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DBMS | Practicals

2023-07-31T11:06:00.052+05:30

No	SQL	DESCRIPTION
1	SELECT	DATA RETRIEVAL
2	INSERT UPDATE DELETE	DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)
3	CREATE ALTER DROP RENAME TRANCATE	DATA DEFINATION LANGUAGE (DDL)
4	COMMIT ROLLBACK SAVEPOINT RENAME TRANCATE	TRANSICTION CONTROL LANGUAGE (TCL)
5	GRAND REVOKE	DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE (DCL)

No	LABs	PRACTICALS
1	LAB-1	CREATE TABLE
Syntax: CREATE TABLE schema_name.table_name ( column_1 data_type column_constraint, column_2 data_type column_constraint, ... table_constraint ); Example: create table DEPARTMENT ( deptno number, deptname varchar2(50) not null, location varchar2(50), constraint pk_department primary key (deptno) ); create table EMPLOYEE ( empno number, name varchar2(50) not null, jobtitle varchar2(50), manager number, hiredate date, salary number(7,2), commission number(7,2), deptno number, constraint pk_employee primary key (empno), constraint fk_employee_deptno foreign key (deptno) references DEPARTMENT (deptno) );
2	LAB-2	ALTER TABLE
It is used to add, MODIFY, or drop columns. Syntax for ADD: ALTER TABLE table_name ADD (column datatype,column datatype....); Example: Suppose we want to ADD new column (location) in existing table ALTER TABLE department ADD location varchar2(50); Syntax for MODIFY: ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY (column datatype,column datatype....); Example: Suppose we wants to change/modify the size of column location from 50 to 20 ALTER TABLE deptartment MODIFY location varchar(20); Syntax for DROP: ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name ; Example: Suppose we wants to remove the column location from department table. ALTER TABLE dept DROP COLUMN location Syntax for RENAME COLUMN NAME: ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME COLUMN old_column_name TO new_column_name ; Example: Suppose we wants to rename/ change the name of column. ALTER TABLE dept RENAME COLUMN location to dept_loc Syntax for RENAME table NAME: RENAME table_name TO new_table_name; Example: Suppose we wants to rename/ change the name of TABLE. RENAME dept TO department;
3	LAB-3	DROP TABLE
Dorp command will drop/remove the structure of table Syntax: DROP TABLE table_name; Example: DROP TABLE department;
4	LAB-4	TRUNCATE
We can not ROLLBACK trancated table.It is parmanent deleted from storage. Syntax: TRUNCATE table table_name; Example: TRUNCATE table emp;
5	LAB-5	Working with Constraints
Following Constraints are used in SQL Type of COnstraints: NOT NULL UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY CHECK Examples: Different Way to define Constraints 1. CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE( EID NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY, ENAME VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL, SAL NUMBER(9) CHECK(SAL<>>0), AGE NUMBER(2) CHECK(AGE>18) ) 2. CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE( EID NUMBER(6) CONSTRAINT EMP_EID PRIMARY KEY, ENAME VARCHAR2(50) CONSTRAINT EMP_ENAME NOT NULL, SAL NUMBER(9) CONSTRAINT EMP_SAL CHECK(SAL<>0), AGE NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT EMP_AGE CHECK(AGE>18) ) 3. CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE( EID NUMBER(6), ENAME VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL, SAL NUMBER(9), AGE NUMBER(2), CONSTRAINT EMP_EID_PK PRIMARY KEY (EID), CONSTRAINT EMP_SAL_CK CHECK(SAL<>0), CONSTRAINT EMP_AGE_CK CHECK(AGE>18) ) 4. DEFINE FOREIGN KEY CONTRAINT CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT( DID NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY, DNAME VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL ) CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE( EID NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY, ENAME VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL, DID NUMBER(6) REFERENCES DEPARTMRNT(DID) ) OR CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT( DID NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY, DNAME VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL ) CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE( EID NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY, ENAME VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL, DID NUMBER(6) CONSTRAINT DID_FK REFERENCES DEPARTMRNT(DID) ) OR CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT( DID NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY, DNAME VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL ) CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE( EID NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY, ENAME VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL, DID NUMBER(6), CONSTRAINT EMP_DID_FK FOREIGN KEY (DID) REFERENCES DEPARTMRNT(DID) )
4	LAB-4	RENAME
INFO Syntax: Example:

Sql Concept using Oracle

2023-07-26T23:35:00.015+05:30

CONTENTS	DESCRIPTION
SELECT	DATA RETRIEVAL
INSERT UPDATE DELETE	DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)
CREATE ALTER DROP RENAME TRUNCATE	DATA DEFINATION LANGUAGE (DDL)
COMMIT ROLLBACK SAVEPOINT	TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE (TCL)
GRANT REVOKE	DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE (DCL)

SQL	DESCRIPTION
*/{DISTINCT} COLUMN	For retrive data All/Not repeted
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS(* , / ,+, -)	Mathematical Operations
COLUMN ALLIASES (BY USING AS / ””)	Define another name of column
CONCATENATION (\|\|)	Concate more than one string or columns
DESC / DESCRIBE	Show the schema of any table or view
WHERE CLAUSE
COMPARISION OPERATORS (= , <, <=, >, >=, <>)	Use of comparision operators
BETWEEN ….. AND Condition	Use of between and condition
IN CONDITION	Use of IN Condition
LIKE CONDITION	Use of LIKE Condition
NULL CONDITION	Use of NULL Condition
LOGICAL CONDITION (AND, OR, NOT)	Use of logical Operators
ORDER BY CLAUSE (ASC / DESC)	Show data in ASC/DESC Order

LNCT University Btech CSE VIII Semester - Syllabus

2023-03-29T15:26:00.001+05:30

LNCT University, Bhopal

Internet of Things (CS-801-A)/(AL-801-A)

COURSE OUTCOMES:

After Completing the course student should be able to

CO1 Understand internet of things and its hardware and software components
CO2 Design interface I/O devices, sensors & communication modules.
CO3 Analyse data from various sources in real-time
CO4 Monitor data and devices with remote control.
CO5 Develop real life IOT based projects.

Course contents:

Unit –I

INTRODUCTION TO WEB ENGINEERING

IoT definition, Characteristics, IoT conceptual and architectural framework, Components of IoT ecosystems, Physical and logical design of IoT, IoT enablers, Modern day IoT applications, M2M communications, IoT vs M2M, IoT vs WoT, IoT reference architecture, IoT Network configurations, IoT LAN, IoT WAN, IoT Node, IoT Gateway, IoT Proxy, Review of Basic Microcontrollers and interfacing.

