a plastic envelope from a nylon shower curtain that was perforated on one side and filled with absorbent cotton gauze. By 1973, scientists working at the Illinois-based National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research invented H-Span. They combined synthetic chemicals with cornstarch to create a uniquely absorbent polymer of hydrolyzed starch called polyacrylonitrile.

The ‘‘Super Slurper,’’ as it became known, was capable of absorbing up to 5,000 times its weight in water.

In a dry powdered state, the polymer chains are coiled and then treated with carboxylate to initiate a faster colloid transfer of water molecules to the starch.

Soon afterwards, ‘‘superthirsty’’ fibers appeared in absorbent products around the world.

By the late 1970s, disposable diapers included a layer of some sort of highly absorbent fibers, covered with a lightweight plastic or nylon shell that allowed for more evaporation without leakage.

The Americanbased company Procter & Gamble introduced a ‘‘superthirsty’’ synthetic material, made up of carboxymethylcellulose and polyester, into their tampons.

The product, named Rely, far surpassed the absorbency of other competing tampons.

Under competitive pressure, Tambrands and Playtex both produced versions of superthirsty tampons using derivatives of polyacrylate fibers.

Diaper designs began to include convenience features such as refastenable tapes, elastic legs, barrier leg cuffs, elasticized waistbands, and ‘‘fit’’ guides to guarantee less leakage.

The popular creped cotton tissue interior was replaced with denser cellulose-fiber mats, utilizing a highly absorbent cotton treated with a surfactant to encourage rapid absorption by increasing the surface tension between water molecules and cotton.

Research continued and resulted in a new wave of polymer-manipulated superabsorbers, namely hydrophilic cross-linked polymers. Incorporating a three-dimensional polymeric structure, this material did not dissolve in water and could absorb in three dimensions. By 1980, Japanese scientists created the first disposable diaper incorporating a superabsorbent polymer. Procter & Gamble soon developed ‘‘ultra thin’’ pads using a crystalline polymer layer that would gel when it absorbed water. This design also included a ‘‘Dri-Weave’’ top sheet, separating the wearer from the absorbent layer and using a capillary-like, nonwoven material to inhibit a reverse flow.

In the late 1970s, a dramatic increase in cases of toxic shock syndrome appeared among users of superabsorbent tampons. Eventually, the ‘‘superthirsty’’ absorbent was found to encourage growth of the bacteria Staphyloccocus aureus. In the early

1980s more health problems seemed to be linked to improvements in absorption, and by 1986

Tambrands and Playtex had removed their polyacrylate tampons from the market. Six years later the U.S. Food and Drug Administration reported that trace amounts of dioxin used to bleach and sterilize cotton components of pads, tampons, and diapers could cause birth defects and possibly cancer.

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, pads were comprised of anything from an absorbent, compressed cotton and cellulose-pulp core, a plastic moisture-proof liner, a soft nonwoven textile for drawing moisture away from the skin (like viscose rayon and cotton blend), and chemicals such as polyacrylates to prevent leakage and keep the product from falling apart.

Scientists working for the U.S. Department of Agriculture had discovered that the cellulose properties of ground chicken feathers could be manipulated and used as an absorbent material, utilizing billions of tons of discarded poultry-plant waste. The fibers are straight polymer chains—like cotton—making them highly absorbent. Internationally, the use of tampons, disposable diapers, and sanitary napkins is still largely reserved for developed countries.

However, as more innovative techniques reduce the reliance on expensive imported products (e.g., bird feathers), the convenience of absorbent technology may stretch beyond current economic, cultural, and geographic borders.

Humber-Sommer the world's first carriage of mail 1910

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 12 Jun 2011 01:07:00 +0100

Humber-Sommer the world's first carriage of mail 1910

The place in aviation history of the otherwise unimportant Humber-Sommer .biplane is assured by the fact that it was an aircraft of this type which undertook the world's first carriage of mail by an aircraft. This event was part of the Universal Postal Exhibition held in Allahabad in India during February 1911. During the exposition, the French pilot Henri Pccquct, on February 18, across the Jumna river from Allahabad to Naini Junction, in all some Skm (5 miles) with 6500 lelters. This bizarre and isolated journey is generally accepted by philatelists as the world's first aerial post and some actual examples of thepostmark still exist. Four days later, a 'regular' sen'icc for the duration of the exhibition was opened by Pcequet and Captain Walter G Windham, the aircraft that they used again being the Humber-Sommer biplane.

Though a number of aircraft types were producedby Humber before World War I, none of them was designed by the company, whose principal interests lay in the motor industry.

