Various Tech.

Sent mail from perl

2019-07-11T04:35:00.001-07:00

sub Mail_Mailer
{
my $destination_directory ='/data/';
my $from_address = "abc@gmail.com";
my $to_address = "abc@gmail.com";
my $subject = "SOFT DATA ";
my $body = "Dear Sir\nPlease find the complete set of data on sftp\n.";
my $cc="test@gmail.com";
opendir (DES,$destination_directory);
my @files=readdir(DES);
close(DES);
my @mail_sent_file=@file;
foreach my $mail_file_names (@mail_sent_file)
{
$body=${body}."\n".$mail_file_names."\n";
}
$body=${body}."\nRegards\nreportsadmin.";
my $mailer = Mail::Mailer->new("sendmail") or die;
$mailer->open(
{
From => $from_address,
To => $to_address,
Cc => $cc,
Bcc => $bcc,
Subject => $subject,
}
);
print "Going to send the mail.";
print $mailer $body;
$mailer->close();
print "Mail sent.";
return ($mailer);
}

Hubot and Hipchat

2016-05-24T13:42:00.002-07:00

Many of us have struggle with concept of L1, and L2 support and maintenance which can be very expensive and transitioning is a living hell. What we wish is the ability for both of them to work together and make a smooth transition.

So I have started to think it would be cool to make this happen for a organization which runs 1200+ servers and have teams to support product and infra both. The Idea was to start with collaboration between teams which can be extended to request and support basis. To extend it further we discovered that product team works for 24x7 and infra team is 18x7. Now it is important to design it in a way that product team can manage it 24x7 with minimum and no help from infra team(L2).

Solution:

Solution was to use a collaboration tool which supports API for our tools to maintain alert level. For that please refer my previous blog describing configuration of Icinga and Hipchat. Next logical step is to configure hipchat to support robot system which can perform housekeeping like infra, with appropiate roles and permission. This is where we discovered Hubot a robot which can respond to certain request on chat channels. An opensource tool written in NodeJS, with a community support. So we can pretty much do anything that NodeJS has to offer us.

Installation of Hubot:

In order to install hubot we need to install NodeJS+Npm first, which is out of scope of this document. We are going to use Redis-brain so we need to install redis-server as well. With this little pre-configuration lets start the installation of hubot:

npm install -g coffee-script
sudo apt-get install redis-server
npm install -g hubot
hubot -v # to verify
apt-get install libexpat1-dev libicu-dev
npm install --save hubot-hipchat
npm install -g yo

Steps above will allow you to install hubot, now we need to write our scripts to support our requirements. Now I am hoping that you might be having a configuration tool to manage this infra already, it could be anything from Puppet, CHEF, Ansible to in house tool. If you are not having any such tool, well life pretty much sucks.

Now i am presuming that you do not have any such tools in place, then your system admin is a traditional system admin, aka GOD. Let write a custom script for GOD,

Lets create a file in script folder inside hubot and name it execute-script.coffee

util= require 'util'
fs = require 'fs'
path= require 'path'
module.exports = (robot) ->
    robot.respond /execute-command (.*?)( on (.*))?$/i, (msg) ->
        msg.send "MSG_ENVELOPE: #{msg.envelope.user.roles} #{process.env.HUBOT_AUTH_ADMIN} "
        if robot.auth.hasRole(msg.envelope.user,'superadmin')
            # msg.send "Command is :  #{msg.match[1]} for host: #{msg.match[3]}"
            #command = "ssh hubot@#{msg.match[3]} #{msg.match[1]}"
            command = "parallel-ssh -i  -O StrictHostKeyChecking=no  -l hubot -H \"#{msg.match[3]}\" -v -i \"#{msg.match[1]}\" "
            @exec = require('child_process').exec
            msg.send "This is the command #{command}."

            @exec command, (error, stdout, stderr) ->
                msg.send error
                msg.send stdout
                msg.send stderr
        else 
            msg.send "To execute these commands you need to be part of superadmin group"

This small script will allow you to login into any of the system in infra controlled by ssh keys and and hubot group role. Of course you have to install role module given by hubot first.

# npm install "hubot-auth" --save

The above will write the code to package.json and manage an entry inside external-scripts.json file as well.

Lets test it now,

Since this is configured with paralled-ssh this will allow you to manage whole set of servers using their ip. This gives us some control and audit out of box with custom roles based on room and role.

Happy chatting.

