VinothkumarJ's World

What is the min Oxygen percentage should be maintained in boiler, furnace.

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Wed, 21 Dec 2011 05:03:00 +0000

What is the min Oxygen percentage should be maintained in boiler for continues combustion process in full load?

O2% in the flue gas after the combustion is called Excess Air (i.e. Excess O2%). This is a way to ensure combustion is complete with sufficient air. Hence O2 in the flue gas is maintained approx 1% at Full load. Understand the combustion process & refer the Optimum combustion zone in the below slides. Hope it is clear.

Minimum 1% needs to be maintain in Full load condition of boiler.

First we should ensure the load condition of boiler. Based on the boiler load, Fuel and air flow needs to be adjusted. So that we will get a proper combustion.

Some times what happens in full load condition of boiler, Readings will go to "0% "of O2 Due to carbon presence in the smoke.

This we can ensure visually through by seeing the Duct smoke itself.

If the smoke colour is observed with "Black" then we suggest customer to increase the air flow rate also this type of problem occurs due to lesser air flow rate and carbon presence in combustion. By increasing the airflow rate carbon presence in the combustion will get reduced.......

Incase smoke colour is observed with "White" it will be due to 50% of load or lesser than the load that time readings will be more than 5% of O2.

Incase Boiler load, Air and fuel flow rate is normal then the smoke colour will observed with "Blue" colour.

Seeing physically we can ensure the combustion of boilers.

Combustion not only based on the feed rate of fuel and air flow, It also depends on Calorific Value of "Fuel".

So Depends on the calorific value of fuel combustion and efficiency of boiler also will varies....

vibration sensors using negative voltage for sensing the vibration

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Sun, 18 Dec 2011 14:18:00 +0000

For High speed rotating equipment only,we are using this negative voltage for vibration sensor.This negative voltage is always set as gap voltage between the sensor and surface of the rotating equipment.
This gap voltage is always set as -10Vdc.
This because of Ratio frequency, which is created by the controller of vibration sensor. These frequencies are generated under negative voltage only. which is also varies with respect to eddy current flow. The amplitude of this ratio frequency is measured as vibration.
For your information, Noice level is very less in negative voltage compare than positive voltage which will not affect the sensitive range of measurement of vibration.
For your information:-This concept is used in Bently neveda vibration monitoring system.

The principle is that analyzer supplies a negative voltage to transducer, who converts it into a frequency & sends it across the probe. Now as the probe comes into the area of
rotor it creates a magnetic field & with it eddy current is produced on the rotor side. This changes the amplitude of the frequency. It induces the voltage & remaining frequency
comes to the transducer through the return way. Transducer converts it into the voltage.
Now coming back to the question The gap voltage has a negative relation with the voltage induced i.e. as the gap increases the induced voltage decreases. So to make it to
into a linear relationship, negative voltage is supplied.
i.e

Gap Gap voltage
0 mm 0 vtg
1 mm -9 voltage
2 mm 18 voltage
& when the probe is in air it will have no induced voltage so all -24 voltage without induced voltage will return back.

Difference between grounding and earthing

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Sun, 18 Dec 2011 14:13:00 +0000