Unit –II

Define Sensor, Basic components and challenges of a sensor node, Sensor features, Sensor resolution; Sensor classes: Analog, Digital, Scalar, Vector Sensors; Sensor Types, bias, drift, Hysteresis error, quantization error; Actuator; Actuator types: Hydraulic, Pneumatic, electrical, thermal/magnetic, mechanical actuators, soft actuators

Unit –III

Basics of IoT Networking, IoT Components, Functional components of IoT, IoT service Oriented architecture, IoT challenges, 6LowPAN, IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee and its types, RFID Features, RFID working principle and applications, NFC (Near Field communication), Bluetooth, Wireless Sensor Networks and its Applications.

Unit –IV

MQTT, MQTT methods and components, MQTT communication, topics and applications, SMQTT, CoAP, CoAP message types, CoAP Request-Response model, XMPP, AMQP features and components, AMQP frame types.

Unit –V

IoT Platforms, Arduino, Raspberry Pi Board, Other IoT Platforms; Data Analytics for IoT, Cloud for IoT, Cloud storage models & communication APIs, Attacks in IoT system, Vulnerability analysis in IoT, IoT case studies: Smart Home, Smart framing etc.

References

Vijay Madisetti, Arshdeep Bahga, “IoT, A Hands on Approach”, University Press.
Dr. SRN Reddy, RachitThukral and Manasi Mishra, “Introduction to Internet of Things: A practical Approach”, ETI Labs.
Pethuru Raj and Anupama C. Raman, “The Internet of Things: Enabling Technologies, Platforms, and Use Cases”, CRC Press.
Jeeva Jose, “Internet of Things”, Khanna Publishing House, Delhi.
Adrian McEwen, “Designing the Internet of Things”, Wiley.
Raj Kamal, “Internet of Things: Architecture and Design”, McGraw Hill.
CunoPfister, “Getting Started with the Internet of Things”, O Reilly Media

LNCT University, Bhopal

Block Chain (CS-801-B/Al-801-B)

COURSE OUTCOMES:

After Completing the course student should be able to

CO1 Understand concepts and terminology of blockchain.
CO2 Utilize block chain concepts for crypto currency application.
CO3 Classify block chain and compare the types for design issues.
CO4 Illustrate the block chain application development with simulator.
CO5 Understand block chain enabled trade.

Course contents:

UNIT I: OVERVIEW OF BLOCK CHAIN

Public Ledgers, Bit coin, Smart Contracts, Block in a Block chain, Transactions, Crypto currency to Block chain, Distributed Consensus, Public vs Private Block chain, Permissioned Model of Block chain, Overview of Security aspects of Block chain; Basic Crypto Primitives: Cryptographic Hash Function, Properties of a hash function, Hash pointer and Merkle tree, Digital Signature, Public Key Cryptography.

UNIT II: UNDERSTANDING BLOCK CHAIN WITH CRYPTO CURRENCY

Bit coin and Block chain: Creation of coins, Payments and double spending, Bit coin Scripts, Bit coin P2P Network, Transaction in Bit coin Network, Block Mining, Block propagation and block relay. Working with Consensus in Bit coin: Distributed consensus in open environments, Consensus in a Bitcoin network, Proof of Work (PoW) – basic introduction, Hash Cash PoW, Bit coin PoW, Attacks on PoW and the monopoly problem, Proof of Stake, Proof of Burn and Proof of Elapsed Time, The life of a Bitcoin Miner, Mining Difficulty, Mining Pool.

UNIT III: UNDERSTANDING BLOCK CHAIN FOR ENTERPRISES

Permissioned Block chain: Permissioned model and use cases, Design issues for Permissioned block chains, Execute contracts, State machine replication, Overview of Consensus models for permissioned block chain- Distributed consensus in closed environment, Paxos, RAFT Consensus, Byzantine general problem, Byzantine fault tolerant system, Lamport-Shostak-Pease BFT Algorithm, BFT over Asynchronous systems.

UNIT IV: ENTERPRISE APPLICATION OF BLOCK CHAIN

Cross border payments, Know Your Customer (KYC), Food Security, Mortgage over Block chain, Block chain enabled Trade, We Trade – Trade Finance Network, Supply Chain Financing, and Identity on Block chai.

UNIT V: BLOCK CHAIN APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

Hyperledger Fabric- Architecture, Identities and Policies, Membership and Access Control, Channels, Transaction Validation, Writing smart contract using Hyperledger Fabric, Writing smart contract using Ethereum, Overview of Ripple and Corda.

References

Melanie Swan, “Block Chain: Blueprint for a New Economy”, O‟Reilly, 2015.
. Josh Thompsons, “Block Chain: The Block Chain for Beginners- Guide to Block chain Technology and Leveraging Block Chain Programming”.
Daniel Drescher, “Block Chain Basics”, Apress; 1stedition, 2017.
Anshul Kaushik, “Block Chain and Crypto Currencies”, Khanna Publishing House, Delhi.
. Imran Bashir, “Mastering Block Chain: Distributed Ledger Technology, Decentralization and Smart Contracts Explained”, Packt Publishing.
Salman Baset, Luc Desrosiers, Nitin Gaur, Petr Novotny, Anthony O‟Dowd, Venkatraman Ramakrishna, “Hands-On Block Chain with Hyperledger: Building Decentralized Applications with Hyperledger Fabric and Composer”, Import, 2018.

Download AI Handwritten Notes

2023-02-28T22:42:00.018+05:30

BTech CSE III Semester
SNO	TOPICS	DOWNLOAD
1	General Issues and Overview of AI The AI problems What is an AI technique Characteristics of AI applications Introduction to LISP Programming Syntax Numeric functions Basic list manipulation functions Predicates Conditionals Input output local variables Iteraction and recursion Iteraction and recursion Arrays
2	Introduction of Control Strategy
3	Control Strategy .... DFS(Depth First Search)
4	Control Strategy .... BFS(Breadth First Search)
5	Hueristic Search
6	Hill Climbing Algorithms Simple Hill Climbing Steepest-Ascent Hill Climbing
7	Best First Search (BFS)
8	A Star(A*) Algorithm
9	Problem Reduction Algorithm
10	AO Star (AO*) Algorithm
11	Constraint Satisfaction Algorithm
12	Mean End Analysis Algorithm
13	Clouser Form
14	Conceptual Dependency
15	Frames
16	Knowledge Representation
17	Predicate Logic
18	Resolution In Pridicate Logic
19	Resolution In Preposition Logic
20	Script
21	Sementic Net
22	Unification Algorithm
#	Topic-#

Model Paper-III | BCE

2022-07-13T10:46:00.008+05:30

B.Tech CSE II Semester Model Paper

Basic Computer Engineering (BT-203)

Sno.		Questions	Marks
Time:3 Hours		Max Marks:70

SECTION-1
*Note: Attempt all question*
	a	What do you understand hierarchical directory structure.	2
	b	What is the need of operating system?	2
	c	What do you understand by compiler and interpreter?	2
	d	What are object oriented concepts?	2
	e	How we define class and object in C++.	2
SECTION-2
*Note:Attempt Any Five*
	a	Discuss about the hierarchy of computer memory.	4
	b	Write down the goal of OSI model in computer network.	4
	c	What do you understand by anti-spyware software?	4
	d	What is the use of directory in operating system?	4
	e	What is database query language.	4
	f	Why traditional file system is not reliable.	4
	g	What is networking ? Write their goal.	4
SECTION-3
*Note: Attempt all question*
	a	Write a program to overload pre and post increment operator in c++.	10
OR
		What do you understand by data communication.
	b	Difference between OSI model and TCP/IP model.	10
OR
		What do you understand by default and parameterized constructor.
	c	Explain data independency with the help of diagram.	10
OR
		What do you understand by ER-model.
	d	Explain about the application of cloud computing.	10
OR
		What do you understand by architecture of cloud computing?

