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KU 6TH SEM PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS

2013-05-27T14:16:00.000+05:30

Set -1

1. Write a program for frame sorting technique used in buffers.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

struct frame

{

int fslno;

char finfo[20];

};

struct frame arr[10];

int n;

void sort()

{

int i,j,ex;

struct frame temp;

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

ex=0;

for(j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)

if(arr[j].fslno>arr[j+1].fslno)

{

temp=arr[j];

arr[j]=arr[j+1];

arr[j+1]=temp;

ex++;

}

if(ex==0) break;

}

void main()

{

int i;

clrscr();

printf("\n Enter the number of frames \n");

scanf("%d",&n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

arr[i].fslno=random(50);

printf("\n Enter the frame contents for sequence number %d\n",arr[i].fslno);

scanf("%s",arr[i].finfo);

}

sort();

printf("\n The frames in sequence \n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("\n %d\t%s \n",arr[i].fslno,arr[i].finfo);

getch();

}

2. Write a program in C# using command line arguments to display a welcome message. The message has to be supplied as input in the command line.

using System;

namespace ConsoleApplication1

{

class Program

{

static void Main(string[] args)

{

args = new string[1];

Console.Write("Enter Message Here: ");

args[0] = Console.ReadLine();

Console.WriteLine("\n" + args[0]);

Console.ReadLine();

}

Set -2

1. Write a program for distance vector algorithm to find suitable path for transmission.

#include<stdio.h>

#define MAX 10

struct dist_vect

{

int dist[MAX];

int from[MAX];

};

int main()

{

int adj[MAX][MAX],n,i,j,hop[10][10]={{0}},k,count;

struct dist_vect arr[10];

printf("Enter the number of nodes\n");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Enter adjecency matrix\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<n;j++)

scanf("%d",&adj[i][j]);

}

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<n;j++)

{

arr[i].dist[j]=adj[i][j];

arr[i].from[j]=j;

}

count=0;

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<n;j++)

{

for(k=0;k<n;k++)

{

if(arr[i].dist[j]>adj[i][k]+arr[k].dist[j])

{

arr[i].dist[j]=adj[i][k]+arr[k].dist[j];

arr[i].from[j]=k;

count++;

if(count==0)hop[i][j]=1;

else hop[i][j]=count+hop[k][j];

}

count=0;

}

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf("State value of router under %d",i+1);

printf("\nNode\tvia node\tdistance\tnumber of hops\n");

for(j=0;j<n;j++)

{

if(i==j)

printf("\n%d\t%d\t%d\n",j+1,arr[i].from[j]+1,arr[i].dist[j]);

else

printf("\n%d\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\n",j+1,arr[i].from[j]+1,arr[i].dist[j],hop[i][j]+1);

}

2. Write a program to demonstrate the usage of threads in C#.

using System;

using System.Threading;

namespace ConsoleApplication4

{

class Program

{

static void Main()

{

Thread thread1 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(A));

Thread thread2 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(B));

thread1.Start();

thread2.Start();

thread1.Join();

thread2.Join();

}

static void A()

{

Thread.Sleep(100);

Console.WriteLine('A');

}

static void B()

{

Thread.Sleep(1000);

Console.WriteLine('B');

}

Set -3

1. Write a program for simple RSA/DES algorithm to encrypt and decrypt the data.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<math.h>

double min(double x, double y)

{

return(x<y?x:y);

}

double max(double x,double y)

{

return(x>y?x:y);

}

double gcd(double x,double y)

{

if(x==y)

return(x);

else

return(gcd(min(x,y),max(x,y)-min(x,y)));

}

long double modexp(long double a,long double x,long double n)

{

long double r=1;

while(x>0)

{

if ((int)(fmodl(x,2))==1)

{

r=fmodl((r*a),n);

}

a=fmodl((a*a),n);

x/=2;

}

return(r);

}

int main()

{

long double p,q,phi,n,e,d,cp,cq,dp,dq,mp,mq,sp,sq,rp,rq,qInv,h;

long double ms,es,ds;

{

printf("\n Enter prime numbers p and q:");

scanf(" %Lf %Lf",&p,&q);

}

while(p==q);

n=p*q;

phi=(p-1)*(q-1);

{

printf("\n Enter prime value of e:");

scanf(" %Lf",&e);

}

while((gcd(e,phi)!=1)&&e>phi);

for(d=1;d<phi;++d)

{

if(fmod((e*d),phi)==1)

break;

}

printf("\n D within main = %Lf",d);

printf("\n Enter the message:");

scanf(" %Lf",&ms);

es=modexp(ms,e,n);

ds=modexp(es,d,n);

printf("\n Original Message : %Lf",ms);

printf("\n Encrypted Message : %Lf",es);

printf("\n Decrypted Message : %Lf\n",ds);

return(0);

}

2. Using Try, Catch and Finally blocks write a program in C# to demonstrate error handling.

using System;

namespace ConsoleApplication1

{

class Program

{

static void Main(string[] args)

{

int i, j, divide = 0;

i = 10;

j = 0;

try

{

divide = i / j;

}

catch (DivideByZeroException)

{

divide = 0;

}

finally

{

Console.WriteLine(divide);

}

Console.ReadLine();

}

Set -4

1. Write a program for Spanning Tree Algorithm (PRIM) to find loop less path.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

#define MAX 20

#define INFINITY 999

#include<conio.h>

enum boolean {FALSE,TRUE};

void prim(int c[][MAX],int t[MAX],int n);

int mincost=0;

int main()

{

int n,c[MAX][MAX],t[2*(MAX-1)];

int i,j;

clrscr();

printf("\nTo find min path spanning tree");

printf("\nEnter no of nodes:");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\nEnter the cost adjacency matrix");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

for(j=0;j<n;j++)

scanf("%d",&c[i][j]);

prim(c,t,n);

for(i=0;i<2*(n-1);i+=2)

printf("\n(%d %d)",t[i]+1,t[i+1]+1);

printf("\nmincost=%d",mincost);

getch();

return 0;

}

//using prim's algorithm for finding shortest path

void prim(int c[][MAX],int t[MAX],int n)

{

int i,j;

enum boolean v[MAX];

int k,s,min,v1,v2;

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

v[i]=FALSE;

v[0]=TRUE;

k=0;

t[k]=1;

s=0;

k++;

while(k<n)

{

min=INFINITY;

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

for(j=1;j<n;j++)

if(v[i]==TRUE && v[j]==FALSE && c[i][j]<min)

{

min=c[i][j];

v1=i;

v2=j;

}

mincost=mincost+min;

if(min==INFINITY)

{

printf("graph disconnected");

exit(0);

}

v[v2]=TRUE;

k++;

t[s++]=v1;

t[s++]=v2;

}

2. Write a program in C# to demonstrate operator overloading.

using System;

namespace ConsoleApplication4

{

class Program

{

static void Main()

{

Widget w = new Widget();

w++;

Console.WriteLine(w._value);

w++;

Console.WriteLine(w._value);

Widget g = new Widget();

g++;

Console.WriteLine(g._value);

Widget t = w + g;

Console.WriteLine(t._value);

}

class Widget

{

public int _value;

public static Widget operator +(Widget a, Widget b)

{

Widget widget = new Widget();

widget._value = a._value + b._value;

return widget;

}

public static Widget operator ++(Widget w)

{

w._value++;

return w;

}

Set -5

1. Write a program in C# to sort the students list based on their names. The students list is stored in a string array.

using System;

namespace ConsoleApplication4

{

class Program

{

static void Main(string[] args)

{

string[] students = { "Vikash", "Bhushan", "Deepak", "Tapas", "Suresh", "Avinash" };

Array arr = students;

Array.Sort(arr);

foreach (string item in arr)

{

Console.WriteLine(item);

}

Console.ReadLine();

}

2. Write a C# Program to demonstrate use of Virtual and override Key words in C#.

using System;

namespace ConsoleApplication1

{

class Program

{

static void Main(string[] args)

{

ChildClass cc = new ChildClass();

cc.Display();

Console.ReadLine();

}

class ParentClass

{

public virtual void Display()

{

Console.WriteLine("Base Class");

}

class ChildClass:ParentClass

{

public override void Display()

{

base.Display();

Console.WriteLine("Derived Class");

}

Set -6

1. Write a program in C# , create a class called rectangle which consists of members side_1, side_2 and displayArea(). Write another class square which inherits class rectangle. Take side of square as input and display the area of square on console

using System;

namespace ConsoleApplication4

{

class Program

{

static void Main(string[] args)

{

square sq = new square();

sq.displayArea();

Console.ReadLine();

}

class rectangle

{

public int side_1 = 10;

public int side_2 = 20;

public virtual void displayArea()

{

Console.WriteLine("Area of Rectangle is: " + side_1 * side_2);

}

class square:rectangle

{

public override void displayArea()

{

Console.WriteLine("Area of Square is: " + side_1 * side_1);

}

2. Write a program to multiply two matrices.

#include<stdio.h>

int main(){

int a[5][5],b[5][5],c[5][5],i,j,k,sum=0,m,n,o,p;

printf("\nEnter the row and column of first matrix");

scanf("%d %d",&m,&n);

printf("\nEnter the row and column of second matrix");

scanf("%d %d",&o,&p);

if(n!=o){

printf("Matrix mutiplication is not possible");

printf("\nColumn of first matrix must be same as row of second matrix");

}

else{

printf("\nEnter the First matrix->");

for(i=0;i<m;i++)

for(j=0;j<n;j++)

scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);

printf("\nEnter the Second matrix->");

for(i=0;i<o;i++)

for(j=0;j<p;j++)

scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);

printf("\nThe First matrix is\n");

for(i=0;i<m;i++){

printf("\n");

for(j=0;j<n;j++){

printf("%d\t",a[i][j]);

}

printf("\nThe Second matrix is\n");

for(i=0;i<o;i++){

printf("\n");

for(j=0;j<p;j++){

printf("%d\t",b[i][j]);

}

for(i=0;i<m;i++)

for(j=0;j<p;j++)

c[i][j]=0;

for(i=0;i<m;i++){ //row of first matrix

for(j=0;j<p;j++){ //column of second matrix

sum=0;

for(k=0;k<n;k++)

sum=sum+a[i][k]*b[k][j];

c[i][j]=sum;

}

printf("\nThe multiplication of two matrix is\n");

for(i=0;i<m;i++){

printf("\n");

for(j=0;j<p;j++){

printf("%d\t",c[i][j]);

}

return 0;

}

Set -7

1. Write a C# program to demonstrate handling of server control programs.

In order to create new ASP.NET Server Control, use File – New – Project from Visual Studio 2008 menu to open the New Project dialog box. From the Web project type, choose ASP.NET Server Control.

Code Behind File For ServerControl1.cs :-

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.ComponentModel;

using System.Linq;

using System.Text;

using System.Web;

using System.Web.UI;

using System.Web.UI.WebControls;

namespace FirstServerControl

{

[DefaultProperty("Text")]

[ToolboxData("<{0}:ServerControl1 runat=server></{0}:ServerControl1>")]

public class ServerControl1 : WebControl

{

[Bindable(true)]

[Category("Appearance")]

[DefaultValue("")]

[Localizable(true)]

public string Text

{

get

{

String s = (String)ViewState["Text"];

return ((s == null) ? "[" + this.ID + "]" : s);

}

set

{

ViewState["Text"] = value;

}

protected override void RenderContents(HtmlTextWriter output)

{

output.Write(Text);

}

2. Write a program to display a message “Welcome to ASP.NET” 8 times in increasing order of their font size using ASP.NET.

<%@ Page language="c#" Codebehind="WebForm1.aspx.cs"

AutoEventWireup="false" Inherits="WebApplication9.WebForm1" %>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" >

<html>

<head>

<title>WebForm1</title>

content="http://schemas.microsoft.com/intellisense/ie5">

</head>

<%for(int i=0;i<8;i++){%>

<font size="<%=i%>">Welcome to ASP.NET ASHISH</font><br/></font>

<%}%>

</form>

</body>

</html>

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KU 5TH SEM PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS

2012-11-23T21:49:00.001+05:30

Set 1

//1. Open an Image. And separate background using selection tool.
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> open
Step 3: select image ->click open
Step 4: click on magic wand tool from tool menu
Step 5: select on background of the image using magic wand tool
Step 6: press delete on keyboard
Step 7: go to file menu -> save as
Step 8: select JPEG format
Step 9: enter file name -> click SAVE

//2. Write a JSP page to display the number of hits to this page. (Hint: use application scope of java bean).
<%@ page session="false" %>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Page Counter Using URL Rewriting</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H3>Page Counter Using URL Rewriting</H3>
<%
int count = 0;
String parm = request.getParameter("count");
if (parm != null)
count = Integer.parseInt(parm);
if (count == 0) {
%> This is the first time you have accessed this page. <%
}
else if (count == 1) {
%> You have accessed the page once before.<%
}
else {
%> You have accessed the page <%= count %> times before.<%
}
%>
<P> Click
<A HREF="urlrewriting.jsp?count=<%=count + 1 %>"
>here</A> to visit the page again.
</BODY>
</HTML>

Set 2

//1. Using pencil tool create an image of landscape, and color it with Brush tool.
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: click file menu -> new -> select size -> press OK
Step 3: in dialog box, click on preset -> select landscape in size box -> press OK
Step 4: click on pencil tool in tool menu
Step 5: draw an image in landscape using pencil tool
Step 6: right click on pencil tool and select brush tool
Step 7: using brush tool, fill the color in landscape image
Step 8: go to file menu -> save as
Step 9: select JPEG format
Step 10: enter file name -> click SAVE

//2. Create an HTML page containing the following features
a. Create a login JSP page with username, password and submit button.
b. On submit, display message ‘Thank you for logging in’ also create cookies to store username and password.
c. Open login JSP page on a new browser. If the cookie is present the username and password field should be automatically populated with the values from the cookie.
<%@page contentType="text/html"%>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<center>
<form action="next.jsp" method="post">
Please Enter Your Detials !<br>
First Name <input type="text" name="firstname"><br>
Last Name <input type="text" name="lastname"><br>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
</center>
</body>
</html>

Next.jsp
<%@page contentType="text/html"%>
<%@page pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>JSP Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<%
String firstname=request.getParameter("firstname");
String lastname=request.getParameter("lastname");

out.println("<font color=blue>Welcome</font> "+firstname+" "+lastname+" Thank you for loging in!");
%>
</body>
</html>

Set 3

//1. Write a JSP program to display current date and time and suitable welcome message.
a. If time is between 5AM and 12 PM display welcome message as ‘Good Morning’
b. If time is between 12 PM and 5 PM display welcome message as ‘Good Afternoon’
c. After 5PM display message as ‘Good evening’.
<%@page language="java"%>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>
<% java.util.Date d=new java.util.Date();
int time=d.getHours();
if(time>5 && time<12)
out.println("\n Good Morning !");
esle if(time>12 && time<17)
out.println("\n Good Afternoon !");
else if(time>17)
out.println("\n Good Evening !");
%>
</h1>
current time is :<%=d.getHours()%>:<%=d.getMinutes()%>
</body>
</html>

//2. Using Rubberstamp tool, create a clone image
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> open
Step 3: select image -> click open
Step 4: select rubberstamp tool from tool menu
Step 5: press ALT then left click on image to begin
Step 6: click on the image and drag where you want to make clone of that image
Step 7: go to file -> save as
Step 8: select JPEG format
Step 9: enter file name -> click SAVE

Set 4

//1. Using Gradient tool, create some backgrounds for photos.
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> new -> select size -> press ok
Step 3: select gradient tool from tool menu
Step 4: choose gradient (linear/ radial/ angle/ diamond) from option toolbar
Step 5: press left click on mouse then drag on image to create gradient
Step 6: go to file -> save as
Step 7: select JPEG format
Step 8: enter file name -> click SAVE

//2. .Create an HTML page containing the following features
a. A combo box containing the list of 7 colors: Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red
b. Depending upon the color selected from the above combo box, the message in the status bar of the window must be reflect the value selected in the combo box (hint: on change event of the combo box).
<html>
<head>
<title>Showing Message in Status Bar</title>
</head>
<body>
<script language="JavaScript">
functionfn()
{
num=document.frm.vibgyor.selectedIndex;
if(num==0)
{
window.status="You have selected Violet.";
}
if(num==1)
{
window.status="You have selected Indigo.";
}
if(num==2)
{
window.status="You have selected Blue.";
}
if(num==3)
{
window.status="You have selected Green.";
}
if(num==4)
{
window.status="You have selected Yellow.";
}
if(num==5)
{
window.status="You have selected Orange.";
}
if(num==6)
{
window.status="You have selected Red.";
}
}
</script>
<form name="frm">
<select name="vibgyor" onChange=fn()><option>Violet</option>
<option>Indigo</option>
<option>Blue</option>
<option>Green</option>
<option>Yellow</option>
<option>Orang</option>
<option>Red</option>
</select>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Set 5

//1. Create an HTML page containing the following features
a. A combo box containing the list of 7 colors: Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red
b. An empty 1X1 table with default background color: White
c. Depending upon the color selected from the above combo box, the background of the table must be changed accordingly. (hint: on change event of the combo box).
<html>
<head>
<title>
Changing Table Color by selecting color from the ComboBox
</title>
</head>
<body>
<script language= "JavaScript">
functionfn()
{
num=document.frm.vibgyor.selectedIndex;
if(num==0) {
document.getElementById("tab").bgColor="Violet";
}
if(num==1)
{
document.getElementById("tab").bgColor="Indigo";
}
if(num==2) {
document.getElementById("tab").bgColor="Blue";
}
if(num==3)
{
document.getElementById("tab").bgColor="Green";
}
if(num==4)
{
document.getElementById("tab").bgColor="Yellow";
}
if(num==5)
{
document.getElementById("tab").bgColor="Orange";
} if(num==6)
{
document.getElementById("tab").bgColor="Red";
}
}
</script>
<form name="frm">
<select name="vibgyor" onChange=fn()>
<option>Violet</option>
<option>Indigo</option>
<option>Blue</option>
<option>Green</option>
<option>Yellow</option>
<option>Orange</option>
<option>Red</option>
</select><br><br><br><br>
<table id="tab" border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Registration Number</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>priyanka rani</td>
<td>072B5725</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>

//2. Import a ‘JPEG’ format image and save it as a ‘PSD’ image, using layer options
Decrease the opacity of image.
Tips: Ctrl + Shift + S = ‘save as’ window
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> open
Step 3: select a JPEG image -> click open
Step 4: go to layer -> new -> click on ‘layer from background’
Step 5: enter layer name in dialog box -> press OK
Step 6: press F7 then decrease opacity
Step 7: go to file -> save as
Step 8: select PSD format
Step 9: enter file name -> click SAVE

Set 6

//1. Open a PORTRAIT image, convert it into grayscale. Now color the image Using COLOR BALANCE, LEVELS and CURVES
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> open
Step 3: select a portrait JPEG image ->click open
Step 4: go to image -> mode -> click on Grayscale
Step 5: click “discard” in message box
Step 6: go to image -> adjustments -> image -> click on ‘curves’
Step 7: adjust curves -> press OK
Step 8: go to file -> save as
Step 9: select JPEG format
Step 10: enter file name -> click SAVE

//2. Write a HTML page containing an HTML form to capture the following properties from the user:
a. Name (text box)
b. Address (text area)
c. Phone (text box)

Write javascript functions
a. to validate Name to contain only alphabets and of maximum length should be 25 ; Show appropriate messages on failure
b. to validate Address field to contain maximum length of 200 characters; Show appropriate on failure and focus the ‘Address’ field text area
c. to validate phone number to contain only numeric data; show appropriate messages on failure
<html>
<head>
<title>
HTML form
</title>
<Script language="javaScript">

function f()
{
var name=document.f1.Name.value;
var phone=document.f1.Phone.value;
var address=document.f1.Address.value;

if(name.length=="")
{
alert("Please enter name");
name.focus();
return;
}
if (name.length> 25)
{
alert("Name Field cannot contain more than 25 characters");
name.focus();
return;
}
if (!isNaN(name))
{
alert("Name field must be filled with only Alphabets");
name.focus();
return;
}

if(phone.length=="")
{
alert("Please enter phone numbar");
phone.focus();
return;
}
if (isNaN(phone))
{
alert("Phone Number must be numeric");
phone.focus();
return;
}

if(address.length=="")
{
alert("Please enter address");
address.focus();
return;
}
if (address.length> 200)
{
alert("Address Field can contain maximum of 200 character");
}
}

</script>
</head>
<body bgcolor="pink">
<marquee><h1 align="center">A Sample FORM </h1></marquee>
<form name=f1>
Name:      <input type=textbox name="Name"><br>
Phone:      <input type=textbox name="Phone"><br>
Address:  <textarea rows="5" cols="50" name="Address"></textarea><BR>
<input type=Button name=''Button" value ="Submit" onclick=f()>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Set 7

//1. Create two HTML pages
a. First page with the following features
i. An image(logo) with a company name as the heading in the top center
ii. This page containing an HTML form, two text boxes to get First Name, Second Name of the user
iii. A submit button to the submit the data to the next page
b. The Second page receives the data submitted by the First Page, displays the following message
Welcome <Last Name>, <First Name>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<center><img src="NIITLogo.jpg"></center>
<center>
<form action="ToShowDataToAnotherPage" method="post">
Please Enter Your Detials !<br>
First Name <input type="text" name="firstname"><br>
Last Name <input type="text" name="lastname"><br>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
</center>
</body>
</html>
ToShowDataToAnotherPage servlet
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
importjavax.servlet.*;
importjavax.servlet.http.*;

public class ToShowDataToAnotherPage extends HttpServlet {

protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throwsServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

String firstname=request.getParameter("firstname");
String lastname=request.getParameter("lastname");

out.println("<font color=blue>Welcome</font> "+firstname+" "+lastname);
}
}

//2. Open a portrait, select the eyeballs using marquee tool, and now change the color of eyes using Hue / saturation.
Tips: Ctrl + U = Hue / saturation
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> open
Step 3: select image ->click open
Step 4: click on marquee tool from tool menu
Step 5: select eyeball from the image using marquee tool
Step 6: press CTRL+U
Step 7: adjust HUE AND SATURATION from dialog box -> press OK
Step 8: go to file -> save as
Step 9: select JPEG format
Step 10: enter file name -> click SAVE

Set 8

//1. Open 3 to 4 images in a same layer. Using filter effects create creative backgrounds for book cover page.
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> new -> select background size -> press OK
Step 3: go to filter -> noise -> add noise
Step 4: adjust amount in noise dialog box -> press OK
Step 5: go to file menu -> open
Step 6: select 3-4 images -> click open
Step 7: select images, copy and paste them in background one by one
Step 8: go to file -> save as
Step 9: select JPEG format
Step 10: enter file name -> click SAVE

//2. Create a HTML page to display a list of film songs available in the library. The following are features of the page
a. The name of the songs must be hyper linked to the songs, so that the users must be able to download songs.
b. The following is the song database available in the library:
c. Library Name: Hariharan Music Site
Slno Song Name    Film    Artiste
1 PATA-PATA Apthamitra Udith Narayan
2 Kana Kanade Apthamitra Madhubalakrishna
3 Anku Donku Apthamitra S P Balasubramanyam
4 Kalavanu Thadeyoru Apthamitra Hariharan
5 Bombe    Anayya    Unknown
<html>
<head>
<tittle>
Hiriharan Songs Site
</title>
</head>
<body>
<marquee><font color = blue><b>Welcome to Hariharan's Songs Site</b></font></marquee>
<center>
<table border=1>
<tr>
<th>S.No.</th>
<th>Song Name</th>
<th>Film</th>
<th>Artist</th>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>1.</td>
<td><a href="song1.html">Patta-Patta</a></td>
<td>Apthamitra</td>
<td>Udit Narayan</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2.</td>
<td><a href="song2.html">Kana Kanede</a></td>
<td>Apthamitra</td>
<td>Madhubalakirishna</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3.</td>
<td><a href="song3.html">AnkuDonku</a></td>
<td>Apthamitra</td>
<td>S P Balasupramanniyam</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4.</td>
<td><a href="song4.html">Bombay</a></td>
<td>Anaya</td>
<td>Unknown</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</body>
</html>

Set 9

//1. Create an HTML page to display the following data using <table></table> tags

First Name Last Name City Phone Number
Shiva Rama Mysore 08212569964
Pratap S   Bangalore 08025689754
Sreenivas G    Mercara       08965445454
<html>
<head>
</head>
<tittle>
Data Table
</title>
<body>
<table border=1>
<tr>
<th>First Name</th>
<th>Last Name</th>
<th>City</th>
<th>Phone Number</th>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>Shiva</td>
<td>Rama</td>
<td>Mysore</td>
<td>08212569964</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pratap</td>
<td>S</td>
<td>Bangalore</td>
<td>08025689754</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shrinivas</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Mercara</td>
<td>08965445454</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

//2. Open an image and adjust a level of image.
Tips: Ctrl + L = level
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> open
Step 3: select an image -> click open
Step 4: go to image -> adjustments -> click on level or press ctrl + l
Step 5: adjust level -> press OK
Step 6: go to file -> save as
Step 7: select JPEG format
Step 8: enter file name -> click SAVE

Set 10

//1. Write HTML script to display “Hello World, Welcome to the world of HTML”. Put the title as “World of HTML”
<html>
<head>
</head>
<title>
Welcome to the world of HTML
</title>
<body>
<i>"Hello World</i><b>Welcome to the world of HTML"</b>
</body>
</html>

//2. Change an image size 22 cm x 29 cm to 44 cm x 58 cm. and resolution 72 to 300.
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> open
Step 3: select an image with 22 cm x 29 cm size -> click open
Step 4: go to image -> image size
Step 5: change image size to 44 cm x 58 cm size with 100 resolutions -> press OK
Step 6: go to file -> save as
Step 7: select JPEG format
Step 8: enter file name -> click SAVE

Set 11

//1. Create some geometrical shapes, using shape tool.
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> new -> select size -> press OK
Step 3: click on ‘custom shape tool’ from tool menu
Step 4: click on ‘custom shape picker’ in options toolbar
Step 5: click on smart tag -> select all then click append
Step 6: choose shape from option toolbar
Step 7: left click on background and drag mouse to draw shape
Step 8: go to file -> save as
Step 9: select JPEG format
Step 10: enter file name -> click Save

Set 12

//1. Type text ‘GRADATION’ and apply gradient tool on text.
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> new -> select size -> click OK
Step 3: click on text from tool menu
Step 4: type text “GRADATION”
Step 5: click on layer from layer property
Step 6: right click on selected layer and click on ‘blending options’
Step 7: click and check on ‘gradient overlay’
Step 8: adjust gradient or change angle to 0o -> then press OK
Step 9: go to file menu -> save as
Step 10: select JPEG format
Step 11: enter file name -> click SAVE

//2. Create an HTML page to display the following data using <table></table> tags
First Name Last Name City Phone Number
Shiva Rama Mysore 08212569964
Pratap S   Bangalore 08025689754
Sreenivas    G Mercara    08965445454
<html>
<head>
</head>
<tittle>
Data Table
</title>
<body>
<table border=1>
<tr>
<th>First Name</th>
<th>Last Name</th>
<th>City</th>
<th>Phone Number</th>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>Shiva</td>
<td>Rama</td>
<td>Mysore</td>
<td>08212569964</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pratap</td>
<td>S</td>
<td>Bangalore</td>
<td>08025689754</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shrinivas</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Mercara</td>
<td>08965445454</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Set 13

//1. Write C Program to create Indian Flag.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
const float PI=3.14154;
void main()
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode=0;
int I;
Int x,y;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
cleardevice();
rectangle(0,0,639,479);
outtextxy(250,20,"INDIAN FLAG");
rectangle(80,50,560,380);
line(80,160,560,160);
line(80,270,560,270);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,LIGHTRED);
floodfill(85,60,getmaxcolor());
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,WHITE);
floodfill(85,170,getmaxcolor());
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,GREEN);
floodfill(85,280,getmaxcolor());
setcolor(BLUE);
circle(320,215,50);
for(I=0;I<=360;I+=15)
{
x=50*cos(I*PI/180);
y=50*sin(I*PI/180);
line(320,215,320+x,215-y);
}
setcolor(CYAN);
settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT,HORIZ_DIR,6);
outtextxy(200,400," JAI HIND!!!" ) ;
getch();
}

//2. Write C Program to create FISH structure using basic geometric Functions.
#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>

void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm,i,j,p,q,x,y,k,flag;
struct arccoordstype arcinfo;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
y=getmaxy()/2;
i=0;
p=0;
q=0;
j=0;
flag=0;
setcolor(WHITE);
for(k=0;k<500;k++)
putpixel(random(620),random(419),15);
while(!kbhit())
{
line(0+i,y+20,0+i,y-20); /*triangle*/
line(0+i,y+20,20+i,y);
line(0+i,y-20,20+i,y);

ellipse(80+i,y,10-p,350+p,60,25);
line(140+i,y+3,130+i,y+8);
line(130+i,y+8,140+i,y-5);

if(flag==0)
p=p+2;
if(flag==1)
p=p-2;

circle(120+i,y-6,5);

line(60+i,y-25,30+i,y-45+j);
line(30+i,y-45+j,100+i,y-25);
line(60+i,y+25,30+i,y+45+q);
line(30+i,y+45+q,100+i,y+25);
i=i+3;
if(i>=638)
i=0;

if(flag==0)
j=j-2,q=q+2;

if(flag==1)
j=j+2,q=q-2;

if(j<=-10)
flag=1;
else if(j>=0)
flag=0;

delay(10);
cleardevice();
}
getch();
closegraph();
}

Set 14

//1. Write Open GL Program to create a Window and display HELLO inside.
#include<GL/glut.h>
void display(void)
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glColor3f(1.0,1.0,1.0);
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex3f(0.25,0.25,0.25);
glVertex3f(0.75,0.25,0.0);
glVertex3f(0.75,0.75,0.0);
glVertex3f(0.25,0.75,0.0);
glEnd();
glFlush();

}

Void init(void)
{
glClearColor(0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glOrtho(0.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,-1.0,1.0);
}

Int main(int argc,char**argv)
{
glutInit(&argc,argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowSize(250,250);
glutInitWindowPosition(100,100);
glutCreateWindow(“HELLO”);
init();
glutDisplayFunc(display);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}

//2. Create a simple static web page for a college (assume necessary information)
<html>
<head>
<title>My College Site</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="gray" text="white" >
<div id="banner" style="width:800px; height:120px; background-color:black">
<img src="file:///C:/banner.gif" width=800 height=120></div>
<div id="header" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:30px; width:350px; height:75px">
<div><h1><font color="red" face="Monotype corsiva">My College Site</font></h1></div>
</div>
<div id="header" style="position:absolute; background-color:black; top:135px; width:200px; height:500px">
<ul id="listitem" type="circle">
<li><a href=abc.html target="_self">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="Sitemap.html">Sitemap<a></li>
<li><a href="About.html">About Us<a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="header" style="position:absolute; background-color:black; left:215px; top:135px; width:590px; height:500px">
<h3><font color="red">Online Admission</font></h3>
<form id="frm1">
Enter your name: <input type="text" id="text1" /> <br/><br/>
Gender: <input type="radio" id="gender1" name="gend" />Male <input type="radio" id="gender1" name="gend" />Female <br/><br/>
Qualification: Matric<input type="checkbox" id="check1" /> Enter<input type="checkbox" id="check1" /><br/><br/>
<input type="reset" value="Reset" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" post="" /><br/><br/>
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>

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KU 5TH SEM ASSIGNMENT - BSIT (TB) - 53 (DATA WAREHOUSING & DATA MINING)

2012-10-18T14:52:00.003+05:30

PART - A
I. Note: Answer all the questions.
a) What is Normalization? What are the different forms of Normalization ?
The usual approach in normalization in database applications is to ensure that the data is divided into two or more tables, such that when the data in one of them is updated, it does not lead to anamolies of data (The student is advised to refer any book on data base management systems for details, if interested).
The idea is to ensure that when combined, the data available is consistent. However, in data warehousing, one may even tend to break the large table into several “denormalized” smaller tables. This may lead to lots of extra space being used. But it helps in an indirect way – It avoids the overheads of joining the data during queries.

b) Define Data warehouse. What are roles of education in a data warehousing delivery process?
Data Warehouse: In it’s simplest form, a data ware house is a collection of key pieces of information used to manage and direct the business for the most profitable outcome. It would decide the amount of inventory to be held, the no. of employees to be hired, the amount to be procured on loan etc.,.
The above definition may not be precise - but that is how data ware house systems are. There are different definitions given by different authors, but we have this idea in mind and proceed. It is a large collection of data and a set of process managers that use this data to make information available. The data can be meta data, facts, dimensions and aggregations. The process managers can be load managers, ware house managers or query managers. The information made available is such that they allow the end users to make informed decisions.
Roles of education in a data warehousing delivery process:-
This has two roles to play - one to make people, specially top level policy makers, comfortable with the concept. The second role is to aid the prototyping activity. To take care of the education concept, an initial (usually scaled down) prototype is created and people are encouraged to interact with it. This would help achieve both the activities listed above. The users became comfortable with the use of the system and the ware house developer becomes aware of the limitations of his prototype which can be improvised upon.

c) What is process managers? What are the different types of process managers?
Process Managers: These are responsible for the smooth flow, maintainance and upkeep of data into and out of the database.
The main types of process managers are:-
i). Load manager: to take case of source interaction, data transformation and data load.
ii). Ware house manger: to take care of data movement, meta data management and performance
monitoring.
iii). Query manager: to control query scheduling and monitoring.

