SANDAL JEPIT

9 Logo yang Ga' Sengaja Dibuat Tetapi Memiliki Beberapa Tafsir yang Bikin Anda Ketawa

2013-02-05T23:19:00.003-08:00

Mumpung lagi libur kuliah nih sobat Volterz, gue mw kasih info yang menarik nih. Iseng-iseng browsing ternyata dapat tekwan yang bikin sobat cengir kuda sampai-sampai ngakak. Ini Beberapa gambar saya ambil dari boredpanda dan dari logopedia. Beberapa Logo awalnya gue ngga begitu paham, ujung-ujungnya setelah dilihat, diraba,diterawang (kayak iklannya uang indonesia) jadi sadar memang ini termasuk logo yang sengaja dibuat atau tidak, ternyata bikin gue ngakak. Cekidot.....

1. Logo Locum. Locum merupakan sebuah perusahaan manajemen property asal swedia. Yang membuat logo ini jelek adalah huruf o yang diganti dengan logogram simbol cinta. Orang yang salah baca bisa membaca logo jelek ini I Love Cum

2. Logo OCG (Office government commerce). Logo ini juga bikin ngakak. Misal Logo ini diputar 90 derajat ke searah jarum jam. :S

3. Logo A-Style
Logo ini jelek karena bentuknya yang aga ngga senonoh. A-Style Sendiri adalah merk fashion di Italia yang telah ada sejak tahun 1989.

4. Logo Clinical Dental
Hahaha.. Silahkan diperhatikan kenapa logo ini jelek dan gagal total.

5. Logo Junior Jazz Dance Classes
Pertama lihat logo ini, jujur ngga paham bener jeleknya. Yang saya lihat cuma sepasang cewek dan cowok yang sedang menari. Eh pas saya zoom out baru geleng-geleng kepala. Ko bisa ya yang buat logo jelek ini ngga sadar.

6. Logo Kudawara Pharmacy
Silahkan ditemukan apa yang membuat logo kudawara ini jelek :P

7. Logo Kidsexchange

Logo ini jelek karena ngga ada pemisahan huruf sehingga bisa multi tafsir kalau dibaca.

8. Logo Arlington Pediatric Center
Logo ini setelah saya check websitenya (www.arlpedcen.org) ternyata sudah diganti. Kurang tahu apakah logo tersebut memang strategi pemasaran atau memang logo yang gagal.

9. Logo The Computer Doctors
Wkwkwk yang bikin lucu adalah huruf u di logo tersebut diganti sama mouse tetapi gambar mousenya aneh -,-. Apa ngga ada yang lain yang lebih bagus ya.

Gimana sahabat Volterz? Klo loe nggak cengir itu tandanya pikiran anda masih positif dan belum terpengaruh. Jika anda ternyata nyengir berarti anda mempunyai pikiran .............. yang memiliki pandangan luas terhadap beberapa bentuk yang aneh.
sumber : boredpanda, logopedia

SOAL BILANGAN KOMPLEK 3

2013-01-28T07:55:00.001-08:00

disp ('soal 11,tentukan nilai turunan pada persamaan berikut')
disp ('A.dik :z = 2*i,cari f(z) = 3*(z)^3+ 2*z')
disp ('jawab:')
z1=0+2*i
f=3*(z1)^3+ 2*z1
disp ('B.dik :z = 1+i,cari f(z) = 1/2*(z)^4')
disp ('jawab:')
z2=1+i
f=1/2*(z2)^4
disp ('C.dik :z = i/2,cari f(z) =((z)^2-1)^2')
disp ('jawab:')
z3=0+0.5i
f=((z3)^2-1)^2
disp ('D.dik :z = 2*i,cari f(z) =(z-1)/z*2')
disp ('jawab:')
z4=0+2i
f=(z4-1)/z4*2

disp ('soal 12,tentukan nilai dari fungsi – fungsi pada persamaan berikut:')
disp ('A. dik f(z) = exp(3 + 2*pi*i')
disp ('jawab:')
f=exp(3+ 2*pi*i)
disp ('B. dik f(z) = exp(-i')
disp ('jawab:')
f=exp(-i)
disp ('C. dik f(z) = exp(-3 - 4*i)')
disp ('jawab:')
f=exp(-3-4*i)
disp ('D. dik f(z) = exp(-3 + 4*i')
disp ('jawab:')
f=exp(-3+4*i)

disp ('soal 13,tentukan nilai dari fungsi – fungsi pada persamaan berikut:')
disp ('dik A. f(z) = real(exp(3 + 2*pi*i))')
disp ('jawab :')
f=real(exp(3 + 2*pi*i))
disp ('dik B. f(z) = real(exp(-i))')
disp ('jawab :')
f=real(exp(-i))
disp ('dik C. f(z) = real(exp(-3 - 4*i))')
disp ('jawab :')
f=imag(exp(-3-4*i))
disp ('dik D. f(z) = imag(exp(-3 + 4*i))')
disp ('jawab :')
f=imag(exp(-3+4*i))

disp ('soal 14,tentukan nilai dari fungsi – fungsi pada persamaan berikut:')
disp ('dik A=cos(3 + i*4)')
disp ('dik B=cos(6 - i*8)')
disp ('dik C=sin(2*i)')
disp ('dik D=sin(-2 - i*3)')
disp ('jawab:')
A=cos(3 + i*4)
B=cos(6 + i*8)
C=sin(2*i)
D=sin(-2 - i*3)

disp ('soal 15,tentukan nilai dari fungsi-fungsi pada persamaan berikut:')
disp ('dik : A=cosh(3 + i*4)')
disp ('dik : B=cosh(6 - i*8)')
disp ('dik : C=sinh(i*2)')
disp ('dik : D=cosh(-2 - i*3)')
disp ('jawab :')
A=cosh(3 + i*4)
B=cosh(6 + i*8)
C=sinh(i*2)
D=cosh(-2-i*3)

SOAL BILANGAN KOMPLEK 2

2013-01-28T07:53:00.002-08:00

SOAL REV
disp('soal 5,nyatakan bilangan kompleks pada persamaan bentuk dalam bentuk rectangular berikut: ')
disp('A.dik Z1 = 4 sudut 90derajat')
disp('B.dik Z2 =5 sudut 135derajat' )
disp('C.dik Z3 =pi sudut 45derajat' )
disp('D.dik Z4 =50 sudut 120derajat' )
disp('jawab:')
Z1=complex(4*cosd(90),4*sind(90))
Z2=complex(5*cosd(135),5*sind(135))
Z3=complex(pi*cosd(45),pi*sind(45))
Z4=complex(50*cosd(120),50*sind(120))

disp('soal6,,hitung penjumlahan dan pengurangan bilangan kompleks pada persamaan dalam bentuk kutub berikut:')
disp ('A.dik z1 = 4 sudut 75derajat + 5 sudut 135derajat')
disp ('B.dik z2 = 15 sudut 135derajat + 10 sudut 105derajat')
disp ('C.dik z3 = pi sudut 45derajat + 0.5 sudut 75derajat')
disp ('D.dik z4 = 50 sudut 120derajat + 25 sudut 60derajat')
disp('jawab:')
z1_a=cosd(75)*4;
z1_b=sind(75)*4;
z1_c=cosd(135)*5;
z1_d=sind(135)*5;
z1_1=complex(z1_a,z1_b)+ complex(z1_c,z1_d)
z1a=real(z1_1);
z1b=imag(z1_1);
r=sqrt(z1a^2+z1b^2)
sudut=atand(z1b/z1a)
disp(['hasil dari z1 = 4?75 + 5?135 adalah ',num2str(r)]),disp(['sudut ',num2str(sudut)])
disp('------------------------------------------')
z2_a=cosd(135)*15;
z2_b=sind(135)*15;
z2_c=cosd(105)*10;
z2_d=sind(105)*10;
z2_1=complex(z2_a,z2_b)+ complex(z2_c,z2_d)
z2a=real(z2_1);
z2b=imag(z2_1);
r=sqrt(z2a^2+z2b^2)
sudut=atand(z2b/z2a)
disp(['hasil dari z2 = 15?135 + 10?105 adalah ',num2str(r)]),disp(['sudut ',num2str(sudut)])
disp('------------------------------------------')
z3_a=cosd(45)*pi;
z3_b=sind(45)*pi;
z3_c=cosd(75)*0.5;
z3_d=sind(75)*0.5;
z3_1=complex(z3_a,z3_b)- complex(z3_c,z3_d)
z3a=real(z3_1);
z3b=imag(z3_1);
r=sqrt(z3a^2+z3b^2)
sudut=atand(z3b/z3a)
disp(['hasil dari z3 = pi?45 - 0.5?75 adalah ',num2str(r)]),disp(['sudut ',num2str(sudut)])
disp('------------------------------------------')
z4_a=cosd(120)*50;
z4_b=sind(120)*50;
z4_c=cosd(60)*25;
z4_d=sind(60)*25;
z4_1=complex(z4_a,z4_b)- complex(z4_c,z4_d)
z4a=real(z4_1);
z4b=imag(z4_1);
r=sqrt(z4a^2+z4b^2)
sudut=atand(z4b/z4a)
disp(['hasil dari z4 = 50?120 - 25?60 adalah ',num2str(r)]),disp(['sudut ',num2str(sudut)])

clear all
clc
disp('soal 7,hitung perkalian dan pembagian kompleks dalam bentuk kutub pada persamaan (92) s/d (95) berikut:')
disp ('A.Za = 10 sudut 37derajat * 4 sudut322derajat')
disp ('B.Zb = pi sudut 137derajat * 0.5 sudut22derajat')
disp ('C.Zc = 3*pi sudut 167derajat / 5 sudut 20derajat')
disp ('D.Zd = 10 sudut 37derajat / 4 sudut322derajat')
r1a=10;
r1b=4;
theta1a=37;
theta1b=322;
r_a=r1a*r1b
theta_a=theta1a+theta1b
disp(['hasil dari za = 10?37 * 4?322 adalah ',num2str(r_a)]),disp(['sudut ',num2str(theta_a)])
disp('------------------------------------------')
r2a=pi;
r2b=0.5;
theta2a=137;
theta2b=22;
r_b=r2a*r2b
theta_b=theta2a+theta2b
disp(['hasil dari zb = pi?137 * 0.5?22 adalah ',num2str(r_b)]),disp(['sudut ',num2str(theta_b)])
disp('------------------------------------------')
r3a=3*pi;
r3b=5;
theta3a=167;
theta3b=20;
r_c=r3a/r3b
theta_c=theta3a-theta3b
disp(['hasil dari zc = 3(pi)?167 / 5?20 adalah ',num2str(r_c)]),disp(['sudut ',num2str(theta_c)])
disp('------------------------------------------')
r4a=10;
r4b=4;
theta4a=37;
theta4b=322;
r_d=r4a/r4b
theta_d=theta4a-theta4b
disp(['hasil dari zd = 10?37 / 4?322 adalah ',num2str(r_d)]),disp(['sudut ',num2str(theta_d)])

disp ('soal 8,selesaikan operasi bilangan kompleks pada persamaan berikut:')
disp('dik z^2 -(5+i)z+(8+i)=0')
%persamaan ax^2+bx+c, dimana:
a=1; %harga a
b=-(5+1i); %harga b
c=8+1i; %harga c
%Deskripsi dan Perhitungan
%------------------------------
d=b^2-4*a*c; %D=diskriminan
z1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a) %Akar z1
z2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a) %Akar z2
disp('dik z^2- 3z + (3 + i) = 0')
%persamaan ax^2+bx+c, dimana:
a1=1; %harga a
b1=-3; %harga b
c1=3+1i; %harga c
%Deskripsi dan Perhitungan
%------------------------------
d1=b1^2-4*a1*c1; %D=diskriminan
z_1=(-b1+sqrt(d1))/(2*a1) %Akar z1
z_2=(-b1-sqrt(d1))/(2*a1) %Akar z2
disp ('dik C=sqrt(3+i*4)')
disp ('jawab:')
C=sqrt(3+i*4)
disp ('dik D=nthroot(2*i, 8)')
disp ('jawab:')
D=(0+2*i)^(1/8)