The first machine produced by Humber, in 1910, was the Humber-Blhiot Monoplane, a copy of the BleriotXI, followed by the Humber-Le Blon Monoplane and the Humber-Lovelace Monoplanes, two in number. The fifth aircraft produced by Humber was the British version of the biplane designed by the French pioneer Roger Sommer, and derivcd essentially from the Farman III biplane of 1909.

This was itself a reworking of the classic Voisin biplane, though the concept of inherent lateral stability had been abandoned in favour of positive control by ailerons. Humber appear to have hedged their bet to a certain extent, for the Humber-Sommer was fitted with sloping side screens between the upper and lower wingtips, outboard of the ailerons, in a fashion similar to the side-screens favoured by the Voisin brothers, Gabriel and Charles.

The Farman III is onc of the classic aircraft of all time, and, with the Blhiot XI, was the most popular European aircraft in the period from 1909 to 1911, appearing in a number offorms. Sommer's interest in the type stemmed from 1909, when he new the second Farman III at the great aviation meeting held at Rheims under thc auspices of the champagne industry. During the aviation rally, Sommer's best performance, in about ten flights, was a distance of60km (37 miles).

Type: utility aircraft

Maker: Humber Ltd

Span: 13.92m (4-5ftBin)

Length, 12.19m (4lJft)

Height: not available

Wing area: 4-7 m2 (506 sq rt)

Weight: not available

Power plant: one 5D-hp

Humber 4-cylindcr water cooled inline engine

Performance: maximum speed approx 56 km/h

(35 mph) at sea level; range not available

Payload: 91 kg (200lb); seat for I passenger

Crew: I

Vintage airliners1920 to 1950

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 12 Jun 2011 01:05:00 +0100

Vintage airliners1920 to 1950

For the first 30 years of commercial aviation, from 1920 to 1950, all airliners had propellers. Over the next ten years, to 1960,jet airliners slowly and hesitantly penetrated the extremely conservative and ultra-cautious airline industry. But by 1960 the airlines had become so polarized around the jet that efficient and successful turboprop airliners, such as the Electra and Vanguard, lost their builders a lot of money because the customers thought them obsolete. Then, again very gradually, airline managements began to realize that those who said turboprops were efficient and burned less fuel were telling the truth. As oil prices soared, so the propeller began to make a come-back. Therefore, though mainly an account of past history, this volume ends with a buoyant industry that cannot build turboprop airliners fast enough.

In this category of our blogs we will Includ it early airliners, among which are those that carried the world's very first farepaying passengers, and the first small sack of air-mail letters, long before World War 1. After that great war, aircraft were not only more capable but also more reliable; but travel by air was still not far removed from science fiction, and something totally outside the lives of all ordinary people. Those few who did buy airline tickets were advised to wear a stout leather coat, gloves and if possible goggles and a hat well tied-on.

In a space that often resembled a small box they bumped and lurched at about the same speed as an express train with hardly the slightest concession to comfort, and in noise of unbelievable intensity - until they either reached their destination, or landed to enquire the way, or landed in a precipitate and often disastrous manner because of engine failure.

Gradually new and more reliable civil engines such as the Bristol Jupiter and Wright Whirlwind put the struggling air transport industry on a slightly less shaky foundation. Though occasionally designers got carried away by their enthusiasm and made aircraft that were too large and failed to sell - examples were the Fokker

F.32 and Dornier Do X - the size and capability of airliners grew in step with the traffic.

The 1930s saw a never-to-be-repeated transformation from fabric-covered biplanes to stressed-skin monoplanes, equipped with retractable landing gear, flaps, variable-pitch propellers and many other new features.

A few of the famous aircraft in that section, notably the immortal DC-3, were still important in the 1940s, which traces the introduction of pressurization, new navigation aids and many other advances, as well as a doubling in engine power from 1000 to 2000 hp and, at the end of that decade, still more powerful engines such as the 3250 to 3500-hpPratt & Whirney Wasp Major and Wright Turbo-Compound, the latter being·an established piston engine to which were added three turbines driven by the hot exhaust gas.

These ultimate piston engines were immense mechanical accomplishments, but they could not survive in the face of competition from jets and turboprops.

The first commercial turboprop, and quite a crude engine at that (its compressor was a scaled-up Griffon pistonengine supercharger), was the Rolls-Royce Dart. This was first run in 1945, and after prolonged development and power-growth entered airline service with the outstanding Viscount in 1953. It is an extraordinary fact that in 1980 not only are hundreds of Dart-powered aircraft still in service but engines almost indistinguishablefrom the 1953 model are in large-scale production, and selling briskly to new as well as to existing customers.

