Veterinary Information

World best ranked veterinary collage.

2023-06-05T16:40:00.003+05:45

While there is no definitive ranking for veterinary colleges worldwide, here are some renowned veterinary colleges from different regions of the world, along with their websites and a brief overview of their programs:

1. Royal Veterinary College (RVC) - United Kingdom

Website: https://www.rvc.ac.uk/

Programs: BVetMed, BSc, BSc Veterinary Nursing, Graduate Entry BVetMed, GradDipVCP, MSc, MRes, PhD

2. University of California, Davis (UC Davis) School of Veterinary Medicine - United States

Website: https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/

Programs: DVM, MPVM, MS, PhD, Internships, Residencies

3. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine - United States

Website: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/

Programs: DVM, MS, PhD, Residencies, Fellowships

4. University of Sydney Sydney School of Veterinary Science - Australia

Website: https://www.sydney.edu.au/vetscience.html

Programs: DVM, DVetClinStud, PhD, Internships, Residencies

5. University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College - Canada

Website: https://ovc.uoguelph.ca/

Programs: DVM, MVSc, PhD, Internships, Residencies

6. University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine - United States

Website: https://www.vet.upenn.edu/

Programs: VMD, VMD-PhD, MS, PhD, Internships, Residencies

7. University of Melbourne Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences - Australia

Website: https://fvas.unimelb.edu.au/

Programs: DVM, DVSc, PhD, Internships, Residencies

8. University of Edinburgh Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies - United Kingdom

Website: https://www.ed.ac.uk/vet

Programs: BVMS, BVM&S, BSc, MSc, MVetSci, PhD, Internships, Residencies

9. Utrecht University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Netherlands

Website: https://www.uu.nl/en/organisation/faculty-of-veterinary-medicine

Programs: DVM, MSc, PhD, Internships, Residencies

10. Murdoch University School of Veterinary Medicine and Science - Australia

Website: https://www.murdoch.edu.au/study/courses/doctor-of-veterinary-medicine

Programs: DVM

These colleges represent a mix of prestigious institutions from different parts of the world. It's important to thoroughly research each college's programs, admission requirements, faculty, and facilities to determine the best fit for your specific interests and goals.

The Power of One Health: Uniting Humans, Animals, and the Environment for Global Well-being

2023-06-04T12:59:00.001+05:45

Introduction:

In an interconnected world, the health of humans, animals, and the environment are intricately linked. Recognizing this interdependence, the concept of One Health has emerged as a holistic approach that acknowledges the inextricable connection between the well-being of all living beings on our planet. In this blog article, we will delve into the profound implications of One Health, its significance in addressing complex global challenges, and how it paves the way for a healthier and more sustainable future.

Understanding One Health:

One Health is a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach that integrates the expertise of various fields, including human medicine, veterinary medicine, environmental science, and public health. Its fundamental principle is that the health of humans, animals, and the environment are interconnected and mutually dependent. By recognizing and addressing these interconnections, One Health seeks to promote the well-being of all species and protect the delicate balance of our ecosystems.

The Pillars of One Health:

1. Human Health:

The health and well-being of humans form a crucial pillar of the One Health framework. By considering the impact of zoonotic diseases (infections that can transmit between animals and humans) and antimicrobial resistance, One Health emphasizes the importance of collaborative efforts in disease surveillance, prevention, and control. This integrated approach not only enhances human health but also aids in mitigating the risks of future pandemics.

2. Animal Health:

Animals, both domesticated and wild, play a vital role in the One Health concept. The health of animals not only affects their own welfare but also has direct implications for human health. By monitoring and managing diseases in animals, identifying potential zoonotic threats, and implementing appropriate preventive measures, One Health aims to safeguard animal health and prevent the spillover of diseases into human populations.

3. Environmental Health:

The environment acts as a common resource shared by humans, animals, and ecosystems. The degradation of the environment, including deforestation, pollution, and climate change, poses significant threats to the health of all living beings. One Health recognizes the importance of sustainable practices, conservation efforts, and the preservation of biodiversity to maintain a healthy environment, which in turn contributes to the well-being of both humans and animals.

The Benefits of One Health:

1. Disease Prevention and Control:

By taking a comprehensive and collaborative approach, One Health enables early detection, surveillance, and control of infectious diseases that can have devastating impacts on human and animal populations. This approach allows for proactive measures such as vaccination campaigns, improved hygiene practices, and effective disease management strategies.

2. Improved Public Health Outcomes:

One Health recognizes that human health is intricately connected to animal and environmental health. By addressing the root causes of disease emergence and transmission, such as close contact between humans and animals, contaminated water sources, or habitat destruction, One Health can help prevent outbreaks, reduce disease burden, and enhance public health outcomes.