disp ('soal 9,Selesaikan operasi bilangan kompleks pada persamaan berikut:')
disp ('A=z1^2-2*z2+(8 + i)')
disp ('B=2*(z1^2) - 3*(z2) + (3 + i )= 0')
disp ('C=sqrt(z1+z2)')
disp ('D=akar pangkat 3 dari(z1*z2)')
disp ('dik :')
z1=3+2*i
z2=2-5*i
disp ('jawab:')
A=z1^2-2*z2+(8 + i)
B=2*(z1^2)-3*(z2)+(3 + i)
C=sqrt(z1+z2)
zd=z1*z2;
D=zd^(1/3)

disp ('soal no 10,Selesaikan operasi bilangan kompleks pada persamaan berikut:')
disp ('A. f(z)=3*(z1)^2 + z1')
disp ('B. f(z)=3*(z2)^2 + z2')
disp ('C. f(z)=3*(z3)^2 + z3')
disp ('D. f(z)=1/2*(z1)^2')
disp ('E. f(z)=1/2*(z2)^2')
disp ('F. f(z)=1/2*(z3)^2')
disp ('G. f(z)=(z1+1)/(z1-1)')
disp ('H. f(z)=(z2+1)/(z2-1)')
disp ('I. f(z)=(z3+1)/(z3-1)')

disp ('dik :')
z1=2+i*5
z2=i*3
z3=-4+i*2
disp ('jawab:')
f_A=3*z1^2+z1
f_B=3*(z2)^2 + z2
f_C=3*(z3)^2 + z3
f_D=1/2*(z1)^2
f_E=1/2*(z2)^2
f_F=1/2*(z3)^2
f_G=(z1+1)/(z1-1)
f_H=(z2+1)/(z2-1)
f_I=(z3+1)/(z3-1)

SOAL BILANGAN KOMPLEK 1

2013-01-28T07:47:00.001-08:00

disp('---------------------');
disp('SOAL 1')
disp('Soal Bilangan Komplek')
disp('dibuat Oleh : Mashudan Kurniawan')
disp('Hari/tanggal: sabtu/13 Okt 2012')
disp('---------------------------------')
%----------------------------------------
disp('soal 1,nyatakan bilangan kompleks pada persamaan berikut:')
disp('a. z1=3+i4')
disp('b. z2=3-i4')
disp('c. z3=-3+i4')
disp('d. z4=-3-i4')
disp('jawab: ')
a=3;
b=4;
z1=complex(a,b)
z2=complex(a,-b)
z3=complex(-a,b)
z4=complex(-a,-b)

disp('soal 2,jika z1 =3 + j4 dan z2 = 8 + j6 hitung operasi aritmetik pada persamaan berikut')
disp('a. za = z1+ z2')
disp('b. zb = z1- z2')
disp('c. zc = z1z2')
disp('d. zd = z1/z2')
disp('dik :')
z1=3+j*4;
z2=8+j*6;
disp('jawab:')
za=z1+z2
zb=z1-z2
zc=z1*z2
zd=z1/z2

disp('soal 3,jika z1 =3 + i4, z2 = 8 + i6 dan z3 = 12 + i13 tentukan')
disp ('a.Real z1')
disp ('b.Real z2')
disp ('c.Real Z3')
disp ('d.ZA=re(z1+z3)')
disp ('e.ZB=im(z1-z2)')
disp ('f.ZC=re(z1*z2)')
disp ('g.ZD=im(z1/z3)')
disp('jawab:')
z1=3+i*4;
z2=8+i*6;
z3=12+i*13;
realZ1=real(z1)
realZ2=real(z2)
realZ3=real(z3)
za=real(z1+z3)
zb=imag(z1-z2)
zc=real(z1*z2)
zd=imag(z1/z3)

RECTANGURAL TO POLAR

disp('soal 4,Nyatakan bilangan kompleks pada persamaan bentuk dalam bentuk kutub :')
disp('z1=1+i*4')
disp('z2=1-i*4')
disp('z3=-1+i*4')
disp('z4=-1-(i*4)')
disp('jawab:')
z1=1+i*4
r1=sqrt((1)^2+(4)^2)
sudut_Z1=atand(imag(z1)/real(z1))
disp('-----------------------------')
z2=1-i*4
r2=sqrt((1)^2+(-4)^2)
sudut_Z2=atand(imag(z2)/real(z2))
disp('-----------------------------')
z3 =-1+i*4
r3=sqrt((-1)^2+(4)^2)
sudut_Z3=atand(imag(z3)/real(z3))
disp('-----------------------------')
z4 =-1-i*4
r4=sqrt((-1)^2+(-4)^2)
sudut_Z4=atand(imag(z4)/real(z4))

POLAR TO RECTANGULAR

disp('soal 5,nyatakan bilangan kompleks pada persamaan bentuk dalam bentuk rectangular berikut: ')
disp('A.dik Z1 = 4 sudut 90derajat')
disp('B.dik Z2 =5 sudut 135derajat' )
disp('C.dik Z3 =pi sudut 45derajat' )
disp('D.dik Z4 =50 sudut 120derajat' )
r1=4;
theta1=90;
r2=5;
theta2=135;
r3=pi;
theta3=45;
r4=50;
theta4=120;
%bentuk rectangular
z1_a=cosd(theta1)*r1;
z1_b=sind(theta1)*r1;
z1=complex(z1_a,z1_b)
z2_a=cosd(theta2)*r2;
z2_b=sind(theta2)*r2;
z2=complex(z2_a,z2_b)
z3_a=cosd(theta3)*r3;
z3_b=sind(theta3)*r3;
z3=complex(z3_a,z3_b)
z4_a=cosd(theta4)*pi;
z4_b=sind(theta4)*pi;
z4=complex(z4_a,z4_b)

TRANSFORMASI BINTANG-DELTA

2013-01-28T07:35:00.002-08:00

clear all
clc
disp('***************************************')
disp(' TRANSFORMASI BINTANG-DELTA ')
disp('***************************************')
disp('1.Transformasi Bintang ke Delta')
disp('2.Transformasi Delta ke Bintang')
disp('3.selesai')
disp('---------------------------------------')
pilih=input('Silahkan pilih pilhan Anda : ');
disp('---------------------------------------')
while pilih ~=3
switch pilih
case 1
disp('Transformasi bintang ke delta')
R1=input('masukan nilai R1(ohm)= ');
R2=input('masukan nilai R2(ohm)= ');
R3=input('masukan nilai R3(ohm)= ');
disp('---------------------------------------')
Ra=((R1*R2)+(R2*R3)+(R3*R1))/R1;
Rb=((R1*R2)+(R2*R3)+(R3*R1))/R2;
Rc=((R1*R2)+(R2*R3)+(R3*R1))/R3;
disp('hasil transformasi bintang ke delta')
disp(['RA adalah = ',num2str(Ra),' ohm'])
disp(['RB adalah = ',num2str(Rb),' ohm'])
disp(['RC adalah = ',num2str(Rc),' ohm'])
disp('***************************************')
pause;
return
disp(' ')
case 2
disp('Transformasi delta ke bintang')
Ra=input('masukan nilai RA(ohm)= ');
Rb=input('masukan nilai RB(ohm)= ');
Rc=input('masukan nilai RC(ohm)= ');
disp('---------------------------------------')
R1=(Rb*Rc)/(Ra+Rb+Rc);
R2=(Ra*Rc)/(Ra+Rb+Rc);
R3=(Ra*Rb)/(Ra+Rb+Rc);
disp('hasil transformasi delta ke bintang')
disp(['R1 adalah = ',num2str(R1),' ohm'])
disp(['R2 adalah = ',num2str(R2),' ohm'])
disp(['R3 adalah = ',num2str(R3),' ohm'])
disp('***************************************')
return
end
end

MEMBUAT MENU PILIHAN PADA MATLAB 2008

2013-01-28T07:31:00.001-08:00

clear all
clc
disp('***************************************')
disp(' MENU PILIHAN ')
disp('***************************************')
disp('Nama = MASHUDAN KURNIAWAN ')
disp('NIM = 0610 3031 0851 ')
disp('Kelas = 5 ELB ')
disp('Hari/Tanggal = Sabtu / 20 Oktober 2012 ')
disp('---------------------------------------')
disp('silahkan pilih soal di bawah ini ')
disp('---------------------------------------')
disp('PILIHAN SOAL');
disp('---------------------------------------')
disp('1. Soal 1')
disp('2. Soal 2')
disp('3. Soal 3')
disp('4. Soal 4')
disp('5. Soal 5')
disp('6. Soal 6')
disp('7. Soal 7')
disp('8. Soal 8')
disp('9. Soal 9')
disp('10. Soal 10')
disp('11. Soal 11')
disp('12. Soal 12')
disp('13. Soal 13')
disp('14. Soal 14')
disp('15. Soal 15')
disp('16. Selesai')
disp('---------------------------------------')
pilih=input('pilihan Anda (1 s/d 15):....');
disp('---------------------------------------')
while pilih ~=4
switch pilih
case 1
disp('soal 1. Dengan menggunakan Matlab,nyatakan bilangan kompleks pada persamaan berikut:')
disp('a. z1=3+i4')
disp('b. z2=3-i4')
disp('c. z3=-3+i4')
disp('d. z4=-3-i4')
disp('jawab: ')
a=3;
b=4;
z1=complex(a,b);
realz1=real(z1);
imagz1=imag(z1);
z2=complex(a,-b);
realz2=real(z2);
imagz2=imag(z2);
z3=complex(-a,b);
realz3=real(z3);
imagz3=imag(z3);
z4=complex(-a,-b);
realz4=real(z4);
imagz4=imag(z4);
disp(['a. Real Z1 = ',num2str(realz1)])
disp(['Imaginer Z1 = ',num2str(imagz1)])
disp(' ')
disp(['b. Real Z2 = ',num2str(realz2)])
disp(['Imaginer Z2 = ',num2str(imagz2)])
disp(' ')
disp(['c. Real Z3 = ',num2str(realz3)])
disp(['Imaginer Z3 = ',num2str(imagz3)])
disp(' ')
disp(['d. Real Z4 = ',num2str(realz4)])
disp(['Imaginer Z4 = ',num2str(imagz4)])
pause;
return
%
case 2
disp('soal 2.Dengan menggunakan Matlab,jika z1 =3 + j4 dan z2 = 8 + j6 hitung operasi aritmetik pada persamaan berikut')
disp('a. za = z1 + z2')
disp('b. zb = z1 - z2')
disp('c. zc = z1*z2')
disp('d. zd = z1/z2')
disp('jawab:')
z1=complex(3,4);
z2=complex(8,6);
za=z1+z2;
zb=z1-z2;
zc=z1*z2;
zd=z1/z2;
disp(['Penjumlahan dari : z1 + z2 = ',num2str(za)])
disp(' ')
disp(['Pengurangan dari : z1 - z2 = ',num2str(zb)])
disp(' ')
disp(['Perkalian dari : z1 * z2 = ',num2str(zc)])
disp(' ')
disp(['Pembagian dari : z1 / z2 = ',num2str(zd)])
return
%
case 3
disp('soal 3.Dengan menggunakan Matlab,jika z1 =3 + i4, z2 = 8 + i6 dan z3 = 12 + i13 tentukan:')
disp ('a.Real z1')
disp ('b.Real z2')
disp ('c.Real Z3')
disp ('d.ZA=re(z1+z3)')
disp ('e.ZB=im(z1-z2)')
disp ('f.ZC=re(z1*z2)')
disp ('g.ZD=im(z1/z3)')
disp('jawab:')
z1=complex(3,4);
z2=complex(8,6);
z3=complex(12,13);
realZ1=real(z1)
realZ2=real(z2)
realZ3=real(z3)
za=real(z1+z3)
zb=imag(z1-z2)
zc=real(z1*z2)
zd=imag(z1/z3)
return
end
end