But that does not mean technical development is dormant.

Today competition in the turboprop market is intense.

Rocketing oil prices have thrust propellers back into favour with the airlines; their doldrums in the 1960s and 1970s were due entirely to fashion, which thought the jet easier to sell to the travelling public.

Today most large airline constructors have studies for turboprops, including large long-haul passenger and freight aircraft for a market where the jet today has more than 99%.

Back in the 1960s airlines were often embarrassed at· turboprop equipment and tried by various means to convey the impression they operated jets. Today the picture has changed. In 1979-80 the number of completely new jet airliners launched was zero; the number of completely new turboprops four.

Acorns a starchy food staple for various Indian groups

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 12 Jun 2011 01:03:00 +0100

Acorns a starchy food staple for various Indian groups

Acorns, the nuts of oak trees, average 40-50 percent carbohydrates, 3-4 percent protein, and 5-10 percent fat, making them a nutritious foodstuff providing about 168 calories per ounce

This abundant and easily collected nut became the dietary mainstay for various Indian groups, particularly in the Northeast and California.

The earliest unequivocal evidence of the dietary use of acorns comes from the Lamoka culture of New York, probably around 3500 Archaeological sites in Massachusetts dating from a millennium later also have produced clear evidence of the eating of large quantities of acorns. By the historic period, however, Northeastern Indians were using acorns only sparingly as food.

In California, major use of acorns began later, around 1000, but it ultimately was more important, often forming the bulk of the diet. Six species of acorn were gathered, and families commonly obtained enough in one season to last them two years.

The acorns typically were stored in baskets or wooden granaries, some as much as 5 feet in diameter and 8 feet high. To reduce infestation by vermin, the base of a granary might be painted with pitch, or fragrant laurel leaves might be included. The acorns were ground as needed, and bitter tannin was leached out by washing the acorn meal repeatedly with hot water. The acorn meal was boiled into gruel or baked into pancake-biscuits on heated rocks.

This staple supported many California Indians into the late nineteenth century.

Johnson brothers and the importance of advertising

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:42:00 GMT

Johnson brothers recognized the importance of advertising, and Robert Wood Johnson the first was often personally very involved in the development of ads for the Company’s products…sometimes too involved, the people at the advertising agency felt. Johnson had excellent instincts about what would and wouldn’t work, and he kept J.

Walter Thompson and his advertising agency busy with his many suggestions and changes. Thompson and Johnson were friends, and Thompson handled the Johnson & Johnson account personally. (Robert Wood Johnson: The Gentleman Rebel, by Lawrence G. Foster, pp. 50-51) From the beginning, the Company’s ads always were good and some of them were brilliant, with specific ad campaigns becoming a part of popular culture or breaking new ground.

In keeping with the times – and depending on the product being advertised — some of the earliest ads were wordy and explanatory,

However, it was with ads for Zonweiss, an early tooth-whitening tooth cream, that the Company really got creative.

You can see that The text of the ad stressed the “snowy-white creamy Zonweiss” in its blue jar (the blue enhanced the whiteness of the tooth cream), and included some quotes from satisfied customers – including a U.S. Senator! Praising the product. The subtle (or not so subtle) inference that could be drawn from the illustration was that Zonweiss tooth cream would make your teeth blindingly white, as bright as the rays of the sun in the picture.

This ad included a poem:

“When pearly rows of Teeth are seen

In beauty glistening white and clean,

No need to ask about the cause,

Or moralize on Nature’s laws,

But let your thoughts at once incline

To ZONWEISS, perfect, pure and fine

A Dental Cream of cleansing power,

That grows in favor every hour.”

1922 Neracar Motorcycle ads

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:41:00 GMT

Weighs only 175 lbs., and reaches speeds of 35 mph. Ride 300 miles on only $1. Original MSRP started at $225, based in Syracuse, New York.

1927 Miami Beach advertisement

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:41:00 GMT

What they offer that days: Features 5 hotel accomodations: The Boulevard, The Nautilus, The Flamingo, The Lincoln and The King Cole. "

America

's Winter Playground."

1960 Buick LeSabre ads

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:41:00 GMT

1960 Buick LeSabre Convertible original vintage advertisement. The Turbine Drive for 1960. There's nothing like a new car - and no new car like the 1960 Buick LeSabre Convertible

1956 Delco Wonderbar Radio ads

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:40:00 GMT

1956 Delco Wonderbar Car Radio.Just touch the Delco Wonderbar and click! It tunes the nearest signal perfectly. Another touch, another station. Delco Radio - World leader in Auto Radio. and forget about your ipod and cd

A simple of ancient ads

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:40:00 GMT

Marketing has played a role in building successful businesses since ancient Egyptian entrepreneurs tacked papyrus posters to stone walls. I like the old ads, because they’re honest and to the point.