We shall look into each of them briefly. Before that, we look at a schematic diagram that defines the boundaries of the three types of managers.

d) Give the architectures of data mining systems.

e) What are the guidelines for KDD environment ?
It is customary in the computer industry to formulate rules of thumb that help information technology (IT) specialists to apply new developments. In setting up a reliable data mining environment we may follow the guidelines so that KDD system may work in a manner we desire.
i). Support extremely large data sets
ii). Support hybrid learning
iii). Establish a data warehouse
iv). Introduce data cleaning facilities
v). Facilitate working with dynamic coding
vi). Integrate with decision support system
vii). Choose extendible architecture
viii). Support heterogeneous databases
ix). Introduce client/server architecture
x). Introduce cache optimization

PART - B
II. Answer any FIVE full questions.
1. a) With the help of a diagram explain architecture of data warehouse.
The architecture for a data ware is indicated below. Before we proceed further, we should be clear about the concept of architecture. It only gives the major items that make up a data ware house. The size and complexity of each of these items depend on the actual size of the ware house itself, the specific requirements of the ware house and the actual details of implementation.

Before looking into the details of each of the managers we could get a broad idea about their functionality by mapping the processes that we studied in the previous chapter to the managers. The extracting and loading processes are taken care of by the load manager. The processes of cleanup and transformation of data as also of back up and archiving are the duties of the ware house manage, while the query manager, as the name implies is to take case of query management.

b) Indicate the important function of a Load Manager, Warehouse Manager.
Important function of Load Manager:
i) To extract data from the source (s)
ii) To load the data into a temporary storage device
iii) To perform simple transformations to map it to the structures of the data ware house.

Important function of Warehouse Manager:
i) Analyze the data to confirm data consistency and data integrity .
ii) Transform and merge the source data from the temporary data storage into the ware house.
iii) Create indexes, cross references, partition views etc.,.
iv) Check for normalization’s.
v) Generate new aggregations, if needed.
vi) Update all existing aggregations
vii) Create backups of data.
viii) Archive the data that needs to be archived.

2. a) Differentiate between vertical partitioning and horizontal partitioning.
In horizontal partitioning, we simply the first few thousand entries in one partition, the second few thousand in the next and so on. This can be done by partitioning by time, where in all data pertaining to the first month / first year is put in the first partition, the second one in the second partition and so on. The other alternatives can be based on different sized dimensions, partitioning an other dimensions, petitioning on the size of the table and round robin partitions. Each of them have certain advantages as well as disadvantages.
In vertical partitioning, some columns are stored in one partition and certain other columns of the same row in a different partition. This can again be achieved either by normalization or row splitting. We will look into their relative trade offs.

b) What is schema? Distinguish between facts and dimensions.
A schema, by definition, is a logical arrangements of facts that facilitate ease of storage and retrieval, as described by the end users. The end user is not bothered about the overall arrangements of the data or the fields in it. For example, a sales executive, trying to project the sales of a particular item is only interested in the sales details of that item where as a tax practitioner looking at the same data will be interested only in the amounts received by the company and the profits made.
The star schema looks a good solution to the problem of ware housing. It simply states that one should identify the facts and store it in the read-only area and the dimensions surround the area. Whereas the dimensions are liable to change, the facts are not. But given a set of raw data from the sources, how does one identify the facts and the dimensions? It is not always easy, but the following steps can help in that direction.
i) Look for the fundamental transactions in the entire business process. These basic entities
are the facts.
ii) Find out the important dimensions that apply to each of these facts. They are the candidates
for dimension tables.
iii) Ensure that facts do not include those candidates that are actually dimensions, with a set of
facts attached to it.
iv) Ensure that dimensions do not include these candidates that are actually facts.

3. a) What is an event in data warehousing? List any five events.
An event is defined as a measurable, observable occurrence of a defined action. If this definition is quite vague, it is because it encompasses a very large set of operations. The event manager is a software that continuously monitors the system for the occurrence of the event and then take any action that is suitable (Note that the event is a “measurable and observable” occurrence). The action to be taken is also normally specific to the event.
A partial list of the common events that need to be monitored are as follows:
i). Running out of memory space.
ii). A process dying
iii). A process using excessing resource
iv). I/O errors
v). Hardware failure

b) What is summary table? Describe the aspects to be looked into while designing a summary table.
The main purpose of using summary tables is to cut down the time taken to execute a specific query.
The main methodology involves minimizing the volume of data being scanned each time the query is to be
answered. In other words, partial answers to the query are already made available. For example, in the
above cited example of mobile market, if one expects
i) the citizens above 18 years of age
ii) with salaries greater than 15,000 and
iii) with professions that involve traveling are the potential customers, then, every time the query is to be processed (may be every month or every quarter), one will have to look at the entire data base to compute these values and then combine them suitably to get the relevant answers. The other method is to prepare summary tables, which have the values pertaining toe ach of these sub-queries, before hand, and then combine them as and when the query is raised.
Summary table are designed by following the steps given below:
i) Decide the dimensions along which aggregation is to be done.
ii) Determine the aggregation of multiple facts.
iii) Aggregate multiple facts into the summary table.
iv) Determine the level of aggregation and the extent of embedding.
v) Design time into the table.
vi) Index the summary table.

4. a) List the significant issues in automatic cluster detection.
Most of the issues related to automatic cluster detection are connected to the kinds of questions we want to be answered in the data mining project, or data preparation for their successful application.
i). Distance measure
Most clustering techniques use for the distance measure the Euclidean distance formula (square root of the sum of the squares of distances along each attribute axes).
Non-numeric variables must be transformed and scaled before the clustering can take place. Depending
on this transformations, the categorical variables may dominate clustering results or they may be even
completely ignored.
ii). Choice of the right number of clusters
If the number of clusters k in the K-means method is not chosen so to match the natural structure of the data, the results will not be good. The proper way t alleviate this is to experiment with different values for k. In principle, the best k value will exhibit the smallest intra-cluster distances and largest inter-cluster distances.
iii). Cluster interpretation
Once the clusters are discovered they have to be interpreted in order to have some value for the data mining project.

b) Define data marting. List the reasons for data marting.
The data mart stores a subset of the data available in the ware house, so that one need not always have to scan through the entire content of the ware house. It is similar to a retail outlet. A data mart speeds up the queries, since the volume of data to be scanned is much less. It also helps to have tail or made processes for different access tools, imposing control strategies etc.,.
Following are the reasons for which data marts are created:
i) Since the volume of data scanned is small, they speed up the query processing.
ii) Data can be structured in a form suitable for a user access too
iii) Data can be segmented or partitioned so that they can be used on different platforms and also different control strategies become applicable.

5. a) Explain how to categorize data mining system.
There are many data mining systems available or being developed. Some are specialized systems dedicated to a given data source or are confined to limited data mining functionalities, other are more versatile and comprehensive. Data mining systems can be categorized according to various criteria among other classification are the following:
a) Classification according to the type of data source mined: this classification categorizes data mining systems according to the type of data handled such as spatial data, multimedia data, time-series data, text data, World Wide Web, etc.
b) Classification according to the data model drawn on: this classification categorizes data mining systems based on the data model involved such as relational database, object-oriented database, data warehouse, transactional, etc.
c) Classification according to the king of knowledge discovered: this classification categorizes data mining systems based on the kind of knowledge discovered or data mining functionalities, such as characterization, discrimination, association, classification, clustering, etc. Some systems tend to be comprehensive systems offering several data mining functionalities together.
d) Classification according to mining techniques used: Data mining systems employ and provide different techniques. This classification categorizes data mining systems according to the data analysis approach used such as machine learning, neural networks, genetic algorithms, statistics, visualization, database oriented or data warehouse-oriented, etc.

b) List and explain different kind of data that can be mined.
Different kind of data that can be mined are listed below:-
i). Flat files: Flat files are actually the most common data source for data mining algorithms, especially at the research level.
ii). Relational Databases: A relational database consists of a set of tables containing either values of entity attributes, or values of attributes from entity relationships.
iii). Data Warehouses: A data warehouse as a storehouse, is a repository of data collected from multiple data sources (often heterogeneous) and is intended to be used as a whole under the same unified schema.
iv). Multimedia Databases: Multimedia databases include video, images, audio and text media. They can be stored on extended object-relational or object-oriented databases, or simply on a file system.
v). Spatial Databases: Spatial databases are databases that in addition to usual data, store geographical information like maps, and global or regional positioning.
vi). Time-Series Databases: Time-series databases contain time related data such stock market data or logged activities. These databases usually have a continuous flow of new data coming in, which sometimes causes the need for a challenging real time analysis.
vii). World Wide Web: The World Wide Web is the most heterogeneous and dynamic repository available. A very large number of authors and publishers are continuously contributing to its growth and metamorphosis and a massive number of users are accessing its resources daily.

6. a) Give the syntax for task relevant data specification.
Syntax for tax-relevant data specification:-
The first step in defining a data mining task is the specification of the task-relevant data, that is, the data on which mining is to be performed. This involves specifying the database and tables or data warehouse containing the relevant data, conditions for selecting the relevant data, the relevant attributes or dimensions for exploration, and instructions regarding the ordering or grouping of the data retrieved. DMQL provides clauses for the clauses for the specification of such information, as follows:-
i). use database (database_name) or use data warehouse (data_warehouse_name): The use clause directs the mining task to the database or data warehouse specified.
ii). from (relation(s)/cube(s)) [where(condition)]: The from and where clauses respectively specify the database tables or data cubes involved, and the conditions defining the data to be retrieved.
iii). in relevance to (attribute_or_dimension_list): This clause lists the attributes or dimensions for exploration.
iv). order by (order_list): The order by clause specifies the sorting order of the task relevant data.
v). group by (grouping_list): the group by clause specifies criteria for grouping the data.
vi). having (conditions): The having cluase specifies the condition by which groups of data are considered relevant.

b) Explain the designing of GUI based on data mining query language.
A data mining query language provides necessary primitives that allow users to communicate with data mining systems. But novice users may find data mining query language difficult to use and the syntax difficult to remember. Instead , user may prefer to communicate with data mining systems through a graphical user interface (GUI). In relational database technology , SQL serves as a standard core language for relational systems , on top of which GUIs can easily be designed. Similarly, a data mining query language may serve as a core language for data mining system implementations, providing a basis for the development of GUI for effective data mining.
A data mining GUI may consist of the following functional components:-
a) Data collection and data mining query composition - This component allows the user to specify task-relevant data sets and to compose data mining queries. It is similar to GUIs used for the specification of relational queries.
b) Presentation of discovered patterns – This component allows the display of the discovered patterns in various forms, including tables, graphs, charts, curves and other visualization techniques.
c) Hierarchy specification and manipulation - This component allows for concept hierarchy specification , either manually by the user or automatically. In addition , this component should allow concept hierarchies to be modified by the user or adjusted automatically based on a given data set distribution.
d) Manipulation of data mining primitives – This component may allow the dynamic adjustment of data mining thresholds, as well as the selection, display and modification of concept hierarchies. It may also allow the modification of previous data mining queries or conditions.
e) Interactive multilevel mining – This component should allow roll-up or drill-down operations on discovered patterns.
f) Other miscellaneous information – This component may include on-line help manuals, indexed search , debugging and other interactive graphical facilities.

7. a) Explain how decision trees are useful in data mining.
Decision trees are powerful and popular tools for classification and prediction. The attractiveness of tree-based methods is due in large part to the fact that, it is simple and decision trees represent rules. Rules can readily be expressed so that we humans can understand them or in a database access language like SQL so that records falling into a particular category may be retrieved.

b) Identify an application and also explain the techniques that can be incorporated in solving the problem using data mining techniques.
Write yourself...

8. Write a short notes on :
i) Data Mining Querying Language
ii) Schedule Manager
iii) Data Formatting.
i) Data Mining Querying Language
A data mining language helps in effective knowledge discovery from the data mining systems. Designing
a comprehensive data mining language is challenging because data mining covers a wide spectrum of
tasks from data characterization to mining association rules, data classification and evolution analysis.
Each task has different requirements. The design of an effective data mining query language requires a
deep understanding of the power, limitation and underlying mechanism of the various kinds of data mining
tasks.
ii) Schedule manager
The scheduling is the key for successful warehouse management. Almost all operations in the ware
house need some type of scheduling. Every operating system will have it’s own scheduler and batch
control mechanism. But these schedulers may not be capable of fully meeting the requirements of a data
warehouse. Hence it is more desirable to have specially designed schedulers to manage the operations.
iii) Data formatting
Final data preparation step which represents syntactic modifications to the data that do not change its
meaning, but are required by the particular modelling tool chosen for the DM task. These include:
a). reordering of the attributes or records: some modelling tools require reordering of the attributes
(or records) in the dataset: putting target attribute at the beginning or at the end, randomizing
order of records (required by neural networks for example)
b). changes related to the constraints of modelling tools: removing commas or tabs, special
characters, trimming strings to maximum allowed number of characters, replacing special
characters with allowed set of special characters.

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HOW TO PLAY HIDDEN SNAKE GAME ON YOUTUBE

2012-09-30T16:27:00.002+05:30

We all visit youtube and watch videos but how many of us are aware of youtube hidden Snake game. I believe only a few people know about this hidden snake game. You can play this game on youtube while streaming any video. Snake gmae is one of the most interesting and traditional game in the world of gaming. In this tutorial I will show you how you can play this game on youtube.

i). Go to youtube and open any video for streaming

ii). When the video is streaming Hold Left button of mouse + Left arrow on keyboard + Top arrow on keyboard.

iii). Now you will see that the streaming circle starting to move like a snake.

iv). You can control the movements of the snake using arrow keys of your keyboard.

v). Try to play this game on youtube with videos having some dark background to increase visibility.

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DOWNLOAD WINDOWS 7 SP1 ISO IMAGE FILES

2012-09-12T22:27:00.001+05:30

Download Windows 7 SP1 ISO Image Files

Official Windows 7 SP1 ISO from Digital River

With the release of Windows 7 SP1, Microsoft has also updated the Windows 7 DVD media ISO image distributed by Digital River for online order fulfillment. Digital River is Microsoft’s partner for fulfillment on online distribution for downloadable Microsoft products.

The Windows 7 ISO images hosted on Digital River is genuine and official version, and the downloads from the server is legal. It’s after all one of the official channel where end-users who purchase a license (product key) for Windows 7 get the setup installation files.
Anyway, without a genuine and legally purchased product key, you can’t get Windows 7 activated, and Windows 7 will only run as evaluation copy for up to 30 days.

The latest version of Windows 7 DVD image available is of media refresh version, which commonly known as Windows 7 SP1-U (Media Refresh). Microsoft released the media refresh version of Windows 7 DVD media to fix a rare bug related to invalid computer name when small set of computer names returned error when used to install Windows 7. Otherwise, the Windows 7 with SP1 and Windows 7 with SP1-U (Media Refresh) is completely the same.

Windows 7 Ultimate SP1-U ISO

English x86: X17-59463

English x64: X17-59465

Windows 7 Professional SP1-U ISO

English x86: X17-59183

English x64: X17-59186

Windows 7 Home Premium SP1-U ISO

English x86: X17-58996

English x64: X17-58997

While the official Windows 7 SP1 DVD media ISO images are only available in limited sets of languages and editions, it’s possible to install a language pack to switch to another display language, and use Windows 7 ISO Image Edition Switcher to change to another edition. The ultimate solution is to create an all-edition Windows 7 ISO image with ei.cfg Removal Utility.

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KU 5TH SEM ASSIGNMENT - BSIT (TB) - 52 (WEB PROGRAMMING)

2012-09-10T20:39:00.003+05:30

Assignment: TB (Compulsory)

Part - A
a) What is the difference between Internet and Intranet?
Internet: Internet is global network of networks.Internet is a tool for collaborating academic research,and it has become a medium for exchanging anddistributing information of all kinds. It is aninterconnection between several computers of different types belongingto various networks all over global.
Intranet: Intranet is not global. It is a mini web that islimited to user machines and software program of particulars organization or company

b) List any five HTML tags.
Five HTML tags are:-
i). UL (unordered list): The UL tags displays a bulleted list. You can use the tag’s TYPE attribute to change the bullet style.
ii). TYPE: defines the type of bullet used of each list item. The value can be one of the following-CIRCLE, DISC, SQUARE
iii). LI (list item): The LI tag indicates an itemized element, which is usually preceded by bullet, a number, or a letter. The LI is used inside list elements such as OL (ordered list) and UL (unordered list).
iv). TABLES (table): The TABLE tag defines a table. Inside the TABLE tag, use the TR tag to define rows in the table, use the TH tag to define row or column headings, and the TD tag to define table cells.
v). HTML (outermost tag): The HTML identifies a document as an HTML document. All HTML documents should start with the and end with the tags.

c) Write the difference between HTML and DHTML.
HTML: HTML stands for Hyper Text MarkupLanguage. It is a language. HTML can’t bedone after the page loads. HTML can be or not usedwith JavaScript.
DHTML: DHTML stands for Dynamic Hyper TextMarkup Language. DHTML isn’t really alanguage or a “thing” in itself it’s just a mix of thosetechnologies. Dynamic HTML is simply HTMLthat can change even after a page has been loaded into a browser. DHTML can be used with JavaScript.

d) Explain the different types of PERL variables.
Perl has three types of variables:
i). Scalars
ii). Arrays
iii). Hashes.

i). Scalars: A scalar variable stores a single (scalar) value.Perl scalar names are prefixed with a dollar sign ($), so for example, $username, and $url are all examples of scalar variable names. A scalar can hold data of anytype, be it a string, a number, or whatnot. We can alsouse scalars in double-quoted strings: my $fnord = 23;my $blee = “The magic number is $fnord.”; Now if you print $blee, we will get “The magic number is 23.”Perl interpolates the variables in the string, replacingthe variable name with the value of that variable.
ii). Arrays: An array stores an ordered list of values. Whilea scalar variable can only store one value, an array canstoremany. Perl array names are prefixed with a @-sign.e.g.:my @colors = (“red”,”green”,”blue”); foreach my $i(@colors) { print “$i\n”; }
iii). Hashes: Hashes are an advanced form of array. One of the limitations of an array is that the information contained within it can be difficult to get to. For example, imagine that you have a list of people and their ages. The hash solves this problem very neatly by allowing us to access that @ages array not by an index, but by a scalar key. For example to use age of different people we can use thier names as key to define a hash.

e) How are JSPs better than servlets.
Java programming knowledge is needed todevelop and maintain all aspects of the application,since the processing code and the HTML elements are jumped together.
Changing the look and feel of theapplication,or adding support for a new type of client, requires theservlet code to be updated and recompiled.
It’s hardto take advantage of web-page development tools whendesigning the application interface. If such tools areused to develop the web page layout, the generatedHTML must then be manually embedded into theservletcode, a process which is time consuming, error prone,and extremely boring. Adding JSP to the puzzle wesolvethese problems.So JSPs better than servlets.

Part - B
1. a) Explain GET and POST method with the help of an example.
When a client sends a request to the server, theclients can also additional information with the URL todescribe what exactly is required as output from theserver by using the GET method. The additionalsequenceof characters that are appended to URL is called a querystring. However, the length of the query string islimited to 240 characters. Moreover, the query string isvisible on the browser and can therefore be a securityrisk.to overcome these disadvantages, the POST method can be used. The POST method sends the data as packetsthrough a separate socket connection. The completetransaction is invisible because to the client. Thedisadvantageof POST method is that it is slower compared to theGET method because data is sent to the server asseparate packets.

b) Explain in detail the role played by CGI programming in web programming.
CGI opened the gates of more complex Web applications. It enabled developers to write scripts,
which can communicate with server applications and databases. In addition, it enables
developers to write scripts that could also parse client's input, process it, and present it in a user
friendly way.
The Common Gateway Interface, or CGI, is a standard for external gateway
programs to interface with information servers such as HTTP servers. A plain HTML document
that the Web daemon retrieves is static, which means it exists in a constant state: a text file that
doesn't change. A CGI program, on the other hand, is executed in real-time, so that it can output
dynamic information.
CGI programming allows us to automate passing information to and from web pages. It can also
be used to capture and process that information, or pass it off to other software (such as in an
SQL database).
CGI programs (sometimes called scripts) can be written in any programming language, but the
two most commonly used are Perl and PHP. Despite all the flashy graphics, Internet technology
is fundamentally a text-based system. Perl was designed to be optimal for text processing, so it
quickly became a popular CGI tool. PHP is a scripting language designed specifically to make
web programming quick and easy.

2. a) With the help of an example explain the embedding of an image in an HTML tag.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<IMG SRC="Images/123.jpg" ALT="Image" />
</BODY>
</HTML>

b) Create a HTML page to demonstrate the usage of Anchor tags.
<HTML>
<HEAD></HEAD>
<BODY>
<A NAME=section2>
<H2>A Cold Autumn Day</H2></A>
If this anchor is in a file called "nowhere.htm," you could define a link that jumps to the
anchor as follows:
<P>Jump to the second section <A HREF="nowhere.htm#section2">
A Cold Autumn Day</A> in the mystery "A man from Nowhere."
</BODY>
</HTML>

3. a) Explain the usage of script tags.
Using the SCRIPT Tag: The following example uses the SCRIPT tag to define a JavaScript script in the HEAD tag. The script is loaded before anything else in the document is loaded. The JavaScript code in this example defines a function, changeBGColor(), that changes the document’s background color.
The body of the document contains a form with two buttons. Each button invokes the changeBGColor()
function to change the background of the document to a different color.

<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>Script Example</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<SCRIPT language="JavaScript">
function changeBGColor (newcolor) {
document.bgColor=newcolor;
return false;
}
</SCRIPT>
<BODY >
<P>Select a background color:</P>
<FORM>
<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE=blue onClick="changeBGColor('blue');">
<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE=green onClick="changeBGColor('green');">
</FORM>
<NOSCRIPT><I>Your browser is not JavaScript-enabled.
These buttons will not work.</I>
</NOSCRIPT>

b) What is Java script? List the use of Java script.
JavaScript is a scripting language (like a simple programming language). It is a language that can be used for client-side scripting. JavaScript is only usedinside of HTML documents. With JavaScript, we can make text scroll across the screen like ticker tape.
The uses of JavaScript are:
i). Control DocumentAppearance and Content
ii). Control the Browser
iii). Interact with Document Control
iv). Interact withUser
v). Read and Write Client State with Cookies
vi). Interact with Applets
vii). JavaScript is only usedinside of HTML documents.

4. a) With the help of an example explain any five CGI environment variables.
i). SERVER_NAME : The server's host name or IP address.
ii). SERVER_PORT : The port number of the host on which the server is running.
iii). SERVER_SOFTWARE : The name and version of the server software that is answering the client request.
iv). SERVER_PROTOCOL : The name and revision of the information protocol that request came in with.
v). GATEWAY_INTERFACE : The revision of the common gateway interface that the server uses.

Example:-
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
print "Content-type: text/html", "\n\n";
print "<HTML>", "\n";
print "<HEAD><TITLE>About this Server</TITLE></HEAD>", "\n";
print "<BODY><H1>About this Server</H1>", "\n";
print "<HR><PRE>";
print "Server Name: ", $ENV{'SERVER_NAME'}, "<BR>", "\n";
print "Running on Port: ", $ENV{'SERVER_PORT'}, "<BR>", "\n";
print "Server Software: ", $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}, "<BR>", "\n";
print "Server Protocol: ", $ENV{'SERVER_PROTOCOL'}, "<BR>", "\n";
print "CGI Revision: ", $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'}, "<BR>", "\n";
print "<HR></PRE>", "\n";
print "</BODY></HTML>", "\n";
exit (0);

b) Write a CGI application which accepts three numbers from the used and display biggest number using GET and POST methods.
#!/usr/bin/perl
#print "Content-type:text/html\n\n";
#$form = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
use CGI;
$cgi = new CGI;
print $cgi->header;
print $cgi->start_html( "Question Ten" );
my $one = $cgi->param( 'one' );
my $two = $cgi->param( 'two' );
my $three = $cgi->param( 'three' );
if( $one && $two && $three )
{
$lcm = &findLCM( &findLCM( $one, $two ), $three );
print "LCM is $lcm";
}
else
{
print '
';
print 'Enter First Number
';
print 'Enter Second Number
';
print 'Enter Third Number
';
print '
';
print "
";
}
print $cgi->end_html;
sub findLCM(){
my $x = shift;
my $y = shift;
my $temp, $ans;
if ($x < $y) {
$temp = $y;
$y = $x;
$x = $temp;
}
$ans = $y;
$temp = 1;
while ($ans % $x)
{
$ans = $y * $temp;
$temp++ ;
}
return $ans;
}

5. a) List the differences between web server and application server.
The main differences between Web servers and application servers :-
A Web server is where Web components are deployed and run. An application server is where
components that implement the business logic are deployed. For example, in a JSP-EJB Web
application, the JSP pages will be deployed on the Web server whereas the EJB components will
be deployed on the application servers.
A Web server usually supports only HTTP (and sometimes SMTP and FTP). However, an
application server supports HTTP as well as various other protocols such as SOAP.

In other word :-
Difference between AppServer and a Web server :-
i). Webserver serves pages for viewing in web browser, application server provides exposes
businness logic for client applications through various protocols
ii). Webserver exclusively handles http requests.application server serves bussiness logic to
application programs through any number of protocols.
iii). Webserver delegation model is fairly simple,when the request comes into the webserver,it
simply passes the request to the program best able to handle it(Server side program). It may not
support transactions and database connection pooling.
iv). Application server is more capable of dynamic behaviour than webserver. We can also
configure application server to work as a webserver.Simply applic! ation server is a superset of
webserver.

b) What is a war file? Explain its importance.
WAR or Web Application Archive file is packaged servlet Web application. Servlet applications
are usually distributed as a WAR files.
WAR file (which stands for "web application_ archive" ) is a JAR_ file used to distribute a collection of JavaServer Pages_ , servlets_ , Java_ classes_ , XML_ files, tag libraries and static Web pages ( HTML_ and related files) that together constitute a Web application.

6. a) Explain implicit objects out, request response in a JSP page.
Following are the implicit objects in a JSP page:-
out: This implicit object represents a JspWriter that provides a stream back to the requesting client. The most common method of this object is out.println(),which prints text that will be displayed in the client's browser request: This implicit object represents the javax.servlet.HttpServletRequest interface. The request object is associated with every HTTP request. One common use of the request object is to access request parameters. You can do this by calling the request object's getParameter() method with the parameter name you are seeking. It will return a string with the values matching the named parameter. response: This implicit object represents the javax.servlet.HttpServletRequest object. The response object is used to pass data back to the requesting client. A common use of this object is
writing HTML output back to the client browser.

b) With the help of an example explain JSP elements.
JSP elements are of 3 types:-
Directive: Specifies information about the page itself that remains the same between requests.
For example, it can be used to specify whether session tracking is required or not, buffering
requirements, and the name of the page that should be used to report errors.
<%@ page/include/taglib …%>
Action: Performs some action based on information that is required at the exact time the JSP
page is requested by a browser. An action, for instance, can access parameters sent with the
request to lookup a database.
Scripting: Allows you to add small pieces of code in JSP page.

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KU 5TH SEM ASSIGNMENT - BSIT (TB) - 51 (GRAPHICS & MULTIMEDIA)

2012-09-10T17:30:00.001+05:30

Assignment: TB (Compulsory)

1. What is the need for computer graphics?Computers have become a powerful tool for the rapid and economical production of pictures. Computer Graphics remains one of the most exciting and rapidly growing fields. Old Chinese saying “ One picture is worth of thousand words” can be modified in this computer era into “ One picture is worth of many kilobytes of data”. It is natural to expect that graphical communication, which is an older and more popular method of exchanging information than verbal communication, will often be more convenient when computers are utilized for this purpose. This is true because one must represent objects in two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces. Computer Graphics has revolutionized almost every computer-based application in science and technology.

2. What is graphics processor? Why it is needed?To provide visual interface, additional processing capability is to be provided to the existing CPU. The solution is to provide dedicated graphic processor. This helps in managing the screen faster with an equivalent software algorithm executed on the CPU and certain amount of parallelism can be achieved for completing the graphic command. Several manufacturers of personal computers use a proprietary graphic processor. For example, Intel 82786 is essentially a line drawing processor; Texas Instruments 43010 is a high performance general-purpose processor.

3. What is a pixel?
Pixel (picture element): Pixel may be defined as the smallest size object or color spot that can be displayed and addressed on a monitor. Any image that is displayed on the monitor is made up of thousands of such small pixels. The closely spaced pixels divide the image area into a compact and uniform two-dimensional grid of pixel lines and columns.

4. Why C language is popular for graphics programming?
Turbo C++ is for C++ and C programmers. It is also compatible with ANSI C standard and fully
supports Kernighan and Ritchie definitions. It includes C++ class libraries, mouse support, multiple overlapping windows, Multi file editor, hypertext help, far objects and error analysis. Turbo C++ comes with a complete set of graphics functions to facilitate preparation of charts and diagrams. It supports the same graphics adapters as turbo Pascal. The Graphics library consists of over 70 graphics functions ranging from high level support like facility to set view port, draw 3-D bar charts, draw polygons to bitoriented functions like get image and put image. The graphics library supports numerous objects, line styles and provides several text fonts to enable one to justify and orient text, horizontally and vertically. It may be noted that graphics functions use far pointers and it is not supported in the tiny memory model.