More Papers

Model Paper-II | BCE

2022-07-13T10:46:00.007+05:30

B.Tech CSE II Semester Model Paper

Basic Computer Engineering (BT-203)

Sno.		Questions	Marks
Time:3 Hours		Max Marks:70

SECTION-1
*Note: Attempt all question*
	a	What do you understand by class and object.	2
	b	Explain the use of file and folders in system.	2
	c	Explain the memory hierarchy of a system.	2
	d	What do you understand by compiler and assembler?	2
	e	What do you understand by tokens in c++.	2
SECTION-2
*Note:Attempt Any Five*
	a	Write down the type of software in operating system.	4
	b	Explain about logic bomb and email spooling.	4
	c	Explain the organization of Computer.	4
	d	Write down the properties of C++.	4
	e	What are tokens in C++ ?	4
	f	What do you understand by dbms ? How it is more secure than traditional file system.	4
	g	What is inter networking ?	4
SECTION-3
*Note: Attempt all question*
	a	What do you understand by three level schema of dbms.	10
OR
		Explain all layers of OSI model in detail.
	b	What is operator overloading explain with proper example.List out the operator that can not be overloaded.	10
OR
		What do you understand by constructor and their type?
	c	Write short note on (a) Data dictionary (b) Internet	10
OR
		What do you understand by Trojans and Worms
	d	What do you understand by e-commerce and www.	10
OR
		What do you understand by cloud infrastructure ?

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Model Paper-I | BCE

2022-07-13T09:49:00.004+05:30

B.Tech CSE II Semester Model Paper

Basic Computer Engineering (BT-203)

Sno.		Questions	Marks
Time:3 Hours		Max Marks:70

SECTION-1
*Note: Attempt all question*
	a	Define computer.classify it.	2
	b	What do you understand by booting process.	2
	c	What do you understand by system software and utility software.	2
	d	What do you understand by memory..	2
	e	Write down the functionality of CPU.	2
SECTION-2
*Note:Attempt Any Five*
	a	What do you understand by software concept.	4
	b	What is operator precedence? Write precedence of arithmetic operators	4
	c	Explain the organization of Computer.	4
	d	Write down the difference between C and C++.	4
	e	What are C character sets ? What are tokens ?	4
	f	What do you understand by type casting ?	4
	g	What is computer network ?	4
SECTION-3
*Note: Attempt all question*
	a	What do you understand by computer memory.classify it in detail.	10
OR
		Explain all layers of TCP/IP model in detail.
	b	Write a program contain person as a base class and teacher and student as a derived class with some basic data.like (name,age,contact,address,subject,course, etc)	10
OR
		Define a function? Explain two categories/types of argument passing techniques, with proper programs in C.
	c	What are good computer security habits	10
OR
		What do you understand by Virus, Malware
	d	Explain (if, if-else, nested if-else, cascaded if else) in C language with syntax and example.	10
OR
		What is cloud computing ?

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Extended Features of ER Diagram in DBMS

2022-07-11T15:29:00.004+05:30

Let we understand why this extended feature is needed. We know ER model is used to represent any database in pictorial view so that we can easily understand all about data but it is convenient if the data is not big or complex. But when the data become more complex than than we need to extend some feature in ER model.
For the improvement of existing ER model three new feature are added such as

Specialization
Generalization
Aggregation

Specialization

An entity set may include sub grouping of entities or we can say that broken down into sub-entities that are distinct in some way from other entities in the set.A subset of entities with in entity set may have attribute that are not shared by all the entity in entity set.It is a top-down approach based on the specific attribute of the entity type with in given entity type.

Consider an entity set person with attribute Name,Age,Address,contact. Now a person may be further classified as one of the following.

TEACHER
STUDENT

Each of these person is described by a set of attribute that include all the attribute of entity set person plus possible additional attributes for example Teacher and student entities may be describe further by the attribute such as teacher-id,salary and student-id respectively. The process of designating sub grouping within a entity set is called specialization. The specialization of person according to whether they are teacher or student.
By using specialization we reduce redundancy fro example here a PERSON is sub grouping into two other entity set TEACHER and STUDENT. a PERSON contain its personal details as a attribute if the PERSON is a TEACHER than the personal detail of TEACHER is also the attribute of TEACHER.But in the case of specialization we have no need to repeat the personal detail of TEACHER entity set because TEACHER is a person and a personal detail of PERSON is given in PERSON entity set. In this way by using specialization redundancy will reduce.In specialization we create more than one entity set for a single entity.

Generalization

Generalization is a bottom-up approach in which multiple entity set combined into a higher level entity set on the basis of common features.The database designer may have first identify a TEACHER entity set with attribute TEACHER-NAME,AGE,CONTACT,ADDRESS,TEACHER-ID,SALARY,DESIG. and STUDENT entity set with the attribute NAME,AGE,CONTACT,ADDRESS,STUDENT-ID,COURSE.
There are some similarity between both entity set with respect to attribute.These common type of attribute can be expressed by generalization which show relationship between higher level entity set and one or more lower level entity set.
In this example the higher level entity set is PERSON and lower level entity set are TEACHER and STUDENT.Higher level entity set is a super class and lower level entity set is sub class such as PERSON supper class and TEACHER and STUDENT are sub class.
Generalization proceed from the recognizance that a number of entity set share some common feature such as personal details.On the basis of common features the generalization combine these entity set into a single higher level entity set. Generalization show the similarity among higher level entity set and hide the differences.It is also take care that shared attribute are not repeated.

Constraints on Generalization

User Define or Condition Define
Condition Define:We distribute the entity after checking one condition.
for example assume highet level entity set student has attribute set student has attribute marks and the lower level entity are pass & fail.

we valuate the student after checking condition.Suppose condition is if marks is greater than 40 than student is pass and if marks is less than 40 than student is fail.
User Define:In user define there is no checking condition such as,
Total or Partial
Total:Each higher level entity belong to a lower level entity.
here Suppose we have three student records such as x,y,z

x 41
y 45
z 31

student x & y are pass and student z become fail.
Partial:Some higher level entity may not belongs to lower level entiry such as
Suppose we have marks of the student
x 41
y WH (with haled)
z 45

here x will pass
z also pass
But in the case of y its marks is not derived because it is with haled
So this y which is one of higher level entity is not belong to lower level entities.
Disjoint or Overlapped
Disjoint:In disjoint constraint higher entity set are not belong to more than one entity set.