3. Environmental Sustainability:

As human activities continue to impact ecosystems, One Health emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices and responsible stewardship of the environment. By promoting conservation efforts, reducing pollution, and mitigating climate change, One Health contributes to the preservation of biodiversity and the long-term sustainability of our planet.

Conclusion:

The concept of One Health serves as a powerful reminder of the interdependence between humans, animals, and the environment. By embracing a collaborative and holistic approach, we can address complex global challenges, protect public health, and ensure the sustainability of our planet. Adopting the principles of One Health offers us a roadmap towards a future where the well-being of all species, the harmony of ecosystems, and the health of our planet are valued and safeguarded. Let us embrace the ethos of One Health and work together for a healthier and more sustainable world.

Advancing Animal Welfare: Nurturing a Compassionate Future

2023-06-01T07:34:00.003+05:45

Introduction:

Animal welfare has emerged as a significant global concern due to the increasing awareness and empathy towards animals. The focus on humane treatment, ethical considerations in animal research, and the well-being of animals across various industries has sparked a collective effort to enhance their lives. This blog aims to delve into the importance of animal welfare, examining its impact on agriculture, entertainment, and research sectors. By understanding the significance of animal welfare, we can pave the way for a compassionate future.

1. Humane Treatment: A Moral Imperative

Treating animals with kindness and respect is a moral imperative. Humane treatment encompasses providing appropriate living conditions, access to proper nutrition and veterinary care, and minimizing stress and pain. In the agriculture sector, implementing practices that prioritize animal welfare, such as spacious housing, proper handling, and humane slaughter methods, can improve animal well-being and the quality of food produced. Similarly, in entertainment industries like circuses and zoos, promoting naturalistic environments, positive reinforcement training, and ending exploitative acts can greatly enhance the lives of captive animals.

2. Ethical Considerations in Animal Research

Animal research plays a crucial role in scientific advancements, but ethical considerations are essential to ensure the well-being of animals involved. Adhering to the 3Rs principle (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement), researchers aim to minimize animal usage, refine experimental procedures to reduce pain and distress, and explore alternatives such as in vitro models and computer simulations. Transparent protocols, ethical review boards, and stringent regulations help strike a balance between scientific progress and animal welfare.

3. Promoting Animal Welfare in Agriculture

The agriculture sector significantly influences animal welfare, particularly in livestock farming. Embracing practices such as pasture-based systems, enriched environments, and reducing the unnecessary use of antibiotics can enhance the physical and psychological well-being of farm animals. Furthermore, supporting initiatives that promote sustainable and organic farming contributes to better treatment of animals and the environment simultaneously.

4. The Entertainment Industry and Animal Welfare

Entertainment industries have faced criticism regarding the use of animals for public amusement. Acknowledging the importance of animal welfare, there is a growing trend towards animal-friendly entertainment. Transitioning to non-exploitative forms of entertainment, such as animal-free circuses and interactive educational experiences, allows for both enjoyment and respect for animal well-being.

5. Educating and Raising Awareness

Education is crucial for cultivating a society that values and prioritizes animal welfare. Raising awareness through educational programs, public campaigns, and school curricula helps instill compassion and respect for animals from an early age. Encouraging responsible pet ownership, promoting adoption over purchasing, and understanding the impact of consumer choices on animal welfare are essential components of a well-rounded education.

Conclusion:

The momentum for animal welfare is growing as society acknowledges the importance of treating animals with compassion and dignity. By focusing on humane treatment, ethical considerations in animal research, and the well-being of animals in agriculture and entertainment, we can contribute to an ethical and sustainable world. Through education, legislation, and collective action, we have the power to build a future where animals are treated with the kindness and respect they deserve. Let us join forces to advocate for a world where animal welfare is not an option but a moral imperative.

Pet Vaccination: A Comprehensive Guide to Protecting Your Furry Friend

2023-05-31T17:47:00.001+05:45

Introduction

Vaccinations are a crucial aspect of responsible pet ownership as they help protect our beloved companions from preventable diseases. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the importance of pet vaccinations, discuss the major vaccination methods, and provide a helpful table outlining the recommended vaccines for dogs and cats.

The Importance of Pet Vaccinations:

Vaccinations play a vital role in safeguarding pets against infectious diseases that can be life-threatening or cause significant health issues. By vaccinating our pets, we not only protect their well-being but also contribute to the overall health of the pet community. Vaccinations help establish herd immunity, reducing the spread of diseases and protecting vulnerable animals.

Understanding Vaccination Methods:

1. Core Vaccines: Core vaccines are recommended for all dogs and cats as they protect against diseases that are widespread, highly contagious, and pose significant health risks. These vaccines target diseases such as rabies, distemper, parvovirus, and feline viral rhinotracheitis. They are considered essential for maintaining good health and are typically administered in a series of initial doses followed by boosters at regular intervals.