Hipchat and Icinga

2016-05-15T20:36:00.001-07:00

hipchat_notify_2.0

Hipchat notification with API 2.0 to be used with ICINGA/Nagios

Source code: https://github.com/shubhamitc/hipchat_notify_2.0

Table of Contents
Author
Audience
Introduction
Ruby Script
Script used on server
Service notification
Host notification
Change in command.conf for Icinga server
Example notification
Roadmap

Author

Shubhamkr619@gmail.com

Audience

System Engineers and operation engineers

Introduction

Change the default mail notification of Icinga server to hipchat notification using ruby code. This will allow a single place of management of all the notification and alerts across organization. Let that be service,host or business level alerts all can be managed and monitored using hipchat and hubot will give certain advantage over traditional alerting system.

Proactive and reactive alerting
Managed monitoring
Single place of all the alerts
Better communication and collaboration
Integration with multiple tools in CI cycle
a. Jenkins
b. Chef
c. Bitbucket/Github
d. Jira
e. Confluence …. Etc

As per plan once Elastalert is implemented Hipchat will support business and revenue alerts, and hopefully with event based proactive/reactive handling or issues.

Ruby Script

Need to create a Ruby script in order to make sure that we can send messages from a single server. Idea here is to be able to configure icinga server to send message to custom user groups and Hipchat account.

We are going to use a Ruby gem called hipchat which will support API version 2.0. In order for script to work we need to install 2 gems,

Hipchat
Trollop
# apt-get install ruby -y
# gem install hipchat
# gem install trollop
#!/usr/bin/env ruby
require 'hipchat'
require 'trollop'
#
# Provides a hipchat notifier with minimal requirements.
# Post the nofication to room
#
# Docs: http://wiki.opscode.com/display/chef/Exception+and+Report+Handlers
#
# Install - add the following to your client.rb:
# gem install hipchat # Configure CLI entries
# gem install trollop # configure commandline option parser
module HipChat
class NotifyRoomCli
def initialize(api_token, room_name, msg, options={})
defaults = { hipchat_options: {api_version: 'v2',server_url: 'https://api.hipchat.com'}, msg_options: {:notify => true}, excluded_envs: [], msg_prefix: ''}
options = defaults.merge(options)
@api_token = api_token
@room_name = room_name
@msg = msg
@hipchat_options = options[:hipchat_options]
@msg_options = options[:msg_options]
@msg_prefix = options[:msg_prefix]
@excluded_envs = options[:excluded_envs]
@to_user=options[:name]
case
when options[:alerttype].match(/warning/i)
@color = 'yellow'
when options[:alerttype].match(/critical/i)
@color = 'red'
when options[:alerttype].match(/info/i)
@color = 'green'
end if options[:alerttype]
end
def report
if @msg
@msg_options[:color]=(@color || 'yellow')
client = HipChat::Client.new(@api_token, @hipchat_options)
client[@room_name].send(@to_user, [@msg_prefix, @msg].join(' '), @msg_options)
end
end
end
end
begin
opts = Trollop::options do
opt :message, "Use monkey mode" ,:type => :string # flag --monkey, default false
opt :name, "Monkey name", :type => :string # string --name <s>, default nil
opt :apitoken, "HIPCHAT API Token 2.0", :type=> :string
opt :roomname, "Room id from Hipchat", :type=> :string
opt :alerttype, "warning/critical/info", :type => :string
end
[ :message, :apitoken, :roomname].each do |key|
Trollop::die "arguments required --#{key}" unless opts[key]
end
hipchat=HipChat::NotifyRoomCli.new(opts[:apitoken],opts[:roomname],opts[:message],opts)
hipchat.report
rescue Errno::ENOENT => err
abort "hip_chat_cli: #{err.message}"
end

Script used on server

following is a script which should which we need to configure to use this code with a icinga server

Service notification

root@hubot0:/etc/icinga2/scripts# cat hipchat-service-notification.sh

#!/bin/sh

template=`cat <<TEMPLATE

***** Icinga *****

Notification Type: \$NOTIFICATIONTYPE

Service: \$SERVICEDESC

Host: \$HOSTALIAS

Address: \$HOSTADDRESS

State: \$SERVICESTATE

Date/Time: \$LONGDATETIME

Additional Info: \$SERVICEOUTPUT

Comment: [\$NOTIFICATIONAUTHORNAME] \$NOTIFICATIONCOMMENT

TEMPLATE

#/usr/bin/printf "%b" "\$template" | mail -s "\$NOTIFICATIONTYPE - \$HOSTDISPLAYNAME - \$SERVICEDISPLAYNAME is \$SERVICESTATE" \$USEREMAIL

dir="\$(readlink -f \$(dirname \$0))"

ruby \$dir/notify --message "\$(/usr/bin/printf "%b" "\$template")" --name icinga --apitoken "<TOKEN>" --roomname 2614946 --alerttype "\$SERVICESTATE"