5. Define resolution.

Resolution: Image resolution refers as the pixel spacing i.e. the distance from one pixel to the next pixel. A typical PC monitor displays screen images with a resolution somewhere between 25 pixels per inch and 80 pixels per inch. Pixel is the smallest element of a displayed image, and dots (red, green and blue) are the smallest elements of a display surface (monitor screen). The dot pitch is the measure of screen resolution. The smaller the dot pitch, the higher the resolution, sharpness and detail of the image displayed.

6. Define aspect ratio.

Aspect ratio: The aspect ratio of the image is the ratio of the number of X pixels to the number of Y pixels. The standard aspect ratio PCs is 4:3, and some use 5:4. Monitors are calibrated to this standard so that when you draw a circle it appears to be a circle and not an ellipse.

7. Why refreshing is required in CRT?

When the electron beam strikes a dot of phosphor material, it glows for a fraction of a second and then fades. As brightness of the dots begins to reduce, the screen-image becomes unstable and gradually fades out. In order to maintain a stable image, the electron beam must sweep the entire surface of the screen and then return to redraw it number of times per second. This process is called refreshing the screen. If the electron beam takes too long to return and redraw a pixel, the pixel begins to fade results in flicker in the image. In order to avoid flicker the screen image must be redrawn sufficiently quickly that the eye cannot tell that refresh is going on. The refresh rate is the number of times per second that the screen is refreshed. Some monitor uses a technique called interlacing for refreshing every line of the screen. In the first pass, odd-numbered lines are refreshed, and in the second pass, even –numbered lines are refreshed. This allows the refresh rate to be doubled because only half the screen is redrawn at a time.

8. Name the different positioning devices.

The devices discussed so far, the mouse, the tablet, the joystick are called “positioning devices”. They are able to position the curser at any point on the screen. (We can operate at that point or the chain of points) Often, one needs devices that can “point” to a given position on the screen. This becomes essential when a diagram is already there on the screen, but some changes are to be made. So, instead of trying to know its coordinates, it is advisable to simply “point” to that portion of the picture and asks for changes. The simplest of such devices is the “light pen”. Its principle is extremely simple.

9. What are pointing devices?

A pointing device is an input interface (specifically a human interface device) that allows a user to input spatial (i.e., continuous and multi-dimensional) data to a computer. CAD systems and graphical user interfaces (GUI) allow the user to control and provide data to the computer using physical gestures — point, click, and drag — for example, by moving a hand-held mouse across the surface of the physical desktop and activating switches on the mouse. Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movements of the pointer (or cursor) and other visual changes.

10. What is multimedia?

The word ‘Multimedia’ seems to be everywhere nowadays. The word multimedia is a compound

of the Latin prefix ‘multi’ meaning many, and the Latin-derived work ‘media’, which is the plural

of the world medium. So multimedia simply means ‘using more than one kind of medium’.

Multimedia is the mixture of two or more media effects-Hypertext, Still Images, sound, Animation and Video to be interacted on a computer terminal.

11. What are sound cards?

Sound cards: The first sound blaster was an 8-bit card with 22 KHz sampling, besides being equipped with a number of drives and utilities. This became a king of model for the other sound cards. Next came the Sound Blaster Pro, again 8-bit sound but with a higher sampling rate of 44 KHz, which supports a wider frequency range. Then there was Yamaha OPL3 chipset with more voices. Another development was built-in CD ROM interface through which huge files could be played directly via the sound card.

12. What is sampling?

Sampling: Sampling is like breaking a sound into tiny piece and storing each piece as a small, digital sample of sound. The rate at which a sound is “Sampled” can affect its quality. The higher the sampling rate (the more pieces of sound that are stored) the better the quality of sound. Higher quality of sound will occupy a lot of space in hard disk because of more samples.

13. What is morphing?

Morphing: The best example would be the Kawasaki advertisement, where the motorbike changes into a cheetah, the muscle of MRF to a real muscle etc.. Morphing is making an image change into another by identifying key points so that the key point’s displacement, etc. are taken into consideration for the change.

14. What is rendering?

Rendering: The process of converting your designed objects with texturing and animation into an image or a series of images is called rendering. Here various parameters are available like resolution, colors type of render, etc.

15. What is warping?

Warping: Certain parts of the image could be marked for a change and made to change to different one. For examples, the eyes of the owl had to morph into the eyes of cat, the eyes can alone be marked and warped.

16. Why we use scanner?

Photographs, illustrations, and paintings continue to be made the old fashioned way, even by visual artists who are otherwise immersed in digital imaging technology. Traditional photographs, illustrations, and paintings are easily imported into computers through the use of a device called a scanner.

A Scanner “scans’” over an image such as photo, drawing, logo, etc, converting it into an image and it can be seen on the screen. Using a good paint programme, Image Editor we can do adding, removing colors, filtering, Masking color etc.

17. What is ganut in Photoshop?

Write yourself...

18. What is a layer?

The concept of layering is similar to that of compositing as we make the different layers by keying out the uniform color and making it transparent so that layer beneath becomes visible. In case of future modifications we will be able to work with individual layers and need not work with the image as a whole.

19. What are editing tools? Why it is needed?
You can use the editing tools to draw on a layer, and you can copy and paste selections to a layer.

Many types of editing tools are:-

i).Eraser tool: The eraser tool changes pixels in the image as you drag through them. You can choose to change the color and transparency of the affected pixels, or to revert the affected area to its previously saved version.

ii).Smudge tool: The smudge tool simulates the actions of dragging a finger through wet paint. The tool picks up color from where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction in which you drag.

20. What is file format?

File Format: When you create an image-either through scanning into your computer or drawing it from scratch on your monitor or captured through a camera, recorded voice or music from the two-in-one or recorded connecting a music instrument it must be saved to your disk. Otherwise it would become an ethereal artifact that could never again be seen or listened. Once the computer’s power is turned off, it’s gone forever unless it is saved. The method by which the software organizes the data in the saved file is called the file format.

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KU 5TH SEM ASSIGNMENT - BSIT (TA) - 53 (DATA WAREHOUSING & DATA MINING)

2012-09-02T14:54:00.000+05:30

Assignment: TA (Compulsory)

1. With neat diagram explain the main parts of the computer

A Computer will have 3 basic main parts –

i). A central processing unit that does all the arithmetic and logical operations. This can be

thought of as the heart of any computer and computers are identified by the type of CPU

that they use.

ii). The memory is supposed to hold the programs and data. All the computers that we came

across these days are what are known as “stored program computers”. The programs are

to be stored before hand in the memory and the CPU accesses these programs line by line

and executes them.

iii). The Input/output devices: These devices facilitate the interaction of the users with the computer.

The input devices are used to send information to the computer, while the output devices

accept the processed information form the computer and make it available to the user.

Diagram:-

2. Briefly explain the types of memories.

There are two types of memories – Primary memory, which is embedded in the computer

and which is the main source of data to the computer and the secondary memory like floppy disks, CDs etc., which can be carried around and used in different computers. They cost much less than the primary memory, but the CPU can access data only from the primary memory. The main advantage of computer memories, both primary and secondary, is that they can store data indefinitely and accurately

3. Describe the basic concept of databases.

The Concept of Database :-

We have seen in the previous section how data can be stored in computer. Such stored data becomes

a “database” – a collection of data. For example, if all the marks scored by all the students of a class are

stored in the computer memory, it can be called a database. From such a database, we can answer

questions like – who has scored the highest marks? ; In which subject the maximum number of students

have failed?; Which students are weak in more than one subject? etc. Of course, appropriate programs

have to be written to do these computations. Also, as the database becomes too large and more and more

data keeps getting included at different periods of time, there are several other problems about “maintaining”

these data, which will not be dealt with here.

Since handling of such databases has become one of the primary jobs of the computer in recent years,

it becomes difficult for the average user to keep writing such programs. Hence, special languages –

called database query languages- have been deviced, which makes such programming easy, there languages

help in getting specific “queries” answered easily.

4. With example explain the different views of a data.

Data is normally stored in tabular form, unless storage in other formats becomes advantageous, we

store data in what are technically called “relations” or in simple terms as “tables”.

The views are Mainly 2 types .

i). Simple View

ii). Complex View

Simple view:

- It is created by selecting only one table.

- It does not contains functions.

- it can perform DML (SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,MERGE, CALL,LOCK TABLE) operations through simple view.

Complex view :

-It is created by selecting more than one table.

-It can performs functions.

-You can not perform always DML operations through

5. Briefly explain the concept of normalization.

Normalization is dealt with in several chapters of any books on database management systems. Here, we will take the simplest definition, which suffices our purpose namely any field should not have subfields.

Again consider the following student table.

Here under the field marks, we have 3 sub fields: marks for subject1, marks for subject2 and subject3.

However, it is preferable split these subfields to regular fields as shown below

Quite often, the original table which comes with subfields will have to be modified suitable, by the

process of “normalization”.

6. Explain the concept of data ware house delivery process in detail.

The concept of data ware house delivery process :-

This section deals with the dataware house from a different view point - how the different components that go into it enable the building of a data ware house. The study helps us in two ways:

i) to have a clear view of the data ware house building process.

ii) to understand the working of the data ware house in the context of the components.

Now we look at the concepts in details :-

i). IT Strategy : The company must and should have an overall IT strategy and the data ware housing has to be a part of the overall strategy.

ii). Business case analysis : This looks at an obvious thing, but is most often misunderstood. The overall understanding of the business and the importance of various components there in is a must. This will ensure that one can clearly justify the appropriate level of investment that goes into the data ware house design and also the amount of returns accruing.

iii). Education : This has two roles to play - one to make people, specially top level policy makers, comfortable with the concept. The second role is to aid the prototyping activity.

iv). Business Requirements : As has been discussed earlier, it is essential that the business requirements are fully understood by the data ware house planner. This would ensure that the ware house is incorporated adequately in the overall setup of the organization.

v). Technical blue prints : This is the stage where the overall architecture that satisfies the requirements is delivered.

vi). Building the vision : Here the first physical infrastructure becomes available. The major infrastructure components are set up, first stages of loading and generation of data start up.

vii). History load : Here the system is made fully operational by loading the required history into the ware house - i.e. what ever data is available over the previous years is put into the dataware house to make is fully operational.

viii). Adhoc Query : Now we configure a query tool to operate against the data ware house.

ix). Automation : This phase automates the various operational processes like -

a) Extracting and loading of data from the sources.

b) Transforming the data into a suitable form for analysis.

c) Backing up, restoration and archiving.

d) Generate aggregations.

e) Monitoring query profiles.

x). Extending Scope : There is not single mechanism by which this can be achieved. As and when needed, a new set of data may be added, new formats may be included or may be even involve major changes.

xi). Requirement Evolution : Business requirements will constantly change during the life of the ware house. Hence, the process that supports the ware house also needs to be constantly monitored and modified.

7. What are three major activities of data ware house? Explain.
Three major activities of data ware house are :-
i) Populating the ware house (i.e. inclusion of data)
ii) day-to-day management of the ware house.
iii) Ability to accommodate the changes.

i). The processes to populate the ware house have to be able to extract the data, clean it up, and make it available to the analysis systems. This is done on a daily / weekly basis depending on the quantum of the data population to be incorporated.
ii). The day to day management of data ware house is not to be confused with maintenance and management of hardware and software. When large amounts of data are stored and new data are being continually added at regular intervals, maintaince of the “quality” of data becomes an important element.
iii). Ability to accommodate changes implies the system is structured in such a way as to be able to cope with future changes without the entire system being remodeled. Based on these, we can view the processes that a typical data ware house scheme should support as follows.

8. Explain the extract and load process of data ware house.

Extract and Load Process : This forms the first stage of data ware house. External physical systems like the sales counters which give the sales data, the inventory systems that give inventory levels etc. constantly feed data to the warehouse. Needless to say, the format of these external data is to be monitored and modified before loading it into the ware house. The data ware house must extract the data from the source systems, load them into their data bases, remove unwanted fields (either because they are not needed or because they are already there in the data base), adding new fields / reference data and finally reconciling with the other data. We shall see a few more details of theses broad actions in the subsequent paragraphs.

i). A mechanism should be evolved to control the extraction of data, check their consistency

etc. For example, in some systems, the data is not authenticated until it is audited.

ii). Having a set of consistent data is equally important. This especially happens when we are

having several online systems feeding the data.

iii). Once data is extracted from the source systems, it is loaded into a temporary data storage

before it is “Cleaned” and loaded into the warehouse.

9. In what ways data needs to be cleaned up and checked? Explain briefly.

Data needs to be cleaned up and checked in the following ways :-

i) It should be consistent with itself.

ii) It should be consistent with other data from the same source.

iii) It should be consistent with other data from other sources.

iv) It should be consistent with the information already available in the data ware house.

While it is easy to list act the needs of a “clean” data, it is more difficult to set up systems that

automatically cleanup the data. The normal course is to suspect the quality of data, if it does not meet the normally standards of commonsense or it contradicts with the data from other sources, data already available in the data ware house etc. Normal intution doubts the validity of the new data and effective measures like rechecking, retransmission etc., are undertaken. When none of these are possible, one may even resort to ignoring the entire set of data and get on with next set of incoming data.

10. Explain the architecture of data warehouse.

The architecture for a data ware is indicated below. Before we proceed further, we should be clear about the concept of architecture. It only gives the major items that make up a data ware house. The size and complexity of each of these items depend on the actual size of the ware house itself, the specific requirements of the ware house and the actual details of implementation.

11. Briefly explain the functions of each manager of data warehouse.
The Warehouse Manager : The ware house manager is a component that performs all operations necessary to support the ware house management process. Unlike the load manager, the warehouse management process is driven by the extent to which the operational management of the data ware house has been automated.

The ware house manger can be easily termed to be the most complex of the ware house components, and performs a variety of tasks. A few of them can be listed below.

i) Analyze the data to confirm data consistency and data integrity.

ii) Transform and merge the source data from the temporary data storage into the ware house.

iii) Create indexes, cross references, partition views etc.,.

iv) Check for normalization’s.

v) Generate new aggregations, if needed.

vi) Update all existing aggregations

vii) Create backups of data.

viii) Archive the data that needs to be archived.

12. Explain the star schema to represent the sales analysis.

Star schemes are data base schemas that structure the data to exploit a typical decision support
enquiry. When the components of typical enquiry’s are examined, a few similarities stand out.
i) The queries examine a set of factual transactions - sales for example.
ii) The queries analyze the facts in different ways - by aggregating them on different bases /
graphing them in different ways.

The central concept of most such transactions is a “fact table”. The surrounding references are called dimension tables. The combination can be called a star schema.

13. What do you mean by partition of data? Explain briefly.

Partitioning of data :-

In most ware houses, the size of the fact data tables tends to become very large. This leads to several problems of management, backup, processing etc. These difficulties can be over come by partitioning each fact table into separate partitions.

Data ware houses tend to exploit these ideas by partitioning the large volume of data into data sets. For example, data can be partitioned on weekly / monthly basis, so as the minimize the amount of data scanned before answering a query. This technique allows data to be scanned to be minimized, without the overhead of using an index. This improves the overall efficiency of the system. However, having too many partitions can be counter productive and an optimal size of the partitions and the number of such partitions is of vital importance.

Participating generally helps in the following ways.

i) Assists in better management of data

ii) Ease of backup / recovery since the volumes are less.

iii) The star schemes with partitions produce better performance.

iv) Since several hardware architectures operate better in a partitioned environment, the overall

system performance improve.

14. Describe the terms data mart and Meta data.

Data mart :-

A data mart is a subset of information content of a data ware house, stored in it’s own data base. The data of a data ware house may have been collected through a ware house or in some cases, directly from the source. In a crude sense, if you consider a data ware house as a whole sale shop of data, a data mart can be thought of as a retailer.

Meta data :-

Meta data is simply data about data. Data normally describe the objects, their

quantity, size, how they are stored etc. Similarly meta data stores data about how data (of objects) is stored, etc.

Meta data is useful in a number of ways. It can map data sources to the common view of information within the warehouse. It is helpful in query management, to direct query to most appropriate source etc.,.

The structure of meta data is different for each process. It means for each volume of data, there are multiple sets of meta data describing the same volume. While this is a very convenient way of managing data, managing meta data itself is not a very easy task.

15. Enlist the differences between fact and dimension.

This ensures that key dimensions are no fact tables.

Consider the following example :-

Let us elaborate a little on the example. Consider a customer A. If there is a situation, where the

warehouse is building the profiles of customer, then A becomes a fact - against the name A, we can list his address, purchases, debts etc. One can ask questions like how many purchases has A made in the last 3 months etc. Then A is fact. On the other hand, if it is likely to be used to answer questions like “how many customers have made more than 10 purchases in the last 6 months”, and one uses the data of A, as well as of other customers to give the answer, then it becomes a fact table. The rule is, in such cases, avoid making A as a candidate key.

16. Explain the designing of star-flake schema in detail.

A star flake schema, as we have defined previously, is a schema that uses a combination of denormalised star and normalized snow flake schemas. They are most appropriate in decision support data ware houses. Generally, the detailed transactions are stored within a central fact table, which may be partitioned horizontally or vertically. A series of combinatory data base views are created to allow the user to access tools to treat the fact table partitions as a single, large table.

The key reference data is structured into a set of dimensions. Theses can be referenced from the fact table. Each dimension is stored in a series of normalized tables (snow flakes), with an additional denormalised star dimension table.

17. What is query redirection? Explain.

Query Redirection :-

One of the basic requirements for successful operation of star flake schema (or any schema, for that matter) is the ability to direct a query to the most appropriate source. Note that once the available data grows beyond a certain size, partitioning becomes essential. In such a scenario, it is essential that, in order to optimize the time spent on querying, the queries should be directed to the appropriate partitions that store the date required by the query.

The basic method is to design the access tool in such away that it automatically defines the locality to which the query is to be redirected.

18. In detail, explain the multidimensional schema.

Multidimensional schemas :-

Before we close, we see the interesting concept of multi dimensions. This is a very convenient

method of analyzing data, when it goes beyond the normal tabular relations.

For example, a store maintains a table of each item it sells over a month as a table, in each of it’s 10 outlets..

This is a 2 dimensional table. One the other hand, if the company wants a data of all items sold by it’s outlets, it can be done by simply by superimposing the 2 dimensional table for each of these items – one behind the other. Then it becomes a 3 dimensional view.

Then the query, instead of looking for a 2 dimensional rectangle of data, will look for a 3 dimensional cuboid of data.

There is no reason why the dimensioning should stop at 3 dimensions. In fact almost all queries can be thought of as approaching a multi-dimensioned unit of data from a multidimensioned volume of the schema.

19. Why partitioning is needed in large data warehouse?
Partitioning is needed in any large data ware house to ensure that the performance and manageability is improved. It can help the query redirection to send the queries to the appropriate partition, thereby reducing the overall time taken for query processing.

20. Explain the types of partitioning in detail.
i). Horizontal partitioning :-

This is essentially means that the table is partitioned after the first few thousand entries, and the next

few thousand entries etc. This is because in most cases, not all the information in the fact table needed all the time. Thus horizontal partitioning helps to reduce the query access time, by directly cutting down the amount of data to be scanned by the queries.

ii). Vertical partitioning :-
As the name suggests, a vertical partitioning scheme divides the table vertically – i.e. each row is
divided into 2 or more partitions.
iii). Hardware partitioning :-
Needless to say, the dataware design process should try to maximize the performance of the system. One of the ways to ensure this is to try to optimize by designing the data base with respect to specific hardware architecture.

21. Explain the mechanism of row splitting.

Row Splitting :-
The method involved identifying the not so frequently used fields and putting them into another table.
This would ensure that the frequently used fields can be accessed more often, at much lesser computation time.
It can be noted that row splitting may not reduce or increase the overall storage needed, but normalization may involve a change in the overall storage space needed. In row splitting, the mapping is 1 to 1 whereas normalization may produce one to many relationships.

22. Explain the guidelines used for hardware partitioning.

Guidelines used for hardware partitioning :-

Needless to say, the dataware design process should try to maximize the performance of the system. One of the ways to ensure this is to try to optimize by designing the data base with respect to specific hardware architecture. Obviously, the exact details of optimization depends on the hardware platforms. Normally the following guidelines are useful:-

i). maximize the processing, disk and I/O operations.

ii). Reduce bottlenecks at the CPU and I/O

23. What is aggregation? Explain the need of aggregation. Give example.

Aggregation : Data aggregation is an essential component of any decision support data ware house. It helps us to ensure a cost – effective query performance, which in other words means that costs incurred to get the answers to a query would be more than off set by the benefits of the query answer. The data aggregation attempts to do this by reducing the processing power needed to process the queries. However, too much of aggregations would only lead to unacceptable levels of operational costs.

Too little of aggregations may not improve the performance to the required levels. A file balancing of

the two is essential to maintain the requirements stated above. One thumbrule that is often suggested is that about three out of every four queries would be optimized by the aggregation process, whereas the fourth will take it’s own time to get processed. The second, though minor, advantage of aggregations is that they allow us to get the overall trends in the data. While looking at individual data such overall trends may not be obvious, whereas aggregated data will help us draw certain conclusions easily.

24. Explain the different aspects for designing the summary table.
Summary table are designed by following the steps given below :-
i). Decide the dimensions along which aggregation is to be done.
ii). Determine the aggregation of multiple facts.
iii). Aggregate multiple facts into the summary table.
iv). Determine the level of aggregation and the extent of embedding.
v). Design time into the table.
vi). Index the summary table.

25. Give the reasons for creating the data mart.
The following are the reasons for which data marts are created :-
i). Since the volume of data scanned is small, they speed up the query processing.
ii). Data can be structured in a form suitable for a user access too
iii). Data can be segmented or partitioned so that they can be used on different platforms and
also different control strategies become applicable.

26. Explain the two stages in setting up data marts.
There are two stages in setting up data marts :-
i). To decide whether data marts are needed at all. The above listed facts may help you to
decide whether it is worth while to setup data marts or operate from the warehouse itself.
The problem is almost similar to that of a merchant deciding whether he wants to set up retail
shops or not.
ii). If you decide that setting up data marts is desirable, then the following steps have to be gone
through before you can freeze on the actual strategy of data marting.
a) Identify the natural functional splits of the organization.
b) Identify the natural splits of data.
c) Check whether the proposed access tools have any special data base structures.
d) Identify the infrastructure issues, if any, that can help in identifying the data marts.
e) Look for restrictions on access control. They can serve to demarcate the warehouse
details.

27. What are disadvantages of data mart?
There are certain disadvantages :-
i). The cost of setting up and operating data marts is quite high.
ii). Once a data strategy is put in place, the datamart formats become fixed. It may be fairly difficult to change the strategy later, because the data marts formats also have to be changes.

28. What is role of access control issue in data mart design?
Role of access control issue in data mart design :-
This is one of the major constraints in data mart designs. Any data warehouse, with it’s huge volume
of data is, more often than not, subject to various access controls as to who could access which part of data. The easiest case is where the data is partitioned so clearly that a user of each partition cannot access any other data. In such cases, each of these can be put in a data mart and the user of each can access only his data .
In the data ware house, the data pertaining to all these marts are stored, but the partitioning are retained. If a super user wants to get an overall view of the data, suitable aggregations can be generated.

29. Explain the purpose of using metadata in detail.
Metadata will be used for the following purposes :-
i). data transformation and loading.
ii). data management.
iii). query generation.

30. Explain the concept of metadata management.

Meta data should be able to describe data as it resides in the data warehouse. This will help the warehouse manager to control data movements. The purpose of the metadata is to describe the objects in the database. Some of the descriptions are listed here.
· Tables
- Columns
* Names
* Types
· Indexes
- Columns
* Name
* Type
· Views
- Columns
* Name
* Type
· Constraints
- Name
- Type
- Table
* Columns

31. How the query manager uses the Meta data? Explain in detail.
Meta data is also required to generate queries. The query manger uses the metadata to build a history of all queries run and generator a query profile for each user, or group of uses.
We simply list a few of the commonly used meta data for the query. The names are self explanatory.
o Query
o Table accessed
§ Column accessed
· Name
· Reference identifier
o Restrictions applied
o Column name
o Table name
o Reference identifier
o Restrictions
o Join criteria applied
o Column name
o Table name
o Reference identifier
o Column name
o Table name
o Reference identifier
o Aggregate function used
o Column name
o Reference identifier
o Aggregate function
o Group by criteria
o Column name
o Reference identifier
o Sort direction
o Syntax
o Resources
o Disk
o Read
o Write
o Temporary

32. Why we need different managers to a data ware house? Explain.
Need for managers to a data ware house :-
Data warehouses are not just large databases. They are complex environments that integrate many
technologies. They are not static, but will be continuously changing both contentwise and structurewise. Thus, there is a constant need for maintenance and management. Since huge amounts of time, money and efforts are involved in the development of data warehouses, sophisticated management tools are always justified in the case of data warehouses.
When the computer systems were in their initial stages of development, there used to be an army of
human managers, who went around doing all the administration and management. But such a scheme became both unvieldy and prone to errors as the systems grew in size and complexity. Further most of the management principles were adhoc in nature and were subject to human errors and fatigue.

33. With neat diagram explain the boundaries of process managers.
A schematic diagram that defines the boundaries of the three types of managers :-

34. Explain the responsibilities of each manager of data ware house.
Ware house Manager :-
The warehouse manager is responsible for maintaining data of the ware house. It should also create
and maintain a layer of meta data. Some of the responsibilities of the ware house manager are
o Data movement
o Meta data management
o Performance monitoring
o Archiving.
Data movement includes the transfer of data within the ware house, aggregation, creation and
maintenance of tables, indexes and other objects of importance. It should be able to create new aggregations as well as remove the old ones. Creation of additional rows / columns, keeping track of the aggregation processes and creating meta data are also it’s functions.

25. What are the different system management tools used for data warehouse?
The different system management tools used for data warehouse :-
i). Configuration managers
ii). schedule managers
iii). event managers
iv). database mangers
v). back up recovery managers
vi). resource and performance a monitors.

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KU 5TH SEM ASSIGNMENT - BSIT (TA) - 52 (WEB PROGRAMMING)

2012-09-02T07:59:00.002+05:30

Assignment: TA (Compulsory)

1. What is the meaning of Web? Explain in detail the building elements of web

Web is a complex network of international , cross plateform, and cross cultural communicating devices, connected to each other without any ordering or pattern.

There are two most important building blocks of web:

HTML and HTTP.

HTML: - HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is a very simple language used

to “describe” the logical structure of a document. Actually, HTML is often called programming

language it is really not. Programming languages are “Turing-complete”, or “computable”. That

is, programming languages can be used to compute something such as the square root of pi or

some other such task. Typically programming languages use conditional branches and loops

and operate on data contained in abstract data structures. HTML is much easier than all of that.

HTML is simply a ‘markup language’ used to define a logical structure rather than compute

anything.

HTTP: - HTTP is a “request-response” type protocol. It is a language spoken between web

browser (client software) and a web server (server software) so that can communicate with each

other and exchange files. Now let us understand how client/server system works using HTTP. A

client/server system works something like this: A big piece of computer (called a server) sits in

some office somewhere with a bunch of files that people might want access to. This computer

runs a software package that listens all day long to requests over the wires.

2. “ HTML is the Language of the Web” Justify the statement

HTML is often called a programming language it is really not. Programming languages

are ‘Turing-complete’, or ‘computable’. That is, programming languages can be used to compute something

such as the square root of pi or some other such task. Typically programming languages use conditional

branches and loops and operate on data contained in abstract data structures. HTML is much easier than

all of that. HTML is simply a ‘markup language’ used to define a logical structure rather than compute

anything.

For example, it can describe which text the browser should emphasize, which text should be considered

body text versus header text, and so forth.

The beauty of HTML of course is that it is generic enough that it can be read and interpreted by a web

browser running on any machine or operating system. This is because it only focuses on describing the

logical nature of the document, not on the specific style. The web browser is responsible for adding style.

For instance emphasized text might be bolded in one browser and italicized in another. it is up to the

browser to decide

3. Give the different classification of HTML tags with examples for each category

LIST OF HTML TAGS :-

Tags for Document Structure

· HTML

· HEAD

· BODY

Heading Tags

· TITLE

· BASE

· META

· STYLE

· LINK

Block-Level Text Elements

· ADDRESS

· BLOCKQUOTE

· DIV

· H1 through H6

· P

· PRE

· XMP

Lists

· DD

· DIR

· DL

· DT

· LI

· MENU

· OL

· UL

Text Characteristics

· B

· BASEFONT

· BIG

· BLINK

· CITE

· CODE

· EM

· FONT

· I

· KBD

· PLAINTEXT

· S

· SMALL

4. Write CGI application which accepts 3 numbers from the user and displays biggest number using GET and POST methods

#!/usr/bin/perl

#print "Content-type:text/html\n\n";

#$form = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};

use CGI;

$cgi = new CGI;

print $cgi->header;

print $cgi->start_html( "Question Ten" );

my $one = $cgi->param( 'one' );

my $two = $cgi->param( 'two' );

my $three = $cgi->param( 'three' );

if( $one && $two && $three )

{

$lcm = &findLCM( &findLCM( $one, $two ), $three );

print "LCM is $lcm";

}

else

{

print '

print 'Enter First Number

print 'Enter Second Number

print 'Enter Third Number

print '

print "

}

print $cgi->end_html;

sub findLCM(){

my $x = shift;

my $y = shift;

my $temp, $ans;

if ($x < $y) {

$temp = $y;

$y = $x;

$x = $temp;

}

$ans = $y;

$temp = 1;

while ($ans % $x)

{

$ans = $y * $temp;

$temp++ ;

}

return $ans;

}

5. What is Javascript? Give its importance in web.

JavaScript is an easy to learn way to “Script“your web pages that is have them to do actions that cannot be handled with HTML alone. With JavaScript, you can make text scroll across the screen like ticker tape; you can make pictures change when you move over them, or any other number of dynamic enhancement.

JavaScript is generally only used inside of HTML document.

i) JavaScript control document appearance and content.

ii) JavaScript control the browser.

iii) JavaScript interact with document content.

iv) JavaScript interact with the user.

v) JavaScript read and write client state with cookies.

vi) JavaScript interact with applets.

vii) JavaScript manipulate embedded images.

6. Explain briefly Cascading Style Sheets

Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) is a part of DHTML that controls the look and placement of the element on the page. With CSS you can basically set any style sheet property of any element on a html page. One of the biggest advantages with the CSS instead of the regular way of changing the look of elements is that you split content from design. You can for instance link a CSS file to all the pages in your site that sets the look of the pages, so if you want to change like the font size of your main text you just change it in the CSS file and all pages are updated.

7. What is CGI? List the different CGI environment variables

CGI or “Common Gateway Interface” is a specification which allows web users to run program from their computer.CGI is a part of the web server that can communicate with other programs running on the server. With CGI, the web server can call up a program, while passing user specific data to a program. The program then processes that data and the server passes the program’s response back to the web browser.

When a CGI program is called, the information that is made available to it can be roughly broken into three groups:-

i). Information about client, server and user.

ii). Form data that are user supplied.

iii). Additional pathname information.