2. Non-Core Vaccines: Non-core vaccines are optional and depend on factors such as the pet's lifestyle, geographic location, and exposure risk. These vaccines target diseases like Bordetella (kennel cough), Leptospirosis, Lyme disease, and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). It is important to consult with your veterinarian to determine if your pet would benefit from any non-core vaccines based on individual circumstances.

Pet Vaccination Schedule Table:

|-------------------------|--------------|---- --------------|---------------|

| Rabies | Dogs, Cats | 12-16 weeks 1 year |

| Distemper Dogs, Cats | 6-8 weeks 2-4 weeks

| Parvovirus Dogs, Cats | 6-8 weeks 2-4 weeks

| Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis Cats | 6-8 weeks 2-4 weeks

| Bordetella Dogs | 8-12 weeks Annually |

| Leptospirosis Dogs | 12-16 weeks Annually |

| Lyme Disease | Dogs | 12-16 weeks Annually |

| Feline Leukemia Virus Cats | 8-12 weeks Annually |

Note: The above schedule is a general guideline. Your veterinarian will provide a specific vaccination plan tailored to your pet's needs.

Vaccine Administration Methods:

1. Injectable Vaccines: The most common method of administering vaccines is through injections. Veterinarians administer these vaccines subcutaneously or intramuscularly, typically in the scruff of the neck or thigh area. Injectable vaccines provide long-lasting immunity and are generally well-tolerated by pets.

2. Intranasal Vaccines: Some vaccines, particularly for respiratory diseases, are administered intranasally. These vaccines are sprayed into the pet's nose, where they stimulate local immunity against respiratory pathogens. Intranasal vaccines offer rapid protection and are especially effective in preventing diseases like kennel cough.

Conclusion:

Pet vaccinations are an integral part of responsible pet ownership, ensuring the health and well-being of our furry companions. By following a proper vaccination schedule and consulting with your veterinarian, you can protect your pet from dangerous diseases. Remember, regular booster shots are essential to maintain optimal immunity. Vaccinations not only safeguard our individual pets but also

Nourishing Your Furry Friend: A Comprehensive Guide to Pet Nutrition and Diet

2023-05-31T17:19:00.001+05:45

Introduction:

Proper nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and well-being of our beloved pets. Just like humans, pets require a balanced and well-managed diet to thrive. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the key aspects of pet nutrition, diet requirements, and best practices for managing their dietary needs.

Understanding Pet Nutrition:

Pet nutrition encompasses the essential nutrients that pets need to support their growth, development, and overall health. These nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Each nutrient plays a specific role in maintaining various bodily functions and should be appropriately balanced to meet the unique requirements of different species, breeds, and individual pets.

Pet Diet Requirements:

1. Proteins: High-quality proteins are the building blocks of your pet's body. They are crucial for muscle development, repair, and the production of essential enzymes and hormones. Opt for lean meats, fish, poultry, and plant-based sources like legumes to provide a well-rounded protein profile.

2. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates provide energy and fiber for digestive health. While dogs are omnivorous and can digest a variety of carbohydrates, cats have a more limited ability to process them efficiently. Choose complex carbohydrates like whole grains, fruits, and vegetables over simple sugars and processed grains.

3. Fats: Healthy fats are essential for pets as they provide energy, aid in nutrient absorption, and support skin and coat health. Incorporate sources of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, such as fish oil or flaxseed oil, to promote optimal health.

4. Vitamins and Minerals: Just like humans, pets require a range of vitamins and minerals for proper physiological functioning. These include vitamins A, D, E, and K, as well as minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and iron. Consult with your veterinarian to ensure your pet's diet meets these requirements.

Managing Your Pet's Diet:

1. Consult a Veterinarian: Your pet's specific nutritional needs may vary based on factors like age, breed, size, activity level, and any underlying health conditions. It is crucial to consult with a veterinarian to develop a tailored diet plan for your pet.

2. Choose High-Quality Pet Food: Selecting a high-quality commercial pet food that meets or exceeds industry standards is essential. Look for options that have named meat sources as the primary ingredient and avoid foods with excessive fillers, artificial additives, or by-products.

3. Portion Control: Overfeeding or underfeeding can have adverse effects on your pet's health. Follow the feeding guidelines provided by the pet food manufacturer and adjust portion sizes based on your pet's weight, activity level, and overall body condition.

4. Avoid Harmful Foods: Some human foods are toxic to pets and should be strictly avoided. These include chocolate, grapes, onions, garlic, caffeine, alcohol, and foods containing xylitol. Be aware of the dangers and keep harmful foods out of your pet's reach.