Host notification

root@hubot0:/etc/icinga2/scripts# cat mail-host-notification-hipchat.sh

#!/bin/sh

dir="\$(readlink -f \$(dirname \$0))"

template=`cat <<EOF

HOST DOWN \$HOSTALIAS; Address: \$HOSTADDRESS; State: \$HOSTSTATE ; Date/Time: \$LONGDATETIME

Additional Info: \$HOSTOUTPUT

Comment: [\$NOTIFICATIONAUTHORNAME] \$NOTIFICATIONCOMMENT

EOF

ruby \$dir/notify --message "\$(/usr/bin/printf "%b" "\$template")" --name icinga --apitoken "<TOKEN>" --roomname 2614946 --alerttype "warning"

root@hubot0:/etc/icinga2/scripts#

Change in command.conf for Icinga server

This will change the Icinga server to support the hipchat adapter ,

root@hubot0:/etc/icinga2/scripts# cat ../conf.d/commands.conf

/* Command objects */

object NotificationCommand "mail-host-notification" {

import "plugin-notification-command"

command = [ SysconfDir + "/icinga2/scripts/mail-host-notification-hipchat.sh" ]

env = {

NOTIFICATIONTYPE = "\$notification.type\$"

HOSTALIAS = "\$host.display_name\$"

HOSTADDRESS = "\$address\$"

HOSTSTATE = "\$host.state\$"

LONGDATETIME = "\$icinga.long_date_time\$"

HOSTOUTPUT = "\$host.output\$"

NOTIFICATIONAUTHORNAME = "\$notification.author\$"

NOTIFICATIONCOMMENT = "\$notification.comment\$"

HOSTDISPLAYNAME = "\$host.display_name\$"

USEREMAIL = "\$user.email\$"

}

object NotificationCommand "mail-service-notification" {

import "plugin-notification-command"

command = [ SysconfDir + "/icinga2/scripts/hipchat-service-notification.sh" ]

env = {

NOTIFICATIONTYPE = "\$notification.type\$"

SERVICEDESC = "\$service.name\$"

HOSTALIAS = "\$host.display_name\$"

HOSTADDRESS = "\$address\$"

SERVICESTATE = "\$service.state\$"

LONGDATETIME = "\$icinga.long_date_time\$"

SERVICEOUTPUT = "\$service.output\$"

NOTIFICATIONAUTHORNAME = "\$notification.author\$"

NOTIFICATIONCOMMENT = "\$notification.comment\$"

HOSTDISPLAYNAME = "\$host.display_name\$"

SERVICEDISPLAYNAME = "\$service.display_name\$"

USEREMAIL = "\$user.email\$"

}

Example notification

Roadmap

Add hipchat user for Icinga server
Configure to talk to groups using token from user settings in
hipchat
Change notification files and update token+room_ids

All these steps are required to make sure hubot can take actions on events. For now hubot can not take actions if the user Hubot and notifying user is matched. It is required to prevent race conditions.

Change password of mysql users

2013-08-10T09:39:00.000-07:00

Change MySQL user's password in bulk

Sometimes we need to change the password of mysql users at bulk. Lets say your company has fired a group of peoples or dissolved a project. This requirement can be supplied as :

We can achieve the same by changing the password field in mysql.user table. Password() is a predifined method in mysql which generates encrypted value of a certain string.

host	update mysql.user set password = PASSWORD("passwd") where host IN (<Comma separated list of HostName/IP>);
user	update mysql.user set password = PASSWORD("passwd") where user IN (<Comma separated list of ‘user’@’host’>);

Allowing users to have ssh access

2013-03-10T14:52:00.001-07:00

Allowing users to have ssh access

Hi Readers,

It is one of the tasks we need to complete in order to allow users to log-in into your server without compromising your security. We are going to accomplish the following tasks,

1.) Allow the users for given domain only
2.) Must allow access to a given domain
3.) Block access for a specific domain.