No student are both fail and pass, so it is disjoint constraint because student is either pass or fail.It belong to only one lower level entity.
Overlapped:In overlapped constraint some higher level entity belongs to more than one lower level entity such as
x Teacher
y Teacher & Student both
z Student

here the high level entity are person which is (x, y, z)
x-> belongs to teacher
z-> belong to student
But y-> belong to both teacher and student so the y (high level entity) belongs to more than one lower level entity (Teacher, Student)
So we say this is overlapped.

Aggregation

One of the major problem of ER-model is that it is not possible to express the relationship among relationship. If we say in ER-diagram we can not have line from relationship diagonal box to another diagonal box.
So for solving this problem, we use the concept of aggregation.
For example
We have two entity set Doctor & Patient such as

If we want to relate new entity nurse with doctor-patient relationship than
One way is that nurse relate to both doctor and patient separately such as

But in this case redundancy is increasing.
So the another approach is aggregation.
In this approach first we make a abstract entity set than we relate with new entity set such as Nurse such as

Inheritance | C++

2022-07-08T12:56:00.000+05:30

Inheritance in C++

Re-usability is one of the important feature in OOPs that we can achieve by inheritance. It is a concept of derived class and Base class.
It is the mechanism of deriving new class from old class is called inheritance.
Here the old class is called derived class and new class is called derived class.
The derived class inherit some or all the properties of the base class.A class can also inherit the properties of more than one class or more than one level.

Derived Class

Derived class is define by specifying its relationship with the base class in addition to its own details. The general form of defining derived class is

class derived class-name : visibility mode base class-name
{
members of derived class;
}

Here the (:) colon indicate that derived class-name is derived from its base class-name. The visibility mode is optional and if present may be either private or public. The default visibility mode is private visibility mode specifies whether the feature of base class are privately or publically derived.

On the basis of accessibility

There are three type of accessibility

Private
Public
Protected

Example

class base

{

members of base

};

CASE I:

class derived-1 : public base

{

members of derived-1 + Public member of base and protected member of base

};

CASE II:

class derived-2 : protected base

{

members of derived-2 + public and protected member of base

};

CASE III:

class derived-3 : private base

{

members of derived-3 + public and protected member of base

};

Let we discuss about the cases

Case I : When base class is inherited publicaly by derived 1 class than.

public member of base class are inherited as a public.
private member of base class are not accessable.
protected member of base class are inherited as a protected.

Case II : When base class is inherited as a protected by derived 2 class than.

public member of base class are inherited as a protected.
private member of base class are not inherited.
protected member of base class are inherited as a protected.

so in derived 2 class members will be:
public :
int a2;
protected :
int c2 , x , z;
int b2;

Case III : When base class is inherited as a private by derived 3 class than.

public member of base class are inherited as a private.
private member of base class are not inherited.
protected member of base class are inherited as a private.

so in derived 3 class members will be:
public :
int a3;
protected :
int c3;
int b2,x,z;

Type of inheritance

Based on structure of inheritance
Based on accessibility of inheritance

Based on structure of inheritance

Simple inheritance or single inheritance
Multilevel inheritance
Hierarchical inheritance
Multiple inheritance
Hybrid inheritance

Single inheritance

A derived class with only one base class is called single inheritance

Example

Copy Code

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class person //base class

{

string name;

string add;

public:

person()

{

name='\0';

add='\0';

}

person(string n)

{

name=n;

add='\0';

}

person(string n,string a)

{

name=n;

add=a;

}

void read()

{

cout<<"Enter name:";

cin>>name;

cout<<"Enter address:";

cin>>add;

}

void print()

{

cout<<"Name="<<name<<"\n";

cout<<"Address="<<add<<"\n";

}

};

class stud:public person

{

string scno;

int marks;

public:

stud()

{

scno='\0';

marks=0;

}

stud(string s)

{

scno=s;

marks=0;

}

stud(string s,int m)

{

scno=s;

marks=m;

}

void read()

{

person::read();

cout<<"Enter scno:";

cin>>scno;

cout<<"Enter marks:";

cin>>marks;

}

void print()

{

person::print();

cout<<"SCNO="<<scno<<"\n";

cout<<"Marks:"<<marks;

}

};

int main()

{

stud st;

st.read();

st.print();

return 0;

}

Output

Enter name:shailu

Enter address:bhopal

Enter scno:23

Enter marks:60

Name=shailu

Address=bhopal

SCNO=23

Marks:60

Multilevel inheritance

The mechanism of deriving a class from another derived class is called multilevel inheritance

Hierarchical inheritance

One class may be inherited by more than one derived class is called hierarchical inheritance.

Multiple inheritance

One derived class with several base class is called multiple inheritance.

Hybrid inheritance

Combination of one or more above inheritance is called hybrid inheritance.

code

Type Conversion | C++

2022-05-26T11:35:00.004+05:30

Type Conversion in C++

There are type of situation arise in data conversion between uncompatable type.

Type I : Conversion from built in type (BDT-basic data type) to built in type (BDT-basic data type)
Type II : Conversion from built in type (BDT-basic data type) to class type (UDT-user define data type)
Type III : Conversion from class type (UDT-user define data type) to built in type (BDT-basic data type)
Type IV : Conversion from class type (UDT-user define data type) to class type (UDT-user define data type)

Type I : Conversion from built in type (BDT-basic data type) to built in type (BDT-basic data type)

This type of conversion is done automatically.

Type II : Conversion from built in type (BDT-basic data type) to class type (UDT-user define data type)

Here if we want to convert BDT to UDT than some additional overloaded conversion function takes place in destination class. such as:

operator int()

{

return(a);

}

Example

Copy Code

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class source

{

int a;

public:

source()

{

a=0;

}

source(int x)

{

a=x;

}

operator int() // for type conversion obj s1= int r; in main here int is converted into source

{ // for BDT to UDT

return(a);

}

~source(){ }

};

int main()

{

source s1;

int r=10;

s1=r;

cout<<s1;

return 0;

}

Output:

Type III : Conversion from class type (UDT-user define data type) to built in type (BDT-basic data type)

Here if we want to convert BDT to UDT than some additional overloaded conversion function takes place in source class. such as:

operator int()

{

return(a);

}

Example

Copy Code

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class source

{

int a;

public:

source()

{

a=0;

}

source(int x)

{

a=x;

}

operator int() // for type conversion int r= s1 (object) in main here source is converted into int

{ // for UDT to BDT conversion

return(a);

}

int geta()

{

return(a);

}

~source(){ }

};

int main()

{

source s1;

int r=s1;

cout<<s1;

return 0;

}

Output:

Type IV : Conversion from class type (UDT-user define data type) to class type (UDT-user define data type)

Case I: For d = s

If source is the source class and dest is the destination class than
We can write d = s in main() after adding some conversion function in source class and overload conversion function in destination class such as
In Source class function is

int geta()

{

return(a);

}

In destination class overload function is

dest (source obj)

{

p=obj.geta();

}

Note:This overloaded conversion function is used when we want to access the private data member of source class indirectly.
Indirectly means we can not access private data member of source class. So we access conversion function of source class which is define in source class.
It must be noted that those class which define first is called source class like source and dest class is define after source class so it is a destination class.