5. Hydration: Always provide fresh, clean water for your pets. Proper hydration is crucial for digestion, temperature regulation, and overall health. Monitor your pet's water intake and ensure they have access to water throughout the day.

Conclusion:

A well-balanced and carefully managed diet is the cornerstone of your pet's health and happiness. Understanding the essential nutrients, tailoring their diet to meet individual needs, and consulting with a veterinarian will help ensure your pet receives optimal nutrition. By providing the right nourishment, you can enhance their quality of life and strengthen the bond you share with your furry friend.

Remember, each pet is unique, and professional advice from a veterinarian is invaluable for addressing your pet's specific dietary requirements.

Check this cardiovascular system

2021-07-11T20:13:00.003+05:45

Cardiovascular system

Check your score:

1. This is the reason why the SA node acts as heart’s pacemaker

(a) because it has a poor cholinergic innervation

(b) because it has a rich sympathetic innervation

(d) because it generates impulses at the highest rate

2. This about second heart sound is incorrect

(a) it is occasionally split

(b) it is due to the closure of semi-lunar valves

(d) it has a longer duration than the first sound

3. The reason for the dicrotic notch on the aortic pressure curve is

(a) contraction of aorta

(b) closure of the aortic valve

(d) closure of the pulmonary valve

4. Rise in the carotid sinus pressure leads to

(a) reflex hypercritical

(b) reflex hyperplane

(d) reflex tachycardia

5. Peripheral vascular resistance can be best given by

(a) pulse pressure as it corresponds to aortic compliance and stroke volume

(b) mean arterial pressure as it supplies blood to organs

(d) systolic pressure as it causes an increase in the descending aorta

6. Duration of the absolute period, i.e., when the whole of heart is in diastole is

(a) 0.2 seconds

(b) 0.1 seconds

(d) 0.7 seconds

7. This sets glomerular capillary pressure apart from other capillaries found in the body

(a) Lower filtration pressure

(b) Higher filtration pressure

(d) none of these

8. The ventricular muscles accepts impulses directly from

(a) AV node

(b) Bundle of His

(d) Purkinje system

9. This is the similarity between pulmonary and systemic circulation

(a) total capacity

(b) pulse pressure

(d) volume of the circulation per minute

10. On the heart, the impact of adrenaline is all of these except that

(a) it increases the uptake of oxygen by the heart

(b) it increases the contraction force

(d) it increases the heart rate

answer:

1.d 2.d 3.b 4.c 5.c 6.a 7.b 8.d 9.d 10.c

THANK YOU!!!

WHAT is the scientific name of vitamin ??

2021-04-19T18:17:00.002+05:45

Scientific Name of vitamin

Vitamin A (Fat-soluble)	Retinol
Vitamin B1 (Water-soluble)	Thiamine
Vitamin B2 (Water-soluble)	Riboflavin
Vitamin B3 (Water-soluble)	Niacin
Vitamin B5 (Water-soluble)	Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B6 (Water-soluble)	Pyridoxine
Vitamin B7 (Water-soluble)	Biotin
Vitamin B9 (Water-soluble)	Folic Acid
Vitamin B12 (Water-soluble)	Cobalamin
Vitamin C (Water-soluble)	Ascorbic acid
Vitamin D (Fat-soluble)	Calciferol
Vitamin E (Fat-soluble)	Tocopherol
Vitamin K (Fat-soluble)	Phytonadione

THANK YOU

Do the avian species have sizable penis ?

2021-04-19T17:57:00.002+05:45

Do the avian species have sizable penis ?

Out of avian species only duck and ostries have the sizable penis of their male . male bird of other poultry species do not have sizable penis however they have copulatory orgag which is called papillae .

pic: male oestries genitle part

Most male birds, including chicken and quail, have no penises, but ducks and geese have coiled penises that can measure up to 9 inches in length. These retract when not in use.

pic:male genitale part of duck

How excretion occur in shelled eggs?

2021-04-19T17:47:00.002+05:45

How excretion occur in shelled eggs?

Excretory products are stored within the shell in special packings.e.gBirds ( egg laying) excrete their nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of a paste.This process is metabolically more expensive but it allows more efficient water retention, therefore embryos store uric acid more easily in the egg.

The allantois (plural allantoides or allantoises) is a hollow sac-like structure filled with clear fluid that forms part of a developing amniote's conceptus (which consists of all embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues).

This sac-like structure is primarily involved in nutrition and excretion, and is webbed with blood vessels for gaseous exchange.

THANK YOU

some useful Biological word used in veterinary

2021-04-01T12:43:00.004+05:45

some useful Biological word used in veterinary

#Reproductive Terminology

#Abortion

Miscarriage. Expulsion of the premature foetus or embryo.