BEBERAPA PROGRAM MATLAB

2013-01-28T07:27:00.002-08:00

Report Pemakaian Energi Listrik

jam=0:1:23;
daya=[50 50 50 50 50 50 75 100 125 150 175 210 245 250 250 270 275 280 370 380 380 350 125 50];
plot(jam,daya,'r')
title('Report Pemakaian Energi Listrik')
xlabel('Waktu (jam)')
ylabel('Daya (MW)')

GRAFIK y=2x^2+5x-7

clear all

clc

x=-6:1:6;

y=(2*x.^2)+(5*x)-7;

plot(x,y,'r')

title('GRAFIK y=2x^2+5x-7')

xlabel('SUMBU X')

ylabel('SUMBU Y')

MEMBUAT TABLE

clear all

clc

disp ('**********************************************************')

disp ('*** STUDI PENGASUTAN MOTOR INDUKSI 3 FASA ***')

disp ('*** DENGAN STARTER STAR / DELTA ***')

disp ('**********************************************************')

disp ('NAMA = MASHUDAN KURNIAWAN ')

disp ('NIM = 061030310851 ')

disp ('KELAS = 5 ELB ')

disp ('MATA KULIAH = PEMROGRAMAN KOMPUTER ')

disp ('DOSEN PEMBIMBING = ANTON FIRMANSYAH,S.T.,M.T. ')

disp ('HARI/TANGGAL = SABTU, DESEMBER 2012 ')

disp ('**********************************************************')

disp(' ')

disp('ANALISA DATA')

disp('Dari hasil percobaan,didapat data sebagai berikut:')

disp ('----------------------------------------------------------')

disp(' ')

disp('***********************************************************')

disp('** Pengukuran tanpa beban dengan menggunakan power meter **')

disp('***********************************************************')

teganganline=355;

arusrunningY=0.31;

arusrunningA=1.12;

disp(['* tegangan line | ',num2str(teganganline),'V *'])

disp(['* arus running hubugan star | ',num2str(arusrunningY),'A *'])

disp(['* arus running hubugan delta | ',num2str(arusrunningA),'A *'])

disp('***********************************************************')

disp('===========================================================')

disp(' ')

disp('*********************************************')

disp('** Arus running hubungan bintang per phasa **')

disp('*********************************************')

af1=0.37;

af2=0.29;

af3=0.28;

disp(['* arus fasa 1 | ',num2str(af1),'A *'])

disp(['* arus fasa 2 | ',num2str(af2),'A *'])

disp(['* arus fasa 3 | ',num2str(af3),'A *'])

disp('*********************************************')

disp('===========================================================')

disp(' ')

disp('*********************************************')

disp('** Arus running hubungan Delta per phasa **')

disp('*********************************************')

ad1=1.19;

ad2=1.05;

ad3=1.04;

disp(['* arus fasa 1 | ',num2str(ad1),'A *'])

disp(['* arus fasa 2 | ',num2str(ad2),'A *'])

disp(['* arus fasa 3 | ',num2str(ad3),'A *'])

disp('*********************************************')

disp('===========================================================')

disp(' ')

disp('********************************************')

disp('**Spesifikasi motor induksi yang digunakan**')

disp('********************************************')

disp('* Type | SE 2662-5G.VDE 0530 *')

disp('* Voltage | 380 Volt *')

disp('* Imax | 2.5 A *')

disp('* Daya | 1 KW *')

disp('* Cos | 0.83 *')

disp('* rpm | 2780 *')

disp('* Frekuensi | 50 Hz *')

disp('* R | 20 ohm *')

disp('* IP | 20 *')

disp('********************************************')

disp('==========================================================')

v=380;

Im=2.5;

f=50;

P=1000;

cos=0.83;

r=20;

disp('----------------------------------------------------------')

disp('-- Perhitungan arus start awal yang terjadi pada saat --')

disp('-- hubungan star delta --')

disp('----------------------------------------------------------')

disp(' ')

disp('I nominal ')

in=P/(sqrt(3)*v*cos);

disp(' __')

disp(['In= P/ / 3.V Line.cos q = ',num2str(in),' A'])

disp(' ')

disp('----------------------------------------------------------')

disp(' ')

disp('========================================')

disp('== harga arus pada saat starting pada ==')

disp('== hubungan bintang dan delta ==')

disp('========================================')

disp('= hubungan bintang | hubungan delta =')

disp('========================================')

iy=1.8*in;

id=3*iy;

disp([' ',num2str(iy),'A ',num2str(id),'A'])

disp('========================================')

disp(' ')

disp('-----------------------------------------------------------')

disp(' ')

disp('Tabel Perhitungan daya total motor dalam keadaan ')

disp('tanpa beban jika motor dalam hubungan star dan delta')

disp(' ')

r=20;

z=v/Im;

%disp('Z = V/I')

%disp([' = ',num2str(z),'ohm'])

disp('************************************************************************')

disp('** Hasil perhitungan ** Pada hubungan bintang | Pada hubungan delta **')

disp('************************************************************************')

efasa=v/sqrt(3);

ifasa=efasa/z;

C=r/z;

ptot=v*ifasa*C*sqrt(3);

%------------

efasad=v;

ifasad=v/z;

ili=ifasad*sqrt(3);

Cd=r/z;

ptotd=v*ili*Cd*sqrt(3);

disp([' E fasa ',num2str(efasa),' V ',num2str(efasad),' V'])

disp([' I fasa ',num2str(ifasa),' A ',num2str(ifasad),' A'])

disp([' Cos phi ',num2str(C),' ',num2str(Cd)])

disp([' Daya total (P) ',num2str(ptot),' watt ',num2str(ptotd),' watt'])

disp('************************************************************************')

Program Penyelesaian persamaan kuadrat (ABC)

2013-01-28T07:05:00.001-08:00

disp('---------------------');
disp('Program Penyelesaian persamaan kuadrat (ABC)')
disp('dibuat Oleh : Mashudan Kurniawan')
disp('Hari/tanggal: sabtu/10 Okt 2012')
%-------------------------
%persamaan ax^2+bx+c, dimana:
a=1 %harga a
b=-5 %harga b
c=1 %harga c
%Deskripsi dan Perhitungan
%------------------------------
d=b^2-4*a*c %D=diskriminan
x1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a) %Akar x1
x2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a) %Akar x2

MENU INPUT

disp('---------------------');
disp('Program Penyelesaian persamaan kuadrat (ABC)')
disp('dibuat Oleh : Mashudan Kurniawan')
disp('Hari/tanggal: sabtu/10 Okt 2012')
disp('---------------------------------')
%-------------------------
%persamaan ax^2+bx+c, dimana:
a=input('masukan nilai a =.....?') %harga a
b=input('masukan nilai b =.....?') %harga b
c=input('masukan nilai c =.....?') %harga c
%Deskripsi dan Perhitungan
%------------------------------
d=b^2-4*a*c %D=diskriminan
x1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a) %Akar x1
x2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a) %Akar x2