Example

Copy Code

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class source

{

int a;

public:

source()

{

a=0;

}

source(int x)

{

a=x;

}

int geta()

{

return(a);

}

~source(){ }

};

class dest

{

int p;

public:

dest()

{

p=0;

}

dest(int x)

{

p=x;

}

operator int()

{

return(p);

}

dest (source obj)

{

p=obj.geta();

}

~dest(){ }

};

int main()

{

source s1;

dest d1;

d1=s1; // convert from s1 (source type) to d1(dest type)

cout<<d1;

return 0;

}

Output:

Case II: For s = d

If the source class is dest and destination class is source than conversion function in source class and overload conversion function in destination class will be
In Source class function is

int getp()

{

return(p);

}

In destination class overload function is

dest (source obj)

{

a=obj.getp();

}

Output:

Example

Copy Code

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class dest

{

int p;

public:

dest()

{

p=0;

}

dest(int x)

{

p=x;

}

int getp()

{

return(p);

}

~dest(){ }

};

class source

{

int a;

public:

source()

{

a=0;

}

source(int x)

{

a=x;

}

operator int()

{

return(a);

}

source (dest obj)

{

a=obj.getp();

}

~source(){ }

};

int main()

{

source s1;

dest d1;

s1=d1; // convert from d1 (source type) to s1(dest type)

cout<<s1;

return 0;

}

Output:

Operator Overloading |C++

2022-05-25T22:36:00.001+05:30

Operator Overloading

Operator overloading is one of the important feature in c++. For operator overloading there are certain restriction and limitations such as:

Only existing operator can be overloaded new operator can not be created.
The overloaded operator have at least one operand that is of user define type.
We can not change the basic meaning of operator.
Overloaded operator follow the syntax rule of original operator that can not be violated.
Unary operator overloaded by means of member function, take no explicit argument and return no explicit value.But those operator overloaded by means of friend function take one reference argument i.e the object of relevant class.
Binary operator overloaded through a member function take one explicit argument and those which are overloaded through a friend function take two explicit argument.
When using binary operator overloaded through a member function the left hand operand must be an object of relevant class.
Binary arithmetic operator such as '+' , '-' , '*' , '/' must explicitly to change their own arguments.
There are some operator that can not be overloaded such as
- size of operator ( sizeof )
- Membership operator ( . )
- Pointer to membership operator ( * )
- Scope resolution operator (: :)
- Conditional Operator ( ? : )
We can not use friend function to overload certain operator.
- Assignment operator ( = )
- Function call operator ( )
- Sub scripting operator ( [ ] )
- Class member access operator ( -> )

Unary Operator Overloading

Before understanding unary operator overloading let we discuss about unary operators.
Unary operators operates on a single operand to produce new value.

Type Unary Operator

Increment (+ +)
Decrement (- -)
Not ( ! )
Unary minus ( - )
Sizeof operator (sizeof( ) )
Addressof operator ( & )

Example

Copy Code

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class unary

{

int a;

public:

unary operator -- ()

{

a = - a;

}

void read()

{

cout<<"Enter Number:";

cin>>a;

}

void print()

{

cout<<"a="<<a<<"\n";

}

};

int main()

{

unary u1;

u1.read();

--u1;

u1.print();

return 0;

}

Output:

Enter Number:5

a=-5

Binary Operator Overloading

Before understanding binary operator overloading let we discuss about binary operators.
Binary operators operates on two operand to produce new value.

Type Binary Operator

Equal (= =)
Not equal to (! =)
Less than ( < )
Greater than ( > )
Less than equal to (< =)
Greater than equal to (> =)
Logical AND ( && )
Logical OR (| |)
Plus ( + )
Minus ( - )
Multiplication ( * )
Division ( / )

Example

Copy Code

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class binary

{

int a,b;

public:

binary operator + (binary ob)

{

a=a+ob.a;

b=b+ob.b;

}

void read()

{

cout<<"Enter real:";

cin>>a;

cout<<"Enter imagenary:";

cin>>b;

}

void print()

{

cout<<a<<"+"<<b<<"i"<<"\n";

}

};

int main()

{

binary b1,b2,b3;

b1.read();

b1.print();

b2.read();

b2.print();

b3=b1-b2;

b1.print();

return 0;

}

Output:

Enter real:2

Enter imagenary:3

2+3i

Enter real:5

Enter imagenary:6

5+6i

7+9i

Constructors and Destructor in C++

2022-05-19T12:36:00.034+05:30

Constructors & Destructor in C++

Constructors

A constructor is a special member function whose task is to initialize the object of its class. It is special because its name is the same as the class name. The constructor is call whenever an object of its associated class is created. It is called constructor because it construct the value of data member of class. Constructor must follow following properties.

Properties

Name of constructor is same as the class name.
Constructor will call implicitly at the time of declaration.
Constructor does not have any return type.
Constructor are used to define object that mean to initialize member data.
Constructor must be a public member function of a class. If constructor is private then user is unable to create object of such class.
Constructor can be overload that means more than one constructor is possible in a class.
We can not refer their address.

Type of Constructors

Parameterized Constructor
Default Argument Constructor such as
Copy Constructor

Parameterized Constructor

The constructor that can take argument is called parameterized constructor.
Example:

Copy Code

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class add

{

int a,b;

public:

add();

add(int);

add(int,int);

void print();

};

add::add()

{

a=2;

b=5;

}

add::add(int x)

{

a=x;

b=x;

}

add::add(int x,int y)

{

a=x;

b=y;

}

void add::print()

{

cout<<"\n"<<"a="<<a<<"\n"<<"b="<<b<<"\n"<<"Sum="<<a+b<<"\n";

}

int main()

{

add a1;

a1.print();

add a2(10);

a2.print();

add a3(10,20);

a3.print();

return 0;

}

In the above example show how to use zero argument ,one argument,two argument constructor in any program.

Output

a=2

b=5

Sum=7

a=10

b=10

Sum=20

a=10

b=20

Sum=30

Default Argument Constructor

It is possible to define constructor with default arguments.

Example:

Add(int x,int y=0);
Here the default value of y is 0.