Most Information about client, server and user is placed in CGI environmental variables. Form data that are user supplied is incorporated in environment variables. Extra pathname information is placed in environment variables.

i). GATEWAY_INTERFACE –T he revision of the common Gateway interface that the server uses.

ii). SERVER_NAME – The Server’s hostname or IP address.

iii). SERVER_PORT – The port number of the host on which the server is running.

iv). REQUEST_METHOD – The method with which the information request is issued.

v). PATH_INFO – Extra path information passed to the CGI program

8. What is PERL? Explain PERl control structures with the help of an example

Perl control structures include conditional statement, such as if/elseif/else blocks as well as loop like for each, for and while.

i). Conditional statements

- If condition – The structure is always started by the word if, followed by a condition to be evaluated, then a pair the braces indicating the beginning and end of the code to be executed if the condition is true.

If(condition)

{condition to be executed

}

- Unless – Unless is similar to if. You wanted to execute code only if a certain condition were false.

If($ varname! = 23) {

#code to execute if $ varname is not 23

}

- The same test can be done using unless:

Unless ($ varname== 23) {

#code to execute if $ varname is not 23

}

ii). Looping – Looping allow you to repeat code for as long as a condition is met. Perl has several loop control structures: foreach, for, while and until.

- While Loop – A while loop executes as long as a particular condition is true:

While (condition) {

#code to run as long as condition is true.

}

- Until Loop – A until loops the reverse of while. It executes as long as a particular condition is not true:

While (condition) {

#code to run as long as condition is not true.

}

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KU 5TH SEM ASSIGNMENT - BSIT (TA) - 51 (GRAPHICS & MULTIMEDIA)

2012-09-01T23:36:00.001+05:30

Assignment: TA (Compulsory)

1.What is the meaning of interactive computer graphics? List the various applications of the computer graphics.
The term “interactive graphics” refers to devices and systems that facilitate the man-machine graphic communication, in a way, which is more convenient than the writing convention. For example, to draw a straight line between two points, one has to input the coordinates of the two end points. In interactive graphics with the help of graphical input technique by indicating two end points on the display screen draws the line.
Various applications of the computer graphics are listed below :-
i). Building Design and Construction
ii). Electronics Design
iii). Mechanical Design
iv). Entertainment and Animation
v). Aerospace Industry
vi). Medical Technology
vii). Cartography
viii). Art and Commerce.

2. Explain in detail the Hardware required for effective graphics on the computer system.
The hardware components required to generate interactive graphics are the input device, the outputdevice (usually display) and the computer system. The human operator is also an integral part of theinteractive system. The text and graphics displayed act as an input to the human vision system and, therefore, the reaction of the human being will depend on how quickly one can see and appreciate thegraphics present on the display.

3. Compare Raster scan system with random scan system.
In raster scan display, the electron beam is swept across the screen, one row at a time from top to bottom. The picture definition is stored in a memory area called refresh buffer or frame buffer. In random scan display unit, a CRT has the electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen where a picture is to be drawn. It draws a picture one line at a time and so it is referred to as vector displays.

Raster scan
The Most common type of graphics monitor employing a CRT is the raster-scan Display, based on television technology. In a raster- scan system; the electron beam is swept across the screen, one row at a time from top to bottom. The picture definition is stored in a memory area called the refresh buffer or frame buffer. Each point on the screen is called pixel. On a black and system with one bit per pixel, the frame buffer is called bitmap. For systems with multiple bits per pixel, the frame buffer is referred to as a pix map.

Refreshing on raster scan display is carried out at the rate of 60 to 80 frames per second. Some displays use interlaced refresh procedure. First, all points on the even numbered scan lines are displayed then all the points along odd numbered lines are displayed. This is an effective technique for avoiding flickering.

Random scan display
When operated as a random-scan display unit, a CRT has the electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen where a picture is to be drawn. Random scan monitors draw a picture one line at a time and for this reason they are also referred as vector displays (or stroke-writing or calligraphic displays). The component lines of a picture can be drawn and refreshed by a random-scan system in any specified order. A pen plotter operates in a similar way and is an example of a random-scan, hard-copy device.

Refresh rate on a random-scan system depends on the number of lines to be displayed. Picture definition is now stored as a set of line- drawing commands in an area of memory referred to as the refresh display file. Sometimes the refresh display file is called the display list, display program, or simply the refresh buffer.

4. How many colors are possible if
a. 24 bits / pixel is used
b. 8 bits / pixel is used Justify your answer

a). 24 bit color provides 16.7 million colors per pixels, That 24 bits are divided into 3 bytes; one each for the read, green, and blue components of a pixel.

b). 256, 8 bits per pixel = 2^8 colours.

Widely accepted industry standard uses 3 bytes, or 24 bits, per pixel, with one byte for each primary color results in 256 different intensity levels for each primary color. Thus a pixel can take on a color from 256 X 256 X 256 or 16.7 million possible choices. In Bi-level image
representation one bit per pixel is used to represent black-and white images. In gray level image 8 bits per pixel to allow a total of 256 intensity or gray levels. Image representation using lookup table can be viewed as a compromise between our desire to have a lower storage requirement and our need to support a reasonably sufficient number of simultaneous colors.

5. List and explain different text mode built-in functions of C Programming language.
The different text mode built-in functions of C Programming language are listed below :-
i). textmode( int mode);
This function sets the number of rows and columns of the screen, mode variable can take the values 0, 1, 1, or 3.
0: represents 40 column black and white
1: represents 40 column color
2: represents 80 column black and white
3: represents 80 column color
Example: textmode(2); // sets the screen to 80 column black and white
ii). clrscr();
This function clears the entire screen and locates the cursor on the top left corner(1,1) Example clrscr(); // clears the screen
iii). gotoxy(int x, int y);
This function positions the cursor to the location specified by x and y. x represents the row number and y represents the column number.
Example: gotoxy(10,20) // cursor is placed in 20th column of 10th row
iv). textbackground (int color);
This function changes the background color of the text mode. Valid colors for the CGA are from 0 to 6 namely BLACK, BLUE, GREEN, CYAN, RED, MAGENTA and BROWN. Example: textbackground(2); Or //changes background color to blue textbackground(BLUE);
v). textcolor (int color);
This function sets the subsequent text color numbered between 0 to 15 and 128 for blinking. Example : textcolor(3); // set the next text color to Green
vi). delline ();
It is possible to delete a line of text and after the deletion all the subsequent lines will be pushed up by one line Example : /* deletes the 5th line*/ gotoxy (5,4); delline ( );
vii). insline()
Inserts a blank line at the current cursor position Example: /* inserts line at the 3rd row */ gotoxy (3,5); insline ( );

6. Write a C program to create Indian national flag.
#include"graphics.h"
#include"conio.h"
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm,x,y;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
x=getmaxx();
y=getmaxy();
clearviewport();
setfillstyle(LINE_FILL,BLUE);
bar(0,0,639,479);
setcolor(6);
rectangle(50,50,300,200);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,6);
bar(50,50,300,100);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,WHITE);
bar(50,100,300,150);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,GREEN);
bar(50,150,300,200);
setcolor(BLUE);
rectangle(45,45,50,300);
setfillpattern(0x20,MAGENTA);
bar(45,45,50,400);
setcolor(BLUE);
circle(175,125,25);
line(175,125,200,125);
line(175,125,175,150);
line(175,125,150,125);
line(175,125,175,100);
line(175,125,159,107);
line(175,125,193,143);
line(175,125,159,143);
line(175,125,193,107);
setcolor(YELLOW);
rectangle(0,0,640,43);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,YELLOW);
bar(0,0,640,43);
setcolor(BLACK);
settextstyle(1,HORIZ_DIR,5);
outtextxy(150,0,"INDIAN FLAG");
getch();
}

Leave Comment & And Get Membership !!
Leave Comment & And Get Membership !!

6TH SEM KU LAB ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS (BSIT-61)

2012-08-19T19:52:00.001+05:30

1.) Write a program in C# using command line arguments to display a welcome message. The message has to be supplied as input in the command line
using System;
class prac1
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
foreach(string k in args)
{
Console.Write(k+" ");
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

2.) Write a program in C# to find the area of a circle, given its radius.
using System;
class prac2
{
public static void Main()
{
float radius=8.9f;
float pi=3.14f;
float area;
area=pi*radius*radius;
Console.WriteLine("The Area Of Circle whose Radius is {0} :- {1}",radius,area);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

3.) Write a program in C# to find the area of polygon – triangle and rectangle by using multiple constructors.
using System;
class prac3
{
prac3(double half,double length,double height)
{
double areaoftriangle=half*length*height;
Console.WriteLine("The Area of Triangle of length {0} and height {1} is: {2}",length,height,areaoftriangle);
Console.ReadLine();
}
prac3(double len,double breadth)
{
double areaofrectangle=len*breadth;
Console.WriteLine("The Area of Rectangle of length {0} and height {1} is: {2}",len,breadth,areaofrectangle);
Console.ReadLine();
}
public static void Main()
{
prac3 obj1=new prac3(0.5,4.2,3.8);
prac3 obj2=new prac3(5.2,2.6);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

4.)Write a program in C# to add and multiply two numbers and display the results. Demonstrate the use of ref and out parameters in this program.
using System;
class prac4
{
public static void add(ref int num1,ref int num2)
{
int res_add=num1+num2;
Console.WriteLine("The Addition Of {0} and {1} usingis : {2} ",num1,num2,res_add);
Console.ReadLine();
}
public static void product(out int number1,out int number2)
{
number1=10;
number2=10;
int res_product=number1*number2;
Console.WriteLine ("The Product Of {0} and {1} usingis : {2}",number1,number2,res_product);
Console.ReadLine();
}
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
int num1;
int num2;
num1=10;
num2=10;
add(ref num1,ref num2);
int number1;
int number2;
product(out number1,out number2);
}
}

5.) Using foreach looping statement, write a program in C# to display all the elements of string array.
using System;
class prac5
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
string[] name={"Shakty","Shashi","Gaurav","Rahul","Pawan","Gandharva","Rakesh"};
foreach(string element in name)
{
Console.WriteLine(element);
Console.WriteLine();
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

6.) Write a program in C# to create a string array to store 10 employees name. Display the employees name to the console by passing array as a parameter to the display function.
using System;
class prac6
{
public static void display(out string[] name)
{
name=new string[10]{"Shakty","Ronisha","Shashi","Gaurav","Rahul","Pawan","Gandharva","Rakesh","Manish","Mohd. Arif"};
}
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
string[] name;
display(out name);
Console.WriteLine("Array Elements Are :");
for(int i=0;i
{
Console.WriteLine(name[i]);
}
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit..................");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

7.) Write a program in C# to demonstrate the usage of checked and unchecked statements.
using System;
class prac7
{
static void Main()
{
int x=Int32.MaxValue;
Console.WriteLine(x+1);
checked
{
Console.WriteLine(x+1);
}
unchecked
{
Console.WriteLine(x+1);
}
}
}

8.) Write a class called rectangle which consists of members side_1, side_2 and displayArea(). Write another class square which inherits class rectangle. Take side of square as input and display the area of square on console.
using System;
public class rectangle
{
public int side_1=30;
public int side_2=40;
public virtual void displayArea()
{
int area=side_1*side_2;
Console.WriteLine("Area of Rectangle is:-{0}",area);
}
}
class square:rectangle
{
public override void displayArea()
{
int area=side_1*side_1;
Console.WriteLine("Area of Square whose side {0} which is inherited fromclass is:- {1}",side_1,area);
}
public static void Main()
{
square obj=new square();
obj.displayArea();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

9.) Write a program to sort 20 decimal numbers in decreasing order and print the result.
using System;
namespace sorting
{
class Class1
{
static void sort(double[] a)
{
int i=0;
while(i
{
double temp;
if(a[i]
{
temp=a[i+1];
a[i+1]=a[i];
a[i]=temp;
i=0;
continue;
}
i++;
}
}
static void display(double[] a)
{
foreach(double x in a)
System.Console.WriteLine(x);
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
double[] a = new double[] {87.1,76.4,76.2,80.5,96.7,4.56,34.11,100.45,89.07,44.34,200.1,10.34,96.45,72.33,7.4,2.5,65.56,87.87,99.83,101.66};
sort(a);
display(a);
Console.Read();
}
}
}

10.) Write a program for matrix multiplication in C#.
using System;
class Matrix3D
{
public const int DIMSIZE = 3;
private double[ , ] matrix = new double[DIMSIZE, DIMSIZE];
public double this[int x,int y]
{
get { return matrix[x, y]; }
set { matrix[x, y] = value;}
}
public static Matrix3D operator *(Matrix3D mat1, Matrix3D mat2)
{
Matrix3D newMatrix = new Matrix3D();
for (int x=0; x < DIMSIZE; x++)
for (int y=0; y < DIMSIZE; y++)
newMatrix[x, y] = mat1[x, y] * mat2[x, y];
return newMatrix;
}
}
class MatrixTest
{
public static Random rand = new Random();
static void Main()
{
Matrix3D mat1 = new Matrix3D();
Matrix3D mat2 = new Matrix3D();
InitMatrix(mat1);
InitMatrix(mat2);
Console.WriteLine("Matrix 1 : ");
PrintMatrix(mat1);
Console.WriteLine("Marix 2: ");
PrintMatrix(mat2);
Matrix3D mat3 = mat1 * mat2;
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Matrix 1 * Matrix 2 = ");
PrintMatrix(mat3);
}
public static void InitMatrix(Matrix3D mat)
{
for (int x=0; x < Matrix3D.DIMSIZE; x++)
for (int y=0; y < Matrix3D.DIMSIZE; y++)
mat[x, y] = rand.NextDouble()*10;
} //done
public static void PrintMatrix(Matrix3D mat)
{
Console.WriteLine();
for (int x=0; x< Matrix3D.DIMSIZE; x++)
{
Console.Write("[ ");
for (int y=0; y < Matrix3D.DIMSIZE; y++)
{
Console.Write("{0,8: # . 00}",mat[x, y]);
if((y+1 % 2)
{
Console.Write(" , ");
}
Console.WriteLine(" ] ");
}
Console.WriteLine();
}
}
}

11.) Write a program in C# to sort the students list based on their names. The students list is stored in a string array.
using System;
namespace sorting
{
class Class1
{
[STAThread]
static void sort(string[] b)
{
int i=0;
while(i
{
string temp;
if(0
{
temp=b[i+1];
b[i+1]=b[i];
b[i]=temp;
i=0;
continue;
}
i++;
}
}
static void display(string[] b)
{
foreach(string x in b)
System.Console.WriteLine(x);
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
string[] b = new String[] {"sumit","samit","scmit","sgmit","sglit"};
sort(b);
display(b);
Console.Read();
}
}
}

12.) Write a program in C# to demonstrate operator overloading
using System;
class Matrix3D
{
public const int DIMSIZE = 3;
private double[ , ] matrix = new double[DIMSIZE, DIMSIZE];
public double this[int x,int y]
{
get { return matrix[x, y]; }
set { matrix[x, y] = value;}
}
public static Matrix3D operator +(Matrix3D mat1, Matrix3D mat2)
{
Matrix3D newMatrix = new Matrix3D();
for (int x=0; x < DIMSIZE; x++)
for (int y=0; y < DIMSIZE; y++)
newMatrix[x, y] = mat1[x, y] + mat2[x, y];
return newMatrix;
}
}
class MatrixTest
{
public static Random rand = new Random();
static void Main()
{
Matrix3D mat1 = new Matrix3D();
Matrix3D mat2 = new Matrix3D();
InitMatrix(mat1);
InitMatrix(mat2);
Console.WriteLine("Matrix 1 : ");
PrintMatrix(mat1);
Console.WriteLine("Marix 2: ");
PrintMatrix(mat2);
Matrix3D mat3 = mat1 + mat2;
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Matrix 1 + Matrix 2 = ");
PrintMatrix(mat3);
}
public static void InitMatrix(Matrix3D mat)
{
for (int x=0; x < Matrix3D.DIMSIZE; x++)
for (int y=0; y < Matrix3D.DIMSIZE; y++)
mat[x, y] = rand.NextDouble()*10;
}
public static void PrintMatrix(Matrix3D mat)
{
Console.WriteLine();
for (int x=0; x< Matrix3D.DIMSIZE; x++)
{
Console.Write("[ ");
for (int y=0; y < Matrix3D.DIMSIZE; y++)
{
Console.Write("{0,8: # . 00}",mat[x, y]);
if((y+1 % 2)
{
Console.Write(" , ");
}
Console.WriteLine(" ] ");
}
Console.WriteLine();
}
}
}

13.) Write a program in C# to demonstrate boxing and unboxing opertation.
using System;
class prac13
{
public static void Main()
{
int unbox_var=10;
int box_var=100;
object obj=box_var; //boxing ie converting value type to reference type
Console.WriteLine("Value after boxing is : {0}",obj);
unbox_var=(int)obj; //unboxing ie converting reference type to value type
Console.WriteLine("Value after unboxing is : {0} ",unbox_var);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

14.) Write a program in C# to throw and catch any arithmetic exception.
using System;
class prac14
{
public static void Main()
{
int num1=10;
int num2=0;
int div;
try
{
div=num1/num2;
Console.WriteLine(div);
Console.ReadLine();
}
catch(DivideByZeroException e)
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception Message : "+e.Message);
}
}
}

15.) Write a program to demonstrate the usage of threads in C#.
using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
public class SyncEvents
{
public SyncEvents()
{
_newItemEvent = new AutoResetEvent(false);
_exitThreadEvent = new ManualResetEvent(false);
_eventArray = new WaitHandle[2];
_eventArray[0] = _newItemEvent;
_eventArray[1] = _exitThreadEvent;
}
public EventWaitHandle ExitThreadEvent
{
get { return _exitThreadEvent; }
}
public EventWaitHandle NewItemEvent
{
get { return _newItemEvent; }
}
public WaitHandle[] EventArray
{
get { return _eventArray; }
}
private EventWaitHandle _newItemEvent;
private EventWaitHandle _exitThreadEvent;
private WaitHandle[] _eventArray;
}
public class Producer
{
public Producer(Queueq, SyncEvents e)
{
_queue = q;
_syncEvents = e;
}
public void ThreadRun()
{
int count = 0;
Random r = new Random();
while (!_syncEvents.ExitThreadEvent.WaitOne(0, false))
{
lock (((ICollection)_queue).SyncRoot)
{
while (_queue.Count < 20)
{
_queue.Enqueue(r.Next(0, 100));
_syncEvents.NewItemEvent.Set();
count++;
}
}
}
Console.WriteLine("Producer thread: produced {0} items", count);
}
private Queue_queue;
private SyncEvents _syncEvents;
}
public class Consumer
{
public Consumer(Queueq, SyncEvents e)
{
_queue = q;
_syncEvents = e;
}
public void ThreadRun()
{
int count = 0;
while (WaitHandle.WaitAny(_syncEvents.EventArray) != 1)
{
lock (((ICollection)_queue).SyncRoot)
{
int item = _queue.Dequeue();
}
count++;
}
Console.WriteLine("Consumer Thread: consumed {0} items", count);
}
private Queue_queue;
private SyncEvents _syncEvents;
}
public class ThreadSyncSample
{
private static void ShowQueueContents(Queueq)
{
lock (((ICollection)q).SyncRoot)
{
foreach (int i in q)
{
Console.Write("{0} ", i);
}
}
Console.WriteLine();
}
static void Main()
{
SyncEvents syncEvents = new SyncEvents();
Queuequeue = new Queue();
Console.WriteLine("Configuring worker threads...");
Producer producer = new Producer(queue, syncEvents);
Consumer consumer = new Consumer(queue, syncEvents);
Thread producerThread = new Thread(producer.ThreadRun);
Thread consumerThread = new Thread(consumer.ThreadRun);
Console.WriteLine("Launching producer and consumer threads...");
producerThread.Start();
consumerThread.Start();
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
Thread.Sleep(2500);
ShowQueueContents(queue);
}
Console.WriteLine("Signaling threads to terminate...");
syncEvents.ExitThreadEvent.Set();
Console.WriteLine("main thread waiting for threads to finish...");
producerThread.Join();
consumerThread.Join();
}
}

HOW TO REPAIR BOOT FILES IN WINDOWS XP

2012-08-12T13:15:00.003+05:30

Damaged boot files in Windows XP prevent the operating system from starting in Normal Mode, although you may be able to access Safe Mode. If you are able to enter Safe Mode, try to copy damaged boot files or to modify the boot.ini while in Safe Mode by inserting the Windows XP installation disk and copying files from the disk to your hard drive. If you cannot reach Safe Mode, you will need to initiate repairs through the Windows XP Recovery Console. You will need to know which files you need to replace and their exact file names.

Instructions :-

Things You'll Need:

* Windows XP installation disk
* Administrator access

1. Use the XP Recovery Console

2. Insert the Windows XP installation disk.

3. Restart the computer.

4. Press the required key to boot from the CD, if required.

5. Press the "R" key to repair your Windows XP boot files.

6. Select which version of Windows XP you wish to repair, if applicable.

7. Enter you administrator's password, if applicable.

8. Type "dir d:" to access the Windows XP installation disk directory. Where d: is XP install.. disk drive

Type "copy d:\i386\ntldr" to copy the file to the C drive or primary hard-drive partition. You may substitute any Windows boot file for "ntldr." Press the "Y" button to confirm the overwrite. Enter "exit" when finished.

HIDE UR FOLDERS.. NEVER KNOWN TRICK !!!!! DISGUISE THEM TO "RECYCLE BIN"

2012-08-12T13:04:00.003+05:30

Here is a latest trick to hide your important folder into recycle bin.

Instructions :-

Rename any folder with extension {645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-00AA002F954E}

eg.,

If u've a folder games

Press F2,

Then type, "games.{645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-00AA002F954E}"

See the magic....

Then to get to original form,

Remove the extension using

"ren games.{645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-00AA002F954E} games" in dos or as a bat file

n u are done..

~cheers~

KU PRACTICAL 16 SETS 4TH SEM EXAM QUESTION WITH SOLUTIONS

2012-06-03T12:34:00.004+05:30

SET 1
#1. Write a program to print “Welcome to Java Programming” on the screen.
class welcome
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
System.out.println("Welcome to Java Progamming");
}
}

#2. Using a case statement, write a shell program to read a command (eg., who, cal, ls, ps) from the user and execute it.
echo “Enter any command:”
read com
case $com in
who ) who;;
cal) cal;;
ls) ls;;
ps) ps;;
*) echo “Invalid command”
Esac

SET 2
#1. Using awk, sum the file sizes in your working directory and print the results.
awk ’ ,total += length ($0)-
END ‘,Print total-’ * (sameline)

#2. Write a program to check whether the given two numbers are equal. If not then find the greater of the given two numbers.
import java.lang.*;
class Comparision
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x,y;
x=67;
y=97;
if(x==y)
{
System.out.println("Given two number are equal");
}
else if(x>y)
{
System.out.println(x+ " is greater than " +y);
}
else
{
System.out.println(y+ " is greater than " +x);
}
}
}

SET 3
#1. Using switch and case statements write a program to add, subtract , multiply and divide the two numbers.
import java.io.*;
public class BasicCalc
{
public static void main(String a[])throws IOException
{
DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(System.in);
System.out.println("What do you want to do? \n 1. Add, \n 2. Substract, \n 3. Multiply, \n 4. Divide");
int i = Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());
//int i=4;
int m, n;
m = 10;
n = 5;
switch (i)
{
case 1:
System.out.println("Result after Adding" + " " + (m + n));
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Result after Substracting" + " " + (m - n));
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Result after Multiplying" + " " + (m * n));
break;
case 4:
System.out.println("Result after Dividing" + " " + (m / n));
break;
default:
System.out.println("This is not a valid input parameter");
break;
}
}
}

#2. Write a shell program that adds the integers 1 to 100 and displays the result with a suitable message.
s=0
c=1
while [$c-le 100]
do
s=’expr $s + $c’
c=’expr $c + 1’
done
echo “Sum of 1 to 100 is $s”

SET 4
#1. Write a shell program to test for arguments arg1, arg2 and arg3. If they are not present, prompt the user for them.
if [$ # -lt 3]
then
arg=’expr $ # +1’
while [$ arg –le 3]
do
echo “Enter argument number $arg:”
read val
set $* $val
arg=’expr $arg +1’
done
fi
echo “Argument on command line entered by you are:”
echo $*

#2. Using for loop write a program to print the table of a given number on the screen.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Table
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int num,i,res;
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a number : ");
num =s.nextInt();
for(i=1; i<=10; i++)
{
res=i*num;
System.out.println(res);
}
}
}

SET 5
#1. Write a program to find the even sum and the odd sum in the given array.
class EvenOddSum
{
static int sum1, sum2;
static int n[] ={ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 92, 65, 45, 87 };
public static void main(String a[])
{
for (int i = 0; i <=n; i++)
{
if (n[i] % 2 == 0)
{
System.out.println(n[i] + " " + "*" + " " + "Even");
sum1 = sum1 + n[i];
}
else
{
System.out.println(n[i] + " " + "*" + " " + "Odd");
sum2 = sum2 + n[i];
}
}
System.out.println("sum of even no. is " + sum1);
System.out.println("sum of odd no. is " + sum2);
}
}

#2. Write a background command to edit all the files in the directory replacing the word while with until.
tr 'while' 'until' < myfile &

SET 6
#1. Write a program to print all the prime numbers between n and m.
import java.io.*;
class PrimeNumber
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
int i;
BufferedReader bf = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter 1st number: ");
int num = Integer.parseInt(bf.readLine());
System.out.println("Enter 2nd number: ");
int num2 = Integer.parseInt(bf.readLine());
System.out.println("Prime numbers are: ");
for (i = num; i <num2; i++)
{
int j;
for (j=2; j<i; j++)
{
int n = i % j;
if (n == 0)
{
break;
}
}
if (i == j)
{
System.out.print(" " + i);
}
}
}
}

#2. Write a shell program using if-the-else to test whether a variable name is a directory or a file.
echo “Enter a name”
read name
if [-f $name]
then
echo “$name is a file”
then
echo “$name is a directory”
else
echo “$name is not a file nor a directory.”
fi

SET 7
#1. Write a program to add the two matrices.
class MatrixSum
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int array[][]= {{4,5,6},{6,8,9}};
int array1[][]= {{5,4,6},{5,6,7}};
System.out.println("Number of Row = " + array.length);
System.out.println("Number of Column = " + array[1].length);
int l= array.length;
System.out.println("Matrix 1 : ");
for(int i = 0; i < l; i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j <= l; j++)
{
System.out.print(" "+ array[i][j]);
}
System.out.println();
}
int m= array1.length;
System.out.println("Matrix 2 : ");
for(int i = 0; i < m; i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j <= m; j++)
{
System.out.print(" "+array1[i][j]);
}
System.out.println();
}
System.out.println("Addition of both matrix : ");
for(int i = 0; i < m; i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j <= m; j++)
{
System.out.print(" "+(array[i][j]+array1[i][j]));
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}

#2. Write a shell program to translate the /etc/passwd file into uppercase and translate the “:” delimiter into tab characters.
tr ”*a-z:+” “*A-Z:+” </etc/passwd

SET 8
#1. Write a class circle which consists of functions getdata() and area(), and also write a main program to create a circle object and to find the area by calling the function area () in circle class and display the result on the screen.
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
class Circle
{
double r,a;
static final double p=3.14;
public void getData()
{
try
{
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter the radius of the circle :");
r=Double.parseDouble(br.readLine());
}
catch(Exception e)
{
}
}
public void area()
{
a=p*(r*r);
System.out.print("The area of the circle is :"+a);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Circle c=new Circle();
c.getData();
c.area();
}
}

#2. Write a shell program to extract and sort all the users in the file system. Use the /etc/passwd file as input.
first (with pipe and filter)
Cut –d ”:” –f1/etc/passwd | sort
Second (without pipe and filter)
Cut –d “:” –f1/etc/passwd>tmp sort<temp

SET 9
#1. Write a class Box with the variable width, depth and height and constructor to assigning the values for these variables and a method to find the volume of the box and also write the main program, which creates the box object, and find the volume of the box. Print the result on the screen.
class classBox
{
static int width, depth, height;
dimention()
{
width = 10;
depth = 5;
height = 20;
}
void volume()
{
int box = width * depth * height;
System.out.println("volume of box is :" + " " + box);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
dimention box = new dimention();
box.volume();
}
}

#2. Write an interactive shell using I/O redirection to accept input from file1, put stdout in file2 and stderr in file3.
echo “Enter input file name:”
read f1
echo “Enter output file name:”
read f2
echo “Enter error file name:”
read f3
cat <$f1 , cat >$f2 , cat >$f3

SET 10
#1. Write a program to demonstrate the method overloading for sum ( ) function.
class Demo
{
void add(int a)
{
System.out.println(a);
}
void add(int x, int y)
{
System.out.println(x + y);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
demo q = new demo();
q.add(10);
q.add(20, 30);
}
}

#2. The ls command with the –R option lists the files in the specified directory and also subdirectories, if any. Use this with a suitable pip-and-filter arrangement to determine whether a file exists in the account logged in.
echo “Enter the name to search :”
read file
dat =’ls-R $ Home 1 grep $ file’
if [-s “$ dat”+
then
echo “$file File exist”
else
echo “$file File not exist”
fi

SET 11
#1. Write a program to demonstrate the overriding of constructor methods for the program no. 9.
class A
{
String s = "Vikash";
void display()
{
System.out.println(s);
}
}
class B extends A
{
void display()
{
System.out.println(s + " " + "Kumar");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
B over = new B();
over.display();
}
}

#2. Put a long-running process in the background and check the accuracy of the sleep command.
date;sleep10;date$

SET 12
#1. Write a program to concatenate two strings.
class Conct
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
String a1 = "Vikash";
String a2 = "Kumar";
System.out.println(a1.concat(" " + a2));
}
}

#2. For a directory myfolder in your working directory, do the following:
a) allow everyone to list files in myfolder. No other privileges are to be changed.
b) allow the owner to and group members to list, remove or add files. All privileges
are to be removed from everyone else.
c) give write privileges to everyone except the owner
d) allow the owner and group members to execute myfolder. Only the owner gets
read or write permission.
a)Ans:- chmod a+rx myfolder
b)Ans:-chmod 770 myfolder
c)Ans:- chmod go+w myfolder
d)Ans:- chmod 710 my folder

SET 13
#1. Write a program to find whether a given string is a palindrome or not.
class Palin
{
public static void main(String []s)
{
int i=0,j;
j=s[0].length()-1;
while(i<j)
{
if(s[0].charAt(i) != s[0].charAt(j))
break;
i++;
j--;
}
if(i<j)
System.out.println("Not palin");
else
System.out.println("Palin");
}
}

#2. For a file named myfile in the working directory, do the following:
a) give everyone permission to read myfile. No other privilege is to be changed
b) allow the owner and group members to read and write the file. All privileges are
to be removed for everyone else.
c) remove write privileges from everyone except the owner
d) allow the owner and group members to execute myfile and give only the owner
permission to read or write to it.
a)Ans :- chmod a+r myfile
b)Ans:- chmod 660 myfile
c)Ans:- chmod go-w myfile
d)Ans:- chmod 710 myfile , chmod ug=x,u+rw myfile

SET 14
#1. Write a program to change the case of the given string.
import java.io.*;
class case
{
public static void main(String ar[]) throws IOException
{
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String str;
System.out.println("Enter any String");
System.out.println("and to quit write “ Exit“ ");
System.out.println("\n");
do
{
str = br.readLine();
int textLength = str.length();
for (int i = 0; i < str.length; i++)
{
char ch = Character.toUpperCase(str.charAt(i));
System.out.print(ch);
}
} while (!str.equals("exit"));
}
}

#2. Assuming you have a directory containing the following files:
sprite, cola, choco, orange, book, lemon, lotus, apple
Use the ls command to list only those files that
a) consist of four letters
b) begin with the letter c
c) end with the letter e
d) have the second letter o
a) consist of four letters
ls ????
b) begin with the letter c
c*.*
c) end with the letter e
*e.*
d) have the second letter o
?o.*

SET 15
#1. Write a program to create a thread by extending the thread class.
import java.lang.*;
class Child extends Thread
{
Child()
{
super("Thread Demo");
System.out.println("Child Thread :" +this);
start();
}
public void run()
{
try
{
for(int i = 5; i > 0; i--)
{
System.out.println("Child Thread: " + i);
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
}
catch (InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println("Child interrupted.");
}
System.out.println("Exiting child thread.");
}
}
class ExtendThread
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
new Child();
try
{
for(int i = 5; i > 0; i--)
{
System.out.println("Main Thread: " + i);
Thread.sleep(1500);
}
}
catch (InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println("Main thread interrupted.");
}
System.out.println("Main thread exiting.");
}
}

#2. For a file named myfile in the working directory, do the following:
a) give everyone permission to read myfile. No other privilege is to be changed
b) allow the owner and group members to read and write the file. All privileges are
to be removed for everyone else.
c) remove write privileges from everyone except the owner
d) allow the owner and group members to execute myfile and give only the owner
permission to read or write to it.
a)Ans :- chmod a+r myfile
b)Ans:- chmod 660 myfile
c)Ans:- chmod go-w myfile
d)Ans:- chmod 710 myfile , chmod ug=x,u+rw myfile

SET 16
#1. Use the echo command to display the line
UNIX is fun to learn
Redirect the displayed line to a file. Append the outputs of the commands to show the users logged into your system, your login account and the current date in the dd-mm-yyyy format to the file.
echo ”UNIX is fun to learn”
script –a myfile who –a whoami date +%d-%m-%Y

#2. Using for loop write a program to print the table of a given number on the screen.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Table
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int num,i,res;
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a number : ");
num =s.nextInt();
for(i=1; i<=10; i++)
{
res=i*num;
System.out.println(res);
}
}
}

C++ PROGRAMS

2012-05-11T21:59:00.002+05:30

C++ Program to output an integer, a floating point number and a character

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int x = 10;
float y = 10.1;
char z = 'a';
cout << "x = " << x << endl;
cout << "y = " << y << endl;
cout << "z = " << z << endl;
getch();
}
This program has pre-defined values for an integer x, floating point number y, and a character z.
These three values are outputted using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
No inputs from the user for this program.