MEMBUAT MENU PILIHAN DENGAN MATLAB

2013-01-28T06:59:00.000-08:00

clear all
clc
disp ('***************************************************************')
disp (' PENYELESAIAN SOAL TRANSMISI ')
disp ('***************************************************************')
disp ('NAMA = MASHUDAN KURNIAWAN ')
disp ('NIM = 061030310851 ')
disp ('KELAS = 5 ELB ')
disp ('MATA KULIAH = PEMROGRAMAN KOMPUTER ')
disp ('DOSEN PEMBIMBING = ANTON FIRMANSYAH,S.T.,M.T. ')
disp ('HARI/TANGGAL = SABTU,20 NOVEMBER 2012 ')
disp ('---------------------------------------------------------------')
disp ('silahkan pilih penyelesaian soal di bawah ini ')
disp ('---------------------------------------------------------------')
disp ('PILIHAN')
disp ('---------------------------------------------------------------')
disp ('1. soal 1')
disp ('2. soal 2')
disp ('3. soal 3')
disp ('4. selesai')
disp ('---------------------------------------------------------------')
pilih=input('masukkan pilihan Anda = ');
disp ('---------------------------------------------------------------')
while pilih ~=3
switch pilih
case 1
disp('SOAL 1')
disp('Suatu saluran transmisi fasa tiga,50 km,70 KV,mempunyai konstanta:')
disp('R=0,20 ohm per km;X=0,608 ohm per km; Y=j4,0 X 10^-6 mho per km.')
disp('Saluran transmisi tersebut mensuplai beban 30 MW dan faktor daya pf=0,9 terbelakang')
disp('Tegangan pada ujung beban 70 KV.Hitunglah:')
disp('a.tegangan pada ujung kirim ')
disp('b.daya pada ujung kirim')
disp('c.efisiensi transmisi')
disp('d.pengaturan tegangan')
disp('Penyelesaian')
disp(' ')
disp('Is = IR = I ')
disp('VS = VR + IZ')
Pr=30;
V=70;
VR=(V/sqrt(3))*(1000);
disp(['PR = ',num2str(Pr),(' MW'),' ;pf = 0,9 terbelakang'])
disp(' __')
disp('VR = 70 KV(L-L)= 70 / /3 KV (L-N) ')
disp([' = ',num2str(VR),' Volt(L-N)'])
S=50;
R=0.2;
X=0.608;
Y=(j*4)*1e-6;
PR=30000;
pf=0.9;
%jawab:
%Soal a
disp(' ')
disp('a. Karena panjang saluran 50 km,jadi ini adalah saluran pendek')
%
IR=(Pr)*(1000)/(sqrt(3)*(V)*(pf));
sudutIR=acosd(pf);
%
z=complex(R,X)*50;
Z=sqrt(real(z)^2+imag(z)^2);
sudutZ=atand(imag(z)/real(z));
%
IZ=(IR*Z);
sudutIZ=(sudutZ-sudutIR);
z1=complex(IZ*cosd(sudutIZ),IZ*sind(sudutIZ));
VS=VR+real(z1);
image_z1=imag(z1);
z2=complex(VS,image_z1);
Vs=(sqrt(real(z2)^2+imag(z2)^2))/1000;
sudut_VS=atand(imag(z2)/real(z2));
disp ([' Vs=',num2str(Vs),(' /__ '),num2str(sudut_VS),(' KV(L-N)')]);
disp (' atau')
VS=((sqrt(real(z2)^2+imag(z2)^2))/1000)*(sqrt(3));
disp ([' |Vs|=',num2str(VS),(' KV(L-L)')]);
disp ([' Jadi Tegangan pada ujung kirim(Vs)=',num2str(VS),(' KV(L-L)')]);
disp (' ')
%Soal B
teta_s=(sudut_VS)+sudutIR;
Ps=((sqrt(3))*(VS)*(IR)*(cosd(teta_s)))/(1000);
disp (['(B)Daya pada ujung kirim(Ps)=',num2str(Ps),(' MW')]);
disp (' ')
%Soal C
Eff=(Pr/Ps)*100;
disp (['(C)Efisiensi Transmisi (Eff)=',num2str(Eff),('%')]);
disp (' ')
%Soal D
VRF=((VS-V)/(V))*(100);
disp (['(D)Pengaturan Tegangan VR(%)=',num2str(VRF),('%')]);
pause;
return
%
case 2
disp('Soal No 2')
disp('Suatu saluran transmisi fasa tiga, 200 km, 220 KV. Konstanta')
disp('Kawat:Z=0,64 sudut71,8 ohm/km; Y=4e-6 sudut90 mho.km.Saluran')
disp('Transmisi di atas menyalurkan daya sebesar 100 MW dan pf=1,0')
disp('Pada ujung beban.Tegangan pada ujung beban 220KV.dengan meng-')
disp('Gunakan representasi nominal PI')
disp('Tentukanlah:')
disp('a.Tegangan dan arus pada ujung kirim')
disp('b.Efisiensi Transmisi')
disp('c.Pengaturan Tegangan')
disp('Penyelesaian')
%dik:
Pr=100;
pf=1;
y=4e-6;
sudut_y=90;
V=220;
s=200;
z=0.64;
sudut_z=71.8;
%Jawab
IR=(Pr)*(1000)/(sqrt(3)*V);
sudutIR=atand(pf);
VR=V/sqrt(3);
Z=z*s;
Y=s*y;
zy_2=(Z)*(Y/2);
sudutzy=sudut_y+sudut_z;
a=complex(zy_2*cosd(sudutzy),zy_2*sind(sudutzy));
b=1+real(a);
zy2=sqrt((b)^2+imag(a)^2);
sudut_zy2=atand(imag(a)/real(b));
zy_4=(Z)*(Y/4);
c=complex(zy_4*cosd(sudutzy),zy_4*sind(sudutzy));
d=1+real(c);
zy4=sqrt((d)^2+imag(c)^2);
sudut_zy4=atand(imag(c)/real(d));
%Tegangan pada ujung kirim
VS1=(zy2)*(VR*1000);
VS2=(Z)*(IR);
z1=complex(VS2*cosd(sudut_z),VS2*sind(sudut_z))+complex(VS1*cosd(sudut_zy2),VS1*sind(sudut_zy2));
VS=((sqrt(real(z1)^2+imag(z1)^2))*sqrt(3))/1000;
sudut_VS=atand(imag(z1)/real(z1));
disp (['(A)Tegangan pada ujung kirim(Vs)=',num2str(VS),(' sudut'),num2str(sudut_VS),(' KV(L-L)')]);
%Arus pada ujung kirim
IS1=zy4*Y*(VR*1000);
IS2=zy2*IR;
sudut_IS1=sudut_y+sudut_zy4;
z2=complex(IS1*cosd(sudut_IS1),IS1*sind(sudut_IS1))+complex(IS2*cosd(sudut_zy2),IS2*sind(sudut_zy2));
IS=sqrt(real(z2)^2+imag(z2)^2);
sudut_IS=atand(imag(z2)/real(z2));
disp ([' Daya pada ujung kirim (Ps)=',num2str(IS),(' sudut'),num2str(sudut_IS),(' Ampere')]);
teta_S=sudut_VS-sudut_IS;
Ps=(3*(sqrt(real(z1)^2+imag(z1)^2))/1000*IS*cosd(teta_S))/1000;
disp (' ')
%Efisiensi transmisi
Eff=(Pr/Ps)*100;
disp (['(B)Efisiensi Transmisi (Eff)=',num2str(Eff),('%')]);
disp (' ')
%Pengaturan Tegangan
VR_NL=((sqrt(real(z1)^2+imag(z1)^2))/1000)/zy2;
VRF=((VR_NL-VR)/(VR))*100;
disp (['(C)Pengaturan Tegangan VR(%)=',num2str(VRF),('%')]);
pause;
return
%
case 3
disp('Soal 3')
disp('Penentuan besar beban pada rugi-rugi tertentu. Tentukanlah jumlah')
disp('Daya pada ujung beban, bila faktor daya beban cos teta_R , yang')
disp('Dapat ditransmisikan melalui saluran pendek dengan tegangan ujung')
disp('Kirim Vs dan rugi-rugi transmisi yang diijinkan L?')
disp('Jawab:')
%SOAL A
%dik:
l=20;
z=complex(0.263,0.765);
cos_teta=0.906;
teta_R=-25;
teta=acosd(cos_teta);
Vs_LL=30;
Vs_LN=19;
%jawab:
Zr=(100*real(z)*l)/(10*cos_teta);
a=19000+j*0;
b=0.808+j*0;
c=complex(20*cosd(71),20*sind(71));
d=complex(58.1*cosd(25),58.1*sind(25));
e=1+j*0;
z=a/((b*c/d)+1);
f=complex(real(z),imag(z));
Vr=(sqrt(real(f)^2+imag(f)^2))/1000;
sudut_Vr=atand(imag(f)/real(f));
Ir=(Vr*1000)/Zr;
%jadi
Pr_fasa=((Vr*Ir)*cosd(-25));
Pr_3fasa=((Vr*Ir)*cosd(-25))*3;
teta_S=teta_R+sudut_Vr;
Ps_fasa=(Vs_LN*Ir)*cosd(teta_S);
Ps_3fasa=(Vs_LN*Ir)*cosd(teta_S)*3;
eff=Pr_fasa/Ps_fasa;
rugi_rugi=Ps_fasa-Pr_fasa;
Vr_persen=((Vs_LN-Vr)/Vr)*100;
disp(['(A)Tegangan Pada Ujung Beban(Vr)=',num2str(Vr),(' KV(L-L)')]);
disp([' Daya Pada Ujung Beban(Pr) =',num2str(Pr_3fasa),(' KW/3fasa')]);
disp([' Daya Pada Ujung kirim(Ps) =',num2str(Ps_3fasa),(' KW/3fasa')]);
disp([' Efisiensi =',num2str(eff),]);
disp([' Rugi-rugi =',num2str(rugi_rugi),(' KW/fasa')]);
disp([' Pengaturan Tegangan VR(%) =',num2str(Vr_persen),(' %')]);
%SOAL B
Y=((5.58)*(10^4));
thet=90;
disp('Y=5.58*10^4/__90 ')
Vs=66;
disp(['VS = ',num2str(Vs),'KV (L-L)'])
Zr=(100*0.263*100)/(15*cos_teta);
sudutZr=25;
Zr1=200;
disp(['ZR = ',num2str(Zr),' /__25 ohm'])
Zs=40.4;
sudutZs=71;
disp(['ZS = ',num2str(Zs),' /__71 ohm'])
Vs_a=(66/sqrt(3));
a1=1;
r1=40.4;
theta1=71;
z1_a=cosd(theta1)*r1;
z1_b=sind(theta1)*r1;
z1=complex(z1_a,z1_b)
%
z2_a=cosd(thet)*Y;
z2_b=sind(thet)*Y;
z2=complex(z2_a,z2_b)
brew=((a1)+(z1)+(z2));
bre=(brew/4);
br=brew+bre;
%
r3=80.8;
tet=71
z3_a=cosd(tet)*r3;
z3_b=sind(tet)*r3;
z3=complex(z3_a,z3_b)
%

z4_a=cosd(sudutZr)*Zr1;
z4_b=sind(sudutZr)*Zr1;
z4=complex(z4_a,z4_b)
%
bro=(z3/z4);
%
Has=(Vs_a)/(br);
hasil=(Has*bro);
%
IR=sqrt((real(hasil))^2+(imag(hasil)^2))
sudut_Z1=atand(imag(hasil)/real(hasil))

pause;
return
end
end

VEKTOR DAN MATRIK DENGAN MATLAB

2013-01-28T06:19:00.001-08:00

VEKTOR DAN MATRIK DENGAN MATLAB

1. FORMAT DATA

Dalam matlab dikenal dua jenis format data yaitu vektor dan matrik. Vektor atau matrik di definisikan dengan tanda kurung siku “ [ ] “untuk memisahkan kolom digunakan tanda koma ” , ” atau spasi tanda “ ; ” digunakan untuk memisahkan baris.

a. Vektor

Vektor adalah sekelompok bilangan yang tersusun atas satu dimensi, dimensi ini bisa berupa baris atau kolom.

Contoh vektor baris:

>>a = [1,2,3]

a =

1 2 3

>> b = [1 2 3]

b =

1 2 3

Contoh vektor kolom:

>> a = [1;2;3]

a =

Untuk mendefinisikan suatu vektor dengan jumlah elemen yang banyak tetapi memiliki interval yang teratur digunakan operator ” : “

>> a = 1:10

a =

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Untuk membuat suatu vektor baris dengan interval 2 sebagai contoh berikut:

>> a = 1:2:10

a =

1 3 5 7 9

2. MATRIK

Matrik adalah sekelompok bilangan yang tersusun dalam segi empat dua dimensi,matrik bisa matrik bujur sangkar dan matrik segiempat.

a. Menginputkan matrik

Ada empat cara untuk menginputkan matrik

Cara 1:

>> a=[1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9]

Cara 2:

>> a=[1 2 3

5 5 6

7 8 9]

Cara 3:

>> a1=[1 2 3];

>> a2=[4 5 6];

>> a3=[7 8 9];

>> a=[a1;a2;a3];

>> a

Cara 4:

>> a=input('masukan matrik= ');

masukan matrik= [1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9]

>> disp(a)

3. Perkalian Matrik

1. Perkalian Skalar

Untuk mengalikan satu matrik dengan bilangan tunggal (skalar) masing-masing elemen matrik harus dikalikan dengan faktor tersebut.

Contoh:

>> a = 4

a =

>> b = [3 2 5;6 1 7]

b =

3 2 5

6 1 7

>> c = a*b

c =

12 8 20

24 4 28

2. Perkalian Dua Matrik

Dua matrik dapat dikalikan satu sama lain apabila jumlah kolom dalam matrik pertama sama dengan jumlah baris matrik kedua.

Contoh:

>> a=[1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 0]

a =

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 0

>> b=[366;804;351]

b =

366

804

351

>> det(a)

ans =

>> inv(a)

ans =

-1.7778 0.8889 -0.1111

1.5556 -0.7778 0.2222

-0.1111 0.2222 -0.1111

Penyelasaian dengan statement inv

Cara 1:

>> x=inv(a)*b

x =

25.0000

22.0000

99.0000

Cara 2:

>> x=a\b

x =

25.0000

22.0000

99.0000

Cara 3:

>> [L,U]=lu(a)

L =

0.1429 1.0000 0

0.5714 0.5000 1.0000

1.0000 0 0

U =

7.0000 8.0000 0

0 0.8571 3.0000

0 0 4.5000

>> x=inv(U)*inv(L)*b

x =

25.0000

22.0000

99.0000

Cara lain:

>> ABC = [6 -3 4;12 5 -7;-6 2 6]

ABC =

6 -3 4

12 5 -7

-6 2 6

>> K=[41;-26;14]

K =

-26

>> xyz=inv(ABC)*K

xyz =

2.0035

-2.6842

5.2316

MODIFIKASI MATRIK

Kita dapat mengganti elemen dari matrik yang telah didefinisikan hal ini dapat berguna apabila kita bekerja dengan matrik yang sangat besar. Kemudian kita ingin mengganti eleman matrik pada baris dua kolom tiga dengan angka 10.

>> d=[1 2 3;4 5 6]

d =

1 2 3

4 5 6

>> d(2,3)=10

d =

1 2 3

4 5 10

TRANSPOSE MATRIK

Transpose matrik merupakan salah satu operasi penting dalam matrik, dengan mengetik tanda kutip tunggal “ ‘ “ bisa digunakan untuk mengubah bentuk elemen baris menjadi kolom.