If the statement is Add A1(10);
That means assign the value 10 for x and 0 for y by default.

If the statement is Add A1(10,20);
That means assign 10 for x and 20 fro y. The actual parameter when specified overrides the default value.

Note: It is most important to distinguish between the default constructor Add::Add() and the default argument constructor Add::Add(int=0).The default argument can be called with either by one argument or no argument.When called with no argument it become default constructor.

Example:

Copy Code

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class add

{

int a,b;

public:

add();

//add(int);

add(int,int=0); //Default Argument Constructor

void print();

};

add::add()

{

a=2;

b=5;

}

add::add(int x,int y)

{

a=x;

b=y;

}

void add::print()

{

cout<<"\n"<<"a="<<a<<"\n"<<"b="<<b<<"\n"<<"Sum="<<a+b<<"\n";

}

int main()

{

add a1;

a1.print();

add a2(10);

a2.print();

add a3(10,20);

a3.print();

return 0;

}

Output

a=2

b=5

Sum=7

a=10

b=0

Sum=10

a=10

b=20

Sum=30

Copy Constructor

It is used to define constructor function which is used to initialize a new object with the help of object of same class in other words copy constructor is a constructor which take a object of same class as an argument.Copy constructor override the process of copy initilization.

Example:

Copy Code

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class add

{

int a,b;

public:

add();

add(int);

add(int,int);

add(add &); // Declare Copy Constructor

void print()

{

cout<<"\n"<<"a="<<a<<"b="<<b<<"\n";

}

};

add::add(add &x) // Definition of Copy Constructor

{

a=x.a;

b=x.b;

}

add::add()

{

a=0;

b=0;

}

add::add(int s)

{

a=s;

b=s;

}

add::add(int p,int q)

{

a=p;

b=q;

}

int main()

{

add A1;

add A2(10);

add A4(10,20);

add A5=A4; //Call copy constructor implicitly

A5.print();

add A6=A1; //Call copy constructor implicitly

A6.print();

add A7=A2; //Call copy constructor implicitly

A7.print();

return 0;

}

Output

a=10 b=20

a=0 b=0

a=10 b=10

Destructor

A destructor is used to destroy the object that have been created by the constructor Like a constructor the destructor is a member function whose name is the same as the class name but is preceded by a tilde (~)
A destructor never takes any argument nor does it return any value.It will be called by compiler to cleanup strong that are no longer accessible. It is good practice to declare destructor in a program since it release memory space for future use.

Example:

~Add()
{
cout<<"Iam Destructor";
}

Properties of OOPs | C++

2022-05-10T22:17:00.000+05:30

Properties and characteristics of OOPs

Obect Oriented Programming is a Programming methodology which implement the concept of modules with essential properties. Modules means the idea of structured programming. Module encourage the decomposition of any problem in possible sub problems.The language which follow the concept of OOPs is known as Object Oriented Programming Language such as C++,C#,Java etc.

Properties or Characteristics of OOPs

Let we discuss about the properties of Object Oriented Programming Language such as:

Data Abstraction
Encapculation
Inheritance
Polymorphism

Data Abstraction

It is a concept by which can represent any object by its essential fearure only without getting inner details.
In real world we represent any person by its name , instead of giving all information about him.

Encapculation

Process of wrapping of data and function or procedure into single unit is known as encapsulation.
So data encapsulation, we can protect (insulate) data from direct access by any external functionthat is known as data hiding.In prcedural programming accedental use of data was really a big problem that is solved by using the concept of data abstraction and encapsulation.

Inheritance

Inheritance means to acquire the properties from others.In real life we commonly use the concept of classification hierarchy.OOPs supports classification concept in the form of inheritance.
"Inheritance is a process by which object of one class can acquaire the properties or attributes of another class"
The object by which properties are accessed form base class and received by derived class.

Polymorphism

"One interface multiple method"
In real life a particular thing can be use in different manner according to different situation or condition for example a person role is different at different place.
Ploymorphism means the ability to take more than one form.In C++ concept of polymorphism is implemented using function overloading.

Computer Fundamentals

2022-04-09T22:31:00.002+05:30

Sno	Topics
Fundamental Of Computer
1	Introduction of Computers
2	Classification of Computers
3	Anatomy of a Computer
4	Memory Hierarchy
5	Introduction to OS
6	Operational Overview of a CPU
7	Functional Components and their inter-connections
8	Concept of Booting
9	Use of Operating System for directory listing
10	Hierarchical directory structure
11	Renaming, Deleting files/folders
12	Formatting floppy
13	Copying files
14	Concepts of path and path name
15	Switching between tasks
16	Installation/removal of applications
17	Software Concepts Types of Software System Software Utility Software Application Software
18	System Software Operating System Compilers Interpreters Assembler
19	Operating System: Need for operating system
20	Functions of Operating System Processor Management Memory Management File Management Device Management
21	Types of operating system Interactive GUI based Time Sharing Real Time Distributed.
22	Topic

Index | Model Papers

2022-04-09T20:21:00.008+05:30

Sno	Subjects
Model Papers
1	Programming & Problem Solving / Basic Computer Engineering (BCE)-I
1	Basic Computer Engineering (BCE)-II
2	Theory Of Computation (TOC)
4	Topic..

Index Tutorial Questions

2022-04-09T15:58:00.007+05:30

Sno	Subjects
Tutorials
1	Software Engineering (SE)
2	Analysis Design of Algorithm (ADA)
4	Basic Computer Engineering
5	Database Management System
6	Data Structure

Index Practicals

2022-04-08T16:38:00.004+05:30

Sno	Subjects
Lab Assignment
1	Software Engineering (SE)
2	Analysis Design of Algorithm (ADA)
3	Data Structure (DS)
4	Block Chain Technologies
5	Image Processing
6	Image Processing & Computer Vision
7	DBMS

Image Processing | Practical

2022-04-08T16:00:00.002+05:30

Lab Assignments

Image Processing

To create a program to display grayscale image using read and write operation.
To create a vision program to find histogram value and display histograph of a grayscale and colour image.
To create a vision program for Nonlinear Filtering technique using edge detection
To create a program to discretize an image using Fourier transformation.
To create a program to eliminate the high frequency components of an image.
To create a colour image and perform read and write operation.
To obtain the R, B, G colour values and resolved colour values from a colour box by choosing any colour.
To create a program performs discrete wavelet transform on image.
To create a program for segmentation of an image using watershed transforms.
To create a vision program to determine the edge detection of an image using different operators.

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Image Processing and Computer Vision | Practical

2022-04-08T15:48:00.003+05:30

Lab Assignments

Image Processing and Computer Vision

Write a Program to change the Brightness of Image.
Write a Program to Flip the image around the vertical and horizontal line.
Write a Program to display the colour components of the image Red Green Blue Components of Image.
Write a Program to find the negative of an image.
Write a Program for Edge detection with gradient and convolution of an Image.
Write a Program to find threshold of grayscale image.
Write a Program to estimate and subtract the background of an image.
Write a Program to find threshold of RGB image.
Write a program to create a vision program to find histogram value and display histograph of a grayscale and colour image.
Write a program to create a colour image and perform read and write operation.