Even through the mid-20th century, most advertisements were declarations of value. Now, many ads are little more than psychological ruses, designed to elicit emotions rather than present a product that fills a void.

Ancient advertisement for the 1950 Nash

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:39:00 GMT

More than 25 miles per gallon for that old barge?!! Surely this was mere puffery, overstatement by some long defunct Madison Avenue ad agency? A little googling brought up this piece contemporary to the time of the ad. The comparison of 1950 vehicles yielded some surprising results. Reading down a bit, it seems that the old Nash did indeed live up to the claims of the ad

deferent between ipod ads and ancient portable stereos ads

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:39:00 GMT

they were happy and like their stereos may be more than you with your ipod and iphone and I like this time more than nowdays

Drink ads 1918

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:38:00 GMT

Gorgeous illustration in vivid color. "Pronounced Klee-Ko." Bottled by the Clicquot Club Co. of Millis, Mass

it was an 1918 Clicquot Club Ginger Ale advertisement

For sale: 2000 year old houses in Ontario Canada

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:38:00 GMT

it was more like 12,000 years ago this area was the shoreline of what has come to be called Lake Iroquois, but what's a few thousand years among friends? Really?

Formed during the retreat of the glaciers during the last ice age, Lake Iroquois covered areas of the city south of Davenport Rd, with lagoons stretching as far north as Leaside. Its traces can be found in the ravines, with the most visible legacy in the area near this project being the bluff rising towards Casa Loma.

Given the wording used in this ad ("primitive instincts," "dash about barefoot"), the drawing seems to be missing either a scantily-clad model in caveman-movie wear or a "noble savage" dashing in front of the homes, while the architect sitting on a cracker barrel watches idly.

any how this was the ads in Toronto Life, August 1975

What we were may be funny

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:37:00 GMT

what we were may be funny but we have to understand that after 50 years some one will seat in his room looking to our modern ads and say that we were ….. the same what we call old people

The history of Cowboy

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:20:00 GMT

A cowboy is an animal herder who tends cattle on ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback, and often performs a multitude of other ranch-related tasks. The historic American cowboy of the late 19th century arose from the vaquero traditions of northern

Mexico

and became a figure of special significance and legend.

A subtype, called a wrangler, specifically tends the horses used to work cattle. In addition to ranch work, some cowboys work for or participate in rodeos. Cowgirls, first defined as such in the late 19th century, had a less-well documented historical role, but in the modern world have established the ability to work at virtually identical tasks and obtained considerable respect for their achievements.

There are also cattle handlers in many other parts of the world, particularly South America and Australia, who perform work similar to the cowboy in their respective nations.

The cowboy has deep historic roots tracing back to Spain and the earliest European settlers of the Americas. Over the centuries, differences in terrain, climate and the influence of cattle-handling traditions from multiple cultures created several distinct styles of equipment, clothing and animal handling. As the ever-practical cowboy adapted to the modern world, the cowboy's equipment and techniques also adapted to some degree, though many classic traditions are still preserved today.

Etymology and usage of cowboy

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:19:00 GMT

The English word cowboy has an origin from several earlier terms that referred to both age and to cattle or cattle-tending work.

The word "cowboy" appeared in the English language by 1725.It appears to be a direct English translation of vaquero, a Spanish word for an individual who managed cattle while mounted on horseback. It was derived from vaca, meaning "cow," which came from the Latin word vacca. Another English word for a cowboy, buckaroo, is an Anglicization of vaquero.At least one linguist has speculated that the word "buckaroo" derives from the Arabic word bakara or bakhara, also meaning "heifer" or "young cow", and may have entered Spanish during the centuries of Islamic rule.

Originally, the term may have been intended literally—"a boy who tends cows."

By 1849 it had developed its modern sense as an adult cattle handler of the American West. Variations on the word "cowboy" appeared later. "Cowhand" appeared in 1852, and "cowpoke" in 1881, originally restricted to the individuals who prodded cattle with long poles to load them onto railroad cars for shipping.

Names for a cowboy in American English include buckaroo, cowpoke, cowhand, and cowpuncher." Cowboy" is a term common throughout the west and particularly in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, "Buckaroo" is used primarily in the Great Basin and California, and "cowpuncher" mostly in Texas and surrounding states.