>> d

d =

0 5 3

4 5 10

>> d'

ans =

0 4

5 5

3 10

BILANGAN KOMPLEK

Bilangan komplek adalah suatu bilangan yang terdiri dari atas dua suku yang terpisah sering ditulis sebagai:

z=a+jb

dimana:

a=bilangan real dari z

b=bilangan imajiner dari z

bilangan imajiner sering ditulis juga Me^jᶿ

dimana:

M adalah magnitude, M=

0 adalah sudut, =tan^-1(b/a)

BENTUK POLAR SUATU BIL. KOMPLEKS

Contoh:

>> z

z =

3.0000 + 4.0000i

>> abs(z)

ans =

>> angle(z)

ans =

0.9273

>> real(z)

ans =

>> imag(z)

ans =

>> conj(z)

ans =

3.0000 - 4.0000i

Teknik Pengoperasian kubikel 20 KV

2013-01-28T05:46:00.000-08:00

Penamaan Kubikel 20 KV

Disebut kubikel karena peralatan-peralatan tersebut di kemas plat blok berbentuk almari dengan pintu di bagian yang bisa dibuka dan ditutup menurut standar operasi yang diminta.

Dikatakan kubikel 20 KV atau switchgear 20 KV, karena peralatan tersebut bekerja pada tegangan nominal fasa-fasa 20 KV, yang termasuk kategori teganga menengah (> 1 KV hingga 35 KV) dan kubikel 20 KV banyak digunakan di lapangan.

Teknik Pengoperasian kubikel 20 KV

Penyaluran daya

Sumber tegangan menengah yang mensuplai kubikel 20 KV di laboratorium mekanik teknik listrik diperoleh dari transformator step-up (380 V/20 KV). Daya listrik yang disalurkan dari panel hubung bagi sentral politeknik sebesar 380 V masuk ke box panel PMS (pemisah). Dari panel PMS ini keluarannya masuk ke ...(380 V) dari transformator step-up, yang sekundernya (tegangan 20 KV) dimasukkan ke incoming pada kubikel.

Keluaran kubikel (outgoing) dihubungkan ke transformator step-down (20 KV/380 V), yang selanjutnya akan digunakan ke beban-beban melalui keluaran tegangan rendah transformator step-down atau tegangan menengah langsung dari keluaran kubikel.

Bagian-bagian utama kubikel 20 KV

Bagian-bagian utama alat ini terbagi 3 yaitu:

Incoming, Metering dan Outgoing. Masing-masing bagian memiliki kontak DS (Disconecting switch) da bagian kontak pentanahan (grounding).

Incoming

Incoming adalah tempat masuknya tegangan dari sumber sebesar 20 KV yang mana pada incoming trsebut terdapat 3 buah lampu indikator neon (R,S,T) yang akan menyala apabila tegangan dari luar masuk ke incoming.

Pada incoming juga terdapat 3 buah trafo arus yangkan digunakan oleh KWH meter pada incoming dengan kode P7 untuk mengukur daya yang dikeluarkan . Pada beberapa kubikel terdapat jenis pemasangan transformator arus (CT) yaitu:

1. Current Transformator Double Secondary

2. Current Transformator Single Secondary

Selain itu pada incoming juga terdapat heater (pemanas) yang berfungsi untuk memanaskan ruang atau kompartemen pada kubikel sehingga tidak lembab dan dapat menghindari terjadinya percikan bunga api.

Metering

Metering adalah suatu bagian dari kubikel yang memiliki kemampuan pengukuran besarn-besarn listrik. Pada metering terdapat alat-alat ukur pengukuran seperti voltmeter,amperemeter,dan KV meter. Pada metering terdapat fuse-fuse pengaman sebanyak 3 buah buatan merlin gerin dengan data fuse HV 20 KV;6,3 A; W/O Striker. Tepat di bawah fuse-fuse ini terdapat 3 buah transformator tegangan yang menurunkan tegangan dari 20 KV menjadi 100 V AC yang akan digunakan oleh alat-alat ukur seperti kv meter dan amperemeter serta voltmeter. Selain fuse-fuse juaga terdapat MCB 3 fasa yang akan mengamankan hubungan ke material-material pengukuran.

Outgoing

Outgoing berfungsi sebagai tempat keluarnya tegangan menengah setelah melalui incoming dan metering. Ougoing memiliki kompartemen yang paling besar dimana pada kompartemen bagian atas terdapat kontak grounding dan juga terdapat kontak disconecting switch DS. Pada bagian atas juga terdapat 2 buah kunci dan satu kunci lagi pada bagian bawah kompartemen.

Kunci-kunci bekerja secara interlock dangan tipe kunci 50. Keterangan mengenai ketiga kunci itu antara lain:

1. Missing key

2. Free key

3. Described key

Pada bagian bawah terdapat tuas yang akan menekan pegas yang ada di dalamnya. Selain menggunakan pegas juga bisa dilakukan otomatis dengan motorized.

Bagian-bagian kubikel

Persyaratan Relay Pengaman

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SISTEM PROTEKSI

Persyaratan Relay Pengaman

1. Kecepatan reaksi

Waktu tunda dibutuhkan ketika terjadi gangguan pada relay pengaman yang fungsinya untuk membedakan perlindungan pertama dan kedua dan juga untuk mendeteksi gangguan dengan cepat agar kerusakan jaringan listrik dapat dihindari.

2. Selektivitas

Dapat mendeteksi gangguan secara tepat dan cepat,harus bisa memisahkan bagian yang terjadi gangguan pada sistem yang lainnya.

3. Kepekaan

Relay dapat memberikan tanggapa bila merasakan gangguan. Kepekaan perlu dibatasi supaya tidak ada kenaikan arus beban yang masih pada batas toleransi

4. Keandalan

Relay dapat dihitung dengan jumlah relay yang bekerja berbanding dengan gangguan yang terjadi . Keandalan relay yang baik 90-100%.

Macam-macam relay

Relay arah
Relay diferensial
Relay jarak
Relay arus lebih, Suatu rele yang bekerja berdasarkan kenaikan besaran arus yang melebihi suatu nilaipengamanan tertentu dan dalam jangka waktu tertentu, sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai pola pengaman arus lebih.
Relay tegangan
Relay Frekuensi
Relay waktu tertentu (difinite time)
Relay waktu terbalik (Inverse time)

chapter 7.INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

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CHAPTER 7

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

OBJECTIVES:

1. The students are able to explain the words concerning with international business.

2. The students are able to tell the tips to be a successful negotiator.

1. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

International trade makes a wide variety of goods, and services available to people everywhere. Many of the items that we use daily are imports-products that are sold where we live but produced or grown somewhere else. Conversely, products that are made or produced in a country, but shipped abroad, are exports. Regardless of its resources, no country today can produce all of the goods and services demanded by its citizens. Countries naturally tend to export those things that they can produce better or less expensively than other countries. They can then use the proceeds to import things they cannot produce efficiently at home.

Think about the following products that you may use everyday. Where do these products come from? Television is from China, Japan, and Germany. Coffee is from Brazil, and Indonesia. Wine is from Russia, and French. Cars are from Korea, Japan, and Germany. Oil is from Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. Paper is from Indonesia, and

China

Make a list of other products that you use in your daily life. What countries are they from? Rice is from Indonesia, and Burma. Hand phone is from China, Korea, and Japan. Motorcycle is from Japan, India, and China. Laptop is from Japan, and

Korea

.. Clothes are from Indonesia, French, and

China

Why do these countries produce these products? These Countries produce these products because they have the raw material.

YOUR COUNTRY AS AN

IMPORTER EXPORTER

1. What are your country’s five top 1. What are your country’s five top exports?

imports? Electronic appliances, cars, Oil, fish, sugar, coffee, and work force.

motorcycle, hand phone, and textile.

2. Why does your country import these 2. Why does your country export these goods or goods or services? Because we didn’t services? Because we have the raw material.

have the expert yet.

3. From where does your country import 3. Where does your country export them to?

Them? We import them from developed To developed countries or rich countries.

4. What are the advantages and 4. What are the advantage and disadvantage of disadvantages of importing them? exporting them?

The advantages are we have these modern We get income from selling them and

things, and we can use them to enlighten automatically increase our power to buy. The

our work. The disadvantages are they disadvantage is we decrease our raw material.

decrease our power to buy and we don’t

challenge our selves to create our own

goods.

NEW VOCABULARY

Read the following sentences and try to guess the meaning of the words. Write a synonym or your own definition.

1. At the end of last year, Iguana Oil’s total assets were $ 38.9 billion and it was ranked

as the fourth largest petroleum company in the world based on revenues.

2. The company was founded in 1932 and experienced phenomenalgrowth during the

1930’s and 40’s; it made an important contribution to the war effort during

World War II.

3. It’s growth continued well after the war as baby boomers bought cars to support

their need for mobility in their work, entertainment, and vacationing.

4. Now as Iguana Oil prepares for the twenty-first century, the world’s oil supplies are

diminishingand the cost of exploring and developing new oil fields is increasing

tremendously.

5. At our current rate of extraction, which is in accordance with world demand, our

present oil reserves are expected to be used up within the next five years.

6. The oil reserve may be extremely large or it may be extremely small. There is no way

of knowing until we actually start developing the oil exploration sites already

staked out.

7. Since the 1970’s, Guilipa has been plagued by a large deficit, unable to earn enough

foreign currency to pay for imports.

8. All of president Sanchez’s aides were exclaiming,” This is what Guilipa needs to

help rebuild the economy!”

9. Even though President Sanchez thought this could be an excellent opportunity for

Guilipa, he was still a bit wary.

10. “Yes, Guilipa desperately needs economic help. We are in very difficult times.

However, we still want representation, autonomy, and dignity in the venture.

Now try to match with one of the given synonyms or definitions

1. Rank a. extraordinary

2. Phenomenal b. independence

3. Baby boomers c. shout

4. Diminish d. cautious

5. In accordance with e. order

6. Stake out f. demarcate

7. Deficit g. individuals born after the immediate post-World War II

8. Exclaim h. corresponds to

9. Wary i. decrease

10. Autonomy j. shortage

Key to the above questions

1. Rank = order

2. Phenomenal = extraordinary

3. Baby boomers = individuals born after the immediate post-world war II.

4. Diminish = decrease

5. In accordance with = corresponds to

6. Stake out = Demarcate

7. Deficit = shortage

8. Exclaim = shout

9. Wary = cautious

10. Autonomy = independence

2. LANGUAGE SKILL

NEGOTIATION

The following are some tips o help you in being a successful negotiator.

Be cooperative

In a cooperative approach to negotiating, the goal is to find a solution that will be perceived as beneficial to both parties-a win-win solution.

Be flexible

The negotiators must be able to adjust their demands in response to each other’s proposals.

Be Prepared

Know exactly what you want to achieve from the negotiation and what you are willing to concede for those things if necessary.

Be Honest

It is important for both parties to share ideas and concerns openly. This creates an atmosphere of trust and therefore a more cooperative negotiating session.

chapter 6.ETHICS

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CHAPTER 6

ETHICS

OBJECTIVES:

1. The students are able to explain the words concerning with ethics

2. The students are able to tell the tips to be more effective when using telephone.

1. INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS

Business Ethics deals with the right and wrong actions that arise in any work environment. Sometimes a conflict exists between an ideal decision and one that is practical under certain conditions. It is important that companies and individuals evaluate their ethical responsibilities when making decisions. It is important to remember that ethics are both personally and culturally defined.