1. What is the Difference between Earthing & Grounding?
1. Grounding means connecting the live part (it means the part which carries current under normal condition) to the earth for example neutral of power transformer.
2. Earthing means connecting the dead part (it means the part which does not carries current under normal condition) to the earth for example electrical iron etc.
3. One of the most misunderstood concepts is earthing and grounding. We all understand that it is necessary, we need to understand that there are really two separate things we are doing that we call grounding.
The first, is to reference our electrical source to earth (usually via connection to some kind of rod driven into the earth or some other metal that has direct contact with the earth). In the system, this is typically accomplished via a 120/240-3 wire system where neutral has a connection to earth at the source (for residences). Industrial power that has an earth reference has other means of referencing to earth, but generally all have some direct connection to earth. The exception of course is 440V delta which often has no earth connection.
The second thing we often call grounding is really bonding. That is when we take and connect all the metal parts in our systems that might become energized (such as if a conductor came loose). This is done with equipment grounding conductors or sometimes with conduit or raceway systems. The key is to get all the metal pieces electrically connected together. All these metal parts are then connected to the electrical reference point (neutral in the case of residences). That way if a hot conductor comes in contact with a piece of metal a current path exists back to the neutral point that causes the branch circuit protector to open up because there is a short circuit.
In electrical engineering, ground or earth may be the reference point in an electrical circuit from which other voltages are measured, or a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the Earth.
Electrical circuits may be connected to ground (earth) for several reasons. In mains powered equipment, exposed metal parts are connected to ground to prevent contact with a dangerous voltage if electrical insulation fails. Connections to ground limit the build-up of static electricity when handling flammable products or when repairing electronic devices. In some telegraph and power transmission circuits, the earth itself can be used as one conductor of the circuit, saving the cost of installing a separate return conductor.
For measurement purposes, the Earth serves as a (reasonably) constant potential reference against which other potentials can be measured. An electrical ground system should have an appropriate current-carrying capability in order to serve as an adequate zero-voltage reference level. In electronic circuit theory, a "ground" is usually idealized as an infinite source or sink for charge, which can absorb an unlimited amount of current without changing its potential. Where a real ground connection has a significant resistance, the approximation of zero potential is no longer valid. Stray voltages or earth potential rise effects will occur, which may create noise in signals or if large enough will produce an electric shock hazard.
The use of the term ground (or earth) is so common in electrical and electronics applications that circuits in portable electronic devices such as cell phones and media players as well as circuits in vehicles such as ships, aircraft, and spacecraft may be spoken of as having a "ground" connection without any actual connection to the Earth. This is usually a large conductor attached to one side of the power supply (such as the "ground plane" on a printed circuit board) which serves as the common return path for current from many different components in the circuit.

2. Whether earth can be used as neutral? If yes then why neutral required?
Earth
1. It is used for safety purpose. i.e whenever leakage current pass through electric machine body, earth will conduct directly to earth. So it is prevent electric shock to human body.
2. In 3 phase star connection its act as a neutral & same point connected to ground.

Neutral
3. It is one of the wires in AC circuit.
4. It is used for return path of the circuit in single phase & three phase.
Since the neutral point of an electrical supply system is often connected to earth ground, ground and neutral are closely related. Under certain conditions, a conductor used to connect to a system neutral is also used for grounding (earthing) of equipment and structures. Current carried on a grounding conductor can result in objectionable or dangerous voltages appearing on equipment enclosures, so the installation of grounding conductors and neutral conductors is carefully defined in electrical regulations. Where a neutral conductor is used also to connect equipment enclosures to earth, care must be taken that the neutral conductor never rises to a high voltage with respect to local ground.
Ground or earth in a mains (AC power) electrical wiring system is a conductor that provides a low impedance path to the earth to prevent hazardous voltages from appearing on equipment (the terms "ground" and "earth" are used synonymously here). Normally a grounding conductor does not carry current.
Neutral is a circuit conductor (that carries current in normal operation), which is connected to earth (or ground) generally at the service panel with the main disconnecting switch or breaker.
In a polyphase or three-wire (single-phase) AC system, the neutral conductor is intended to have similar voltages to each of the other circuit conductors. By this definition, a circuit must have at least three wires for one to serve as a neutral.
In the electrical trade, the conductor of a 2-wire circuit that is connected to the supply neutral point and earth ground is also referred to as the "neutral". This is formally described electrical codes as the "identified" circuit conductor.
All neutral wires of the same electrical system should have the same electrical potential, because they are all connected together through the system ground.

Earth can use as neutral but neutral can't use as earth.
1) For closing the complete circuit neutral is mandatory.
2) Once the circuit is closed then only current will flow through any Electrical & Electronic circuit so without neutral any AC Electrical & Electronic circuits won't work.

3. Why we should provide link instead of fuse in neutral line?
1. In AC power system we should not use fuse in neutral. (neutral is using at distribution level for getting single phase or 3 phase 3wire 4wire system to supply the power to the some loads), if we provide fuse in neutral, during the fault condition the fuse in neutral will be blown and the faulty current will not be grounded, this may leads to damage the whole circuit, if we provide link in the neutral the faulty current will be grounded and the circuit will be protected against the fault.
This is the purpose of providing link in neutral.

HAPPY PONGAL - INIYA PONGAL NAL VAZHTHUKAL

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Thu, 13 Jan 2011 09:42:00 +0000

Anaivarukkum iniya pongal nal vazhthukkal

Pongal thirunal ulaga thamilargalin vizha

Uzhavargalin unnatha thirunall

Kadavulukku nandri therivittu pongalai kondadungal!