Output:-
x = 10
y = 10.1
z = a

C++ Program to find the sum, difference, product and quotient of two integers

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int x = 10;
int y = 2;
int sum, difference, product, quotient;
sum = x + y;
difference = x - y;
product = x * y;
quotient = x / y;
cout << "The sum of " << x << " & " << y << " is " << sum << "." << endl;
cout << "The difference of " << x << " & " << "y << is " << difference << "." << endl;
cout << "The product of " << x << " & " << y << " is " << product << "." << endl;
cout << "The quotient of " << x << " & " << y << " is " << quotient << "." << endl;
getch();
}
This program has pre-defined values for two integers x and y.
The sum, difference, product and quotient of these two values are calculated and then outputted using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
No inputs from the user for this program.

Output:-
The sum of 10 & 2 is 12.
The difference of 10 & 2 is 8.
The product of 10 & 2 is 20.
The quotient of 10 & 2 is 5.

Program to enter two integers and find their sum and average

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int x,y,sum;
float average;
cout << "Enter 2 integers : " << endl;
cin>>x>>y;
sum=x+y;
average=sum/2;
cout << "The sum of " << x << " and " << y << " is " << sum << "." << endl;
cout << "The average of " << x << " and " << y << " is " << average << "." << endl;
getch();
}
This program takes in two integers x and y as a screen input from the user.
The sum and average of these two integers are calculated and outputted using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
8 6

Output:-
The sum of 8 and 6 is 14.
The average of 8 and 6 is 7.

Program to enter velocity, acceleration and time and print final velocity using the formula: v = u + a * t

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int v,u,a,t;
cout << "Enter the velocity, acceleration, time as integers : " << endl;
cin>>u>>a>>t;
v=u+a*t;
cout << "The final velocity is " << v << "." << endl;
getch();
}
This program takes in the velocity, acceleration and the time as a screen input from the user.
The final velocity is calculated using the formula v = u + a * t, and then outputted using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
20 10 5

Output:-
The final velocity is 70.

Program to enter your age and print if you should be in grade 10

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int age;
cout << "Enter your present age : " << endl;
cin>>age;
if(age==16)
{
cout << "Your present age is " << age << " years." << endl;
cout << "You are of the right age for joining grade 10 !" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "Your present age is " << age << " years." << endl;
cout << "You are not of the right age for joining grade 10 !" << endl;
}
getch();
}
This program takes in the age as a screen input from the user.
The program tells the user whether he/she should be in grade 10 or not by using the 'IF-ELSE' command.
It then prints out the appropriate message using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
15

Output:-
Your present age is 15 years.
You are not of the right age for joining grade 10 !

Program to enter an integer and print if it is greater or less than 100

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main(){
clrscr();
int x;
cout << "Enter an integer : " << endl;
cin>>x;
if(x>100)
{
cout << x << " is greater than 100." << endl;
}
else
{
cout << x << " is less than 100." << endl;
}
getch();
}
This program takes in an integer x as a screen input from the user.
The program tells the user whether that integer is greater than 100 or less than 100.
It then prints out the appropriate message using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
74

Output:-
74 is less than 100.

Program to enter the sale value and print the agent's commission

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
long int svalue;
float commission;
cout << "Enter the total sale value : " << endl;
cin>>svalue;
if(svalue<=10000)
{
commission=svalue*5/100;
cout << "For a total sale value of $" << svalue << ", ";
cout << "the agent's commission is $" << commission;
}
else if(svalue<=25000)
{
commission=svalue*10/100;
cout << "For a total sale value of $" << svalue << ", ";
cout << "the agent's commission is $" << commission;
}
else if(svalue>25000)
{
commission=svalue*20/100;
cout << "For a total sale value of $" << svalue << ", ";
cout << "the agent's commission is $" << commission;
}
getch();
}
This program takes in the total sale value as a screen input from the user.
The program then calculates the agent's commission with the help of the 'IF-ELSE' command as follows :
5% if the total sale value is less than or equal to $10000.
10% if the total sale value is less than or equal to $25000.
20% if the total sale value is greater than $25000. It then outputs the agent's commission using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
26000

Output:-
For a total sale value of $26000, the agent's commission is $5200

Program to switch between different cases

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
int choice;
cout << "1. Talk" << endl;
cout << "2. Eat" << endl;
cout << "3. Play" << endl;
cout << "4. Sleep" << endl;
cout << "Enter your choice : " << endl;
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1 : cout << "You chose to talk...talking too much is a bad habit." << endl;
break;
case 2 : cout << "You chose to eat...eating healthy foodstuff is good." << endl;
break;
case 3 : cout << "You chose to play...playing too much everyday is bad." << endl;
break;
case 4 : cout << "You chose to sleep...sleeping enough is a good habit." << endl;
break;
default : cout << "You did not choose anything...so exit this program." << endl;
}
getch();
}
This program takes in the user's choice as a screen input.
Depending on the user's choice, it switches between the different cases.
The appropriate message is then outputted using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
3

Output:-
You chose to play...playing too much everyday is bad.

Program to enter the principal, rate & time and print the simple interest

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int x;
float sinterest,principal,rate,time;
for(x=4;x>=0;x--)
{
cout << "Enter the principal, rate & time : " << endl;
cin>>principal>>rate>>time;
sinterest=(principal*rate*time)/100;
cout << "Principal = $" << principal << endl;
cout << "Rate = " << rate << "%" << endl;
cout << "Time = " << time << " years" << endl;
cout << "Simple Interest = $" << sinterest << endl;
}
getch();
}
This program takes in the prinicipal, rate and time as a screen input from the user.
The program is executed (run) 5 times using the 'FOR' loop.
It calculates the simple interest using the formula I = PTR/100.
The principal, rate, time and the simple interest are then outputted using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
1000 5 3

Output:-
Principal = $1000
Rate = 5%
Time = 3 years
Simple Interest = $150

Program to enter an integer and print if it is prime or composite

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int num1,x;
cout << "Enter an integer : " << endl;
cin>>num1;
for(x=2;x<num1;x++)
{
if(num1%x==0)
{
cout << num1 << " is a composite number." << endl;
getch();
exit(0);
}
else
{
cout << num1 << " is a prime number." << endl;
getch();
exit(0);
}
}
}
This program takes in an integer num1 as a screen input from the user.
It then determines whether the integer is prime or composite.
It finally outputs the approriate message by writing to the 'cout' stream.

Input:-
23

Output:-
23 is a prime number.

Program to enter a string and find its length

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int slength;
char x[81]; //Allowing the user to input a maximum of 80 characters.
cout << "Enter the string : " << endl;
cin>>x;
slength=strlen(x);
cout << "The length of the string " << x << " is " << slength << "." << endl;
getch();
}
This program takes in a string x as a screen input from the user.
It then determines the length of the string using the 'strlen' function.
This length is finally outputted using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
goldfish

Output:-
The length of the string goldfish is 8.

Program to enter an integer and output the cube of that integer

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int cube(int x); //The prototype.

void main()
{
clrscr();
int a;
cout << "Enter an integer : ";
cin>>a;
cout << "The cube of " << a << " is: " << cube(a) << endl; //Call the function cube(a).
getch();
}
//Defining the function.
int cube(int x)
{
int y;
y=x*x*x;
return(y);
}
This program takes in an integer a as a screen input from the user.
It then determines the integer's cube and outputs it using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
8

Output:-
The cube of 8 is: 512

Program to enter an integer and print out its successor

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
void value(int);

void main()
{
clrscr();
int x;
cout << "Enter an integer : ";
cin>>x;
cout << "The successor of " << x << " is ";
value(x);
getch();
}
void value(int x)
{
x++;
cout << x << "." << endl;
}
This program takes in an integer x as a screen input from the user.
It then determines the successor of the integer and outputs it using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
49

Output:-
The successor of 49 is 50.

Program to draw 2 rectangles and fill 1 of them

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <graphics.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int gd = DETECT,gm,errorcode; //Requesting auto-detection.

//Initializing graphics and local variables.
initgraph (&gd, &gm, "d:\\bc3\\bgi"); //Path where graphics drivers are installed

//Read result of initialization.
errorcode = graphresult();

//An error occured.
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
cout << "Graphics error occured : \n" << grapherrormsg(errorcode) << endl;
cout << "Press any key to stop : ";
getch();
exit(1);
}

/*Drawing a rectangle having top LHS vertex at (300, 300)
and bottom RHS vertex at (600, 400)*/
rectangle(300, 300, 600, 400);
rectangle(100, 100, 200, 200);
getch();
floodfill(120, 120, WHITE);
getch();
closegraph();
}
This graphics program draws two rectangles, but fills in only one of them with a white color using the 'floodfill' command.

Input:-

Output:-

Program to draw circles

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <graphics.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int gd=DETECT,gm,errorcode; //Requesting auto-detection.
//Initializing graphics and local variables.
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"d:\\bc3\\bgi"); //Path where graphics drivers are installed
//Reading result of initialization.
errorcode=graphresult();
//An error occured.
if (errorcode!=grOk)
{
cout << "Graphics error occured : \n" << grapherrormsg(errorcode) << endl;
cout << "Press any key to stop : ";
getch();
exit(1);
}
circle(200,200,50); //Drawing a circle having center(200,200) and radius(50).
getch();
circle(300,203,40); //Drawing a circle having center(300,203) and radius(40).
getch();
circle(500,303,80); //Drawing a circle having center(500,303) and radius(80).
getch();
closegraph();
}
This graphics program draws three circles on the screen.

Input:-

Output:-

Program to change the background colors on the screen

Program:-
#include <conio.h>
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void main (int)
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode,errorcode; //Requesting auto-detection.
int midx,midy,x;
//Initializing graphics and local variables.
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"d:\\bc3\\bgi");
//Reading result of initialization.
errorcode=graphresult();
if(errorcode!=grOk)
//An error occurred.
{
printf("Graphics error occurred : %s \n",grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to stop : ");
getch();
exit(1); //Terminate the program due to error.
}
/*Changing the background color.
Note : Press enter to see the first screen as it is black and
it may appear as if the program has stopped running.*/
for(x=0;x<=15;x++)
{
setbkcolor(x);
getch();
}
closegraph();
}
This graphics program changes the background colors on the screen gradually from black to white using the 'setbkcolor' command.

Input:-

Output:-

Program to change the foreground colors and draw circles on the screen

Program:-
#include <conio.h>
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void main (int)
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode,errorcode; //Requesting auto-detection.
int midx,midy,x;
//Initializing graphics and local variables.
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"d:\\bc3\\bgi");
//Reading result of initialization.
errorcode=graphresult();
if(errorcode!=grOk)
//An error occurred.
{
printf("Graphics error occurred : %s \n",grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to stop : ");
getch();
exit(1); //Terminate the program due to error.
}
/*Changing the foreground color.
Note : Press enter to exit the last screen as it is black and
it may appear as if the program has stopped running.*/
for(x=15;x>=0;x--)
{
setcolor(x);
circle(20+(x*40),200,15);/*Changing x-coordinate by 50 each time so that
the circles do not overlap.*/
getch();
}
cleardevice(); //Clearing the screen in the graphics mode.
circle(200,200,50);
getch();
closegraph();
}
This graphics program changes the foreground colors on the screen gradually from white to black, in-turn drawing circles of that foreground color, using the 'setcolor' command.

Input:-

Output:-

Program to write in different fonts on the screen

Program:-
#include <conio.h>
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void main (int)
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode,errorcode; //Requesting auto-detection.
int midx,midy,fstyle;
//Initializing graphics and local variables.
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"d:\\bc3\\bgi");
//Reading result of initialization.
errorcode=graphresult();
if(errorcode!=grOk)
//An error occurred.
{
printf("Graphics error occurred : %s \n",grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to stop : ");
getch();
exit(1); //Terminate the program due to error.
}
//Changing the font styles using a loop.
cleardevice();
settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT,HORIZ_DIR,4);
/*The above statement means that it is the default font in the horizontal
direction and the font size is 4.*/
//Outputting a message.
outtextxy(200,200,"Default font");
getch();
cleardevice();
settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT,VERT_DIR,5);
/*The above statement means that it is the triplex font in the vertical
direction and the font size is 5.*/
//Outputting a message.
outtextxy(200,200,"Triplex font");
getch();
cleardevice();
settextstyle(GOTHIC_FONT,HORIZ_DIR,5);
/*The above statement means that it is the default font in the horizontal
direction and the font size is 2.*/
//Outputting a message.
outtextxy(200,200,"Gothic font");
getch();
cleardevice();
settextstyle(SMALL_FONT,VERT_DIR,5);
/*The above statement means that it is the small font in the vertical
direction and the font size is 5.*/
//Outputting a message.
outtextxy(200,200,"Small font");
getch();
cleardevice();
settextstyle(SANS_SERIF_FONT,HORIZ_DIR,5);
/*The above statement means that it is the sans serif font in the horizontal
direction and the font size is 5.*/
//Outputting a message.
outtextxy(200,200,"Sans Serif font");
getch();
closegraph();
}
This graphics program switches between default font, triplex font, gothic font, small font and sans serif font using the 'settextstyle' command.

Input:-

Output:-

Program to construct a 3-dimensional bar

Program:-
#include <conio.h>
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void main (int)
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode,errorcode; //Requesting auto-detection.
int midx,midy,x;
//Initializing graphics and local variables.
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"d:\\bc3\\bgi");
//Reading result of initialization.
errorcode=graphresult();
if(errorcode!=grOk)
//An error occurred.
{
printf("Graphics error occurred : %s \n",grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to stop : ");
getch();
exit(1); //Terminate the program due to error.
}

setfillstyle(EMPTY_FILL,0);
/*The above statement means that the setfillstyle function is used to
set the fill style of the 3-d bar as a blank.*/
bar3d(200,200,300,450,10,1);
getch();
closegraph();
}
This graphics program outputs a rectangular slab (cuboid) on the screen using the 'bar3d' command.

Input:-

Output:-

Program to plot pixels

Program:-
#include <conio.h>
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void main (int)
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode,errorcode; //Requesting auto-detection.
int midx,midy,x;
//Initializing graphics and local variables.
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"d:\\bc3\\bgi");
//Reading result of initialization.
errorcode=graphresult();
if(errorcode!=grOk)
//An error occurred.
{
printf("Graphics error occurred : %s \n",grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to stop : ");
getch();
exit(1); //Terminate the program due to error.
}
for(x=40;x<120;x=x+10)
{
putpixel(x,200,14); //Plots 1 pixel at position(x,200) with YELLOW color(14)
getch();
}
}
This graphics program plots eight yellow-colored pixels on the screen using the 'putpixel' command.

Input:-

Output:-

Program to enter two integers and print the quotient and remainder

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
int x,y,quotient,remainder;
cout << "Enter 2 integers greater than 0 : ";
cin>>x>>y;
quotient=x/y;
remainder=x-(quotient*y);
cout << "Quotient of " << x << " & " << y << " = " << quotient << "\n";
cout << "Remainder" << " = " << remainder << "\n";
getch();
return 0;
}
This program takes in two integers x and y as a screen input from the user.
It then calculates their quotient and remainder and outputs them using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
23 4

Output:-
Quotient of 23 & 4 = 5
Remainder = 3

Program to enter an integer and find out if it is even or odd

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int x;
cout << "Enter an integer : ";
cin>>x;
if(x%2==0)
cout << "The number " << x << " is even.";
else
cout << "The number " << x << " is odd.";
getch();
}
This program takes in an integer x as a screen input from the user.
It then determines whether the integer is odd or even and outputs the appropriate message using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
86

Output:-
The number 86 is even.

Program to enter three integers and output the biggest integer

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
int x,y,z,biggest;
cout << "Enter 3 integers : ";
cin>>x>>y>>z;
biggest=x>y?(x>z?x:z):(y>z?y:z);
cout << "The biggest integer out of the 3 integers you typed ";
cout << x << ", " << y << " & " << z << " is : " << "\n" << biggest << "\n";
getch();
return 0;
}
This program takes in three integers x, y and z as a screen input from the user.
It then determines the biggest integer of the three and outputs it using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
63 73 79

Output:-
The biggest integer out of the 3 integers you typed 64, 73 & 79 is :
79

Program to enter three integers and output the biggest integer using IF

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
int x,y,z,biggest;
cout << "Enter 3 integers : ";
cin>>x>>y>>z;
biggest=x;
if(y>biggest)
biggest=y;
if(z>biggest)
biggest=z;
cout << "The biggest integer out of the 3 integers you typed ";
cout << x << ", " << y << " & " << z << " is : " << "\n" << biggest << "\n";
getch();
return 0;
}
This program takes in three integers x, y and z as a screen input from the user.
It then determines the biggest integer of the three using the 'IF' statement.
It then outputs the biggest integer using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
32 47 44

Output:-
The biggest integer out of the 3 integers you typed 32, 47 & 44 is :
47

Program to enter an integer and output its 15 multiples

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
int x;
cout << "Enter an integer less than 2185 : ";
cin>>x;
cout << "The first 15 multiples of " << x << " are : ";
for(int y=1;y<16;y++)
cout << "\n" << x << "x" << y << "=" << x*y;
getch();
return 0;
}
This program takes in an integer x as a screen input from the user.
It then calculates the first fifteen multiples of that integer and outputs it using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
12

Output:-
The first 15 multiples of 12 are :
12x1=12
12x2=24
12x3=36
12x4=48
12x5=60
12x6=72
12x7=84
12x8=96
12x9=108
12x10=120
12x11=132
12x12=144
12x13=156
12x14=168
12x15=180

Program to enter the unit reading and output the customer's telephone bill

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
long int units,charge=0;
float total;
const int rent=25;
cout << "Enter the number of units used : ";
cin>>units;
if(units>200)
charge=(units-200)*20+150*40+50*60;
else if(units>50)
charge=(units-50)*40+50*60;
else
charge=units*60;
total=0.01*charge+rent;
cout << "You have used " << units << " units." << endl;
cout << "Your total telephone bill is $" << total;
getch();
return 0;
}
This program takes in the number of units used ('units') as a screen input from the user.
It then calculates the total telephone bill for the customer on the following basis :
A compulsory fee of $25, plus
60 cents per unit for the first 50 units,
40 cents per unit for the next 150 units,
20 cents per unit for anything above 200 units.
It then outputs the bill using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
250

Output:-
You have used 250 units.
Your total bill is $125

Program to count the number of words and characters in a sentence

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int countch=0;
int countwd=1;
cout << "Enter your sentence in lowercase: " << endl;
char ch='a';
while(ch!='\r')
{
ch=getche();
if(ch==' ')
countwd++;
else
countch++;
}
cout << "\n Words = " << countwd << endl;
cout << "Characters = " << countch-1 << endl;
getch();
}
This program takes in a sentence as a screen input from the user.
It then determines the number of words and characters in the sentence using the 'WHILE' loop and outputs them using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
this is a nice program

Output:-
Words = 5
Characters = 18

Program to enter salary and output income tax and net salary

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int itrate;
float salary,itax,nsalary=0;
cout << "Enter the salary : ";
cin>>salary;
if(salary>15000)
{
itax=salary*30/100;
itrate=30;
}
else if(salary>=7000)
{
itax=salary*20/100;
itrate=20;
}
else
{
itax=salary*10/100;
itrate=10;
}
nsalary=salary-itax;
cout << "Salary = $" << salary << endl;
cout << "Your income tax @ " << itrate << "% = $" << itax << endl;
cout << "Your net salary = $" << nsalary << endl;
getch();
}
This program takes in the salary of the employee as a screen input from the user.
It then deducts the income tax from the salary on the following basis :
30% income tax if the salary is above $15000.
20% income tax if the salary is between $7000 and $15000.
10% income tax if the salary is below $7000.
The salary, income tax and the net salary is then outputted using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
12000

Output:-
Salary = $12000
Your income tax @ 20% = $2400
Your net salary = $9600

Program to find the roots of a quadratic equation

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
float a,b,c,d,root1,root2;
cout << "Enter the 3 coefficients a, b, c : " << endl;
cin>>a>>b>>c;
if(!a){
if(!b)
cout << "Both a and b cannot be 0 in ax^2 + bx + c = 0" << "\n";
else
{
d=-c/b;
cout << "The solution of the linear equation is : " << d << endl;
}
}
else
{
d=b*b-4*a*c;
if(d>0)
root1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a);
root2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a);
cout << "The first root = " << root1 << endl;
cout << "The second root = " << root2 << endl;
}
getch();
return 0;
}
This program takes in the values of the three coefficients a, b, and c as a screen input from the user.
It then determines the roots of the quadratic equation using the formula ax^2 + bx + c = 0.
The two roots are then outputted using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
4 4 -3

Output:-
The first root = 0.5
The second root = -1.5

Program to enter an integer and output it in the reversed form

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
long int num1,num2,rnum=0;
cout << "Enter an integer : " << endl;
cin>>num1;
num2=num1;
do
{
rnum=rnum*10;
int digit=num1%10;
rnum+=digit;
num1/=10;
}
while(num1);
cout << "The integer you typed is " << num2 << "." << endl;
cout << "The reversed integer is " << rnum << "." << endl;
getch();
}
This program takes in an integer num1 as a screen input from the user.
It then outputs the integer in its reversed form using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
987

Output:-
The integer you typed is 987.
The reversed integer is 789.

Program to enter an integer and print its total value based on the formula 'x - 1/3!x^3 + 1/5!x^5 - 1/7!x^7 + 1/9!x^9'

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
float factorial=1;
float num,tot,term,total;
int i,n=20,index,j=1;
cout << "Enter a single-digit integer : \n";
cin>>num;
tot=num;
total=num;
for(i=2,index=3;i<=n;i++,index+=2)
{
for(j=1,factorial=1;j<=index;j++)
factorial*=j;
tot=tot*pow((double)(-1),(double)(2*i-1))*num*num;
term=tot/factorial;
total+=term;
}
cout << "Total = " << total << endl;
getch();
return 0;
}
This program takes in an integer num as a screen input from the user.
It then calculates the total value of the integer based on the formula x - 1/3!x^3 + 1/5!x^5 - 1/7!x^7 + 1/9!x^9.
It then outputs the final answer using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
3

Output:-
Total = 0.14112

Program to find the sum of each row & column of a matrix of size n x m and if matrix is square, find the sum of the diagonals also.

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
int A[10][10],m,n,x,y,sum=0;
//Create a Matrix A
cout << "Enter number of rows and columns in Matrix A : \n";
cin>>n>>m;
cout << "Enter elements of Matrix A : \n";
for(x=1;x<n+1;++x)
for(y=1;y<m+1;++y)
cin>>A[x][y];
//Find sum of each row
for(x=1;x<n+1;++x)
{
A[x][m+1]=0;
for(y=1;y<m+1;++y)
A[x][m+1]=A[x][m+1]+A[x][y];
}
//Find sum of each column
for(y=1;y<m+1;++y)
{
A[n+1][y]=0;
for(x=1;x<n+1;++x)
A[n+1][y]+=A[x][y];
}
cout << "\nMatrix A, Row Sum (Last Column)" << " and Column Sum (Last Row) : \n";
for(x=1;x<n+1;++x)
{
for(y=1;y<m+2;++y)
cout << A[x][y] << " ";
cout << "\n";
}
//Print sum of each column
x=n+1;
for(y=1;y<m+1;++y)
cout << A[x][y] << " ";
cout << "\n";
if(m==n)
{
for(x=1;x<m+1;x++)
for(y=1;y<n+1;y++)
if(x==y)
sum+=A[x][y];
else
if(y==m-(x+1))
sum+=A[x][y];
}
cout << "Sum of diagonal elements is : " << sum << endl;
getch();
return 0;
}
This program takes in the number of rows (n) and columns (m) as well as the elements as a screen input in a matrix n x m.
It then calculates the sum of each row and each column and outputs it using the 'cout' command.
Also, if it is a square matrix, it calculates the sum of diagonal elements and prints it out.

Input:-
3 3
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Output:-
Matrix A, Row Sum(Last Column) and Column Sum(Last Row) :
9 8 7 24
6 5 4 15
3 2 1 6
18 15 12
Sum of diagonal elements is : 15

Program to convert 2-digit octal number into binary number and print it

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
void octobin(int);

void main()
{
clrscr();
int a;
cout << "Enter a 2-digit octal number : ";
cin>>a;
octobin(a);
getch();
}
void octobin(int oct)
{
long bnum=0;
int A[6];
//Each octal digit is converted into 3 bits, 2 octal digits = 6 bits.
int a1,a2,quo,rem;
a2=oct/10;
a1=oct-a2*10;
for(int x=0;x<6;x++)
{
A[x]=0;
}
//Storing the remainders of the one's octal digit in the array.
for (x=0;x<3;x++)
{
quo=a1/2;
rem=a1%2;
A[x]=rem;
a1=quo;
}
//Storing the remainders of the ten's octal digit in the array.
for(x=3;x<6;x++)
{
quo=a2/2;
rem=a2%2;
A[x]=rem;
a2=quo;
}
//Obtaining the binary number from the remainders.
for(x=x-1;x>=0;x--)
{
bnum*=10;
bnum+=A[x];
}
cout << "The binary number for the octal number " << oct << " is " << bnum << "." << endl;
}
This program takes in a two-digit octal number a as a screen input from the user.
It then converts the octal number into a binary number and outputs it using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
13

Output:-
The binary number for the octal number 13 is 1011.

Program to convert days into years and weeks

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int days,years,weeks,num1;
cout << "Enter the number of days : " << endl;
cin>>days;
years=days/365;
num1=days-(years*365);
weeks=days/7;
num1=days-(weeks*7);
cout << days << " days = " << endl;
cout << weeks << " weeks OR " << endl;
cout << years << " years." << endl;
getch();
}
This program takes in the number of days days as a screen input from the user.
It then converts the days into years as well as weeks and outputs it using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
789

Output:-
789 days =
112 weeks OR
2 years.

Program to find the total days in the year till date

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int day,month,total;
int days_per_month[12]={31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31};
cout << "Enter the month : " << endl;
cin>>month;
cout << "Enter the day : " << endl;
cin>>day;
total=day;
for(int x=0;x<month-1;x++)
total+=days_per_month[x];
cout << "The number of days in this year till date = " << total << endl;
getch();
}
This program takes in the current day and month as a screen input from the user.
It then calculates the total number of days in the current year till date and outputs it using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
6
12

Output:-
The number of days in this year till date = 163

Program to compute the Fibonacci series

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int a,b,x,y,num1,ct;
a=0;
b=1;
cout << "Enter the number of terms (less than 25) : " << endl;
cin>>num1;
cout << a << endl;
cout << b << endl;
for(ct=1;ct<=num1-2;ct++)
{
x=a+b;
cout << x << endl;
y=a;
a=b;
b=x;
}
getch();
}
This program takes in the number of terms num1 in the fibonacci series (less than 25) as a screen input from the user.
It then computes the fibonacci series and prints it out using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
12

Output:-
0
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
55
89

Program to identify if an input is a symbol, digit or character

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
char charac;
cout << "Enter your input : " << endl;
cin>>charac;
if(((charac>='A')&&(charac<='Z'))||((charac>='a')&&(charac<='z')))
cout << "Your input " << charac << " is a character." << endl;
else if((charac>='0')&&(charac<='9'))
cout << "Your input " << charac << " is a digit." << endl;
else
cout << "Your input " << charac << " is a symbol." << endl;
getch();
}
This program takes in a character, a digit or a symbol charac as a screen input from the user.
It then identifies whether the input is a symbol, a digit or a character and outputs the appropriate message using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
#

Output:-
Your input # is a symbol.

Program to enter a letter and output the next 2 letters

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
char charac;
cout << "Enter your letter : " << endl;
cin>>charac;
cout << "The 2 letters are : " << endl;
cout << (char)(charac-1) << endl;
cout << (char)(charac+1) << endl;
getch();
}
This program takes in a letter charac of the English alphabet as a screen input from the user.
It then determines its previous letter and next letter and prints it out using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
x

Output:-
The next 2 letters after x are :
y
z

Program to enter a character and output its ASCII code

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
char charac;
cout << "Enter the character : " << endl;
cin>>charac;
int num1=charac;
cout << "The ASCII code for " << charac << " is " << num1 << "." << endl;
getch();
}
This program takes in any character charac as a screen input from the user.
It then finds out its ASCII code and outputs it using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
a

Output:-
The ASCII code for a is 97.

Program to print the first 10 lines of pascal's triangle

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <iomanip.h>
long triangle(int x,int y);
int main()
{
clrscr();
const lines=10;
for (int i=0;i<lines;i++)
for (int j=1;j<lines-i;j++)
cout << setw(2) << " ";
for (int j=0;j<=i;j++)
cout << setw(4) << triangle(i,j);
cout << endl;
getch();
}
long triangle(int x,int y)
{
if(x<0||y<0||y>x)
return 0;
long c=1;
for (int i=1;i<=y;i++,x--)
c=c*x/i;
return c;
}
This program does not take in any screen inputs from the user.
It just prints out the first ten lines of the pascal's triangle using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
No input from the user for this program.