DISCUSSION

1. Discuss how ethical or unethical the following situations are. Do you think these situations occur often?

a. Cheating on an exam

b. Spreading rumors about someone that aren’t true.

c. Lying to make yourself look better.

d. Taking home company supplies

2. Read about the following situations and decide if they are ethical (no problem) or unethical). Give your reasons!

Situation 1

The owner of a freight company is petitioned by an animal right organization to stop shipment of exotic tropical birds. The activists charge that the tropical bird trade is inhumane and is leading to the extinction of several species. The shipping mogul, while sympathetic to these views, argues that hundreds of destitute peasants who hunt the birds could be adversely affected. Besides, the importation of the birds represents a significant amount of the company’s earning. He decides to continue the shipment but declares that 5 percent of the profits will go toward creating a wildlife sanctuary in the rain forest.

Situation 2

A real estate agent doesn’t tell the buyer that the house she is buying is near a former toxic waste dump site.

Situation 3

A job applicant finds out the day before her job interview that she is pregnant. She decides not to say anything rather than jeopardize her chances.

Situation 4

An administrative assistant routinely makes up excuses for her boss to upper management and to his wife when he takes long lunches with his secretary.

3. Why do ethics vary from person to person?

4. Do you think people today have the same morals and values people had twenty years

ago? Explain!

5. Do you think that the people running your country’s government and business are

generally honest? Explain!

6. How do you think competition among employees affects ethics in the workplace?

7. Do you think that businesses and society today place too much emphasis on profit

and success? What effect does this have on ethical behavior?

8. Discuss the following statement: A company that wishes to encourage ethics must

pursue a strategy that includes non-economic goals.

9. How do you think company should treat dishonest employees?

10. Do you agree with the statement : “An honest person can be influenced to engage in

unethical behavior if the work environment has no system of checks and balances”?
Explain!

11. What specific things can a company or a government do to encourage ethical

behavior?

12. Do you think corporations have a responsibility in preserving our environment?

Explain!

2. LANGUAGE SKILL

USING THE TELEPHONE

In today’s business world, being able to communicate effectively on the telephone can mean the difference between success and failure. Not only do sales jobs rely on the use of the telephone, but the phone helps to carry out many functions that people rely on every day, such inquiring, confirming, interviewing, complaining, and

ordering. The following are some tips to help you be more effective when using the telephone.

1. Be prepared

Write down the important points that you want to talk about before you dial the phone.

2. Be Direct

Know your purpose for calling, and know the desired results.

3. Be friendly

Since you will be judged on your voice alone, it is important to project a warm, friendly, and enthusiastic tone. People will be more responsive to you and more willing to talk to you.

4. Be Courteous

Use the commonly accepted format of greeting and closing. Conversations usually consist of a greeting, a statement of purpose for calling, and a closing. A typical greeting and statement of purpose for calling could be the following : “Hello, Mr. Smith. My name is Bob Jones and I’m with the orange Computer Company. How are you? (Response from the other person.) The reason I’m calling is because……” A typical closing could be (depending on the situation):”I enjoyed talking with you and I hope that you will consider using our product. If I can be of any help to you please don’t hesitate to call me. I’ll send you our company brochure highlighting our new product. Thank you for your time, Mr. Smith. I look forward to talking with you soon.”

5. Be Interest

Listen to the person you’re talking with. Show that you’re interested in that person and what he or she is saying. Listen to his or her concerns and try to resolve them.

6. Be Precise

Be able to explain yourself in a concise manner.

7. Be articulate

Enunciate your words clearly and don’t speak too quickly.

8. Be attentive

Give the person you’re talking to your full attention. Don’t do other things at the same time that may be distracting

9. Leave Message

If the person you want to speak with is not available, leave a message with his or her secretary or on the answering machine. Don’t be afraid to speak into an answering

machine. Wait for the tone and identify yourself and you company and give your phone number. Know what the message is that you want to leave, and say it as few words as possible.

10. Be Resourceful

Don’t hang up until you’ve gotten the information that you want . You may have difficulty reaching that person again.

chapter 5.MARKETING

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CHAPTER 5

MARKETING

OBJECTIVES:

1. The students are able to explain the words concerning with marketing.

2. The students are able to explain what should be done in giving a business presentation.

1. INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING

Marketing is the link between the organization and the consumer. All organizations must serve consumer needs if they are to succeed. Marketing begins with the identification of consumer needs and the development of a product to meet those needs. Marketing managers develop a marketing strategy based on the four principle elements of marketing. Those four elements, often called the four P’s of marketing, are product (including goods, services, and ideas), price, promotion, and place (distribution). Together, these elements are known as the marketing mix.

QUESTIONS

1. What is marketing?

2. What is consumer behavior?

3. What are the 4P’s of marketing?

4. What is a marketing plan?

5. Discuss how the following elements influence the products, services or ideas that are

a part of your lifestyle.

a. TV b. billboards c. packaging

6. How do you find out about certain products or sales? What entices you to buy the products?

7. Discuss what a company must do in the following areas before a product can reach your

hands. a. Product research and development

b. Market research

c. An advertising campaign

d. Quality control

8. What are the steps that a company takes to introduce a new product?

9. When you shop, are you more concerned with price or with quality?

10. Do you buy only things that you really need or do you buy things that are the latest

fad?

11. Do you plan your purchases carefully or do you buy on impulse?

12. How do the following influence you when you shop?

a. shopping alone or with someone else.

b. salespeople

c. your mood

d. promotion

e. price

f. location of store

g. time of day

13. Here you act as the consumer. Think about the last time you went shopping and made a purchase. Answer the following questions based on your experience.

Product àWhat did you buy? Describe it!

Place àWhere did you buy it?

àWhat kind of store was it?

Price àHow much did you pay for it?

àHow did it compare in price to other similar products?

Promotion àHow did you find out about this product?

àWhat enticed you to buy it?

14. Bring to class an advertisement from a magazine. Describe to the class the product that company is selling and who the target market is that the company is trying to reach.

Determine which of the four P’s the following problems are most closely associated with Product, Price, Promotion, or Place.

- The phone number for placing a telephone order is always busy.

- The store is only open until 5:00 p.m. on weekdays.

- The selling price of the product is only 5 percent higher than the cost of

manufacturing it.

- The store runs out of the product during a special sale.

- A new dress has a rip under the arm after it is worn once.

- The product is 20 percent higher in price than other similar products.

- The advertisement on TV is targeted to children as consumers and influences them negatively.

- A new flavor of ice cream is introduced in the winter.

- The shoe store only has size fives (very small) and size tens (very large) left in a very popular style.

- A new product is displayed in the back of the store.

2. LANGUAGE SKILL

GIVING A BUSINESS PRESENTATION

Presentations are extremely important in business.

The following are some tips to help you avoid this situation.

1. Preparing the presentation

First, ask yourself the following three questions

- Who is my audience?

- What kind of response do I want?

- What do I hope to communicate to this group?

2. The presentation

- Start developing your ideas based on your answers to the three questions

above.

- Select your main ideas and develop them.

- Arrange those ideas so that they build logically. Make an outline.

- Support each idea with facts and an explanation.

- Develop your introduction and conclusion to attract the listener’s interest. - Remember to summarize main ideas in the conclusion.

- Plan your content to fit the time allowed.

- Prepare an outline of your presentation on 3 X 5 index cards to aid you in your delivery.

3. The Delivery

- Above all, appear relaxed

- Try to gain a good rapport with the audience.

- Your appearance:

- Dress in a comfortable and professional manner.

- Maintain good, straight posture.

- Maintain eye contact with the audience.

- Use hand gestures that will add to the presentation instead of distract from it.

- Show enthusiasm.

- Use visual or audiovisual aids.

- Your voice:

- Don’t speak too fast.

- Pronounce your words clearly.

- Project your voice so that people in the back can hear you.

- Try not to use too many pauses or hesitation.

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

A tape recorder is an excellent tool for self-improvement in public speaking. To find out how effective you are when speaking English. Make two five-minute recordings. For the first recording, read aloud any material of your choice. The second one should be an information conversation with a friend. Listen to both tapes and rate yourself, using the following guide. The left column lists characteristic of an effective speaker, and the right column lists are in need of betterment. If you do have some marks in the right-hand column, think about how you can make improvements.

Do you sound:

- Self-assured - Self-conscious

- Warm, friendly - Impersonal, indifferent

- Relaxed - Tense

- Fluent - Hesitant

- Clear - Difficult to understand

- Communicative - Unresponsive

- Appealing - Monotonous

- Not too loud or too soft - Too loud or too soft

- Not too fast or too slow - Too fast or too slow

chapter 4.HUMAN RESOURCES

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CHAPTER 4

HUMAN RESOURCES

OBJECTIVES:

1. The students are able to explain the definitions of words concerning with human

resources.

2. The students are able to explain what should be done by the interviewer and interviewee.

1. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN RESOURCES

In order for a company to hire the right person for the right job, the human resources manager must do many things. The human resources manager must first write a job description of the position that outlines the objectives, responsibilities, and key tasks in a job. It also describes the conditions of the job and its relationship to other positions. In addition to the job-description, there is the job-specification. This describes the necessary skills, education, and experience needed to fill the position. A human resources manager also needs to forecast the demand for labor.

As a first step, accompany must gather a large number of interested and qualified applicants for a position. This the recruitment phase. Managers must then sort through the applicants and select the best candidate for the job.

When an employee is hired, some form of orientation is usually given. This helps the employee learn more about the job, the company’s policies, and its programs. At this time, new employees usually meet the people with whom they will be interacting.

Next, an employee is given some sort of training. This could be either 0n-the-job training or off-the-job training. On-the-job training occurs while an employee is actually at work, whereas off-the-job training takes place at a location away from the work site, usually a classroom.

Every company needs to asses the performance of its employees in some way. This assessment is called performance appraisal. It is an evaluation of how well workers are doing in their jobs. Workers must first formulate goals and performance expectations with their managers. Then expectations are compared with actual performance. This comparison is used in making decisions about training, promotions, compensation, and dismissal of the employee.

Wages and salaries are the amounts paid to employees for their work. Wages are sums that are paid according to the number of hours worked or the number of units produced. Salary, on the other hand, is paid at regular intervals in return for doing a job, regardless of the amount of time or output involved.

Aside from wages and salaries, companies may also offer incentive programs to the employees. These programs are designed to motivate improved performance and productive by offering additional pay over and above the normal wage or salary level. A common example of this is a sales bonus. In a bonus arrangement, if an employee sells a certain number or dollar amount, he will receive a special payment in addition to his wage or salary. Those employees who do not reach this goal will earn no bonus.

Another type of incentive is profit sharing. This is based on profit levels of the firm. Profit earned above a certain level is distributed to employees. Stock ownership by all employees serves as an incentive to lowering costs and increasing productivity and profits, and the increasing the value of the employees’ stock

In addition to incentive, wages, and salaries, firms offer their workers benefits in return for their work. Examples of these include health insurance, retirement benefits, and paid vacations and holidays.

QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions based on the passage!

1. What should the human resources manager do in order for a company to hire the

right person for the right job?

2. What are the steps in selecting a new employee?

3. What is the recruitment phase?

4. What is the function of orientation?

5. Mention two kinds of training for a new employee!

6. What is on-the-job training?

7. What is off-the-job training?

8. Which form of training is better for both the employee and the company? Explain!

9. What is performance appraisal?

10. Explain why performance appraisals are necessary and an important aspect of

business!

11. How do companies compensate their workers?

12. Why is it important to match the right employee with the right job?

13. What benefits do you consider most and least important in attracting workers? In

keeping workers? In motivating workers?

14. Select your job, and find out a job description and a job specification for this

position!

WRITING THE RESUME

Before you can go on a job interview and be hired by a company, it is important to have a resume highlighting your background and experience. Fill in the following information about yourself to help organize your resume.