#Accessory sex glands of a bull

Bulbo-urethral glands, prostate gland and seminal vesicles.

#Acrosome

Part of the head of the sperm that carries enzymes.

#Adrenalin

Hormone produced by the small adrenal glands which are situated near the kidney. Called the ‘fight or flight’ hormone, adrenalin is released in response to fright, excitement or anger. One of its effects is to slow down or stop the normal contractions of the uterus after service, thus adversely affecting fertility.

#Ampulla

Structure where the vas deferens joins the urethra.

Anoestrus

(See also oestrous cycle, and cystic ovary.)

Absence of cycling.

#Antibiotic

Chemical product derived from or produced by living organisms which is capable of preventing the growth of undesirable bacteria.

#Brucellosis

Disease which causes abortion in cattle.

#Capacitation

Maturing of the sperm in the female genital tract. This process is necessary before the sperm is capable of fertilising the ovum.

#Cilia

Short threads projecting from the exterior of a cell, which make it move by beating.

#Chromosome

Paired, thread like structures made from DNA within the nucleus of a cell. Chromosomes carry the hereditary factors called genes and are present in constant numbers in each species (e.g. 30 pairs in cattle).

#Conception

Union of the egg and sperm (fertilisation).

Corpus luteum (CL)

It is a yellow structure on the ovary formed at the site of a ruptured Graafian follicle. It produces progesterone.

#Cystic ovary

Ovary in which a cyst has developed due to failure of a Graafian follicle to rupture (owing to some hormonal upset) or due to the prolonged presence of a corpus luteum. These cysts may cause frequent or continuous oestrus, or complete absence of oestrus.

#Cotyledons (with caruncles)

Attachment point where placenta and uterus join to exchange oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients.

#Diluent

Material used to dilute or ‘extend’ the semen. Protects sperm during freezing.

Dizygotic

Originating from two separate fertilized ova. Dizygotic twins are also known as nonidentical twins.

Dominant gene

Gene which overrides the effect of the alternative recessive gene where both are present in one individual. For example, the gene for polled is dominant over the gene for horns.

Dystocia

Difficult birth.

EBV

Estimated Breeding Value. Rating of genetic merit for various beef production traits.

Ejaculation

Discharge of semen by the bull.

Electro-ejaculation

Collection of semen by the stimulation of the bull with an electric current passed across the accessory glands.

Emaciation

Severe loss of body condition.

Embryo

The developing calf from conception to the forty eighth day of pregnancy.

Endocrine glands

Ductless glands which produce hormones.

Enzymes

Organic solvents.

Epididymis

Sperm storage organ on the testes.

Faeces (feces)

Excrement from the bowels.

Fallopian tube

Passage connecting an ovary to the uterus.

False heat

A cow not on heat, but showing one or more of the external signs associated with heat.

Fertilisation

Union of the egg and the sperm.

Foetus (fetus)

Unborn calf, from the forty eighth day of pregnancy until birth.

Follicle

Graafian follicle

See

Freemartin

Infertile female twin of male-female twins. In approximately nine out of every ten bullheifer twin calves, the heifer is a freemartin.

FSH

Follicle stimulating hormone. Pituitary hormone which stimulates the growth of the follicle in the ovary.

Gametes

Sex cells-sperm in males, ova in females.

Gene

Minute particles located along the chromosomes. They are responsible for the transmission of hereditary characteristics from one generation to the next.

Gestation

Length of time for pregnancy from conception to calving.

Gonads

Primary sex organs-testes in males, ovaries in females.

Gonadotrophin

Hormone which acts on the ovaries or testicles.

GnRH

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

Graafian follicle

Fluid filled sac within the ovary containing the ovum.

Gun

Insemination pistolette.

Heredity

Transference of characteristics from parent to offspring.

Heritability

Degree to which a characteristic can be transmitted from the parent to the offspring.

Hormone

Chemical substance which regulates and maintains various functions of the body. Hormones are produced by glands and transmitted by the blood stream to their site of action.

Inbreeding

Mating together of related animals.

Infertility

Inability of a domestic animal to breed as often or as regularly as its owner would wish of a normal individual. (Compare with sterility.)

Karyotype

Orderly photographic representation of chromosomes.

Lactation

Formation and release of milk from mammary glands.

Leptospirosis

Disease which causes abortion in cattle.

Libido

Sex drive-usually refers to male animals.

Licensed semen (unrestricted)

Semen produced at a licensed AB centre and eligable for unrestricted movement in Australia.

Line-breeding

Mating closely related animals.

Luteinising hormone. A pituitary hormone which acts on the ovary to stimulate the development of the follicle and the formation of the corpus luteum

Luteolysis

Dissolving of the corpus luteum.