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Block Chain Technologies | Practical

2022-04-08T15:28:00.003+05:30

Lab Assignments

Block Chain Technologies

Explain the process of Bitcoin mining; on what type of block chain it is it based and how it works.
Suggest which type of block chain should be used for the security of donations in a charity organization. What benefits does the block chain technology introduce in such a scenario? Explain your answer using an example.
Discuss the difference and similarities between an Ethereum Smart Contract and a traditional contract.
What is the difference between Bitcoin block chain and Ethereum block chain?
Which cryptographic algorithm is used in Block chain?
What do you mean by Coin base transaction?
What is encryption? What is its role in Block chain?
What are Merkle trees? How important are Merkle trees in Block chains?
Explain the components of Block chain Ecosystem?
Name some popular platforms for developing block chain applications.

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Control Unit | CSO

2022-03-29T16:00:00.004+05:30

Control Unit

There are two type of control organisation:

Hardwired control
Micro Programmed control

Hard wired control

In hardwired organization the control logic is implemented with gates,Flip-Flops, Decoders, and other digital circuits.In this type we can optimize to produce fast mode operation.In hardwired control we can change the wiring among component if needed.

Micro Programmed control

In micro programmed organization the control information is stored in a control memory.The control memory is programmed to initiate the required sequence of micro operations.In micro programmed control any modification is done by updating micro program in control memory.

In the above diagram we have two decoders, a sequence counter,number of control logic gates.Here an instruction is read from memory is placed in (IR). The operation code in IR i.e bit 12 through 14 are decoded with a 3X8 decoder. The 8 output of decoder is D0 to D7.
Bit 15 of IR is transferred to a flip flop designated by symbol I.
Bit 0 to 11 are applied to the control logic gates.
The 4-bit sequence counter can count in binary from 0-15.The output of the counter are decoded into 16 timing single T0-T15.
The sequence counter(SC) can be incremented or cleared. synchronously.Most of the timing signals out of the 4 X 16 decoder.
Once the counter is cleared to 0 causing the next active time signal to be T0.

Instructions

There are basically three instruction format such as

1. Memory-Reference Instruction

Range of opcode=(000 to 110)
I=0 - Direct addressing mode
I=1 - Indirect addressing mode.

2. Register-Reference Instruction

opcode=111 , I=0
Here memory operand is not needed.
Operation is perform with AC register.

2. Input-Output Instruction

opcode=111 , I=1
Memory operand is not needed
Operation is performed with AC register.

Timing and Control

The timing for all register in the basic computer is controlled by a master clock generator.The CLK pluses are applied to all flip flop and registers in the system.The clock pulse do not change the state of register unless register is enabled by control signal. The control signal are generated in the control unit and provide control unit for the multiplexer in the common bus.

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Content is Reference form Compute System Architecture, MORRIS M. MANO

Addressing Modes | CSO

2022-03-23T11:11:00.003+05:30

Addressing Modes

The Instruction format consist of 3-bit(12-14) operation code, a 12-address (0-11) and an indirect address mode bit designated by I.

I=0 -> Direct Addressing Mode
I=1 -> Indirect Addressing Mode

Direct Addressing Mode

According to above diagram direct address is placed in address 22 in memory.Here I=0 so instruction is recognize as direct address instruction and the address part is the binary equivalent of 457.The control finds the operand in memory at address 457 and add it to content of AC (Accumulator)

Indirect Addressing Mode

According to above diagram Indirect address is placed in address 35 in memory.
Here I=1 , So instruction is recognize as indirect address instruction. The address part is binary equivalent of 300.
The control goes to address of operand.The address of operand in this case is 1350.The operand found in address 1350 is than added to the content of AC (Accumulator)
In Indirect address instruction need two references to memory to fetch an operand. The first reference is needed to read the address of the operand and the second is for the operand itself.

Effective Address

It is an address of an operand or target address such as 1350 is effective address in indirect address and 457 is effective address in direct address.

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Content is Reference form Compute System Architecture, MORRIS M. MANO

Common Bus System | CSO

2022-03-19T16:31:00.004+05:30

Common Bus System

The basic computer has eight registers, a memory unit and a control unit, If information is transfer from one register to another register or memory to register than a Common Bus System is provided for this scheme.

Working of Common Bus System

We understand the working of common bus system.Before understanding the working of common bus system let we know about registers used in common bus system.

DR (Data Register)
It is a 16-bit data register.It can hold memory operand.
AR (Address Register)
It is a 12-bit address register.It can hold memory address.
AC (Accumulator)
It is a 16-bit accumulator.It is used as process register.
IR (Instruction Register)
It is a 16-bit instruction register.It can hold instriction code.
PC (Program Counter)
It is a 12-bit program counter.It can hold address of next instruction.
TR (Temperory Register)
It is a 16-bit temperory register.It can hold temperory data.
INPR (Input Register)
It is a 8-bit input register.It can hold input character.
OUTR (Output Register)
It is a 8-bit output register.It can hold output character.

Now suppose output of DR=3 i.e the 16-bit output DR are placed on bus lines where S2S1S0=011, since this ia the binary value of decimal3. The lines from the common bus are connected to the input of each register and the data input to the memory. The particular register whose LD (load) input is enabled received the data from the bus during the next clock pulse transition.The memory recieve the content of bus when its write input is activated.

The memory plan 16-bit output onto the bus when read input is activated and SS0S1=111.

AR & PC are 12-bit when the content of AR or PC are applied to the 16-bit common but for most significant bit are set to 0's.

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Content is Reference form Compute System Architecture, MORRIS M. MANO

Introduction of Computer Organization | CSO

2022-03-19T15:27:00.008+05:30

Computer Organization

The organization of the computer is defined by its internal registers, the timing and control structure and the set of instruction that it uses.The internal organization of a digital system is defined by the sequence of micro operations it performs on data stored in its registers.
The general purpose digital computer is capable of executing various micro operations and in addition can be instructed as to what specific sequence of operations it must perform. The user of a computer can control the process by mean of a program.
A program is a set of instructions that specify the operations,operands and the sequence by which processing has to occur.
A computer instruction is a binary code that specify a sequence of micro operations for computer.
Instruction code with data are stored in memory.The computer read each instruction from memory and place it in control register.

Instruction Code

An instruction code is a group of bits that instruct the computer to perform a specific operation.