Output:-
1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1

Program to convert temperatures from Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice versa

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int choice;
float ctemp,ftemp;
cout << "1.Celsius to Fahrenheit" << endl;
cout << "2.Fahrenheit to Celsius" << endl;
cout << "Choose between 1 & 2 : " << endl;
cin>>choice;
if (choice==1)
{
cout << "Enter the temperature in Celsius : " << endl;
cin>>ctemp;
ftemp=(1.8*ctemp)+32;
cout << "Temperature in Fahrenheit = " << ftemp << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "Enter the temperature in Fahrenheit : " << endl;
cin>>ftemp;
ctemp=(ftemp-32)/1.8;
cout << "Temperature in Celsius = " << ctemp << endl;
}
getch();
}
This program takes in the user's choice choice as a screen input from the user.
It then asks the user for a temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit depending on the choice.
It then converts the Celsius temperature to Fahrenheit or vice versa and prints it out using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
2
98.6

Output:-
Temperature in Celcius = 37

Program to enter a sentence and output the number of uppercase & lowercase consonants, uppercase & lowercase vowels in sentence.

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
char line[80];
int number_of_vowels,uc,lc,uv,lv;
uc=lc=uv=lv=0;
cout << "Enter your sentence : " << endl;
cin.getline(line,80);
for(int x=0; line[x]!='\0';x++)
{
if(line[x]=='A'||line[x]=='E'||line[x]=='I'||line[x]=='O'||line[x]=='U')
uv++;
else if(line[x]=='a'||line[x]=='e'||line[x]=='i'||line[x]=='o'||line[x]=='u')
lv++;
else if(line[x]>+65&&line[x]<=90)
uc++;
else if (line[x]>=97&&line[x]<=122)
lc++;
}
//Printing the output.
cout << "Uppercase Consonants = " << uc << "." << endl;
cout << "Lowercase Consonants = " << lc << "." << endl;
cout << "Uppercase Vowels = " << uv << "." << endl;
cout << "Lowercase Vowels = " << lv << "." << endl;
number_of_vowels=uv+lv;
cout << "Number of vowels = " << number_of_vowels << endl;
getch();
}
This program takes in a sentence as a screen input from the user.
It then computes the number of uppercase and lowercase consonants, uppercase and lowercase vowels and the total number of vowels.
It then outputs it using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
These programs are truly AMAZING

Output:-
Uppercase Consonants = 5.
Lowercase Consonants = 13.
Uppercase Vowels = 3.
Lowercase Vowels = 7.
Number of vowels = 10

Program to enter 10 integers in a single-dimension array and then print out the array in ascending order

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int array[10],t;
for(int x=0;x<10;x++)
{
cout << "Enter Integer No. " << x+1 << " : " << endl;
cin>>array[x];
}
for (x=0;x<10;x++)
{
for(int y=0;y<9;y++)
{
if(array[y]>array[y+1])
{
t=array[y];
array[y]=array[y+1];
array[y+1]=t;
}
}
}
cout << "Array in ascending order is : ";
for (x=0;x<10;x++)
cout << endl << array[x];
getch();
}
This program takes in the ten integers array[x] to be stored in the single-dimensional array as a screen input from the user.
It then sorts out these ten integers into ascending order and prints them out using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
43
67
53
21
6
78
92
48
95
8

Output:-
Array in ascending order is :
6
8
21
43
48
53
67
78
92
95

Program to find the sum of either of the diagonals of a 4 x 4 matrix

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
int x;
int A[4][4],sum=0; //Reading the matrix.
cout << "Enter the elements of the matrix : " << endl;
for(int y=0;y<4;y++)
for (int x=0;x<4;x++)
{
cout << "Element " << x+1 << ", " << y+1 << " : ";
cin>>A[x][y];
}
//Sum of either of the diagonal elements.
for(x=0;x<4;x++)
for(y=0;y<4;y++)
if(x==y)
sum+=A[x][y];
else if(y==4-(1+1));
sum+=A[x][y];
cout << "Sum of either of the diagonal elements is : " << sum;
getch();
}
This program takes in the elements A[x][y] of the 4 x 4 matrix as a screen input from the user.
It then calculates the sum of either of its diagonals and outputs it using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Output:-
Sum of either of the diagonal elements is : 34

Program to enter three integers and output the smallest integer using IF

Program:-
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
int x,y,z,smallest;
cout << "Enter 3 integers : ";
cin>>x>>y>>z;
smallest=x;
if(y<smallest)
smallest=y;
if(z<smallest)
smallest=z;
cout << "The smallest integer out of the 3 integers you typed ";
cout << x << ", " << y << " & " << z << " is : " << "\n" << smallest << "\n";
getch();
return 0;
}
This program takes in three integers x, y and z as a screen input from the user.
It then determines the smallest integer of the three and prints it out using the 'cout' command.

Input:-
82 78 86

Output:-
The smallest integer out of the 3 integers you typed 82, 78 & 86 is :
78

UNIX & SHELL PROGRAMMING LAB ASSIGNMENT 4TH SEM SOLUTIONS

2012-05-10T07:06:00.000+05:30

1. Use the echo command to display the line UNIX is fun to learn
Ans :- echo "UNIX is fun to learn"

Redirect the displayed line to a file. Append the outputs of the commands to show the users logged into your system, your login account and the current date in the dd-mm-yyyy format to the file.
Ans :-who -u | cat > myfile
date +'%d-%m-%Y' | cat > myfile

2. Assuming you have a directory containing the following files:
sprite, cola, choco, orange, book, lemon, lotus, apple
Use the ls command to list only those files that
a) consist of four letters
b) begin with the letter c
c) end with the letter e
d) have the second letter o
a)Ans :- ls ????
b)Ans :- c*.*
c)Ans :- *c.*
d)Ans :- ?o.*

3. For a file named myfile in the working directory, do the following:
a) give everyone permission to read myfile. No other privilege is to be changed
b) allow the owner and group members to read and write the file. All privileges are to be removed for everyone else.
c) remove write privileges from everyone except the owner
d) allow the owner and group members to execute myfile and give only the owner permission to read or write to it.
a)Ans :- chmod a+r myfile
b)Ans:- chmod 660 myfile
c)Ans:- chmod go-w myfile
d)Ans:- chmod 710 myfile , chmod ug=x,u+rw myfile

4. For a directory myfolder in your working directory, do the following:
a) allow everyone to list files in myfolder. No other privileges are to be changed.
b) allow the owner to and group members to list, remove or add files. All privileges are to be removed from everyone else.
c) give write privileges to everyone except the owner
d) allow the owner and group members to execute myfolder. Only the owner gets read or write permission.
a)Ans:- chmod a+rx myfolder
b)Ans:-chmod 770 myfolder
c)Ans:- chmod go+w myfolder
d)Ans:- chmod 710 my folder

5. Put a long-running process in the background and check the accuracy of the sleep command.
Ans:- date;sleep10;date$

6. The ls command with the –R option lists the files in the specified directory and also subdirectories, if any. Use this with a suitable pip-and-filter arrangement to determine whether a file exists in the account logged in.
Ans:- echo “Enter the name to search :”
read file
dat =’ls-R $ Home 1 grep $ file’
if [-s “$ dat”]
then
echo “$file File exist”
else
echo “$file File not exist”
fi

7. Write an interactive shell using I/O redirection to accept input from file1, put stdout in file2 and stderr in file3.
Ans:- echo “Enter input file name:”
read f1
echo “Enter output file name:”
read f2
echo “Enter error file name:”
read f3
cat <$f1 , cat >$f2 , cat >$f3

8. Write a shell program to extract and sort all the users in the file system. Use the /etc/passwd file as input.
Ans:- first (with pipe and filter)
Cut –d ”:” –f1/etc/passwd | sort
Second (without pipe and filter)
Cut –d “:” –f1/etc/passwd>tmp sort<temp

9. Write a shell program to translate the /etc/passwd file into uppercase and translate
the “:” delimiter into tab characters.
Ans:- tr ”[a-z:]” “[A-Z:]” </etc/passwd

10. Write a shell program using if-the-else to test whether a variable name is a directory or a file.
Ans:- echo “Enter a name”
read name
if [-f $name]
then
echo “$name is a file”
then
echo “$name is a directory”
else
echo “$name is not a file nor a directory.”
fi

11. Write a shell program in which an infinite loop prompts a user for file names to be removed and remove the files. Use trap to exit when finished.
Ans:- trap ‘exit’ INT
While [true]
do
echo “Enter filename to be deleted (ctr+c to exit)”
read file
rm $file
done

12. Write a background command to edit all the files in the directory replacing the word while with until.
Ans:- replace while until __*s

13. Write a shell program to test for arguments arg1, arg2 and arg3. If they are not present, prompt the user for them.
Ans:- if [$ # -lt 3]
then
arg=’expr $ # +1’
while [$ arg –le 3]
do
echo “Enter argument number $arg:”
read val
set $* $val
arg=’expr $arg +1’
done
fi
echo “Argument on command line entered by you are:”
echo $*

14. Write a shell program that adds the integers 1 to 100 and displays the result with a suitable message.
Ans:- s=0
c=1
while [$c-le 100]
do
s=’expr $s + $c’
c=’expr $c + 1’
done
echo “Sum of 1 to 100 is $s”

15. Using awk, sum the file sizes in your working directory and print the results.
Ans:- awk ’ {total += length ($0)}
END ‘{Print total}’ * (sameline)

16. Using a case statement, write a shell program to read a command (eg., who, cal, ls, ps) from the user and execute it.
Ans:- echo “Enter any command:”
read com
case $com in
who ) who;;
cal) cal;;
ls) ls;;
ps) ps;;
*) echo “Invalid command”
esac

JAVA LAB ASSIGNMENT 4TH SEM SOLUTIONS

2012-04-24T15:31:00.001+05:30

//1. Write a program to print “Welcome to Java Programming” on the screen.
class welcome
{
    public static void main(String a[])
    {
        System.out.println("Welcome to Java Progamming");
    }
}

//2. Write a program to check whether the given two numbers are equal. If not then find the greater of the given two numbers.
import java.lang.*;
class Comparision
{
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        int x,y;
        x=67;
        y=97;

        if(x==y)
        {
            System.out.println("Given two number are equal");
        }
        else if(x>y)
        {
            System.out.println(x+ " is greater than " +y);
        }
        else
        {
            System.out.println(y+ " is greater than " +x);
        }
    }
}

//3. Using switch and case statements write a program to add, subtract, multiply and divide the two numbers.
import java.io.*;
public class BasicCalc
{
    public static void main(String a[])throws IOException
    {
        DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(System.in);
        System.out.println("What do you want to do? \n 1. Add, \n 2. Substract, \n 3. Multiply, \n 4. Divide");
        int i = Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());
        //int i=4;
        int m, n;
        m = 10;
        n = 5;
        switch (i)
        {
            case 1:
                System.out.println("Result after Adding" + " " + (m + n));
                break;
            case 2:
                System.out.println("Result after Substracting" + " " + (m - n));
                break;
            case 3:
                System.out.println("Result after Multiplying" + " " + (m * n));
                break;
            case 4:
                System.out.println("Result after Dividing" + " " + (m / n));
                break;
            default:
                System.out.println("This is not a valid input parameter");
                break;
        }
    }
}

//4. Using for loop write a program to print the table of a given number on the screen.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Table
{

    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        int num,i,res;

        Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter a number : ");
        num =s.nextInt();

        for(i=1; i<=10; i++)
        {
            res=i*num;
            System.out.println(res);
        }

    }

}

//5. Write a program to find the even sum and the odd sum in the given array.
class EvenOddSum
{
    static int sum1, sum2;
    static int n[] ={ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 92, 65, 45, 87 };
    public static void main(String a[])
    {
        for (int i = 0; i <>
        {
            if (n[i] % 2 == 0)
            {
                System.out.println(n[i] + " " + "*" + " " + "Even");
                sum1 = sum1 + n[i];
            }
            else
            {
                System.out.println(n[i] + " " + "*" + " " + "Odd");
                sum2 = sum2 + n[i];
            }
        }
        System.out.println("sum of even no. is " + sum1);
        System.out.println("sum of odd no. is " + sum2);
    }
}

//6. Write a program to print all the prime numbers between n and m.
import java.io.*;
class PrimeNumber
{
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
    {
        int i;
        BufferedReader bf = new BufferedReader(
                new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        System.out.println("Enter 1st number: ");

        int num = Integer.parseInt(bf.readLine());
        System.out.println("Enter 2nd number: ");
        int num2 = Integer.parseInt(bf.readLine());
        System.out.println("Prime numbers are: ");
        for (i = num; i <num2; i++)
        {
            int j;
            for (j=2; j<i; j++)
            {
                int n = i % j;
                if (n == 0)
                {
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (i == j)
            {
                System.out.print(" " + i);
            }
        }
    }
}

//7. Write a program to add the two matrices.

class MatrixSum
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int array[][]= {{4,5,6},{6,8,9}};
int array1[][]= {{5,4,6},{5,6,7}};
System.out.println("Number of Row = " + array.length);
System.out.println("Number of Column = " + array[1].length);
int l= array.length;
System.out.println("Matrix 1 : ");
for(int i = 0; i < l; i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j <= l; j++)
{
System.out.print(" "+ array[i][j]);
}
System.out.println();
}
int m= array1.length;
System.out.println("Matrix 2 : ");
for(int i = 0; i < m; i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j <= m; j++)
{
System.out.print(" "+array1[i][j]);
}
System.out.println();
}
System.out.println("Addition of both matrix : ");
for(int i = 0; i < m; i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j <= m; j++)
{
System.out.print(" "+(array[i][j]+array1[i][j]));
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}

//8. Write a class circle which consists of functions getdata() and area(), and also write a main program to create a circle object and to find the area by calling the function area () in circle class and display the result on the screen.
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;

class Circle
{
    double r,a;
    static final double p=3.14;

    public void getData()
    {
        try
        {
            BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
            System.out.println("Enter the radius of the circle :");
            r=Double.parseDouble(br.readLine());
        }
        catch(Exception e)
        {

        }
    }

    public void area()
    {
        a=p*(r*r);
        System.out.print("The area of the circle is :"+a);
    }

    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        Circle c=new Circle();
        c.getData();
        c.area();
    }
}

//9. Write a class Box with the variable width, depth and height and constructor to assigning the values for these variables and a method to find the volume of the box and also write the main program, which creates the box object, and find the volume of the box. Print the result on the screen.
class classBox
{
    static int width, depth, height;
    dimention()
    {
        width = 10;
        depth = 5;
        height = 20;
    }
    void volume()
    {
        int box = width * depth * height;
        System.out.println("volume of box is :" + " " + box);
    }
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        dimention box = new dimention();
        box.volume();
    }
}

//10. Write a program to demonstrate the method overloading for sum ( ) function.
class demo
{
    void add(int a)
    {
        System.out.println(a);
    }
    void add(int x, int y)
    {
        System.out.println(x + y);
    }
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        demo q = new demo();
        q.add(10);
        q.add(20, 30);
    }
}

//11. Write a program to demonstrate the overriding of constructor methods for the program no. 9.
class A
{
    String s = "Ravish";
    void display()
    {
        System.out.println(s);
    }
}
class B extends A
{
    void display()
    {
        System.out.println(s + " " + "Kumar");
    }
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        B over = new B();
        over.display();
    }
}

//12. Write a program to concatenate two strings
class Con
{
    public static void main(String a[])
    {
        String a1 = "Vikash";
        String a2 = "Sharma";
        System.out.println(a1.concat(" " + a2));
    }
}

//13. Write a program to find whether a given string is a palindrome or not.
class Palin
{
    public static void main(String []s)
    {
        int i=0,j;

        j=s[0].length()-1;

        while(i<j)
        {
            if(s[0].charAt(i) != s[0].charAt(j))
                break;
            i++;
            j--;
        }
        if(i<j)
            System.out.println("Not palin");
        else
            System.out.println("Palin");
    }
}

//14. Write a program to change the case of the given string.
import java.io.*;
class case
{
    public static void main(String ar[]) throws IOException
    {
        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        String str;
        System.out.println("Enter any String");
        System.out.println("and to quit write “ Exit“ ");
        System.out.println("\n");
        do
        {
            str = br.readLine();
            int textLength = str.length();
            for (int i = 0; i <>
            {
                char ch = Character.toUpperCase(str.charAt(i));
                System.out.print(ch);
            }
        } while (!str.equals("exit"));
    }
}

//15. Write a program to create a thread by extending the thread class.
import java.lang.*;
class Child extends Thread
{
    Child()
    {
        super("Thread Demo");
        System.out.println("Child Thread :" +this);
        start();
    }

    public void run()
    {
        try
        {
            for(int i = 5; i > 0; i--)
             {
            System.out.println("Child Thread: " + i);
            Thread.sleep(1000);
            }
        }
         catch (InterruptedException e)
        {
        System.out.println("Child interrupted.");
        }
        System.out.println("Exiting child thread.");
    }
}
class ExtendThread
{
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        new Child();
        try
        {
            for(int i = 5; i > 0; i--)
            {
                System.out.println("Main Thread: " + i);
                Thread.sleep(1500);
            }
        }
        catch (InterruptedException e)
        {
            System.out.println("Main thread interrupted.");
        }
        System.out.println("Main thread exiting.");
    }
}

KU ASSIGNMENT 4TH SEM TB - 44 - SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

2012-04-18T10:41:00.001+05:30

PART – A
I. Fill up the blanks using suitable word or phrase in the following sentences:
1) Software is a set of_____________that when executed provide desired function
and performance.
Ans. INSTRUCTIONS OR COMPUTER PROGRAMS
2) Software is a process and _____________.
Ans.:- PRODUCT
3) The_____________method is also known as the iterative enhancement model.
Ans. INCREMENTAL MODEL
4) An external entity is represented using _____________ in a DFD.
Ans. EXTERNAL DESIGN INTERFACE
5) The software requirements deal with the_____________of the proposed system.
Ans.- REQUIREMENTS
6) The weakest coupling that is most desirable is _____________.
Ans.- DATA COUPLING
7) The three important levels of abstraction are _____________,_____________,
and_____________.
Ans. PHYSICAL LEVEL, LOGICAL LEVEL ,VIEW LEVEL
8) P.D.L. stands for_____________.
Ans. PROGRAM DESIGN LANGUAGE
9) _____________helps to view the source code.
Ans. BROWSING TOOLS
10) _____________tools help in code creation, debugging and testing.
Ans.- EXECUTABLE CODE
11) The two kinds of program documentation are _____________and_____________
Ans. – INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
12) Estimation makes use of an important approach_____________.
Ans.- DECOMPOSITION
13) PERT stands for_____________.
Ans. :- PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE

II. Write brief answers to the following questions:
1) Define the terms risk mitigation, risk monitoring.
Ans.:- Risk mitigation refers to avoiding risks by developing a strategy for reducing the turn over thereby adopting a proactive approach to risks. Risk monitoring refers to monitoring the facts that may provide an indication of whether the risk is becoming more or less likely.
2) Name the important approaches used in program debugging.
Ans.:- There are three debugging approaches commonly used
- It occurs as a consequence of successful testing.
- When a test can uncovers an error, then debugging, a process that results in the removal of errors occur.
- Debugging process begins with the execution of test cases.
3) What are specification languages? Give an example.
Ans.:- specification languages posses many desired qualities of an SRS. Unlike formal languages of SRS must be exact, without ambiguity, and precise because the design specification, statement of work, and other project documents are what drive the development of the final product. Example :-Structured English, Regular Expression.

PART - B
1. a) What is software? List out the important characteristics of software.
Ans.:- Software is a set of instructions of computer programs that when executed provide desired function and performance. It is both a process and a product. To gain an understanding of software, it is important to examine the characteristics of software, which differ considerably from those of hardware.
Software Characteristic
1). Software is developed or engineered, it is not manufactured.
Unlike hardware, software is logical rather than physical. It has to be designed well before producing it. In spite of availability of many automated software development tools, it is the skill of the individual, creativity of the developers and proper management by the project manager that counts for a good software product.
2). Software does not “wear out”.
The hardware components start deteriorating – they are subjected to environmental maladies such as dust, vibration, temperature etc. and at some point of time they tend to breakdown. The defected components can then be traced and replaced.
3) Most software is custom-built, rather than being assembled from existing components
Most of the engineered products are first designed before they are manufactured. Designing includes identifying various components for the product before they are actually assembled. Here several people can work independently on these components thus making the manufacturing system highly flexible. in software , breaking a program into modules is a difficult task, since each module is highly interlinked with other modules.
b) Explain the waterfall model of software process. What are its limitations?
Ans.:-It is the simplest and the widely used process model for software development. Here the phases involved in the software development are organized in a linear order.
In a typical waterfall model, a project begins with the feasibility analysis. on successfully demonstrating the feasibility of a project, the requirements analysis and project planning begins. The design starts after completing the requirements analysis and coding starts after completing the design phase.
The limitations of waterfall model are:
nThe model states that the entire set of requirements should be frozen before development begins. This is possible for small projects, but is difficult for large projects where the exact requirements may not be known in advance.
nThe waterfall model requires formal documents after each phase. This is not possible in GUI-based applications where the documentation will be very extensive.
nThe customer sees the software only at the end of the development phase. As a result, the customer cannot suggest any changes until the product is delivered.
2. a) Describe the three generic views of software engineering.
Ans.:- The software engineering as such can be categorized in to three generic phases, regardless of application area, project size or complexity.
The three generic phases of software engineering are :-
 The definition phase
 The development phase
Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
 The maintenance phase
The definition phase developer attempts to identify what information is to be processed, what function and performance are desired, what system behavior can be expected, what interfaces are to be established, what design constraints exists, and what validation criteria are required to define a successful system.
The development phase attempts to define how data are to be structured, how function is to be implemented as a software architecture, how produces are to be implemented, how design will be translated, into a programming language, how testing will be performed.
The maintenance phase focus on change that is associated with the software.
Correction:- it is likely that are customers will find errors or defects in the software in spite of quality assurance activities.
Adaptations – As time progress, it is likely that the original environment for which the software was developed is likely to change.
Enhancement – as software is used, the customer will recognize the need for additional functional requirements that will benefit him.
Prevention – computer software deteriorates due to change. so, preventive maintenance, often called software reengineering must be conducted in order to make changes to the computer software more easily.
b) List out the important characteristics of good SRS.
Ans.:- A good SRS should be:
nComplete
nConsistent
nAccurate
nModifiable
nRanked
nTestable
nTraceable
nUnambiguous
nValid
3. a) Give the outline structure of SRS.
Ans.:- The outline of SRS structure is:
Introduction
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Document conventions
1.3 Intended audience
1.4 Additional information Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
1.5 Contact information/SRS team members
1.6 References
Overall Description
2.1 Product perspective
2.2 Product functions
2.3 User classes and characteristics
2.4 Operating environment
2.5 User environment
2.6 Design/implementation constraints
2.7 Assumptions and dependencies
External Interface Requirements
3.1 User interfaces
3.2 Hardware interfaces
3.3 Software interfaces
3.4 Communication protocols and interfaces
System Features
4.1 System feature A
4.1.1 Description and priority
4.1.2 Action/result
4.1.3 Functional requirements
4.2 System feature B
Other Nonfunctional Requirements
5.1 Performance requirements
5.2 Safety requirements
5.3 Security requirements
5.4 Software quality attributes
5.5 Project documentation
5.6 User documentation
b) Why is design an important phase in software development life cycle? Describe
design process.
Ans.:- Design is an important phase in the software development life cycle because it bridges the requirements specification and the final solution for satisfying the requirements.
The software design is an activity which is after the requirements analysis activity. This phase begins when the requirements document for the system to developed is available. Design is an important phase in the software development life cycle, it bridges the requirements specification and the final solution for satisfying the requirements.
The design process for the software has two levels:-
1. System design or top-level design
2. Detailed design or logic design
System design
Using this, the modules that are needed for the system are decided, the specifications of these modules and how these modules need to be connected are also decided.
Detailed design
Using this, the internal design of the modules are decided or how the specifications of the modules can be satisfied are decided. This type of design essentially expands the system design to contain more detailed description of the processing logic and data structures so that the designs is sufficiently complete for coding.
4. Outline programming guidelines with regard to;
i) Control structures ii) Algorithms
iii) Data structures and iv) General guidelines
i) Control Structures :- Many of the control structures for a program component are given by the architecture and design of a system. And the given design is translated in to code. In case of some architecture, such as implicit invocation and object-oriented design, control is based on the system states and changes in variables.
ii) Algorithms:- The program design often specifies a class of algorithms to be used in coding. For example, the design may tell the programmer to use binary search technique. Even though, a programmer has lot of flexibility in converting the algorithm to code, it depends on the constraints of the implementation language and hardware.
iii) Data Structures :- Data structures can influence the organization and flow of a program. In some cases , it can even influence the choice of programming language. For example, LISP is a language for list processing. It is so designed that it contains structures that make it much easier for handling lists than other languages.
iv) General Guidelines :- there are several strategies that are useful in preserving the design quality of a program:-
 Localization input and output :- those parts of a program that read input or generate output are highly specialized and must reflect characteristics of the underlying hardware and software .
 Pseudo-code can be used for transforming the design to code through a chosen programming language.
 Revise the design and rewrite the code until one is completely satisfied with the result.
 Reuse code components if possible.
5. a) What is software testing ? Describe the two ways of testing any engineered
software product.
Ans.:- Software testing is the process of testing the functionality and correctness of software by running it.
The two ways of testing any engineered software product :-
1) White-Box Testing
2) Black-Box testing
Black-box testing
It is also known as functional testing. Knowing the specified function that the product has been designed to perform, tests can be conducted to demonstrate that each function is fully operational
Example :- Boundary value analysis.
White Box Testing
It is also known as structural testing. Knowing the internal working of product, test can be conducted to ensure that all internal operations perform according to specification that all internal components have been adequately.
EXAMPLE :- basic path testing.
b) What is the difference between verification and validation ?
Ans.:- Verification is a set of activities that ensures that the software correctly implements a specified function while Validation is a set of activities that ensures that the software that has been built, is traceable to the customer requirements.
6. a) Describe the different kinds of software development team structure.
Ans.:- The different kinds of software development team structure are:
nDemocratic decentralized team
nControlled centralized team
Controlled decentralized team
Democratic decentralized team
 It consists of ten or few number of programmers.
 The goals of the group are set by consensus
Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
 Every member is considered for taking major decision
 Group leadership rotates among group member
Controlled centralized team
 It consists of a chief programmer, who is responsible for all the major technical decisions of the project. He also does most of the design activities and allocates coding part to each and every member of the team.
 Under him, he has a backup programmer, program librarian, and programmers
 The backup programmer helps the chief in making decisions and takes over the role of chief in absence of the chief programmer.
 The program librarian is responsible for maintaining the documents and other communication related work.
Controlled decentralized team
 It combines the strength of the democratic and chief programmer teams
 It consists of a project leader who has a group of senior programmers under him and a group of junior programmers under a senior programmer.
 The communication between the senior and junior programmers are like ego-less team,
 This structure is best suited for every simple projects or research-type works.
b) What is COCOMO model? Explain the basic COCOMO model.
Ans.:-The COCOMO model predicts the effort and duration of a project based on inputs relating to the size of the resulting system and a number of “cost drivers” that affect productivity.
THE BASIC COCOMO MODEL
Basic COCOMO model estimates the software development effort using only a single predictor variable and three software development modes. Basic COCOMO is good for quick, early, rough, order of magnitude estimates of software costs, but its accuracy is necessarily limited because of its lack of factors which have a significant influence on software costs. The basic equation for the COCOMO model is about the effort estimate in persons –month required develop a project and the KLOC, the number of delivered lines of code for the project.
7. a) Define the terms: quality, quality assurance and quality control.
Ans.:- QUALITY:- Software quality is conformance to the explicitly stated functional and performance requirements, explicitly documented development standards, and implicit characteristics that are expected of all professionally developed software.
QUALITY ASSURANCE :- Quality assurance is an auditing and reporting function of management.
QUALITY CONTROL :- Quality control consists of a series of activities like inspections, reviews, and tests, which are carried out during the entire life cycle of software, so that each work product meets the requirements, placed upon it.
b) Mention the objectives of formal technical review.
Ans.:- This is a software quality assurance activity that is performed by software engineers.
OBJECTIVES
 To detect the errors in functions, logic or implementation found in software.
 To verify that the software under review meets its requirements.
 To ensure that the software has been represented according to predefined standards
 To achieve software with consistent quality and on time
 To make projects more manageable.
 It acts as a training ground for junior engineers to observe different approaches to software analysis, design, implementation
 FTR includes walkthroughs, inspections, round-robin reviews.
8. Write short notes on:
a) Software engineering
Ans.:-Software engineering is a discipline. It uses the existing tools and methods of software development and systematizes the entire process of software development. There are a number of formal definitions for software engineering, given by experts in the field. However for the purpose of understanding , we shall see some of them.
“The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software, that is , the application of engineering to software “.
b) The spiral model of software process
Ans.:-The activities in this model can be organized like a spiral, that has many cycles. Typically the inner cycles represent the early phase of requirement analysis along with the prototyping and the outer spirals represent the classic software lifecycle.
This model has been divided into four quadrants, each quadrant representing a major activity like planning, risk analysis engineering and customer evaluation. The software process cycle begins with the planning activity represented by the first quadrant
of this model. Each cycle here begins with the identification of objectives for that cycle, the alternatives and constraints associated with that objective.
c) Programming tools.
Ans.:-programming tools is used to reduce time spent on the development of programs.
The tools which used in programming tools
1) source-code tools
- editing tools, these relate to the editing of source code
- browsing tools, helps to view the source code
The source-code beautifiers and templates not only makes a program look consistent but also standardize indentation styles, align variable declarations and format comments.
2) Executable code tools
Tools that are required for working with executable codes. it helps in code creation, debugging and testing
3) code creation has four major tools which help the developer in converting the source code into executable code :
4) Debugging tools help in debugging the code.
5) testing tools help in tracing the code errors.

KU ASSIGNMENT 4TH SEM: TB - 43 - UNIX & SHELL PROGRAMMING

2012-04-18T10:36:00.003+05:30

PART - A
1. What are the different standard given by POSIX ? What is POSIX ?
Ans. :- The different standard given by POSIX are:-
 POSIX.1
 POSIX.1B
 POSIX.1C
 POSIX.2
 POSIX:2001
 POSIX:2004
 POSIX:2008
POSIX is the Portable Operating System Interface, the open operating interface standard accepted world-wide. It is produced by IEEE and recognized by ISO and ANSI.
2. On which variable terminal setting is done ? Name any three terminal setting
keys.
Ans.:- Using STTY
Three terminal setting key
quit, kill, erase, ...
The environment variable TERM is used to identify the type of terminal (or terminal emulator) to the curses library and programs that use the curses library to display text. It is also associated with the TERMINFO and (in archaic systems) TERMCAP environment variables
3. Explain key features of UNIX.
Ans. :- The UNIX system is supported by the file and the process. Directories and devices are treated as files and there are many text manipulation tools to edit these files. When a file is executed as a program, it is called a process. There are tools to control processes like sending a processes into background or even terminating it.
Unix is a multitasking operating system, which allows the computer to run several programs at the same time. By going quickly from one task to another and performing a little bit of each task every time, the operating system gives an impression of doing many things at the same time. Unix uses this technique of time-sharing. Unix is also able to interact with more than one user at a time. This feature of Unix makes it a multitasking system.