Luteotrophic

Promoting the growth of the corpus luteum (with reference to compounds).

Mammary glands

Udder.

Monozygotic twins

Identical twins. Originating from a single fertilized egg (zygote) which splits into two identical halves.

Nucleus

Central body in a cell controlling its activities.

Nymphomaniac cow

Cow showing marked and almost continuous signs of heat (See also Cystic ovaries).

Oestrogen

Hormone which is responsible for producing the (female sex hormone) signs of heat.

Oestrus

Heat (see Oestrous cycle).

Oestrous (estrus) cycle)

Regular sequence of stages which the cow undergoes from one heat to the next. The

four stages.

oestrous cycle is divisible into

1. Oestrus-the heat or season phase of the cycle

2. Metoestrus-the phase of the oestrous cycle immediately after oestrus.

3. Dioestrus-the quiet period in between normal heat periods

4. Pro-oestrus-the phase of the oestrous cycle immediately before oestrus.

Anoestrus is the non-breeding period. The period when there is no evidence of

oestrus occurrence.

Oviduct

Fallopian tube - q.v.

Ovulation

Release of the egg or ovum from the ovary.

Ovum

Female germ cell; an egg cell (plural-ova).

Oxytocin

Pituitary hormone which causes the contraction of the uterine muscle.

Palpation

Examination by touch and pressure.

Parturition

Process of birth.

Penis

Male organ of copulation (plural-penes).

Pituitary gland

Important gland which produces hormones situated at the base of the brain. Part of the function of this gland is to regulate the reproductive cycle (the oestrous cycle and the production of milk).

Progeny

Offspring.

Progeny test

Evaluation of offspring to determine the genetic merit of parents.

Progesterone

Pregnancy hormone. Produced by the corpus luteum of the ovary. It is essential for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy.

Prostaglandins

Naturally occurring compounds which cause luteolysis. Synthetic prostaglandins are used for oestrus synchronization.

Prolactin

Hormone causing udder formation and milk production.

Purulent

Containing pus.

Scrotum

Pouch containing the testes.

Silent heat

Occurrence of ovulation without visible signs of heat.

Sperm

Male gamete or sex cell.

Spermicidal

Lethal to sperm.

Sterility

Total inability on the part of an animal to breed. When it is only a partial inability the term ‘infertility’ is used.

Synchronisation

(Of oestrous) Inducing a number of cows to display oestrus within a short time (see prostaglandins) .

Testis

One of the pair of male reproductive glands, (plural-testes).

Testosterone

Male sex hormone. It is produced by the testis and induces libido.

Trichomoniasis

Venereal disease of cattle.

Urethra

Tube which leads from the bladder to the outside-opening at the end of the penis in the male and into the floor of the vagina in the female.

Uterus

Womb or breeding bag.

Vagina

Female organ of copulation. From latin word meaning sheath.

Venereal disease

A disease which is mainly transmitted during mating. See vibriosis and trichomoniasis.

Vibriosis (Campylobacteriosis)

Venereal disease of cattle.

Zygote

Fertilized egg. A single cell structure resulting from the union of the egg and the sperm.

what kind of vitamin need our body ?

2020-09-23T14:16:00.000+05:45

ESSENTIAL VITAMINS FOR OUR BODY

Vitamins are organic dietary essentials. They have diverse actions and are considered as vitamins on the basis of being required in small amounts. The term “vitamin” originated with Casmir Funk in 1912 while he was working with thiamine (vitamin B1), which is described as a “vital amine”. Subsequently, the term has been shortened and it is known that not all vitamins contain amine groups.
The principle goal of vitamin prophylaxis and therapy is to provide a sufficient quantity of these metabolic essentials so that normal body functions can proceed. Plants and microbes normally synthesize vitamins or precursors. Subsequent utilization of the plant or microbe by domestic animals provides the vitamin to the host.

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Historically, a discussion of vitamins, whether it is nutritional, Pharmacologic or biochemical, is based on separating these micronutrients on the basis of their solubility characteristics. Such a format will be followed here. Vitamin D is increasingly considered a hormone because of it synthesize, storage, release, and activation as needed; nevertheless, it will be discussed in this chapter. The four fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K.