These questions are asked in RedHat certification examination RHCE6

We are going to complete the above mention task using iptables

To give proper example we are taking 192.168.20.0/255.255.255.0 as our domain and 192.168.21.0/255.255.255.0 as other domain.

Assuming that your system is a fresh installation we can remove all rules previously applied.

# iptables -F

The above mention command will flush all the previously applied rules.

Insert a rule in your input chain by below mention command,

# iptables -I INPUT -s <ip of your domain>/<subnet mask> -p <protocal tcp/udp> --dport <port> -j ACCEPT

# iptables -I INPUT ! -s 192.168.20.0/255.255.255.0 -p tcp --dport 22 -j REJECT

Appending the rule in INPUT chain [Caution don't flush your iptables]

# iptables -A INPUT ! -s 192.168.20.0/255.255.255.0 -p tcp --dport 22 -j REJECT
# iptables -A INPUT ! -s 192.168.20.0/255.255.255.0 -p udp --dport 22 -j REJECT

Need to recall the same for UDP protocol.

A must allow access for your domain :

Here we are going to put an allow rule for our domain into INPUT chain. Needed to be used with I/A option as per requirement,

# iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.20.0 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.20.0 -p udp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
A Specific domain should not have any ssh access:

# iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.25.0/255.255.255.0 -p tcp --dport 22 -j REJECT

# iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.25.0/255.255.255.0 -p udp --dport 22 -j REJECT

Mannaging/Configuring YUM [Managing And Configuring YUM [Centos 6.0]]

2013-01-28T09:34:00.002-08:00

Yum Configuration

Hi Friends, we all have faced problems while configuring yum in RedHat, Fedora and Centos. Please find the below mention steps to use all the RPM packages come along with your distribution. Yum configuration will allow you to use them with proper dependency resolution.

To configure yum you must have two packages,
1. yum
2. createrepo

To obtain the same do the below mention just after you have mounted you disk.

There could be two conditions

a.) You have the distribution disk i.e. DVD. Please follow the below mention instructions to manage the same.
Your system mush have the greater or equal space of DVD.
# df -ah
User the partition which has the space and create a directory. In my case /mnt has the space.# mount /dev/dvdwriter /mnt
# cd /mnt/Packages/
# rpm -ivh yum-* --nodeps –force
# rpm -ivh vsftps* -y
# rpm -ivh createrepo* --nodeps --force
# cp -rpvf /mnt/* /var/ftp/pub
It will create the dump on /var/ftp/pub now we need to unmount the disk.
# umount /mnt
b.) You have an iso of you distribution. In that condition you need to mount it with loop so,
cd to iso location
It will mount the ISO to /mnt#mount -o loop rhel.iso /mnt
# cd /mnt/Packages/
# rpm -ivh yum-* --nodeps –force
# rpm -ivh vsftps* -y
# rpm -ivh createrepo* --nodeps --force
Copy packages folder to /var/ftp/pub
# cp -rpvh /mnt/Packages/* /var/ftp/pub

Now you have the dump of your distribution and you are ready to configure yum. To configure the same you must be aware of your hostname. Run the following command to know your hostname,

# hostname
CentOs

Now you have your host name create directories at /var/ftp/pub i.e. Server and VT by following command,

#mkdir -p Server; mkdir -p VT

You are ready to configure your Server and VT repos. Run the following command in order to generate the repos,

# createrepo -v Server ; createrepo -v VT

It will create the directory structure like /var/ftp/pub/Server/repodata & /var/ftp/pub/VT/repodata and a file repomd.xml under each. Configuration of yum is just a step ahead. Search a file like *debuginfo.repo* under /etc/yum/yum.repos.d/. Keep a copy of it for disaster and rename the same with a different command name,

# cp -rf *debuginfo.repo* `hostname`.repo

Edit the hostname.repo using your editor. I will you vim and will comment all the lines that are UN-commented and write new lines on it.# vim `hostname`.repo

#[debug]
#name=CentOS-6 - Debuginfo
#baseurl=http://debuginfo.centos.org/6/$basearch/
#gpgcheck=1
#gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6
#enabled=0
#

[Server]
name=CentOs
baseurl=file:///var/ftp/pub/Server/
gpgcheck=0

[VT]
name=CentOs
baseurl=file:///var/ftp/pub/VT/
gpgcheck=0

Run yum clean all and you are done.

Thanks

Using except command with bash

2012-03-25T02:50:00.000-07:00

1.Use the interpreter for bash at first line .