4. What is script command, with command explain how to create script file of a
session?
Ans.-
5. What happens if a directory permission charged?
Ans.- Every time a file or a directory is created, default permissions are established
for it. These default permissions are initially assigned either by the operating
system or the program being run. Setting default permissions saves us the
trouble of specifying permission codes explicitly every time a file or directory is
created. The operating system assigns the default permission values of 777 for
executable files and 666
for all other files.
To put further restrictions on the permissions assigned by a program when it
creates a file or directory, a user mask is specified with the umask command.
The user mask is a numeric value that determines the access permissions when a
file or directory is created. Consequently, when a file or directory is created, its
permissions are set to the permissions specified by the creating program minus
the permission values denied by the umask value.
Example
The command umask without arguments gives the octal value of the user mask.
$ umask
022
6. How do you yank and paste lines?
Ans. :- The command 'Y' or 'yy' copies (yanks) one or more lines. To copy one line, two lines, 10 lines, and all lines to the end of the file, respectively:
Y 2Y 10Y yG
To paste the text contained in the buffer above (uppercase P) or below the current cursor position (lowercase p), respectively:
P p
It is also possible to yank text within a line. The following commands yank text from the current cursor position to the end of the word and the end of the line, respectively:
yw y$
The same commands paste the text within a line. Lower case p pastes after the cursor position and upper case P pastes before.
Paste will also work with deleted text, either lines or parts of lines. Be careful not to execute any other commands prior to pasting as this will empty the buffer.
7. List out the different attributes of a file.
Ans.:- Listing File Attribute:-
-rw-r----- 1 sibnas sibgrp 4562 sep 22 10:30
-rw-r----- 1 sibnas sibgrp 8976 sep 22 10:30
-rw-r----- 1 sibnas sibgrp 10234 sep 22 10:30
-rw-r----- 1 sibnas sibgrp 4352 sep 22 9:30
-rw-r--r--r- 1 sibnas sibgrp 87632 aug 2 11:30
-rw-r--r--r- 1 sibnas sibgrp 6528 june 20 10:30
-rw-r--r--r- 1 sibnas sibgrp 9234 may 22 10:00
File type link User id group id file size date &
Count in bytes of modi.
8. What are the different ways of coming out of vi after saving the file?
Ans.:- There are three different ways to quit vi after saving the file:
a. :wq
b. :x
c. ZZ
9. Write general syntax of CASE statements.
Ans. :- The case statement compares word with pattern; if they match ,the shell runs the command on the first line. Otherwise the shell checks the remaining patterns ,one by one ,until it finds one that matches the word; it then runs the command on that online.
Syntax for case statement:-
#!/bin/sh
Set „date‟
Case $1 in
Fri) echo “thank goodness it‟s Friday!”;;
Sat | Sun) echo “you should not work on week-ends”;
Echo “log off and go home!”;;
*) echo “it is not yet the weekend.”;
Echo “get to work! “;;
esac
10. What is a process ? Name two important attributes of a process.
Ans :- Process is born when a program starts execution and exists as long as
the program is running. After execution the process is usually the name of the
program being executed.
The two important attribute of a process are:-
1) The process-id(PID).Each process is identified by a unique number called
the process-id which is allotted by the kernel when the process is born.
2) The parent PID(PPID) the PID of the parent is also a process attribute.
When many processes have the same PPID it is easier to kill the parent
process rather than the children separately.

PART - B
1. a) Explain layered architecture of unix operating system. With a suitable
command explain the interaction between Shell and Kernel.
Ans.:-Unix, like other operating systems, is a layer between the hardware and the applications that run on the computer. it has functions that manage the hardware functions that manage executing applications. So what‟s h difference between UNIX and any other operating system? Basically two things: internal implementation and the interface that is seen and used by users.
The part of UNIX that manages the hardware and the executing processes is called the kernel. The kernel is collection of programs written in c which directly communicate with the hardware . Application programs communicate with the hardware by using the services of Kernel. Along with the memory management, the kernel also schedules processes and decides their priorities.
In the Unix system , each hardware device is viewed as a file and is called a device file .this allows the same simple method of reading and writing files to be used to access each hardware device.
The user commands are translated in to action by the shell which acts as interpreter. The shell forms the outer part of the operating systems and forms the interface between the user and kernel. for each user logged in, there is shell in action. When a command is
given by the user, it is examined by the shell and communicated to the kernel for execution.
Application portability is the ability of a single application to be executed on various types of computer hardware without being modified. This can be achieved if the application uses the UNIX interface to manage its hardware needs.
b) Explain uname command with different options.
Ans.:- uname – displays the name of the operating system
Syntax
uname [options]
Examples:
Displays all the information
$uname –a
SCO_SV sco5 3.2 5.0.5 i386
Displays the machine‟s node name in the communication network.
$uname-n
Sco-5
Displays the operating system release.
$uname-r
3.2
Displays the name of the operating system
$uname –s
SCO_SV
Displays the operating system version
$uname –v
5.0.5
Displays the information about system name, node name, operating system
release number, kernel ID, processor type, serial number, number of users
license, OEM number, origin number and number of CPUs.
2. a) Explain the advantages of ispell, list out the basic commands used in ispell.
Ans.:-
b) Explain unix file system and give the difference between relative and absolute
pathname.
Ans.:-Unix file system can be defined as belonging to one of four possible types:-
Ordinary files: ordinary files can contain text, data, or program information. An ordinary file cannot contain another file, or directory. An ordinary file can be a text file or binary file. Most of the UNIX command are binary files.
Directory files :- Directories are containers that can hold files, and other directories. A directory is actually implemented as a file that has one line for each item contained within the directory. Each line in a directory file contains only the name of the item, and a numerical reference to the location of the item.
Special files :- Special files represent i/o devices like, a tty, a disk drive, or a printer. Because UNIX treats such devices as files. Some of the commands used to access ordinary files will also work with devices files. This allows more efficient use of software.
Links:- A link is a pointer to another file. Since a directory is alist of the names and i-numbers of files, directory entry can be a hard link. In which the i-number points directly to another file. A hard link to a file cannot be distinguished from the file itself.
Difference between ABSOULATE AND RELATIVE PATHNAMES
ABSOULATE PATHNAMES
RELATIVE PATHNAMES
An Absoulate pathname specifies the location of a file .
Relative pathname specifies a file in relation to the current directory.
An Absoulate pathname starts at the / root directory.
A Relative pathname starts from the current directory.
An Absoulate pathname uses a slash (/) between each directory name in the path to indicate different directories.
In a Relative pathname, a single dot (.) represents the current working directory and two dots (..) represent the parent of the current working directory.
3. a) Explain how to split file into multiple files. Give suitable example.
Ans. :- we used “split” command to split file into multiple files.
split – split large files into “smaller files”
syntax –
split[options] filename prefix
where file name is the name of the large file to be split ,prefix is the name to be given the small output files and options can either be excluded or can be one of the or can be one of the following:-
-l = linenumber
-b = bytes
If –l option is used, linenumber will be the number of the lines to be put in each of the smaller files (the default is 1000). If the –b option is used ,bytes will be the number of bytes to be put in each of the smaller files.
The split command will give each output file created the name prefix with an extension attached to the end to indicate its order
EXAMPLE :
Assuming that file.txt is 3000 lines long , it will output three files, xaa, xab, and xac, and each one will be 1000 lines long.
$ splitfile.txt
This will output six soo-line files: fileaa, fileab, fileac,filead, fileae, and fileaf.
$split-1500 file.txt file
Assuming that file.txt has 200 kb ,this will output five 40 kb files: fileaa, fileab, fileac ,filead, fileae, and fileaf.
$ split –b 40k .txt file
b) Give the difference between Hard Link and Symbolic Link.
Ans: - Soft Link:
-------------
- Soft links are links to a file but not the inode.
- Created using
ln -s file1 file2
=> ls -il
131135 lrwxrwxrwx 1 user user 5 Jul 10 09:04 file2 -> file1
131137 -rw-r--r-- 1 user user 35 Jul 10 09:03 file1
- The inode for file1 is 131137 and inode for file2 is 131135.
- If you see the permission bits, there is 'l' in the front for a soft link.
- If file1 is deleted, the link still exists. But if you try to view file2, its empty. This means that once the main file is deleted the data is gone.
Hard Link:
--------------
- Hard links are links to inode
- Created using
ln file1 file2
=> ls -il
131136 -rw-r--r-- 2 user, user 48 Jul 10 09:27 file1
131136 -rw-r--r-- 2 user, user 48 Jul 10 09:27 file2
- The inode for file1 and file2 is the same (131136).
- If you see the output above for "ls -i", file2 does not show that it is linked to file1. In reality it is not linked to file1 but it is linked to the inode.
- If you see that there is number '2' before the username 'user'. This shows the number of hard links to the inode.
- If file1 is deleted, the data is not deleted. If you view file2 the data is still there. Deleting file1 only deletes a link. The data is gone once the last hard link is deleted.
4. a) What is a process? Explain the mechanism of creation in unix.
Ans :-
A process is a collection of interrelated work tasks initiated in response to an event that achieves a specific result for the customer of the process. Adding more specific detail to that general definition:
 that achieves a specific result:

must deliver a specific result
this result must be individually identifiable and countable
a good process name clearly indicates the result or end state of the process
 for the customer of the process:

a customer receives the result or is the beneficiary of it
the customer can be a person or an organization
customer can be identified and can pass judgment on the result and process
customer point of view helps identify and name the process accurately
 initiated in response to a specific event:

the process must be initiated in response to a specific event
multiple events can initiate a process
having an event AND a result allows the tracing of the sequence of tasks that turns the event into the result
 work tasks:

a collection of actions, activities, steps or tasks make up a business process
a step in the initial workflow will probably be divided into more detailed steps later
 a collection of interrelated:

the process steps must relate to each other
interrelationship is through sequence and flow...the completion of one step leads to (flows into) the initiation of the next step
also interrelated by dealing with the same work item
steps related by being traceable back to the same initiation event
b) List out the navigation keys for the cursor movement.
Ans. :- in the command mode ,navigation keys for the movement of the cursor by characters, words and lines are as follows:
Keys
Movement of cursor
H
Cursor moves left
J
Cursor moves down
K
Cursor moves up
L
Cursor moves right
W
Word forward
B
Word backward
E
End of word
^
First character
$
End of line
0
Beginning of line
The screen display can be controlled by scrolling the display forward and backward using the following keys:-
Keys
Screen display
[ctrl-f]
Scroll display forward
[ctrl-h]
scroll display backward
[ctrl-d]
Scroll half-screen forward
[ctrl-u]
Scroll half-screen backward
5. a) Explain grep command with at least 5 examples with different options.
Ans.- 1) A simple Linux grep example - searching for a text string in one file
This first grep command example searches for all occurrences of the text string 'fred' within the "/etc/passwd" file. It will find and print (on the screen) all of the lines in this file that contain the text string fred, including lines that contain usernames like "fred" - and also "alfred".
grep 'fred' /etc/passwd
In a simple grep example like this, the quotes around the string fred aren't necessary, but they are needed if you're searching for a string that contains spaces, and may be needed when you get into using regular expressions (search patterns).
2) Linux grep command - searching for a string in multiple files
Our next grep command example searches for all occurrences of the text string joe within all files of the current directory:
grep 'joe' *
The '*' wildcard matches all files in the current directory, and the grep output from this command will show both (a) the matching filename and (b) all lines in all files that contain the string 'joe'.
As another example, you can also use grep to search all files in the current directory that end in the file extension ".txt", as shown here:
grep 'joe' *.txt
3) Case-insensitive file searching with the Unix grep command
To perform a case-insensitive search with the grep command, just add the -i option, like this:
grep -i score gettysburg-address.txt
This grep search example matches the string "score", whether it is uppercase, lowercase, or any mix of the two.
4) Reversing the meaning of a grep search
You can reverse the meaning of a Linux grep search with the -v option. For instance, to show all the lines of my /etc/passwd file that don't contain the string fred, I'd issue this grep command:
grep -v fred /etc/passwd
5) Using grep in a Unix/Linux command pipeline
The grep command is often used in a Unix/Linux pipeline. For instance, to show all the Apache httpd processes running on my Linux system, I can use the grep command in a pipeline with the 'ps' command:
ps auxwww | grep httpd
b) Explain Uniq command.
Ans.- The default output is to display lines that only appear once and one copy of lines that appear more than once. It is also useful to filter out multiple blank lines from unsorted output of other commands. For example, the dircmp command displays its output using pr; thus the output usually scrolls off your screen before you can read it. But if you pipe the output of the dircmp command through the uniq command, the blank lines are reduced and the output is more compact.
 -u Print only lines which are not repeated (unique) in the original file
 -d Don't output lines that are not repeated in the input.
 -c Generate an output report in default style except that each line is preceded by a count of the number of times it occurred. If this option is specified, the -u and -d options are ignored if either or both are also present.
 -i Ignore case differences when comparing lines
 -f Ignore a number of fields in a line
 -s Skips a number of characters in a line
 -w Specifies the number of characters to compare in lines, after any characters and fields have been skipped
 --help Displays a help message
 --version Displays version number on stdout and exits.
6. a) Explain the mechanism of executing job periodically using cron.
Ans. A task can be automatically run in the background at regular intervals by a Unix utility called cron.
The cron daemon takes care of running these background jobs, which are called cron jobs.
crontab or the crontable is a file which contains the schedule of cron entries to be run and at specified times. cron checks the crontable at regular tables to see if there are any jobs scheduled. A user can execute crontab if the user‟s name appears in the file /usr/lib/cron/cron.allow. If the cron.allow does not exist, the cron.deny file in /usr/lib/cron is checked. If the user‟s name is not in this file the user is allowed to use crontab. If only cron.deny exists and is empty, all users can use crontab. If neither file exists, only the root user can use crontab. The allow and deny files contain one user name per line.
b) Write a shell script to add two numbers by using Expr utility.
Ans.:- To use it in a shell script, you simply surround the expression with backquotes. For
example, let‟s write a simple script called add that adds two numbers typed as arguments:
# /bin/sh
# Shell Script to Add two numbers
sum=„expr $1 + $2„
echo $sum
Here we defined a variable sum to hold the result of the operation. (Note the spaces around the plus
sign, but not around the equals sign). To run this script, we might type the following line: (assume the script
add is executable)
$ add 4 3
The first argument (4) is stored in $1, and the second (3) is stored in $2. The expr utility then adds
these quantities and stores the result in sum. Finally, the contents of sum are echoed on the screen:
7
$
The expr command only works on integers (i.e., whole numbers). It can perform addition (+), subtraction
(-), multiplication (*), integer division (/), and integer remainder (%).
7. a) What are positional parameters? Explain the command used to set the
positional parameters.
Ans. – These are used by the shell to store the values of command-line
arguments.
The command which used to set the positional parameter
#!/bin/sh
# Demonstrate the set command
set „date„
echo “Time: $4 $5”
echo “Day: $1”
echo “Date: $3 $2 $6”
Assuming that setdate has been made executable with the chmod command, we can run the script by
typing the command
$ setdate
The output will look something like this:
Time:10:56:08 EST
Day: Fri
Date: 20 Aug 2004
What happened? Consider the command line
set „date„
The backquotes run the date command, which produces output something like this:
Fri Aug 20 10:56:08 EST 2004
This does not appear on the screen. Instead, the set command catches the output and stores it in the
positional parameters $1 through $6:
$1 contains Fri
$2 Contains Aug
$3 contains 20
$4 contains 10:56:08
$5 contains EST
$6 contains 2004
b) Explain Head Command with example.
Ans :- The head command, as the name implies, displays the top of the file. When used without an option, it
displays the first ten lines of the file.
You can use the –n option to display the first „n‟ number of lines.
$ head emp.lst Shows first ten lines of the emp.lst file
The head command, as the name implies, displays the top of the file. When used without an option, it
displays the first ten lines of the file.
You can use the –n option to display the first „n‟ number of lines.
$ head emp.lst Shows first ten lines of the emp.lst file
1001|T.N.Raju |Professor |Information Science|14/06/61|30000
1004|D.S.Raghu |Lecturer |Information Science|05/12/75|17000
1005|S.K.Anantha |Asst.Prof. |Information Science|20/07/63|24000
1009|M.P.Rajendra |Sr.Lecturer |Computer Science |13/03/66|20000
1002|Mallu |Lecturer |Information Science|20/07/74|15000
8. a) What are positional parameters? Explain the command used to set the
positional parameters.
Positional paremeters:-These are used by the shell to store the values of command-line
arguments.
The command which are used to set the positional parameter
#!/bin/sh
# Demonstrate the set command
set „date„
echo “Time: $4 $5”
echo “Day: $1”
echo “Date: $3 $2 $6”
Assuming that setdate has been made executable with the chmod command, we can run the script by
typing the command
$ setdate
The output will look something like this:
Time:10:56:08 EST
Day: Fri
Date: 20 Aug 2004
What happened? Consider the command line
set „date„
The backquotes run the date command, which produces output something like this:
Fri Aug 20 10:56:08 EST 2004
This does not appear on the screen. Instead, the set command catches the output and stores it in the
positional parameters $1 through $6:
$1 contains Fri
$2 Contains Aug
$3 contains 20
$4 contains 10:56:08
$5 contains EST
b) Explain Head Command with example.
“head command ” displays the top of the file.
Example:-
$ head emp.1st
It displays the first ten lines of the file.
We can use –n option with the head command to display the first „n‟ number of lines.
$ head – n 3 emp.1st
This displays the first 3 lines of the file.
8. Explain the options and associated actions for ls command.
Ans :- The Is command shows the contents of a directory , and a view of basic information (like size ,ownership, and access permission) about files and directories.
The options and associated actions for Is command are:
OPTION
ACTION
-1
One file name in each line
-a
All files including those beginning with a dot(.), current directory (.) and directory above (..)
-A
All files including those beginning with a dot(.).does not list current directory(.) and directory above.
-d
If an argument is a directory ,lists only its name (not its contents)
-F
Marks directories with a /,executables with a * and symbolic links with a @
-I
Shows the inode number
-l
Lists in long format , giving mode, number of links, owner, group, size in bytes, the time that each file was last modified.
-p
Puts a slash (/) after each directory.
-r
Sorts the filenames in the reverse order
-R
Recursive list
-t
Sorts by time modified (latest first)
-u
Sorts by last access time

KU ASSIGNMENT 4TH SEM: TB - 42 - JAVA PROGRAMMING

2012-04-18T10:29:00.002+05:30

PART-A
1. How platform independence is achieved in JAVA ?
Ans.:- Java is known as platform-neutral language because Java's byte codes are designed to be read, interpreted, and executed in exactly the same manner on any computer hardware or operating system that supports a Java run-time.
2. List any three features of JAVA.
Ans.:- The Features of JAVA
1) Simple
2) Object-Oriented
3) Distributed
3. What is Java C, Javadoc and Jdbc?
Ans. :- Java C – JavaC is a compiler translates java source code to byte code.
Javadoc – Javadoc is used for creates html format documentation from java source file.
Jdbc - A programming interface that lets Java applications access a database via the SQL language. Since Java interpreters (Java Virtual Machines) are available for all major client platforms, this allows a platform-independent database application to be
written.
4. List different features of OOP.
Ans :- The features of OOP.
1) Objects and classes
2) Abstraction
3) Encapsulation
4) Information hiding
5) Inheritance
6) Polymorphism
5. Name different types of Java tokens.
Ans. :- The different types of Java tokens are :-
1) Reserved Keywords
2) Identifiers
3) Literals
4) Operators

6. What is the task of the main method in Java program ?
Ans.:- After we specify the keywords for declaring the main() method, you specify a String array as parameter of the main() method. The String array represents command line arguments. It is compulsory for a user to specify the parameter to the main() method in all Java programs unlike in C and C++.
For example,
Class class1
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
System.out.println ("Hello")
}
}
7. Why can‟t we use a keyword as a variable name ?
Ans.:- Keywords are an essential part of a language definition. They implement specific features of the language. Java language has reserved 60 words as keywords. These keywords have specific meaning in Java, so you cannot use them as names for variables.
8. Why main method in Java is declared as static ?
Ans.:- The keyword static helps to specify that the main() method can be called without instantiating an object of a class. This is necessary because the main() method is called by the Java interpreter before any objects are created.
public static void main (String args[])
{//code}
After specifying the keyword static, you specify the void keyword. This keyword indicates to the compiler that, the main() method does not return a value.
9. Write an equivalence of switch statement and if statement.
Ans.:-equivalence of switch statement is if and the equivalence of if statement is if else.
10. Constructor is_____________.
Ans.:- used to initialize the objects of the class and has the same name as that of its class.

PART - B
1. a) What is inheritance and how one can achieve code reusability? Explain
with an example.
Ans.:-Inheritance in object oriented programming means that a class of objects can inherit properties from another class of objects. When Inheritance occurs, one class is then referred to as the „parent class‟ or super class‟ or „base class‟.
Inheritance is an important concept since it allows reuse of class definition without requiring major code changes, inheritance can mean just reusing code , or can mean that you have used a whole class of object with all its variables and functions
For ex, the bike is a part of the class two wheelers, which is again a part of the vehicle as:
Vehicle
Attributes:
Model:
Make
Two Wheeler
Attributes:
No. of wheels
Four Wheeler
Attributes:
No. of wheels
Bike
Attributes:
Scooter
Attributes:
Car
Attributes
Van
Attributes
b) What is a class? How does it accomplish data hiding? Explain with example.
Ans.:- Class is a template that defines a particular type of object. Classes contain all the features of a particular set of objects. We can use the class definition to create objects of that of class type, that is, to create objects that incorporate all the features belonging to that class.
Each object of the class will have its own copy of each of the instance variables that appear in the class definition. Each object will have its own values for each instance variable. The name 'instance variable' originates from the fact that an object is an 'instance' or an occurrence of a class and the values stored in the instance variables for the object differentiate the object from others of the same class type. An instance variable is declared within the class definition in the usual way, with a type name and a variable name, and can have an initial value specified.
A given class will only have one copy of each of its class variables, and these will be shared between all the objects of the class. The class variables exist even if no objects of the class have been created. They belong to the class, and they can be referenced by any object or class, and not just instances of that class.
Ex:- we might define a motorcycle class that describes the features of all motorcycles . the motorcycle class serves as an abstract model for the concept of a motorcycle-to interact with each type of motorcycle,we should have a concrete instance of that motorcycle.
2. a) Compare in terms of their functions and semantics the following pairs of
statements:
i) do while and while
Ans.:- The difference between the do-while statement and the while statement is that in the while statement, the loop body is executed only when the condition stated in the statement is true. In the do-while loop, the loop body is executed at least once, regardless of the condition evaluating to true or false. The while loop is also called the top tested loop whereas the do-while loop is also called the bottom tested loop.
ii) while and for
Ans.:- In the for loop, three sections, initialization, test condition and increment/decrement are placed in the same line whereas in the while loop, all three sections are placed in three different places in a program. In the for loop, more than one variable can be initialized, tested and incremented at a time.
iii) nested if and switch
Ans.:-The difference between nested if and switch statement is if allows complex expressions in the condition while switch wants a constant we can't accidentally forget the break between ifs but you can forget the else (especially during cut'n'paste) switch is usually more compact than lots of nested if else and therefore, more readable If you omit the break between two switch cases, you can fall through to the next case in many C-like languages. With if else you'd need a go to (which is not very nice to your readers ... if the language supports go to at all.
iv) break and continue.
Ans.:- The continue statement stops the current iteration of a loop and immediately starts the next iteration of the same loop. When the current iteration of a loop stops, the statements after the continue statement in the loop are not executed. The break statement immediately terminates the loop, bypassing the conditional expression and any remaining code in the body of the loop. When a break statement is encountered inside the loop, the loop is terminated and program control resumes the next statement following the loop.
b) Write a program to find sum of the following harmonic series for a given value
of n 1+ 1/2 + 1/3 + . . . .+ 1/n.
Ans.:- public class Series
{
double total;
public void calculate(int n)
{
for(double ctr=1;ctr<=n;ctr++)
{
total=total+1/ctr;
}
System.out.println("Sum of harmonic series: "+total);
}
public static void main(String a[])
{
Series object=new Series();
int num=Integer.parseInt(a[0]);
object.calculate(num);
}
}
3. a) Explain different data types in Java with example.
Ans.:- DATA TYPES IN JAVA
byte: It is the smallest integer type. This is a signed 8-bit type and has a range from -128 to 127. For example, the following declaration declares two variables B and C of type byte.
byte b,c;
b =2;
c = -114;
short: It is a signed 16-bit type and has a range from -32,768 to 32,767. For example, the following declaration declares variable K of type short.
short k;
k = 2;
int: It is a signed 32-bit type and has a range from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.
For example,
int x = 10;
int j = 98;
long: This is signed 64-bit type and has a range from -263 to 263 -1.
For example,
long ds = 1000;
long se;
se =ds * 24 * 60 * 60;
double: It uses 64 bits to store a value.
For example,
double P, R;
P = 10.8;
R =3.14215;
float: It uses 32 bits to store a value.
For example,
float x;
x = -1111;
int : It uses 32 bits to store a value.
For example,
Int score;
Score=90;
char: this data type is used to store characters. It is 16-bit type and has a range from 0 to 65,536.
For example,
char c1,c2;
c1 =84;
c2 ='g';
boolean: it can have only one of two possible values, true or false.
For example,
boolean flag;
flag= false;
b) Describe the structure of a typical Java program.
Ans. :- :- A Java program may contain many classes of which only one class defines a main method. Classes contain data members and methods. Methods of a class operate on the data members of the class. Methods may contain data type declarations and executable statements. To write a Java program, we first define classes and then put them together.
A Java program may contain one or more sections as shown in the following figure:
Documentation Section
Suggested
Package Statement
Optional
Import Statements
Optional
Interface Statements
Optional
Class Definitions
Essential
Main Method class
{
Main Method Definition
}
Essential
General Structure Of a Java program
Documentation Section
The documentation section comprises a set of comment lines giving the name of the program, the author and other details. Java also uses the comment /**...*/ known as documentation comment.
Package Statement
The first statement allowed in a Java file is a package statement. This statement declares a package name and informs the compiler that the classes defined here belong to this package.
Example: package student;
Import Statement
The next thing after a package statement (but before any class definitions) may be a number of import statements. This is similar to the #include statement in C++. Example:
import student.test;
This statement instructs the interpreter to load the test class contained in the package student.
Interface Statements
An interface is like a class but includes a group of method declarations. This is also an optional section and is used only when we wish to implement the multiple inheritance feature in the program.
Class Definitions
A Java program may contain multiple class definitions. Classes are the primary and essential elements of a Java program.
4. a) What is JVM ? How does it help to achieve platform independence? If JVM is
available for windows then can we run program written on Unix platform ?
Comment.
Ans.:-Java compiler produces an intermediate code known as byte code for a machine that does not exist . this machine is called JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE (JVM). . Java is known as platform-neutral language because Java's byte codes are designed to be read, interpreted, and executed in exactly the same manner on any computer hardware or operating system that supports a Java run-time.
Yes. One of the fundamental principles of Java is "write once, run anywhere." This means that Java source code can run on any platform for which a JVM exists, regardless of where the original code was developed
b) How are data and method organized in an object oriented program ? Illustrate
the same for car object.
Ans.:- In an object-oriented program, a set of variables and functions used to describe an object constitutes a "class".
A class defines the structure and behavior (data and method) that will be shared by a set of objects. Each object of a given class contains the structure and behavior defined by the class, as if it were stamped out of a mould in the shape of a class. A class is a logical construct. An object has physical reality. When we create a class, you will specify the code and data that will constitute that class. Collectively, these elements are called the members of the class. Specifically, the data defined by the class are referred to as member variables or instance variables. The code that operates on that data is referred to as member methods or just methods, which define the use of the member variables.
5. a) Distinguish between the following terms:
i) Dynamic binding and message passing.
Ans.:- Dynamic binding in java is the mechanism by which compiler cannot determine which method implementation to use in advance. Based on the class of the object, the runtime system selects the appropriate method at runtime. Dynamic binding is also needed when the compiler determines that there is more than one possible method that can be executed by a particular call.
Java's program units, classes, are loaded dynamically (when needed) by the Java run-time system. Loaded classes are then dynamically linked with existing classes to form an integrated unit. The lengthy link-and-load step required by third-generation programming languages is eliminated.
Message Passing: In an object based world the only way for anything to happen is by objects communicating with each other and acting on the results. This communication is called message passing and involves one object sending a message to another and (possibly) receiving a result.
ii) Inheritance and polymorphism.
Ans.:- Inheritance in object-oriented programming means that a class of objects can inherit properties from another class of objects. When inheritance occurs, one class is then referred as the 'parent class' or 'super class' or 'base class'. In turn, these serve as a pattern for a 'derived class' or 'subclass'.
Inheritance is an important concept since it allows reuse of class definition without requiring major code changes. Inheritance can mean just reusing code, or can mean that you have used a whole class of object with all its variables and functions.
Polymorphism: It is a key concept in object-oriented programming. Poly means many, morph means change (or 'form').
Polymorphism is simply a name given to an action that is performed by similar objects. Polymorphism allows a common data-gathering message to be sent to each class and allows each subclass object to respond to a message format in an appropriate manner to its own properties. Polymorphism encourages something we call 'extendibility'. In other words, an object or a class can have its uses extended.
b) What are the difference between C and Java ?How Java and C++ are similar?
Ans.:-
6. a) Define programming. What are the types of programming? Explain.
Ans.:- Programming:- a programming is a specific set of ordered operations for a computer to perform .
UNSTRUCTURED PROGRAMMING
In an unstructured programming the main program directly operates on global data.
PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
With procedural programming we are able to combine returning sequence of statements into one single place . a procedure call is used to invoke the procedure.
MODULAR PROGRAMMING
With modular programming procedures of a common functionality are grouped together into separate modules. A program therefore no longer consists of only one single part.
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
In object oriented programming, a complex system is decomposed in accordance to the key abstractions of the problem.
It is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as co-operative collection of objects, each of which representation an instance of some class and whose classes all members of a hierarchy of classes united in inheritance relationships.
b) Explain bitwise operators in Java with example.
Ans.:- BITWISE OPERATORS
SHIFT AND LOGICAL OPERATORS
A shift operator allows you to perform bit manipulation on data.
OPERATOR
USE
OPERATION
>>
Op1 >> op2
Shift bits of op1 right by distance op2
<<
Op1 << op2
Shift bits of op1 left by distance op2
>>>
Op1>>> op2
Shift bits of op1 right by distance op2
Each shift operator shifts the bits of the left-hand operand over by the number of positions indicated by the right- hand operand.
Ex. – 13 >> 1
The binary representation of the number 13 is 1101. The result of the shift operations is 1101 shifted to the right by one position -1106 or 6 in decimal.
The java programming language also provides these four operators that perform logical functions on their operands :-
OPERATOR
USE
OPERATION
&
Op1 & op2
Bitwise and
|
Op1 | op2
Bitwise or
^
Op1 ^ op2
Bitwise x or
~
Op1 ~ op2
Bitwise complement
The & operation performs the logical “and” function on each parallel pair of bits in each operand . the “and” function sets the resulting bit of 1 if both operands are 1 .
Op1
Op2
RESULT
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
Suppose we were to “and” the values 12 and 13
12 & 13
The result of this operation is 12. Because the binary representation of 13 is 1101. The “and” function sets the resulting bit to 1 if both to 1 if both operand bits are 1, otherwise, the resulting bit is 0.
7. a) List and explain different types of loops in Java.
Ans. :- Loops in java
 While loop
 Do loop
 For loop , continue and break statement
THE WHILE LOOP
The while statement contains a condition and a loop body. the condition is enclosed within parentheses.
All the variables used in the condition of the while statement must be initialized before the while loop. The values of the variables used in the condition must be changed in the loop body. Otherwise, the condition may always remain true and the loop may never terminate.
Syntax:
While (test condition)
{
Body of the loop
True
};
Condition
Statement
Ex.-
Class numbers
{
Public state void main(String args[])
{
Int n = 0 ;
Int num = 5;
While (n <= num)
{
System.out.println(n);
N++
}
}
}
DO STATEMENT
Similar to the while statement, the do-while statement is a lopp statement provided by java. The statement helps to perform certain repetitive actions depending on a condition.
The major difference between the do-while statement and the while statement is that in the while statement, the loop body is executed only when the condition stated in the statement is true.
We can use the do-while loop in situations where an action must be performed at least once without evaluating the condition.
Program to print the numbers from 1 to 5
Class numbers
{
Public static void main (string args[])
{
Syntax:
While (test condition)
{ do
Body of the loop
};
False True
While
Condition
Statement
Int n=0;
Int num = 5;
Do
{
System.out.println(n);
N++;
}
While(n<=5);
}
}
FOR STATEMENTS
To manage iterative actions, java provides the for statement as an efficient alternative to the while statement. The statement creates to loop in which a set of statements is repeatedly executed until the specified condition becomes false.
The syntax of the for statement is
For(initialization expression; test condition; update expressions)
{
Statement1;
Statement2;
}
The for statement starts with the for keyword.
b) What is polymorphism? Explain method overriding with example and prove
that it is a polymorphism.
Ans.:- :- Polymorphism (from the Greek, meaning "many forms") is a feature that allows one interface to be used for a general class of actions. The specific action is determined by the exact nature of the situation.
Ex.- a stack (which is a last-in, first-out list). You might have a program that requires three types of stacks. One stack is used for integer values, one for floating-point values, and one for characters.
METHOD OVERRIDING
In the class hierarchy, when a method in a subclass has the same name and type signature as method
in the superclass, then the method in the subclass is said to override the method in superclass.
class Book { //super class defined
String name = “JAVA PROGRAMMING” ;
int id = “34567”;
void show ( ) {
System.out.println( “Book name is “ +name);
System.out.println( “Book id is “ +id);
}
}
Save this file as book.java and compile. This is our Base Class
class Book1 extends Book { // This is the subclass
String author = “micheal janson”;
void show ( ) {
System.out.println( “Book name is “ +name);
System.out.println( “Book id is “ +id);
System.out.println( “The author name is “ +author);
}
public static void main(String args[ ] ) {
Book1 x = new Book1( );
x.show();
}
}
8. a) What is a parameterized constructor? Explain its usage with an example.
Ans:- A parameterized constructor in java is just a constructor which take some kind of parameter (variable) when is invoked. For example. class MyClass { //this is a normal constructor public MyClass(){ //do something } //this is a parameterized constructor public MyClass(int var){ //do something } //this is another parameterized constructor public MyClass(String var, Integer var2){ //do something } }
b) Explain the methods
(i) Trim
Ans. :- The trim method returns a copy of the invoking string from which any leading and trailing white space has been removed. It has the general form
String trim ( );
class altStr{
public static void main (String args[ ]) {
String str = "Hello";
String str2 = "Java";
str = str.toUpperCase();
str2 = str2.toLowerCase();
System.out.println (str); // HELLO
System.out.println (str2);// java
str = str.concat(str2); // str now equals "HELLO java"
System.out.println (str);
str = str.trim(); // str now equals "HELLOjava"
System.out.println (str);
str = str.substring (5,str.length()); // str = "java"
System.out.println (str);
str = str.replace ('a', 'i'); // str = "jivi"
System.out.println (str);
}
}
ii) substring
The subString method is used to create new instances of the class String from existing instances. The new string is specified by giving the required index range within the existing string.
String substring(int startIndex)
This returns the sub string that starts at startIndex and runs to the end of the invoking string.
String substring(int start Index, int endIndex)
This returns the substring that starts at startindex and runs through endIndex-1;
iii) length
The length of a string is the number of characters that it contains. To obtain this value call a length method.
int length();
class strCmp {
public static void main (String args[ ]) {
String str = "Hello";
String str2 = "Java";
System.out.println (str.equals(str2)); // false
System.out.println (str.compareTo(str2)); // a negative number,
i.e. str is less than str2
System.out.println (str.charAt(0)); // H, i.e. char is position 0
System.out.println (str.length() + str2.length()); // 5 + 4 = 9
}
}