VITAMIN A
Source and occurrence
              Vitamin A is a generic term for compounds possessing the biologic activity of retinol. Retinol is a term used to designate natural forms of vitamin A and synesthetic analogs. Vitamin A (retinol0 is an organic alcohol formed in animal tissue from various plant carotenoids, a number of which have provitamin A activity. Vitamin A₂ (dehydroretincl) is found in fish. The carotenoids vary in effectiveness as precursors of vitamin A. It is not possible to absolutely equate plant provitamin A activity with subsequent availability to the animal (Ullrey 1972).
            In addition to differences in effectiveness of carotenoid transformation to active vitamin, various species have a considerable range of ability to use the provitamins that are present. All green parts of plants have provitamin A activity; leaves have a higher concentration than stems. Legume Hay is a richer source than grass hay. Considerable provitamin activity is lost during harvesting, curing, and storage. Provitamin A activity is close to zero within 6 months after harvest. Dehydrated alfalfa remains one of the better natural sources, yellow corn is the only concentrate containing significant amounts and cereal grains contain negligible quantities. Animal fat products, particularly fish oils and liver, contain large amounts of vitamin A. Polar bear livers contain such high quantities that they are toxic if ingested by humans. Pure vitamin A is synthesized commercially for supplementation and therapeutic use in medical practice.
          The rate of observation of all fat soluble vitamins is dependent on other lipid constituents in the diet and on biliary and pancreatic secretions in the small intestine. Many carotenoids are believed to be destroyed in the rumen.

Vitamin D
Source and occurence
vitamin D is the generic term for closely related steroids that have antirachitic activity. They are formed as provitamins both plants and animals and undergo initial conversion by ultraviolet light. Plant provitamin is ergocalciferol (vitamin D₂). Green, growing plants contain only minute amounts. Most of the vitamin is formed in grass and hay from ergosterol during the curing process. It is in higher concentration in leaves than in stems. Ergocalciferol has little biologic activity in avian species but it is effective in mammals. This is apparently because of the more rapid excretion of vitamin D₂,so that its biologic effect is minimized. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃) is formed in animal tissue by action of ultravoilet ray on 7-dehydrocholesterol, which is produced from cholesterol. The efficiency of conversion is dependent in several factors. Fair skin, light hair covering, nearness to the equator, and lack of cloud cover all promot conversion.The converse is also true in that animals with thick hair coats in northen latitude do not obtain sufficient vitamin D from their own bodies. If they are inside or there is heavy cloud cover, thus the deficiency intensified.
At one time, artificial irradiation of the plants and animals sterols provided vitamin D activity. Today synthetic cholecalciferol is used to supply additional vitamin D, a process that provides more accurate fortification.

Vitamin E
Source and occurence
Vitamin E is the name given to a group of biologically active tocopherols. The principal naturally occuring active compound is d-∞-tocopherol. Vitamin E is a widely distributed in plant products. It is abundant in whole cerael grains and young, green leafy plants. Alfalfa, including cured hay is a good source.
Animals product are generally poor sources of vitamin E. Plants oil have the highest content of natural products. Synthetic sources are available. Certain legumes contain substances that decrease vitamin E absorption.

VITAMIN K
Source and occurence
Vitamin K, a quinone, is a synthesized and absorbed in sufficient amounts in the digestive tract of all species but poultry. It is subsequently absorbed in the small intestine of ruminants and may be acquired by coprophagy or absorption from the lower intestinal tract in other mammals. Green leafy plants and cured roughage are excellent sources of vitamin K. Fish meal and liver contain significant amounts.

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN
The water soluble vitamins (B complex,vitamin C) are a functionally diverse group of micronutrients required by all animals.

Vitamin B₁(Thiamine)
Thiamine is the first of vitamin B complex to be isolated and purified. It is metabollic necessity for plants and animals. Thiamine is synthesized by plants and bacteria and has a ubiquitous distribution.

Niacin

Niacin, USP, or its active form, nicotinamide, is a metabolic essential for all animals but ia s dietary essential only under species conditons. In spite of this, niacin deficiency was a serious health problem for humans in the early part of this century. Dogs may experience niacin deficiency if fed improperly.

Biotin
A deficiency of biotin, INN, has been considered a curiosity, since animals most receive an antivitamin avidin, to develop a deficiency. Avidin is an albumin produced by the mucosa of the oviduct. It can bind biotin and render it unavailable, Biotin deficiency has been linked with the condition known as fatty liver and kidney syndrome, which has been recognized in broiler chickens fed wheat has a major dietary ingredient.

Choline
Choline is available aas coline bitaratrite, NF, coline dihydrogen citrate, NF and coline cholride, INN.Choline is in some ways anaglous to niacin. It can be formed and essential although often limiting amino acid precursor, methionine. Simple stomachede on animals on high grains rations may develop deficiencies.