#!/bin/bash

2. Use variables as per requirement and pass it to except if needed.

HOST="localhost"
USER="chitti"
PASS="123"
CMD=$@

3. Use expect script as required.

XYZ=$(expect -c "
spawn ssh $USER@$HOST
expect \"password:\"
send \"$PASS\r\"
expect \"\\\\$\"
send \"$CMD\r\"
expect -re \"$USER.*\"
send \"logout\"
")

4.Print the result of except using echo like

echo "${XYZ}"

Send mail via SMTP using PERL

2012-01-04T06:00:00.001-08:00

Send Mail to gmail account with perl

Installation of Send::SMTP::Gmail:

In order to send mail via Gmail, you need to have TLS verification. Having TLS and Installation of perl package Send::SMTP::Gmail is covered in brief.

For Ubuntu:

sudo apt-get install openssl libnet-ssleay-perl libcrypt-ssleay-perl

For RedHat/Fedora/CentOs:

yum install perl-IO-Socket-SSL perl-Digest-HMAC perl-TermReadKey perl-MIME-Lite perl-File-LibMagic perl-IO-Socket-INET6 perl-Net-SSLeay perl-Crypt-SSLeay perl-Email-Send

Usages:

Following method is used to send mail and attachment in it. Please read it and post your comments.

sub sendMail

{

use Email::Send::SMTP::Gmail;

my $to=shift;

my $cc=shift;

my $subject=shift;

my $body=shift;

my $mail=Email::Send::SMTP::Gmail->new( -smtp=>'smtp.gmail.com',

-login=>'yourUser@eko.co.in',

-pass=>'passwd',

-port=>587,

-debug=>1);

$mail->send(-to=>"$to",

-cc=>"$cc",

-subject=>$subject,

-verbose=>'1',

-body=>$body

);

#-attachments=>'full_path_to_file'

$mail->bye;

}

Read a File line by line in Shell

2011-12-18T00:58:00.000-08:00

I've used a few techniques for this kind of reading but gets failed until I've read this fine blog .
http://www.bashguru.com/2010/05/how-to-read-file-line-by-line-in-shell.html
this helps a lot and i have developed a trick for me.
Refer to the following example to examine the script :

#!/bin/bash
#SCRIPT:  method2.sh
#PURPOSE: Process a file line by line with redirected while-read loop.

FILENAME=$1
count=0

while read LINE
do
      let count++
      echo "$count $LINE"

done < $FILENAME

echo -e "\nTotal $count Lines read"

I have passed the file in the end of the loop so i didn't need

to use pipe that is why i process the file in fastest manner and gives

the required output in a quick manner.

However i can use one more thing the File Descriptors.

The File Descriptors are similar to the normal file pointers however in

more analogue way.If you have used C then you will have familier with the

the default file openers in C "stdin","stdout" and "stderror"

and each of them is assigned with a file descriptor respectivly 0,1 and 2.

For opening additional files there are a few more descriptors from 3 to 9

depending on your OS. So come to the point, if you want to read your file

from standard input usually known as stdin among developers you need to

change the default input from 0 to any other descriptor like this:

exec 3<&0

it will change the defdault stdin descriptor from 0 to 3 and you need to

follow one more step to complete the task is:

exec 0<$filename

and its done. Now use the below given script to acomplish your job.

#!/bin/bash
#SCRIPT:  method3.sh
#PURPOSE: Process a file line by line with while read LINE Using
#File Descriptors

FILENAME=$1
count0=
exec 3<&0
exec 0< $FILENAME

while read LINE
do
        let count++
        echo "$count $LINE"
done

exec 0<&3
echo -e "\nTotal $count Lines read"

For more information refer to the given blog and use man pages for command 
information.

Using Flash in your HTML

2011-11-04T10:58:00.000-07:00

Edit your Publish settings for Flash SWFs and HTML to reflect how you want your Flash SWF to appear in your web page.
Export your Flash movie as HTML.
Locate your HTML file on your computer, right-click, and select "Open With".
Choose either NotePad or another text editor.
Copy the source code from the HTML file.
Paste it into your web page's source code in the appropriate location where you want your SWF file to display.
Edit the file path to reflect the location of the SWF file on your web server, and upload both your HTML and SWF file to the appropriate directories on your server. (Note: this also applies if you're using PHP, JSP, ASP, CGI, or other web page extensions.)