Pongal thirunaalum,

Thalaipongal thirunalum,

Pongivarum pongal pola

Engum pongattum magizhchi

Iniya pongal nalvaazhthukkal

Welcome

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Thu, 06 Jan 2011 09:42:00 +0000

Hi all, This is my first post for my blog - complete technical portal. You can learn about technical thing which i learnt in my carrier.

If u also want to share the exp of your technical things it fine and good.

vinoth kumar J

India, About India, Indian History, Indian Legends

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Fri, 09 Oct 2009 14:00:00 +0000

Here is the link Etymology - History - Government - Politics.

Click Download to get the file.

DOWNLOAD

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mobile controlled robo for face deetection

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Fri, 09 Oct 2009 13:35:00 +0000

An autonomous mobile robot with a face detection system should be
able to find human faces. The robot is controlled through a mobile phone any
where in the world .But, what‟s more useful about out MOBILE CONTROL
ROBOT USED TO FACE DETECTION is that they can find whether human are come across the restricted area.

FOR FURTHER DETAILS
While we make call to the robot it will be in auto pick up mode .we can
control the robot after the call attended .The values are feed to the
microcontroller and they can be processed. Then robot is controlled through
far away distance with another mobile the controls are front, back, right turn
left turn ,and camera rotated with 360 degrees.
The live video is capture through a web cam .video is converted into 12
frames per second after conversion each frame is compare with the predefined
algorithms mat lab for face detection system if any human faces is detected a
marking the detected face is show on system monitor.
Click Download to get the file.

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Be a Certified Software Tester

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Sat, 11 Apr 2009 10:27:00 +0000

Indian Testing Board (ITB) is the International Software Testing Qualifications Board (ISTQB) approved national board for India. ITB is responsible for the "ISTQB-Certified-Tester" Certification in India.

If your certified by this board your value gets summed up in this software revolution.

FOR FURTHER DETAILS
The ISTQB was officially founded as an International Testing Qualifications Board in Edinburgh in November 2002. The ISTQB is responsible for the "ISTQB Certified Tester", which is an international qualification scheme and the qualifications in the scheme are based on a syllabus. There is an examination covering the contents of the syllabus. After the examination, each successful participant receives the “ISTQB-Certified-Tester” certificate.Please visit Exam Dates page for details on the dates of examination and how to apply. The syllabi are available at the Syllabi page.
The contents of each syllabus are taught as courses by training providers, which have been accredited by ITB. The list of accredited training providers and information on how to get accredited visit the Training Providers page.

For more details Click Here

OP-AMP Circuits

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Sat, 04 Apr 2009 03:43:00 +0000

What exactly is an OPerational AMPlifier?
Let's define what that component is and look at the parameters of this amazing device. An operational amplifier IC is a solid-state integrated circuit that uses external feedback to control its functions. It is one of the most versatile devices in all of electronics. The term 'op-amp' was originally used to describe a chain of high performance dc amplifiers that was used as a basis for the analog type computers of long ago.

MORE CIRCUIT DESIGN USING OP-AMP
I have given full detials

The very high gain op-amp IC's our days uses external feedback networks to control responses. The op-amp without any external devices is called 'open-loop' mode, referring actually to the so-called 'ideal' operational amplifier with infinite open-loop gain, input resistance, bandwidth and a zero output resistance. However, in practice no op-amp can meet these ideal characteristics. And as you will see, a little later on, there is no such thing as an ideal op-amp. Since the LM741/NE741/uA741 Op-Amps are the most popular one, this tutorial is direct associated with this particular type. Nowadays the 741 is a frequency compensated device and although still widely used, the Bi-polar types are low-noise and replacing the old-style op-amps.
Shown in Fig.1 at the right are op-amp symbols as usedtoday. The one on the right is an older way of drawing it but still used in books like the ARRL (American Radio Relay Leaque) and older schematics. It is common practice to omit the power supply connections as they are implied.

MORE DETAILS DOWNLOAD IT

PC-BASED DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Sat, 04 Apr 2009 03:43:00 +0000

This circuit allows you to control the speed of a DC motor (in eight levels)from your PC’s parallel port. The PC uses a software program to control the speed of the motor.