______________________________________________________________________

Name : …………………………

Address : …………………………

Telephone : …………………………

EDUCATION

(What kind of degree, diploma, or certificate did you receive?)

(Where did you receive it?)

(When did you receive it?)

WORK EXPERIENCE

(Position or job title)

(Name of company or organization)

(When and how long were you employed there?)

(What did you do?)

OUTSTANDING ACCOMPLISHMENTS

(What honors or awards have you received? Or What special skills do you possess?)

LANGUAGE SKILLS

(Which languages do you speak, read, or write? List only if fluent.)

______________________________________________________________________

The following is the example of the resume.

______________________________________________________________________

RESUME

Gustavo Lopez

Caleruiga 11

28033 Madrid, Spain

Telephone : 34-1-541988

Work Experience

Title Executive Director

Where Buenos Noches Hotel Chain (1986-Present)

Responsibilities

- Managed operations for six resort hotels.

- Promoted hotels to travel agents in Germany, England, and

France

- Renovated and expanded hotels to be more elegant and to hold 50 percent more guests.

- Arranged “Package deals” with Iberia, the national airline of

Spain

- Achieved a year-round average occupancy rate of 89 percent.

Outstanding Accomplishments

Helped the government to promote hotels in Barcelonafor the 1992 Olympics.

Education

Graduate of the University of Madrid, Major: Business

Languages

Fluent in Spanish, French, and English.

______________________________________________________________________

Read the following statements and determine which term in the list describes the statement best.

Orientation profit sharing performance appraisal

Benefits off-the-job training wages

Salary job description recruiting

Job-specification on-the-job training incentive program

1. The Mishka Company is coming to campus next week to interview accounting

majors…………………..

2. I just got $2,000-a-year raise ….

3. The job says that the position requires the individual to interact with top management

on a regular basis………………...

4. My first day on the job is Monday……………..

5. Do you need an MBA for the job?........................

6. I just got accepted into the management training program at Bueno& Bueno. I will

spend the first six weeks at company headquarters with thirty other new trainees….….

7. I exceeded my monthly sales goal and now the company is giving me a VCR……..

8. I go on vacation next week……………...

9. I get paid $6.50 an hour………………….

10. I always try to work efficiently so I can contribute to the profitability of the company.

………………………..

2. LANGUAGE SKILL

PROFESSIONAL INTERVIEWING

The following are some guidelines to aid you in the interviewing process, both as an interviewee and as an interviewer.

INTERVIEWER

1. Create a supportive climate

- Introduce yourself

- Use a warm, friendly tone of voice

- Spend a few minutes in small talk before you begin.

- Don’t communicate an attitude of superiority.

2. Structure the interview. Spend the first 60-70 percent of the interview discussing the

candidate, and the last 30-40 percent discussing the company and job.

3. Probe thoroughly.

- Ask for clarification:” What exactly does that mean?”

- Ask for elaboration :” Can you tell me more about that?”

4. Take notes of key information.

5. Pace the interview. Don’t get bogged down in one area.

6. Allow the candidate time to ask questions.

7. Conclude the interview:

- Thank the candidate for his or her time and tell him or her what to expect in terms of a follow-up.

- Don’t give misleading cues to the candidate.

INTERVIEWEE

1. Dress formally and appropriately.

2. Be prepared. Know as much about the company and the job as possible and know

why you’re the person they should hire.

3. Practice answering possible questions.

4. Be on time. It’s best to get there a little early to allow time in case you get lost and

need to fix your clothes and hair.

5. Make a list of questions beforehand to ask the interviewer.

6. Give a firm handshake when greeting the interviewer and when saying good-bye.

7. Maintain eye contact.

8. Be confident and try to act as calmly as possible.

9. Be honest.

10. Follow up the interview with a letter restating your interest and qualifications. If

there was something that you wanted to say but didn’t, say it now. Also thank the

interviewer.

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

These are some questions that may be asked during an interview. Use them as a guide when either conducting a job interview or being interviewed.

WORK EXPERIENCE

1. What jobs have you held? How were they obtained? Why did you leave?

2. What did you like most about your jobs ? Least?

3. What were your primary accomplishments?

4. Why did you choose your field of work?

5. What has been your greatest frustration or disappointment in your current job?

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

1. Why did you choose particular place of study (University, technical school, college,

etc)?

2. Do you feel your grades reflect the kind of work you are capable of doing?

3. How well has your schooling prepared you for your career?

SELF-ASSESSMENT

1. Describe yourself?

2. What makes you a good investment for an employer?

3. How do you feel about your progress so far?

GOALS AND EXPECTATIONS

1. Where would you like to be in five years? In ten years?

2. Why do you think you would like to work for us?

3. Aside from money, what do you want most from a job?

chapter 3.ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

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CHAPTER 3

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

OBJECTIVES:

1. The students are able to explain the definition of words concerning with

organizational behavior.

2. The students are able to explain the tips for running an effective Meeting.

1. INTRODUCTION TO WORKING TOGETHER

Leading employees to achieve the objectives of the organization is one of the most challenging roles of management. Motivating people to accomplish these objectives is a crucial part of the leadership role and one of the most difficult. The study of organizational behavior is the study of how people work together, and how their behavior affects performance. In a team or a group, everyone should work together in order to produce the desired results. If one person does not cooperate, then the desired result cannot be achieved.

MOTIVATION

Motivation is the process of stimulating employees so that they perform better in order to reach company objectives as well as personal goals.

Characteristics of motivation

- Motivation originates within the self. People can only be motivated about

things that they truly want to achieve.

- Work-related behavior is influenced by external factors. These factors include rewards, such as pay, and threats.

- Performance is influenced by the situation in which it occurs. The situation can be positive or negative. Environmental factors include the people around us or even the company’s reputation or technology.

One model of how managers can motivate employees and affect performance

- Managers must determine the needs of their employees.

- Managers must find out what their employees want from their jobs.

- Managers must first set their own performance goals and objectives before sitting down with their employees to formulate their goals.

- Managers must make sure the goals and objectives are realistic.

- Managers must link the rewards to the desired outcomes of their goals and objectives.

- Managers must ensure that rewards are significant, not trivial.

- Managers must ensure that star performers are rewarded more than good

performers, and good performers rewarded more than poor performers.

QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions based on the passage!

What is meant by the study of organizational behavior?
What is organizational behavior it self?
Explain how people in a sport team work together in order to produce the desired results? What happens if one person does not cooperate?
What makes a group of people successful when working together?
What is motivation?
Mention three characteristics of motivation!
What motivates people to do good job?
What types of incentives are used in this country to motivate workers? Do you think they are effective? Explain!
How can managers motivate employees and affect performance?
Describe some individuals you have difficulty working with! What are the causes of the difficulty?
Describe some individuals you work well with! Why do you work well together?
Think about a situation in your life when you were extremely productive and efficient. What factors influenced your behavior?
Rank the following answers according to your opinion, if the question is “What do I want from my job?”

- Good communication - Job Security

- Promotion and Growth - Good Benefits

- Power and Influence - Autonomy and Freedom

- Full Appreciation for Work done - Good Pay

- Interesting and Challenging Work - Pleasant Working Conditions

Now give reason(s) why you rank like that !

2. LANGUAGE SKILL

RUNNING AN EFFECTIVE BUSINESS

Managers need to have meeting with employees to accomplish desired goals and for two-way communication. Before calling a meeting, however, the manager must decide if a meeting is the best way to achieve his or her objective. If it is, the following are some tips to guide you in running an effective business meeting.

Tips for Running an Effective Meeting

☺Objective à What is the goal, purpose, or basic reason for holding a meeting?

☺Participation à include only participants who can influence the fulfillment of the meeting objective.

☺Agenda à Through a memo, let participants know in advance:

- The purpose for meeting

- The time

- The place

- Topics to be discussed

- What materials(plans, facts, or data) they need to prepare.

☺Time à Set time limits in advance.

- Begin punctually

- End on time

☺Communication

- Stick to the meeting objective

- Discuss only one issue at a time

- Give everyone a chance to speak (don’t allow one person to dominate the

discussion)

- Ask probing questions to keep the discussion moving

- Summarize important points.

MEMO

The following is the example of memo.

To : Production Line Employees

From : Giles Depardieu, Operation Manager

Re : Special Departmental Meeting

Date : October 10^th

In order to meet the upcoming production deadline, we must discuss and develop a plan of action. I would like each of you to be prepared to present your action plans as briefly and concisely as possible. The meeting will be tomorrow from 9 A.M. to 10 A. M. in the Executive Conference Room.

Please be prompt.

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

When you are leading a meeting, it is important to encourage participation among them in a positive way. The following are some key phrases to use while running a meeting

- That’s an interesting idea.

- I’m glad you brought that up.

- Keep talking, you’re on the right track.

- How can we build on that idea?

- That’s great. How can we do it?

- What else do we need to consider?

- I like that.

- etc

Chapter 2.MANAGEMENT

2013-01-27T06:28:00.003-08:00

CHAPTER 2

MANAGEMENT

OBJECTIVES:

1. The students are able to explain the definition of words concerning with management.

2. The students are able to explain what to say when giving and receiving feedback.

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP STYLE

Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the resource in an organization. Some of these resources are human, some are material, and some financial. These resources must be managed in a way that allows a company to achieve goals of supplying its products or services to the marketplace while also making a profit. How individual managers work within this managerial process is termed leadership style. Leadership is the way in which managers interact with their subordinates in order to achieve company objectives. Democratic, authoritarian, and laissez-faire are the examples of leadership styles.

Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are all aspects of a manager’s job. Planning involves determining what the organization needs to do and the best way to achieve it. A crucial part of this step is decision making. The second basic managerial activity is organizing. In this portion of the manager’s job, he or she must determine how best to arrange resources, human and material, to achieve desired goals. The third managerial function is leading. In this area of a manager’s job, he or she must guide and motivate employees to accomplish company objectives. Through leadership, managers must exert influence and communicate with their employees to ensure that employees understand and carry out assigned tasks. The fourth managerial function, controlling, means monitoring the firm’s performance, make sure that goals are being achieve. Managers compare actual performance with planning performance, and make changes based on the results.

In order for their companies to be successful, managers must formulate company objectives. Objectives are guidelines and goals for an organization to follow and achieve. Why should we use objectives? Objectives give the business a direction. Objectives set the standards for the company. In addition, objectives motivate the workers and managers to contribute their best efforts.

QUESTIONS

What is management?
What are the resources in an organization?
What is meant by leadership?
What is leadership style?
Mention kinds of leadership style!
According to you, what are some advantages and disadvantages of each managerial style? Which would you prefer if you are the manager?
Mention four managerial function you know!
What is objective?
Why should the company formulate the objectives?
What is a good manager?
What personal qualities do you think a manager should have?
Have you ever worked under the supervision of a manager? Was this person an effective manager? Why or why not?
Have you ever supervised people? Do you think you were an effective manager? Why or why not?
What must happen to ensure that managers and employees from different cultures can work together successfully?
What do you know about Japanese style?
Why do you think the Japanese have been so successful economically?

In each set of words or idioms, cross out the word that does not have a similar meaning. Discuss the relationship between the words in each set.

1. Substitute temporary replacement permanent

2. Lean sparse abundant insufficient

3. Burden freedom responsibility strain

4. Jot down sit down write take notes

5. Penalize punish discipline reward

6. Calisthenics exercise aerobics inactivity

7. Keep on stop continue remain

8. Betray abandon loyal unfaithful

2. LANGUAGE SKILL

Giving and receiving Feedback

Effective managers know how and when to give feedback---telling other people how you feel about them or about something they’ve done---in such a way that it will benefits the employee and his or her performance. One important objective of giving feedback is that it should be helpful to the other person and allow him or her to become more effective.