Your code should look something like this:

Most of this you don't need to touch, so don't worry about making sense of that. The italicized section sets the codebase for the version of Flash used, to check against to see if your user has that version. The rest has taglines to download the Flash player (if the user doesn't have it) and the parameters that you would need to edit--mainly, the line labeledEMBED src="Yourfilename.swf".

By default only the file name would be there, because Flash publishes the SWF and the HTML file in the same folder together with your FLA file. However, you may want to put your SWF files in a separate subfolder on your server, perhaps a folder labeled "flash"--in which instance you would edit the code to read EMBED src="flash/Yourfilename.swf".

Trust me, it's much simpler than it sounds. Give it a try and find out for yourself.

Mysql Scripts in Linux Command Line Terminal

2011-09-27T02:51:00.000-07:00

In MySQL user always tries to connect with the server via command line interface such as remote login like 'ssh' then they troubled themselves in using graphical interface and get the required output quickly. So they need to automate that task. In this Blog I am going to suggest you a way to do this ...
First of all we need to know that a MySQL service is kept in /etc/init.d/mysqld and we need to invoke that in order to use mysql server and client.
To do this use following command in terminal :

service /etc/init.d/mysqld start
or
service mysqld start

When mysql server is started make a directory like /home/anduril/shubham_Script and after entering into that directory use this command in your terminal.

vi connect_string.sh

It will create a file with the name connect_string.sh you can give any name you want. Press 'i' to edit and enter the following text :

mysqlshow -u root -proot
mysqladmin version -u root -proot
mysqladmin variables -u root -proot
mysqladmin ping -u root -proot
mysql -u root -proot
echo Execute SQL from Linux command line interface:
mysql -h localhost -u root -proot -e "select host,db,user from db" mysql

After enterning all text press esc and use ':wq' to exit from vim...
Where mysql is plateform -u stands for username in this case it is root and the switch -p demands for password which is concatenated with the switch -p and in this case it is root. Users can also specify their host with the switch -h and the host name with a space between them.
In the 5th command we have used a file named 'queries_mysql_script.sql' and saved our queries in this file and run our script.
In the Last statement we have used -e switch to enter our command at the terminal and have fun .
This small script could be very useful when you need to take daily dump and forward it in zip . I hope it helps you.

Add user in Sudoer file

2011-09-26T13:11:00.000-07:00

The command sudo provides other users to run a command as a root. To use sudo user must have their level of privilege in /etc/sudoer file. In some cases this file is set for read only and others can edit that file and add their user name in Sudoer for this case such as Fedora 12 users need to provide this syntax as a root on their terminal.
Syntax for adding a user in Sudoer file is:

echo "username ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL" >> /etc/sudoers

And to gain the writing privilege you can use the following code in your terminal :

chmod 755 /etc/sudoersThis code will be enough to give permissions to the user and his user group.
If you are an ubuntu user you can easily add your user in this file like:

vi /etc/sudoers
And you will get a text file. Afterward you need to press 'i' for edit and edit by adding your username just below

"root ALL=(ALL) ALL"
"username ALL=(ALL) ALL"

A few useful sql functions

2011-09-15T04:43:00.000-07:00

Start mysql in Ubuntu without having root privilege:-
If you want to use mysql in Ubutu you can use following command which will use a root level privilege
$ mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 147
Server version: 5.1.49-1ubuntu8.1-log (Ubuntu)
When it demands to enter the password fill it with 'root' and hopefully you'll get logged in .

Last_insert_id():- (with no argument) returns the first automatically generated value that was set for an AUTO_INCREMENT column by the most recently executed INSERT statement to affect such a column. For example, after inserting a row that generates an AUTO_INCREMENT value, you can get the value like this:
mysql> SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID();

Database():-
Database() method returns the current selected database and you can use it in your communication and your queries. The syntax is :
mysql>select Database ();

User():-
It also has synonym named Session_user() and System_user() which returns the current user who is using the mysql along with the hostname.
mysql>select user();

SiteMapPath

2011-07-20T16:25:00.000-07:00

Navigation is one of the most important feature in Asp.net. It helps to set the look or show the features of your site in same time. Navigation is very important when you want to show you web site to the clients. Asp.net offers three navigation tools to supply these requirements:

1.Menu
2.TreeView
3.SiteMapPath
For site Navigation you must know your site's site map. A complete site map is always required for navigation among pages.For site map you need to create a Site Map file usualy comes with name 'Web.sitemap' and has following XML codes:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<siteMap xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/AspNet/SiteMap-File-1.0" >
    <siteMapNode url="" title="" description="">
        <siteMapNode url="" title="" description="" />
        <siteMapNode url="" title="" description="" />
    </siteMapNode>
</siteMap>
It has a root node <siteMapNode url="" title="" description=""> where we need to put a navigation url, a title and its description which will show on SiteMapPath tool. lets first discus about SiteMapPath tool:
SiteMapPath comes with following source code and has the functionalty of showing current pages address with description. It shows the description from SiteMap file.
<asp:SiteMapPath ID="SiteMapPath1" runat="server">
            </asp:SiteMapPath>

Nullable types in c#

2011-07-13T16:05:00.000-07:00

If you have worked in .net technology then you are familiar to Nullable Types. Their concept comes with.net framework 2.0 and yet they are used frequently by the programmers and it gains the popularity among them .The scenario of Nullable Types are usually comes in dealing with Data Base, when you receive a value for integer or a datetime variable null. By the way, Null is a very interesting topic because it is neither a Zero nor a blank space. So how we can consider it and for what?

Null is often considered as a not known value or undefined data that is why it often used like a flag by the developers in different scenarios. Nullability refers for a primitive data types to accept and appropriately handle the case with null value. As it is considered in .net primitive data types are stored in a stack that is also a reason why they are usually not able to contain reference types. Now I need to mention that null is reference type and it is stored in a heap.

In past there are several ways to overcome with this problem:

1. We can use a boxed value type. These are not Strongly-typed in compile time yet they involves during every heap allocation.

2. We can use a wrapper class for value type. They are strongly –typed yet they still needs and involves a heap allocation and you have to write their wrapper.

3. A structure wrapper that used to support nullability. But it also has a drawback that you have to write them by yourself.

To reduce these complexities in Visual Studio 2005 Microsoft introduced a new concept ‘Nullable’.

Nullable types are similar to generic data types with a wrapper structure written around them. This wrapper structure allows value types to hold null or even an object. The basic Nullable structure seems similar to the following but it is more complicated than it seems:

struct nullable<t>

{

public bool hasVlaue ;

public T value;

}

You can write the constructor to allocate null values but Microsoft makes it easier. Firstly you can declare null types as follows:

Nullable<int> x=new nullable<int>(125);

This result can be received in a easier way like this:

Nullable<int>x=125;

Both are correct.

Furthermore .net implements a new ease in nullable types with the help of ‘?’ operator. Now we can write them like this too:

Int? x=125;

Here this is it for Nullable types.

Samsung Galaxy

2011-07-12T01:37:00.000-07:00

Samsung Galaxy
World's second cellphone manufacturing company Samsung is planning to release new version of Galaxy Tab in this June which will run on Android's new version Honeycomb platform and based on 4G technology. The new Galaxy tab will be in two sizes, an 8.9-inch and a 10.1-inch and the price will be $499 to $599. In the market of smartphones, iPads and iPhones Samsung trails from Apple and Android. To compete Apple's iPhone, Samsung wants to extand strong relationship with Google's Android and will continue release android based smartphones. Samsung has been developing its own mobile software, Bada and launched about half of all Android based smartphones but Android also wants to capture smartphones and tablets business.

When Apple launched iPad last year, Samsung was one of the few companies,who held Android and released new 7-inch Galaxy Tab in October,2010. Samsung expects that its tablet can capture about fivefold from 7.5 million units this year while Apple's iPad would capture 39.7 million this year. It is a huge difference,obviously Samsung is not going to overtake Apple's iPhone but on the other side samsung will lead in android based tab.

now recently Apple has claimed on Samsung to copy style and features of very popular iPhone and iPads but Samsung declined this .Ofcourse Apple is the main competitor of Samsung but as well as a great customer of components. Samsung will continue to work with android for tab and smartphones because Android is the fastest growing OS in mobile market. Samsung can cut the price of Galaxy Tab to attract customers to increase the range of market and continuously launch new models of different ranges.Many data carriers network companies have jumped into commercialized LTE service network services with high data traffic which will povide high data speed of downloading like 4G. Along with many other companies like Taiwan's Acer, Asustek Computer also have jumped into tablet market with their low priced tab.During quarter of this year Samsung was the first in Android Tab market and Samsung expects that smartphone business will grow threetime of last year 24 million.we can say that race of 4G technology has begun and many companies have jumped to take first advantage.