Ribiflavin (B2)

pentethenic acid (B5)

pyrodoxin (B6)

folic acid (B9)

cynocobalamin (B12)

vitamin c

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some Important medical terminology

2020-09-17T20:55:00.000+05:45

Some Important terminology use in veterinary

Everybody should know the basic functioning of Body and its main parts in order to express and explain their ailment to the Doctor and at the same time one should be able to understand the diagnosis expressed by the Doctor in the medical terminology. For easy recognition of the Compounded Words used in the Medical Terminology. For this hereunder giving you a few such terminology for your ready reference and understanding

* 1. Anemia * - Deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood

* 2. Analgesic * - Medicine which alleviates pain

* 3. Arthralgia * - Pain in a joint

* 4. Cephalalgia * - Headache

* 5. Nephralgia * - Pain in the kidney

* 6. Neuralgia * - Nerve pain

* 7. Myalgia * - Muscle pain

* 8. Otalgia * - Ear ache

* 9. Gastralgia * - Pain in the stomach

* 10. Pyoderma * - Skin infection with pus formation

* 11. Leucoderma * - Defective skin pigmentaion

* 12. Hysterodynia * - Pain in the uterus

* 13. Hysterectomy * - Excision of the uterus

* 14. Nephrectomy * - Excision of a kidney

* 15. Adenectomy * - Excision of a gland

* 16. Cholecystectomy * - Excision of gall bladder

* 17. Thyroidectomy * - Excision of thyroid gland

* 18. Arthritis * - Inflammation of a joint

* 19. Bronchitis * - Inflammation of the bronchi

* 20. Carditis * - Inflammation of the heart

* 21. Cervicitis * - Inflammation of the cervix

* 22. Colitis * - Inflammation of the colon

* 23. Colpitis * - Inflammation of the vagina

* 24. Cystitis * - Inflammation of the urinary bladder

* 25. Enteritis * - Inflammation of the intestines

* 26. Gastritis * - Inflammation of the stomach

* 27. Glossitis * - Inflammation of the tongue

* 28. Hepatitis * - Inflammation of the liver

* 29. Laryngitis * - Inflammation of the larynx

* 30. Metritis * - Inflammation of the uterus

* 31. Myelitis * - Inflammation of the spinal cord

* 32. Nephritis * - Inflammation of the kidney

* 33. Pharyngitis * - Inflammation of the pharynx

* 34. Blepharitis * - Inflammation of the eyelids

* 35. Cholelithiasis * - Stone in the gall bladder

* 36. Nephrolithiasis * - Stone in the kidney

* 37. Osteomalacia * - Softening of bones through deficiency of calcium or vitamin D

* 38. Adenoma * -Benign tumor of glandular tissue

* 39. Myoma * - Tumor of muscle

* 40. Diplopia * - Double vision

* 41. Thrombosis * - Formation of a blood clot

* 42. Pyloromyotomy * - Incision of pyloric sphincter muscle

* 43. Hedrophobia * - Fear of water (Rabies in humans)

* 44. Neuroplasty * - Surgical repair of nerves

* 45. Pyloraplasty * - Incision of plastic pylorus to widen passage

* 46. Hemiplegia * - Paralysis of one side of the body

* 47. Nephroptosis * - Downward displacement of the kidney

* 48. Amenorrhoea * - Absence of menstrual discharge

* 49. Dysmenorrhoea * - Painful menstruation

* 50. Leucorrhoea * - Whitish vaginal discharge

* 51. Menorrhoea * - Menstrual bleeding

* 52. Haemorrhage * - Escape of blood from a vessel

* 53. Arrhythmia * - Any deviation of normal rhythm of heart

* 54. Cholestasis * - Diminution in the flow of bile

* 55. Haemostatis * - Arrest of bleeding

* 56. Neurasthenia * - Nervous debility

* 57. Cystostomy * - Surgical opening made into the bladder

* 58. Cystotomy * - Incision into the urinary bladder

* 59. Hypertrophy * - Increase in the size of tissues

* 60. Haematuria * - Blood in the urine

* 61. Glycosuria * - Presence of sugar in the urine

* 62. Albuminuria * - Presence of albumin in the urine

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some important daily use terminology in medical PRESCRIPTION.

2020-09-10T19:36:00.004+05:45

𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 TERMINOLOGY IN PRESCRIPTION

> * Rx * = Treatment
> * Hx * = History
> * Dx * = DiagnosiS
> * qod * = Every other day 
> * qh * = Every Hour 
> * S * = without 
> * SS * = One & half 
> * C * = With 
> * SOS * = If needed 
> * AC * = Before Meals 
> * PC * = After meals 
> * BID * = Twice a Day 
> * TID * = Thrice a Day 
> * QID * = Four times a day 
> * OD * = Once a Day 
> * BT * = Bed Time 
> * hs * = Bed Time 
> * BBF * = Before Breakfast 
> * BD * = Before Dinner 
> * Tw * = Twice a week 
> * SQ * = sub cutaneous 
> * IM * = Intramuscular 
> * ID * = Intradermal 
> * IV * = Intravenous

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