HOW DOES IT WORK
I have given full detials
MORE DETAILS DOWNLOAD IT

MOBILE BUG

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Sat, 04 Apr 2009 03:39:00 +0000

This handy, pocket-size mobile transmission detector can sense the presence of an activated
mobile phone from a distance of one and-a-half metres. So it can be used to prevent use of mobile phones in examination halls, confidential rooms, etc.

HOW DOES IR WORKS

It is also useful for detecting the use of mobile phone for spying and unauthorised video transmission. The circuit can detect both the incoming and outgoing calls, SMS and video transmission even if the mobile phone is kept in the silent mode. The moment the bug detects RF transmission signal from an activated mobile phone, it starts sounding a beep alarm and the LED blinks. The alarm continues until the signal transmission ceases. An ordinary RF detector usingtuned LC circuits is not suitable for detecting signals in the GHz frequency band used in mobile phones. The transmission frequency of mobile phones ranges from 0.9 to 3 GHz with a wavelength of 3.3 to 10 cm. So a circuit detecting gigahertz signals is required for a mobile bug.

FOR CIRCUIT AND DESCRIPTION DOWNLOAD IT

LED LIGHTING FOR CHRISTMAS

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Sat, 04 Apr 2009 03:37:00 +0000

Using light effects for decoration on festive occasions is a normal practice. Designers are coming up with varieties of electronic circuits to fill the imagination of users.
TO DOWNLOAD THE CIRCUIT AND DESCRIPTION

CLICK HERE

AUTOMATIC LOW-POWER EMERGENCY LIGHT

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Sat, 04 Apr 2009 03:35:00 +0000

Here is a white-LED-based emergency light that offers
the following advantages:

Read More.....
1. It is highly bright due to the use of white LEDs.
2. The light turns on automatically when mains supply fails, and turns off when mains power resumes.
3. It has its own battery charger.When the battery is fully charged, charging stops automatically.
FOR CIRCUITS & OTHERS DOWNLOAD HERE

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Wed, 01 Apr 2009 13:54:00 +0000

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ELECTRONICS PLAYS IN MEDICAL FIELDS

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Wed, 01 Apr 2009 12:22:00 +0000

• ECG • EEG • EMG • PCG • EOG • ANIMAL CELLS
ECG
Deals with the study of electrical activity of the heart muscles. The potentials originated in the human being fibres of heart muscles are added to produce the ECG waveform. Electrocardiogram is the recorded ECG wave pattern. Heart consists of four chambers namely two auricles and two ventricles. Cardiac action potential is generated by contraction and expansion of the muscle fibres.

HOW DOES IT PLAY
EEG
Deals with the recording and study of electrical activity of brain. By means of electrodes attached to the skull of the patients , the brain waves are picked up and recorded.
Electromyography (EMG)
It is the science of recording and interpreting the electrical activity of muscle’s action potential. Recording of peripheral nerve’s action potential is called ELECTRONEUROGRAPHY
Electrooculography (EOG)
It is a technique for measuring the resting potential of the retina.
the resulting signal is called the electrooculogram. The main applications are in ophthalmological diagnosis and in recording eye movements.
BIO-CHEMICAL & NON-ELECTRICAL
PARAMETER MEASUREMENT
RADIOLOGICAL EQUIPMENTS
WHAT IS ENDOSCOPY?
An endoscope is a medical device consisting of a camera mounted on a flexible tube. Small instruments can be used to take samples of suspicious tissues through the endoscope. In gastrointestinal (digestive tract) endoscopy, this device is inserted through the mouth or anus. For other areas, small incisions are made.
WHAT IS LASER?
Laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser beam consists of high intense radiation in unique direction without spreading of its energy in other directions.

For Full DETIALS

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Wiper Circuits for Transports

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Sun, 29 Mar 2009 04:52:00 +0000

A popular modification for early Sprites and Midgets is to replace the single speed wiper motor with a dual speed motor from a later model car. While it's relatively easy to wire up a switch for the two speeds, getting the wiper motor to auto park when the switch is turned off can be a little more tricky.