The word cowboy also had English language roots beyond simply being a translation from Spanish. Originally, the English word "cowherd" was used to describe a cattle herder, (similar to "shepherd," a sheep herder) and often referred to a preadolescent or early adolescent boy, who usually worked on foot. (Equestrianism required skills and an investment in horses and equipment rarely available to or entrusted to a child, though in some cultures boys rode a donkey while going to and from pasture) This word is very old in the English language, originating prior to the year 1000.

In antiquity, herding of sheep, cattle and goats was often the job of minors, and still is a task for young people in various third world cultures.

Because of the time and physical ability needed to develop necessary skills, the cowboy often did began his career as an adolescent, earning wages as soon as he had enough skill to be hired, (often as young as 12 or 13) and who, if not crippled by injury, might handle cattle or horses for the rest of his working life. In the United States, a few women also took on the tasks of ranching and learned the necessary skills, though the "cowgirl" (discussed below) did not become widely recognized or acknowledged until the close of the 19th century. On western ranches today, the working cowboy is usually an adult. Responsibility for herding cattle or other livestock is no longer considered a job suitable for children or early adolescents. However, both boys and girls growing up in a ranch environment often learn to ride horses and perform basic ranch skills as soon as they are physically able, usually under adult supervision. Such youths, by their late teens, are often given responsibilities for "cowboy" work on the ranch, and ably perform work that requires a level of maturity and levelheadedness that is not generally expected of their urban peers.

historic word use of cowboy

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:19:00 GMT

The term "cowboy" was used during the American Revolution to describe American fighters who opposed the movement for independence. Claudius Smith, an outlaw identified with the Loyalist cause, was referred to as the "Cow-boy of the Ramapos" due to his penchant for stealing oxen, cattle and horses from colonists and giving them to the British.

In the same period, a number of guerilla bands operated in Westchester County, which marked the dividing line between the British and American forces. These groups were made up of local farmhands who would ambush convoys and carry out raids on both sides. There were two separate groups: the "skinners" fought for the pro-independence side; the "cowboys" supported the British.

History behind the cowboy

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:19:00 GMT

The origins of the cowboy tradition come from Spain, beginning with the hacienda system of medieval

Spain

. This style of cattle ranching spread throughout much of the Iberian peninsula and later, was imported to the

Americas

. Both regions possessed a dry climate with sparse grass, and thus large herds of cattle required vast amounts of land in order to obtain sufficient forage. The need to cover distances greater than a person on foot could manage gave rise to the development of the horseback-mounted vaquero.

Spanish roots of cowboy word

Various aspects of the Spanish equestrian tradition can be traced back to Arabic rule in Spain, including Moorish elements such as the use of Oriental-type horses, the la jineta riding style characterized by a shorter stirrup, solid-treed saddle and use of spurs, the heavy noseband or hackamore, (Arabic šakīma, Spanish jaquima) and other horse-related equipment and techniques.

Certain aspects of the Arabic tradition, such as the hackamore, can in turn be traced to roots in ancient Persia.

During the 16th century, the Conquistadors and other Spanish settlers brought their cattle-raising traditions as well as both horses and domesticated cattle to the Americas, starting with their arrival in what today is Mexico and Florida.

The traditions of Spain were transformed by the geographic, environmental and cultural circumstances of New Spain, which later became Mexico and the Southwestern United States. In turn, the land and people of the Americas also saw dramatic changes due to Spanish influence.

The arrival of horses was particularly significant, as equines had been extinct in the Americas since the end of the prehistoric ice age. However, horses quickly multiplied in America and became crucial to the success of the Spanish and later settlers from other nations. The earliest horses were originally of Andalusian, Barb and Arabian ancestry, but a number of uniquely American horse breeds developed in North and South America through selective breeding and by natural selection of animals that escaped to the wild. The Mustang and other colonial horse breeds are now called "wild," but in reality are feral horses—descendants of domesticated animals.

Vaqueros

noreply@blogger.com (judy) — Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:18:00 GMT

Though popularly considered American, the traditional cowboy began with the Spanish tradition, which evolved further in what today is Mexico and the Southwestern United States into the vaquero of northern

Mexico

and the charro of the Jalisco and Michoacán regions. While most hacendados (ranch owners) were ethnically Spanish criollos,many early vaqueros were Indian people trained to work for the Spanish missions in caring for the mission herds.

Vaqueros went north with livestock. In 1598, Don Juan de Oñate sent an expedition across the Rio Grande River into New Mexico, bringing along 7000 head of cattle. From this beginning, vaqueros of mestizo heritage drove cattle from New Mexico and later Texas to Mexico City.

Mexican traditions spread both South and North, influencing equestrian traditions from Argentina to Canada.