KU ASSIGNMENT 4TH SEM: TB - 41 - ALGORITHMS

2012-04-18T10:05:00.001+05:30

PART – A
I. Say whether the following statements are true or false.
1) Definiteness is one of the properties of an algorithm.
Ans:- TRUE
2) Graph is a linear data structure.
Ans :- FALSE
3) A tree is a connected graph.
Ans:- TRUE
4) The data structure used by recursion is stack.
Ans :- TRUE
5) Queue works on the strategy “First in First out”.
Ans :- TRUE

II. Using suitable word or phrase fill up the blanks in the following sentences:
1) _____________is the process of executing a correct program on data sets and
measuring the time and space.
Ans:- PROFILING
2) Tree is a_____________data structure.
Ans:-NON-LINEAR
3) For a graph with „n‟ number of nodes the number of edges to form a tree is
_____________
Ans: - n-1
4) “Last in First out” Data structure is referred to as _____________
Ans :- Stacks
5) A binary tree of depth „K‟ has maximum of_____________number of
nodes.
Ans : - 2k-1nodes,k>= 0
6) A _____________is a graph without self loop and parallel edges.
Ans. SIMPLE GRAPH
7) The two methods of searching are_____________and_____________
Ans.:- SEQUENTIAL SEARCH AND BINARY SEARCH

III. Write brief answers to the following questions:
1) Define algorithm. What are its properties?
Ans :- An algorithm is a set of instructions that provide step-by-step specifications to perform a task.
Ex:-
Step by step procedure for display 10 natural numbers:-
1. Set the value of counter to 1
2. Display counter
3. Increment counter by 1
4. If counter <= 10, go to step 2
The preceding step -by -step procedure is an algorithm because it produces the correct result in
A finite number of steps.
The properties of an algorithm are:
 Input: Specifies the data set that is applied to the algorithm to check its validity.
 Output: Specifies the data set that is produced as a result of the algorithm execution.
 Definiteness: Specifies that the instructions described in the algorithm should be well defined and should not create any ambiguity.
 Termination: Specifies that the instructions described in the algorithm must contain a proper termination condition.
 Effectiveness: Specifies that the algorithm take less time and less memory space during its execution.
2) Give atleast four real life examples where we use stack operations.
Ans:- The real life examples of stacks are:
 Bangles in a hand: The bangles wore in a hand follow last-in-first-out (LIFO) strategy of stack. The bangle that you wear first is the last one to be taken out while removing all the bangles from the hand. The bangle that is worn last is the first one to be taken out.
 Same circumference circular rings in a pole: The rings having same circumference placed into a pole also follow LIFO strategy. The topmost ring, which was the last to be placed in the pole, is the first one to be taken out.
 The bolts screwed to a single nut: When the bolts are screwed to a single nut, the last screwed bolt is unscrewed first and the bolt that was screwed first is unscrewed in the last.
 Battery cells in a torch: The battery cells in a torch also follow the same LIFO strategy of stack.
3) Differentiate full and complete binary trees.
Ans:- The following table lists the differences between complete binary trees and full binary trees: Complete binary trees Full binary trees
All the nodes at the previous level are fully accommodated before the next level is accommodated.
All levels are maximally accommodated.
Number of nodes at the last (n) level may or may not equal to 2n.
Number of nodes at the last (n) level is exactly equal to 2n.
Leaf nodes may or may not be at the same level.
All leaf nodes are at the same level.
A complete binary tree may or may not be full binary tree.
A full binary tree is always a complete binary tree.
4) What are the demerits of recursion?
Ans:- Demerits of recursion are:
Many programming languages do not support recursion; hence, recursive mathematical function is implemented using iterative methods.
Even though mathematical functions can be easily implemented using recursion, it is always at the cost of execution time and memory space.
The recursive programs take considerably more storage and take more time during processing.

PART - B
1. a) What are the characteristics of an algorithm? Describe with an example.
Ans:- There are five Characteristics of every Algorithm: -
1) INPUT
2) OUTPUT
3) DEFINITENESS
4) Effectiveness
5) Termination
Therefore, an algorithm can be defined as a sequence of definite and effective instructions, which terminates with the production of correct output from the given input.
For EXAMPLE:- try to present the scenario of a man brushing his own teeth as an algorithm as follows :-
1). Take the brush
2). Apply the paste
3). Start brushing
4). Rinse
5). Wash
6). Stop
If one goes through these 6 steps without being aware of the statement of the problem, he could possibly feel that this is the algorithmfor claning a toilet. This is because of several ambiguities while comprehending every step. Step-1 may imply tooth brush,paint brush, toilet brush, etc. uch an algorithm arises from the instruction of the above algorithm step.thus every step has to be made unambiguous.An unambiguous step is called definite instruction.
b) Write an algorithm to implement any three operations of a queue.
Ans:- Algorithm: Isempty
Input: Q, Queue
Output: Boolean
Method:
If (F==0)
Return (yes)
Else
Return (no)
If end
Algorithm ends
Algorithm: Isfull
Input: Q, Queue
Output: Boolean
Method:
If (R==SIZE)
Return (yes)
Else
Return (no)
If end
Algorithm ends
Algorithm: Front
Input: Q, Queue
Output: element in the front
Method:
If (Isempty (Q))
Print „no front element‟
Else
Return (Q[F])
If end
Algorithm ends
2. a) Describe the two methods of representing a graph.
Ans :- Two ways of representating Graph
DIRECTED GRAPH :- A graph that has an ordered pair of vertices, (x,y). Here , X is the tail and y is the head of the edge. There is a path from vertex X to vertex Y. However , a path from y to x may or may not exist . A path from y to x will be represented by e = (y, x) . Therefore , e = (X , Y) and e = (Y , X) are to seprate edges for a directed graph.
DIRECTED GRAPH
The graph contains five vertices,namely,v1,v2,v3,v4, and v5. The graph contains four directed edges,namely,(v1,v2) , (v2,v3) , (v4,v3) , (v4,v1) , (v4,v5) , and (v5,v1).
UNDIRECTED GRAPH :- A graph that has an unordered pair of vertices representing an edge. This means that if e = (v ,w) ,then (v, w) and (w ,v) are considered as the same edge.
For EX :-
UNDIRECTED GRAPH
b) Design an algorithm to generate all prime numbers between 10 and 20.
Ans.:- Algorithm: Primality_Testing (Second approach)
Input : between 10 & 20 , number
flag, test condition
Output : flag updated
Method
flag = 0
for(i=2 to square_root(n) in steps of +1 and flag = 0)
if( n % i = 0) // n mod i
flag = 1
end_if
end-for
if(flag = 0)
display „Number is prime‟
else
display „Number is not prime‟
end_if
Algorithm ends
3. a) Trace out the algorithm Max Min on a data set containing atleast 8 elements.
Ans:- Steps to perform MaxMin on a data set (2,4,6,3,8,1,9,7) are:
(2,4,6,3) (8,1,9,7)
((2,4)(6,3)) ((8,1)(9,7))
In sublist (4,6), max is 6 and min is 4. In sublist (8,9), max is 9 and min is 8.
Comparing max and min values of sublist (2,4) and sublist (6,3), value of max is 6 and min is 2.
Therefore, for sublist (2,4,6,3) max is 6 and min is 2.
Similarly, comparing max and min values of sublist (8,1) and sublist (9,7), value of max is 9 and min is 1.
Therefore, for sublist (8,1,9,7) max is 9 and min is 1.
Finally, comparing max and min values of sublist (2,4,6,3) and sublist (8,1,9,7), value of max is 9 and min is 1.
b) Design an algorithm to sort the elements using merge sort.
Ans:- Algoritm : MERGESOt
Input : low,high,the lower and upper limits of the list to be sorted
A,the list of elements
Output : A, Sorted list
Method:
If (low < high)
Mid (low +high )/2
MERGESORT(low,mid)
MERGESORT(mid,high)
MERGE(A,low,mid,high)
Ifend
Algorithm ends
4. What are preorder, Inorder, postorder traversals of a binary tree? Design recursion
algorithms to implement them and explain with the help of an example.
Ans:- Traversal is the most important operation done on a binary tree. Traversal is the process of visiting the verticesof the tree in a systematic order. Systematic means that every time the tree is traversed it should yield the same result.
PRE-ORDER TRAVERSAL
In this traversal , the nodes are visited in the order of root, Left child and then right child ,i.e.,
1) Visit the root node first.
2) Go to the first left sub-tree.
3) After the completion of the left sub-tree, Go to the right sub-tree.
Here , the lleaf nodes represent the stopping criteria. We go to the sibling sub-tree after the traversal of a sub tree.
IN-ORDER Traversal
In this traversal , the nodes are visited in the order of the left child,root and then right child.i.e., the left sub-tree is traversed first, then the root is visited and then the right sub-tree is traversed. Here also,the left nodes denotes the stopping criteria.
POST-ORDER Traversal
In this traversal, the nodes are visited in the order of left child,right child and then root. i.e.,the left sub-tree is traversed first, then the sibling is traversed next.the root is visited last.
The recursion algorithm
Algorithm: Pre-order Traversal
Input: bt, address of the root node
Output: Preorder sequence
Method:
if(bt != NULL)
{
Display([bt].data)
Pre-order Traversal([bt].Lchild)
Pre-order Traversal([bt].Rchild)
}
Algorithm ends.
Algorithm: In-order Traversal
Input: bt, address of the root node
Output: Inorder sequence
Method:
if(bt != NULL)
{
In-order Traversal([bt].Lchild)
Display([bt].data)
In-order Traversal([bt].Rchild)
}
Algorithm ends.
Algorithm: Post-order Traversal
Input: bt, address of the root node
Output: Postorder sequence
Method:
if(bt != NULL)
{
Post-order Traversal([bt].Lchild)
Post-order Traversal([bt].Rchild)
Display([bt].data)
}
Algorithm ends.
5. a) What is binary search? Develop a recursive algorithm for binary search.
Ans:- Binary search is necessary to have the vector in an alphabetical or numerically increasing order .
Consider an example where we have to search for the name Steve in a tlephone directory that is sorted alphabetically . in this case ,we donot search for the name sequentially .instead, we open the telephone directory at the middle to open the telephone directory at the middle to determeine which half contains the name.
Recursive algorithm for binary search
Algorithm : Binary search
Input: A,vector of n elements
K,earch elements
Output : low-index of k
Method :
Low = l, high = n
While(low <= high-1)
{
Mid = (low + high)2
If(k<a[mid]])
High = mid
Else
Low = mid
If end
}
While end
If (k= A[low])
{
Write (“ search successful”)
Write( k is at location low)
Exit();
}
Else
Write(search unsuccessful);
If end;
Algorithm ends;
b) What are the two methods of representing a binary tree?
Ans:- The two methods of representing binary tree are:-
 Static allocation and,
 Dynamic allocation
In static allocation ,we have two ways of representing the binary tree.one is through the use of adjacency matrices and other through the use of single represention dimensional array representation.
6. a) Design an algorithm to check whether a given string is a palindrome or not.
Ans :- Algorithm: check whether the string is a palindrome or not
Input: string, flag
Output: string is a palindrome
Method:
count = 0
while (the next character ch in the string is not empty)
a(count) = ch
count = count+1
end while
half = count/2palin = true
for (i=1 to half in steps of 1 and j=count to half in steps of –1 do)
if (a (i)! =a (j))
palin = false
break
end if
if (palin = true)
Display 'String is a palindrome'
else
Display 'String is not a palindrome'
end if
end for
Algorithm ends
b) Trace out the algorithm quick sort on the data set {1,5,7,19,15,8,9, 10}.
Ans :-
{(1),5,7,19,15,8,9, 10}
{(1),5,7,15,19,8,9, 10}
{1,5,7,(15),10,8,9, 19}
{1,5,7,(10),15,8,9, 19}
{1,5,7,(10),8,15,9, 19}
{1,5,7,8,10,15,9, 19}
{1,5,7,8,10,9,15, 19}
{1,5,7,8,9,10,15, 19}
7. a) What is validation and testing of algorithms?
Ans :- Validating:- Once an algorithm has been devised it become necessary to show that it works it computer the correct to all possible, legal input. One simply way is to code into a program. However converting the algorithm into program is a time consuming process. Hence,it is essential to be reasonably sure about the effectiveness of the algorithm beforeit is coded. This process, at the algorithm level,is called"validation". Several mathematical and other empirical method of validation are available. Providing the validation of an algorithm is a fairly complex process and most often a complete theoritical validation though desirable, mey not be provided. Alternately, algorithm segment,which have been proved elsewhere may be used and the overall working algorithm may be empirically validated for several test cases.And, The process of measuring the effectiveness of an algorithm before it is coded to know the algorithm is correct for every possible input.This process is called validation.
Example :- This article describes the algorithms for validating bank routing numbers and credit card number using
the checksum built into the number. While they differ in how they are generated, the technique used for both is similar.
Testing : - The test of an algorithm is that the program based on the algorithm should run satisfactorily. Testing a program really involves two phases a) debugging and b) Profiling. Debugging is the process of executing programs with sample datasets to determine if the results obtained are satisfactory.When unsatisfactory results are generated ,suitable changes are made in the program to get the desired results. On the other hand,profiling or performance measurement is the process of executing a correct program on different data sets to mesure the time and space that it takes to compute the results.
b) Explain the terms with examples
i) Finite graph
Ans:-A graph with a finite number of vertices as well as finite number of edges is called a finite graph.
Finite graph
ii) Isolated and pendent vertices
Ans :- A vertex having no incident edge is called an isolated vertex. Vertex v4 and v7 are isolated vertices(in fig). A vertex of degree one is called a pendent vertex or an end vertex. Vertex v3 is pendent vertex (in fig).
Graph ontaining isolated vertices and pendent vertex
iii) NULL graph
in the definition of a graph G = ( V , E) it is possible for the edge set E to be empty. Such a graph , without any edges, is called a null graph.
iv) Path.
Ans.:- if a walk has the restriction of no repetition of vertices and no edge is retraced it is called a path.
8. Write short notes on :
a) Debugging
Ans.- Debugging is the process of executing programs with sample datasets to determine if the results obtained are satisfactory. When unsatisfactory results are generated, suitable changes are made in the program to get the desired results. On the other hand, profiling or performance measurement is the process of executing a correct program on different data sets to measure the time and space that it takes to compute the results.
b) The need for recursion
Ans.:- The need of recursion is :
1) Mathematical functions such as factorial and fibonaci series generation can be easily implemented using recursion than iteration.
2) in iterative techniques looping of statement is very much necessary..
c) Incidence matrix.
Ans.:- The incidence matrix contains only two elements , o and 1. Such a matrix is called a binary matrix or a (0,1) matrix. Since every edge is incident on exactly two vertices, each column of a has exactly two 1.The number of 1‟ in each now equals the degree of the corresponding vertex. A row with all 0‟ , therefore ,represents an isolated vertex. Parallel edges in a graph produce identical columns in its incidence matrix.

KNOW YOUR OWN MOBILE NUMBER

2012-04-10T08:40:00.001+05:30

Having many SIM cards confuse you which number is for which SIM card. People like me having 20+ SIM cards confuse me which number is for which SIM card. Network operators are providing free SIM cards so they could get more and more users. They provide these types of schemes for limited time. Person like me fall into these schemes and buy free SIM cards. Whenever I want to know my mobile number, I just call from it to another mobile phone. Sometimes, it becomes very difficult when I have zero balance on the SIM card. But, here is the trick which will tell you your own mobile number. Here are the codes for different operators.

1. Airtel:

Send sms IM to 57070

2. Reliance:

Dial *1#

3. Idea:

Dial *789#

4. Aircel:

Dial *888#

5. Videocon:

Dial *1#

6. Loop:

Dial *222#

7. Virgin:

Dial *1#

8. Vodafone:

Dial *555*0#

9. BSNL:

Call 24365 and ask them

10. Tata Docomo:

Dial *1# or 1*#

It is very easy to use the above codes to know your mobile number. Above codes make the request to the service provider and then displays your mobile number on your screen. It uses the USSD service to display your number, just like you check your balance. To use above codes, just go to your mobile’s homescreen, tap the above numbers correctly and hit the call button. It will then show that the request is under process. After few seconds, it will display your mobile number. You can use these codes on any mobile you have, it doesn’t require any expensive mobile.

I hope the above numbers will work for you. If you find any difficulties or have any other this type of numbers, then we would like to listen it. Comment them below !

TOP 10 FACEBOOK TIPS

2012-04-09T22:35:00.000+05:30

Below is a listing of our top 10 tips for the popular social networking website Facebook.

1. Hide users, games, polls, etc.

It quickly gets annoying seeing some users posts, game invites, polls, etc. Hovering your mouse to the right of the post and clicking the Hide button as shown below can hide any post. Once this button is pressed you'll be prompted with the option to hide that user or in the case of a Facebook application the option to hide that application from ever showing up on your profile.

To unhide someone or unblock an application click the Edit Options link in the bottom right corner of the news feed as shown below.

Greasemonkey and FB Purity

Although Facebook does not allow the ability to hide friends getting new friends messages, friends becoming fans of something, and some application messages they can still be hidden with browser add-ons. If you're running Mozilla Firefox, Chrome, Opera, or Safari we suggest installing the Facebook Purity add-on.

2. Update your privacy settings

Click Account in the top right corner of the Facebook window and then click Privacy settings to adjust who is capable of seeing what on your Facebook profile. We highly recommend going through all the privacy settings to verify your privacy is properly protected.

Anything that is not set to friends only or friends of friends can be seen by anyone searching on the Internet. Below is a few things we recommend for most users.

Under Search in Privacy settings uncheck Public Search Results. This will prevent users from finding your account and profile picture in search results such as Google
Under Application settings, make sure you're only allowing applications you want to have access to your information. Applications that you grant rights to can have access to your Facebook profile information.
If you're curious to see how a program or web page connect to the Facebook API can see your profile see Tip135.

3. Use the Facebook top bar for navigation

Knowing how to properly navigate is vital if you want to get the most out of Facebook. Below is a brief description of each of the available options in the top bar as shown above.

Home (facebook logo) - Clicking this logo will take you to your wall (News Feed) that shows all friends recent posts.

Friend requests - If any friend requests are waiting to be approved this icon will show a notification of how many friends are waiting for approval. This icon can also be clicked when you want to view any friend recommendations or search for friends on Facebook.

Messages - This section allows you to send and receive private messages between one or more people you're friends with.

Notifications - Any time a friend or Facebook application creates a new post you'll be notified in this section. Clicking this icon will show all recent notifications. If you wish to change what is capable of sending you notifications including any Facebook applications or games click the See All Notifications link at the bottom and check or uncheck what you want to be notified on.

Search - Finally, the search box in Facebook can be a powerful tool that can be used to quickly find any current friends or people on Facebook. In addition searching for terms such as a company name, product, sports team, music band, etc. will find fan pages and groups that can be joined.

4. Modify your account notifications

Keep your e-mail and your cell phone clean by updating or eliminate Facebook notifications or keep more up-to-date by adding new notifications. Facebook notifications can be added and removed by clicking Account link in the top right corner, then Account Settings, and then clicking the Notifications tab.

5. Top News and Most Recent

By default Facebook will display your wall postings in the News format, which means it only displays posts it believes are most relevant to you. These results are based on your past interaction with your friends. If you want to see every post made by all your friends that are not hidden click the Most recent link in the upper right section of your news feed as shown in the above picture example.

If you want to adjust who shows up manually click the Edit Options in the bottom right corner of your news feed.

6. View High School work friends

If you've added your High School or previous Work locations to your profile, quickly see all classmates and co-workers on Facebook by clicking the link in your Info tab under your profile.

7. Quickly change profile picture

Your profile picture can be quickly changed to any other picture by visiting your profile, hovering the mouse over your current profile picture, and clicking the Change Picture link that appears in the top right corner of the picture.

8. Don't post private information on friend's walls on in comments

When you make a post on a friend's wall or in any of their comments realize that any of their friends are going to be able to see that post. If you wish for something to remain only between you and a friend send them a Facebook message instead.

9. Suggestions and random friend invites

As you get more friends on Facebook it will begin making friend, groups, and fan suggestions. These are suggestions made by Facebook and not your friends. Unless these are something you're interested in they can be ignored.

This same rule can be applied to people who may want to be your friend that you don't know. If you don't know someone don't accept his or her friend invite. Once someone becomes your friend they'll have access to any information your friends are capable of seeing.

10. Tag your Facebook friends in your photos

Always make sure to tag any of your Facebook friends that are in pictures you upload. However, never tag someone who is not in the picture. When someone is tagged in a photo that picture is automatically added to that persons profile and is a great way to share pictures with all friends.

RENAME WINDOWS XP START BUTTON

2012-04-03T14:41:00.001+05:30

First, Before anything, you need to download Resource hacker

If above link doesn't work try to download from this site.

First Step - The first step is to make a backup copy of the file explorer.exe located at C:\Windows\explorer. Place it in a folder somewhere on your hard drive where it will be safe. Start Resource Hacker and open explorer.exe located at C:\Windows\explorer.exe
The category we are going to be using is String Table In Resource Hacker. Expand it by clicking the plus sign then navigate down to and expand string 37 followed by highlighting 1033. If you are using the Classic Layout rather than the XP Layout, use number 38. The right hand pane will display the stringtable as shown in Fig. 02. We’re going to modify item 578, currently showing the word “start” just as it displays on the current Start button.

There is no magic here. Just double click on the word “start” so that it’s highlighted, making sure the quotation marks are not part of the highlight. They need to remain in place, surrounding the new text that you’ll type. Go ahead and type your new entry

Second Step – Modify the Registry Now that the modified explorer.exe has been created it’s necessary to modify the registry so the file will be recognized when the user logs on to the system. If you don’t know how to access the registry I’m not sure this article is for you, but just in case it’s a temporary memory lapse, go to Start (soon to be something else) Run and type regedit in the Open: field. Navigate to:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\ SOFTWARE\ Microsoft\ Windows NT\ CurrentVersion\ Winlogon

the Right pane (Fig. 05), double click the Shell entry to open the Edit String dialog box as shown in Fig. 06. In Value data: line, enter the name that was used to save the modified explorer.exe file. Click OK.

Close Registry Editor and either log off the system and log back in, or reboot the entire system if that’s your preference. If all went as planned you should see your new Start button with the revised text.

UTILIZING SEARCH ENGINES

2012-03-24T08:51:00.001+05:30

So much information is on the web, its mind boggling. Thankfully we have search

engines to sift through them and catagorize them for us. Unfortunatly, there is still so
much info that even with these search engines, its often a painstakingly slow process
(something comparable to death for a hacker) to find exactly what you're looking for.

Lets get right into it.

I use google.com as my primary search engine because it presently tops the charts as far as
the sites that it indexes which means more pertinent info per search.

1. Page translation.

Just because someone speaks another language doesn't mean they dont have anything useful to say. I use translation tools like the ones found at

http://babelfish.altavista.com
and

http://world.altavista.com
to translate a few key words I am searching for. Be specific and creative because these tools arent the most accurate things on the planet.

2. Directories.

These days everything is about $$$. We have to deal/w SEO (search engine optimization) which seems like a good idea on paper until you do a search for toys and get 5 pornsites in the first 10 results. Using a sites directory will eliminate that. You can narrow your search down easily by looking for the info in specific catagories. (PS google DOES have directories, they're at: directory.google.com)

3. Here are some tips that google refers to as "advanced"

A. "xxxx" / will look for the exact phrase. (google isnt case sensitive)
B. -x / will search for something excluding a certain term
C. filetype:xxx / searches for a particular file extention (exe, mp3, etc)
D. -filetype:xxx / excludes a particular file extention
E. allinurl:x / term in the url
F. allintext:x / terms in the text of the page
G. allintitle:x / terms in the html title of that page
H. allinanchor:x / terms in the links

4. OR

Self explanatory, one or the other... (ie: binder OR joiner)

5. ~X

Synonyms/similar terms (in case you can't think of any yourself)

6. Numbers in a range.

Lets say you're looking for an mp3 player but only want to spend up to $90. Why swim through all the others? MP3 player $0..$90 The 2 periods will set a numeric range to search between. This also works with dates, weights, etc

7. +

Ever type in a search and see something like this:
"The following words are very common and were not included in your search:"
Well, what if those common words are important in your search? You can force google to search through even the common terms by putting a + in front of the denied word.

8. Preferences

It amazes me when I use other peoples PCs that they dont have their google search preferences saved. When you use google as much as I do, who can afford to not have preferences? They're located on the right of the search box, and have several options, though I only find 2 applicable for myself...
A. Open results in new browser
B. Display 10-100 results per page. (I currently use 50 per page, but thats a resolution preference, and 5X's the default)

9. *

Wildcard searches. Great when applied to a previously mentioned method. If you only know the name of a prog, or are looking for ALL of a particular file (ie. you're DLing tunes) something like *.mp3 would list every mp3.

10. Ever see this?

"In order to show you the most relevant results, we have omitted some entries very similar to the X already displayed. If you like, you can repeat the search with the omitted results included." The answer is YES. yes yes yes. Did I mention yes? I meant to.

11. Search EVERYWHERE

Use the engine to its fullest. If you dont find your answer in the web section, try the group section. Hell, try a whole different search engine. Dont limit yourself, because sometimes engines seem to intentionally leave results out.
ex. use google, yahoo, and altavista. search the same terms... pretty close, right? Now search for disney death. Funny, altavista has plenty of disney, but no death...hmmm.

If you've read this far into this tutorial without saying, "Great, a guy that copied a few google help pages and thinks its useful info" then I will show you WHY (besides accuracy, speed, and consistancy finding info on ANYTHING) its nice to know how a search engine works. You combine it/w your knowledge of other protocol.

Example:
Want free music? Free games? Free software? Free movies? God bless FTP! Try this search:
intitle:"Index of music" "rolling stones" mp3
Substitute rolling stones/w your favorite band. No? Try the song name, or another file format. Play with it. Assuming SOMEONE made an FTP and uploaded it, you'll find it.

For example....I wanted to find some Sepultura. If you never heard them before, they're a Brazilian heavy metal band that kicks ass. I started with this:
intitle:"Index of music" "Sepultura" mp3 <-- nothing
intitle:"Index of música" "Sepultura" mp3 <-- nothing
intitle:"Index of musica" "Sepultura" mp3 <-- not good enough
intitle:"Index of music" "Sepultura" * <-- found great stuff, but not enough Sepultura

At this point it occurs to me that I may be missing something, so I try:
intitle:"index of *" "sepultura" mp3 <-- BANG!
(and thats without searching for spelling errors)
Also try inurl:ftp

I find that * works better for me than trying to guess other peoples mis-spellings.

The same method applies for ebooks, games, movies, SW, anything that may be on an FTP site.

I hope you enjoyed this tutorial, and I saw that recently a book and an article was written on the very same topic. I havn't read them as of yet, but check em out, and get back to me if you feel I missed something important and should include anything else.

intitle:"index of" "google hacks" ebook

I've said it before, I'll say it again... BE CREATIVE.
You'll be surprised what you can find.