Answer the following questions, using what you know about feedback.

1. When is feedback given? (Give a specific example!)

2. Why is feedback necessary?

3. Tell about a situation in which you received positive or negative feedback!

a. What exactly was said?

b. What was your reaction?

The following are the things that you should remember when giving feedback.

1. Feedback is intended to help the individual receiving it.

2. Be descriptive rather than evaluative. (Describe the behavior/action, don’t judge it.)

3. Be specific rather than general, with good, clear, and recent examples.

4. Give feedback at a time when the receiver appears ready to handle it.

5. Give only as much as the receiver can handle at one time.

The following are the things that you should remember when receiving feedback.

1. Try not to be defensive.

2. Be sure you understand what the person is saying. Summarize the points briefly.

3. Understand that the purpose of feedback is to further develop one’s effectiveness.

What to Say When Giving Feedback

When giving feedback to someone, don’t just say,” You talk too much.” Instead it is better to be more specific by describing the behavior,” I’ve noticed at our weekly department meetings that you frequently give your opinion and don’t allow others to give theirs. At our last meeting, the other managers became frustrated and lost interest because they weren’t able to contribute”.

What to Say When Receiving Feedback

When you receive feedback such as the kind described above, remain calm and consider what is being said with an open mind. Don’t respond,” How can you that? I always allow other people to speak. Anyway, my opinion is more valuable than theirs. I’ve been with this company a lot longer than they have.” Instead say,” You think that I talk too much at our meetings? Well, I wasn’t aware of that. I’ll keep that in mind at our next meeting.”

chapter 1 BUSINESS OWNERSHIP

2013-01-27T06:19:00.001-08:00

CHAPTER 1

BUSINESS OWNERSHIP

OBJECTIVES:

1. The students are able to explain the words concerning with business ownership.

2. The students are able to explain the steps in decision-making process.

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS OWNERSHIP

All Business owners must decide which form of legal organization - a sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation - best meets their needs. The decision is very important because the choice affects many managerial and financial issues, including income taxes, and the owner’s liability. In determining which legal form their business should take, owners may consider the advantages and disadvantages of each.

The sole proprietorship is the ownership form chosen for the small-town restaurant, the neighborhood grocery store, the local auto repair shop, and the bakery. Most sole proprietorships are small businesses, often having only one employee. However, there are some sole proprietorships that are large businesses, many of today’s largest companies started out at sole proprietorships. Although the owner may employ someone to manage the business, more commonly the owner is the active manager of the firm. The capital necessary for operating the business is normally provided by the sole proprietor from personal wealth, frequently aided by borrowing. The owner usually makes all decisions personally rather than delegating them to employees. If the business is the owner’s sole source of income, the ability to operate it at profit is extremely important to him or her.

Partnership is larger than sole proprietorship. Yet, most partnerships are relatively small businesses. There is no limit to the number of partners, and they may

invest equal or unequal amounts of money. Net profits must be shared among all

partners involved. It is best, although not necessary, that the agreement between the partners be written and signed. Such a contract may prevent misunderstanding and ill will at a future date. The agreement should cover the following points: (1) who will receive what share of the profits? (2) Who does what, and who reports to whom? (3) What happens if one of the partners dies? (4) if desired, how could the partnership be dissolved? Of the three common types of business ownership, partnerships are the least used.

Corporations employ large numbers of people and are owned by large numbers of investors. Only large businesses can mass-produce and mass-market the goods and services consumers need and want. A corporation is a legal entity which is created by the law as an artificial being that has the rights, duties, and powers of a person. A corporation does not change its identity with changes in ownership. A corporation is brought into existence through a charter, which is a document issued by a state authorizing the formation of a corporation. Corporations can raise money by selling shares in the business-called stock- to investors. These investors are known as stockholders, or shareholders. Stockholders are the owners of a business. Business profits are distributed among stockholders in the form of dividends. Stockholders vote in accordance with the number of shares they own. Annual meetings are called primarily to elect a board of directors, who represent the stockholders. Once a board is elected, it assumes final authority for all corporate actions.

QUESTIONS

1. What is sole proprietorship?

2. What is the advantage of sole proprietorship?

3. What is the disadvantage of sole proprietorship?

4. What is partnership?

5. What is the advantage of partnership?

6. What is the disadvantage of partnership?

7. What is corporation?

8. What is the advantage of corporation?

9. What is the disadvantage of corporation?

10. What are the similarities among them?

11. What are the differences among them?

12. Name some businesses that you are familiar with. Do you know what forms of

ownership they represent? Explain! Describe the products or services they offer!

13. Which of the three forms of ownership do you come in contact with most

frequently? Why?

14. Where are the various forms of business located in your community?

15. Which type of business do you like shopping at the most? Why?

16. If you were to open your own business, what form of ownership would you

choose? Why?

NEW VOCABULARY

In each set, cross out the word that isn’t similar in meaning. Discuss the relationships among the words in each set.

1. Inventory stock product staff

2. Reputation image illustration name

3. Bookkeeper auditor accountant stockbroker

4. Debt mortgage dividend liability

5. Profit expense income revenue

6. Asset drawback benefit advantage

7. Flavor inedible taste seasoning

8. Renovate improve destroy remodel

9. Proceed progress continue stop

10. Rave condemn praise compliment

11. Store shop establishment infirmary

2. LANGUAGE SKILL

DECISION MAKING

Everyone needs to make decisions. Business people must make wise decisions in order for their companies to survive and grow. Decision-making is a crucial part of the management process. It involves selecting the best course of action for a particular situation.

The following are the basic steps in decision-making process.

1. Identify the problem. Gather as much information as possible, taking into account

all aspects of the problem.

2. Understand the problem fully and determine why it exists.

3. Generate possible solutions.

- Brainstorm. Write down as many ideas and possible solutions as you can.

Remember, don’t stop to analyze and no idea is too crazy.

- Choose your three best solutions.

- Write down the advantages and disadvantages of each solution.

4. Choose the solution with the most advantages and the fewest disadvantages.

5. Formulate a plan of action. How will you implement this solution? Be specific.

- Be patient, and give the implemented solution a chance to work.

chapter 8. FINANCE

2013-01-27T06:06:00.000-08:00

FINANCE

- Every company needs money in order to survive and grow.

- Financial managers must ensure that the company’s earnings exceed its cost-the company must earn the profit.

- For a proprietorship or partnership, profits means an increase in its owners’ wealth. For a corporation, profits signify an increase in the value of its common stock.

1. Why is financing an important option for both personal and corporate use?

Financing is an important option for both personal and corporate use because every company and personal need money in order to survive and grow and money means financing.

2. What are some examples of personal financing that you use in your life?

The examples of personal financing that I use in my life are mortgages, student loans, saving and checking accounts.

3. What are some sources from which a company can acquire capital?

- Trade credit allows the buyer to delay payment of the bill for the goods purchased. For example, “2/10, net 30” means that you can deduct a 2 percent discount from the total bill if you pay within ten days. If you don’t, the entire amount is due by the thirteenth day.

- Companies also take out loans from commercial banks. It is the borrower’s responsibility to convince the lender that the money will be returned on time, with interest.

- Equity financing occurs when a company issues and sells ownership in the company. Earnings are paid to shareholders in the form of dividends. If there are no earnings to be shared, the firm can skip dividend payments. There are two different types of stock that a company sells, preferred stock and common stock. Preferred stock is sold with a specific dividend rate. Before any earnings can be distributed to common stock shareholders, the preferred dividends must be paid.

- Debt financing occurs when a company raises capital by borrowing. The company issues bonds, which are long-term notes that carry a specific interest rate and maturity date. Payments of interest and the repayment of the loan are fixed legal obligations. When these are due, the firm must pay.

4. What is the difference between short-term and long-term financing?

Negotiation,International Business,Business ethics

2013-01-27T05:39:00.000-08:00

1. What do you know about negotiation ?

Negotiationis a dialoguebetween two or more people or parties, intended to reach an understanding, resolve point of difference, or gain advantage in outcome of dialogue, to produce an agreement upon courses of action, to bargain for individual or collective advantage, to craft outcomes to satisfy various interests of two people/parties involved in negotiation process. Negotiation is a process where each party involved in negotiating tries to gain an advantage for themselves by the end of the process. Example of negotiations are simple when buying a house or car. The problem arises when there needs to be an ongoing relationship between the two parties. The most important part of negotiating is being prepared.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiation

http://biznik.com/articles/do-you-know-how-to-negotiate

2. What do you know about international business ?

International business is a term used to collectively describe all commercial transactions (private and governmental, sales, investments, logistics,and transportation) that take place between two or more regions, countriesand nationsbeyond their political boundary. Usually, private companies undertake such transactions for profit; governmentsundertake them for profit and for politicalreasons. It refers to all those business activities which involve cross border transactions of goods, services, resources between two or more nations. Transaction of economic resources include capital, skills, people etc. for international production of physical goods and services such as finance, banking, insurance, construction etc.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_business

3. What do you know about business ethics ?

Business ethics is the behavior that a business adheres to in its daily dealings with the world. The ethics of a particular business can be diverse. They apply not only to how the business interacts with the world at large, but also to their one-on-one dealings with a single customer.

Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethicsor professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethics

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-business-ethics.htm

2012-10-09T18:25:00.004-07:00

TDR Time Delay Relay

TDR (Time Delay Relay) sering disebut juga relay timer atau relay penunda batas waktu banyak digunakan dalam instalasi motor terutama instalasi yang membutuhkan pengaturan waktu secara otomatis.

Peralatan kontrol ini dapat dikombinasikan dengan peralatan kontrol lain, contohnya dengan MC (Magnetic Contactor), Thermal Over Load Relay, dan lain-lain.

Fungsi dari peralatan kontrol ini adalah sebagai pengatur waktu bagi peralatan yang dikendalikannya. Timer ini dimaksudkan untuk mengatur waktu hidup atau mati dari kontaktor atau untuk merubah sistem bintang ke segitiga dalam delay waktu tertentu.

Timer dapat dibedakan dari cara kerjanya yaitu timer yang bekerja menggunakan induksi motor dan menggunakan rangkaian elektronik.

Timer yang bekerja dengan prinsip induksi motor akan bekerja bila motor mendapat tegangan AC sehingga memutar gigi mekanis dan memarik serta menutup kontak secara mekanis dalam jangka waktu tertentu.

Sedangkan relay yang menggunakan prinsip elektronik, terdiri dari rangkaian R dan C yang dihubungkan seri atau paralel. Bila tegangan sinyal telah mengisi penuh kapasitor, maka relay akan terhubung. Lamanya waktu tunda diatur berdasarkan besarnya pengisisan kapasitor.

Bagian input timer biasanya dinyatakan sebagai kumparan (Coil) dan bagian outputnya sebagai kontak NO atau NC.

Kumparan pada timer akan bekerja selama mendapat sumber arus. Apabila telah mencapai batas waktu yang diinginkan maka secara otomatis timer akan mengunci dan membuat kontak NO menjadi NC dan NC menjadi NO.

Pada umumnya timer memiliki 8 buah kaki yang 2 diantaranya merupakan kaki coil sebagai contoh pada gambar di atas adalah TDR type H3BA dengan 8 kaki yaitu kaki 2 dan 7 adalah kaki coil, sedangkan kaki yang lain akan berpasangan NO dan NC, kaki 1 akan NC dengan kaki 4 dan NO dengan kaki 3. Sedangkan kaki 8 akan NC dengan kaki 5 dan NO dengan kaki 6. Kaki kaki tersebut akan berbeda tergantung dari jenis relay timernya.
Sumber: TDR Time Delay Relay Timer Elektro Mekanik.htm