HOW DOES IT WORK

Flicking the toggle switch to the first position (slow operation), power is applied to the relay, closing the contact and supplying power to pin 5 on the wiper motor (via pin 87 and 30 on the relay). The Auto Park connection on the Wiper Motor (pin 2) is not connected to anything while the relay is energized.
Flicking the toggle switch to the second position (fast operation), power is supplied directly to pin 3 on the Wiper Motor. At this point you might expect the relay to turn off, but in fact the relay remains turned on by current leaking back out of pin 5 (slow) of the wiper motor (via pin 30 and 87 of the relay). The Auto Park connection on the Wiper Motor (pin 2) is not connected to anything while the relay remains energized.
Flicking the switch to off, causes the relay to turn off, this connects pin 2 of the Wiper Motor to pin 5 of the Wiper Motor (via pin 87a and 30 of the relay). What I think happens here is that power is connected to pin 4 of the Wiper Motor, this must be internally connected to pin 2 via a switch, which allows us to continue to supply power to the slow pin 5 of the motor until it reaches the park position when pin 2 turns itself off.

TO READ MORE DOWNLOAD IT

VLSI Design: Basics of VHDL

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Fri, 27 Mar 2009 14:07:00 +0000

We have attached VLSI basic Study materials for starter of VLSI and we were given some basic programs for exercise. To test your programs you can download the free trial version of Xilinx latest version.

TO DOWNLOAD the Materials for free

CLICK HERE

How to Construct a Line Follower Robot

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Fri, 27 Mar 2009 11:02:00 +0000

What is line follower robot?

Find out more inside....

For my mini project, I decided to make a line-follower robot. This simple robot is designed to be able to follow a black line or white line on the ground without getting off the line too much. The robot has two sensors installed underneath the front part of the body, and two DC motors drive wheels moving forward. A circuit inside takes an input signal from two sensors and controls the speed of wheels’ rotation. The control is done in such a way that when a sensor senses a black line, the motor slows down or even stops. Then the difference of rotation speed makes it possible to make turns. For instance, in the figure on the right, if the sensor somehow senses a black line, the wheel on that side slows down and the robot will make a right turn.

Download for the design is given below

Line follower robot : circuits for black line

Line follower robot : circuits for white line

Projects List

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Thu, 26 Mar 2009 11:28:00 +0000

These are the list of the projects we are handling right now. This list will be updated frequently as we post new projects. You can use this single post to access all the projects under Education On-Line.

1.Temperature Controller

2. Remote Control for Home Appliances

3.USB Power Booster

4.Test for Remote Controller

5.Traffic Light Controller Controller

6.Wireless Switch

7.How to construct line follower robot

Temperature controller

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Wed, 25 Mar 2009 10:50:00 +0000

Here is a simple Temperature controller that turns your personnel computer (PC) off. when the temperature of the PC increases beyond the optimal temperature.

TO READ MORE DOWNLOAD IT

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Remote control for home appliances

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Wed, 25 Mar 2009 10:43:00 +0000

Connect the circuit to any of your home appliances (lamp,fan, radio, etc) to make the appliance turn on/off from a TV, VCD or DVD remote control. The circuit can be Activated from up to 10 metres. The 38kHz infrared (IR) rays generated by the remote control are received by IR receiver module TSOP1738 of the circuit.

TO READ MORE DOWNLOAD IT

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Tester for remote control

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Wed, 25 Mar 2009 10:38:00 +0000

Here is a simple tester for checking the basic operations of an infrared remote control unit.It is low-cost and easy to construct. The tester is built around infrared receiver module TSOP1738. Operation of the remote control is acknowledged by a tone from the buzzer. The circuit is sensitive and has a range of approximately five metres.

TO READ MORE DOWNLOAD IT

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Trafficlightcontroller

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Wed, 25 Mar 2009 10:32:00 +0000

This simple traffic controller can be used to teach children rudiments of traffic rules.The circuit uses readily available components. It mainly comprises rectifier diodes (1N4001),a 5V regulator 7805, two timers IC 555,two relays (5V,single-changeover),three 15W, 230V bulbs and some discrete components.

TO READ MORE DOWNLOAD IT

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USB powerbooster

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Wed, 25 Mar 2009 10:25:00 +0000

The USB serial bus can be configured for connecting several peripheral devices to a single PC. It is more complex than RS232, but faster and simpler for PC expansion.
To READ More Download it.

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Wireless switch

noreply@blogger.com (vinoth kumar J) — Wed, 25 Mar 2009 10:21:00 +0000

Normally, home appliances are controlled by means of switches,sensors, etc. However,physical contact with switches may be dangerous if there is any shorting.The circuit described here requires no physical contact for operating the appliance.

To READ MORE DOWNLOAD IT.

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