Operation Code (Opcode)

It is a part of instruction code.The operation code of an instruction is a group of bits that define such operation as add, subtract, multiply, shift and complement.
The number of bits required for the operation code of an instruction depends on the total number of operation available in computer.
The operation code must consist of at least n bits for a given 2ⁿ or less distinct operations.
For example: Suppose a computer has 64 distinct operations one of them being an ADD operation.The operation code consist of 6 bit. such as 2ⁿ->2⁶=64 where n=6
So with bit configuration 110010 (operand) assign to the ADD operation.
In this case computer issues a control signal to read the bits from memory and perform addition.
At this point we must recognize the relationship between a computer operation and micro operation.

Instruction Code Format

Each computer has its own particular code format. Instruction code are specify by computer designer who design the architecture of computer.

Stored Program Organization

Organization of computer have one processor register and an instruction code format with two parts.

The first part specifies the operation to be performed.
Second specifies an address.

The memory address tells the control where to found operand in memory.

Above diagram show that instruction are stored in one section of memory and data in another section.Memory unit have 4096 word we need 12 bits to specify an address.
Here
2¹⁰ = 1024
2¹⁰ X 2² = 4096
2¹² = 4096
we have (2¹² X 2⁴) or 4096 X 16
So we have 16 bit memory word.
If we store each instruction code in one 16-bit memory word, we have available four bits for the opcode (operation code).
The control reads a 16-bit instruction from the portion of memory.It uses the 12-bit address of the instruction to read a 16-bit operand from the data portion of memory.

Accumulator (AC)

Computer have a single - processor register usually assign to it the name accumulator and label it (AC). The operation is performed with the memory operand and the content of AC.
If an operation is an instruction code does not need an operand from memory the rest of bit can be used for other purpose.
Example:Operations such as clear AC, complement AC and increment AC operate on data stored in the AC register. They do not an operand from memory.

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Content is Reference form Compute System Architecture, MORRIS M. MANO

Basic of Python | Tutorial

2022-03-13T22:40:00.002+05:30

What is Python ?

We know that any program or application which is run in computer or mobile phone must be created by any programming language like C,C++,JAVA,Visual Basic,C# etc.As the time changes the programming language also change or we can say that enhance with respect to rich libraries, more functionalities, more features, more simple to write code etc. Now these days one of the most popular language having such all features available in it is called python.

Python is a general purpose , encrypted, high level and open source language. It is one of the simple programming language used to write codes for computer program. It is a general purpose , high level , interpreted language. It is created by Guido Van Rossum in 1989 with the thinking that everyone can easy to write and understand. In python for writing code indentation is used in the place of cursory braces. It is very powerful language . We can develop any application by using python in very less time.

Python is used to develop desktop application, web based application, mobile application, System Software, Game development, server side programs, Computer Graphics etc.This language is also used in Space science, Data Science,Artificial Intelligence. It is basically a object oriented based language. So we can say that it is object oriented programming language. It is also interpreted language.It means there is no need to compile to convert it into computer readable program. But in the other programming language we need to convert source code into object code for make a computer readable program. It can be run in any computer so it is platform independent language.It is modular based language, so that we can use their code in another programs. It can easily run on Windows , Linux, MAC operating system etc.

Features of Python ?

SIMPLE :It is very simple language. It can easily read and write. For programming in python their is no need to know about any programming knowledge or experience.
INTERPRETED LANGUAGE :In other language like C, C++, JAVA etc need to compile before running or executing. Python can not be compiled. Python code are interpreted line by line at run time. That's why it is known as interpreted language. This language become slow compare to other language.
PLATFORM INDEPENDENT : It can easily run on Windows, Linux, MAC operating system. Python code written in any operating system can run on another operating system. That's why it is known as platform independent.
EXTENSIBLE LANGUAGE :It means if we want to add any program code of different language such as C,C++,JAVA etc than python will allow to do.
LARGE AND POWERFUL LIBRARY :Large and powerful library are available in python. Modules and packages are available in python for rapid development. For different task such as GUI, Web Development, Database Connection separate modules are available so no need to write code for different task.

How to install Python

Link Download Latest Version of Python

After downloading python we need to install python in your system. For installing python follow following steps.

Step- 1:

We can install python in windows in many ways by downloading web-based installer or executable installer or embedded zip files.Click on above link to download different installer according to the requirement.

Step- 2:

Download python for 64-bit windows.

Step- 3:

Run python installation wizard

Step- 4:

This screen will allow to choose the features that you want to use and goto next.

Step- 5:

This screen allow to choose some advance options and customize path or installation location. Now go for installation.

Step- 6:

Now this screen show the progress of installation.

Step- 7:

After completing installation. Now we check whether python is properly installed in our system or not. Now open command prompt and write python --version or python -V and press enter. If the output show the version that means python is installed successfully.

Best Pythom IDE for Python Development

We know python is very efficient to develop application in many domains such as Data Science or Website Development or Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning or any other domain.For efficiently,repidly and effictively work on python we require IDE. IDE is Integrated Development Enviorment,It helps to automate the tasks and enhance the productivity and efficiency of the developer. Some of the best IDE for python development are list below.

Data Type in Python

In any programming language such as C, C++, JAVA etc we use so many type of data such as Integer, Character, Decimal,Boolean etc.For storing such a data a specified data type are used such as for integer data integer data type is used, decimal data decimal data type is used,for boolean data boolean data type is used. Same way following data type are used in python i.e integer, float, complex numbers, String, List, Tuple, Dictionary, set etc.

Data Type in python are classified into following:

Numeric
1. Integer
2. Float
3. Complex Number
4. Boolean
Sequence Type
1. List
2. Tuple
3. String
4. Range
Set
Dictionary

Numeric Data Type

There are three distinct numeric types such as integers, floating point numbers, and complex numbers.The introduction of these numeric types are same as give in another language like C or C++ or JAVA etc. Let we know how these numeric data type are used in python practically.

print(3)  #return 3
print(3.435)  #return 3.435
print(-5)   #return -5
print(2+5)  #return 7
print(2+5.2)  #return 7.2
print(4%2)  #return 0

#define variables
first_num=2
second_num=3
print(first_num*second_num)  #return 6
print(str(first_num*second_num) + " is multiply of 2 and 3")  #convert number into string

Output:

3
3.435
-5
7
7.2
0
6
6 is multiply of 2 and 3

Using Integer Data Type

data_numeric=4
print((data_numeric))

Output:

Using Float Data Type

data_numeric=4.5
print((data_numeric))

Output:

4.5

Using Complex Data Type

data_numeric=5+6j
print((data_numeric))

Output:

(5+6j)

Using Boolean Data Type. Return (true/false)

a=5
b=6
print(a<b)
print(a>b)

Output:

True

False

OR Return (1/0)

a=5
b=6
print(int(a<b))
print(int(a>b))

Output:

How to convert int into float or float into int ?

int_numeric=5
float_numeric=6.5
print(int(float_numeric))
print(float(int_numeric))

Output:

5.0

How to convert any number into complex number ?

int_numeric_r=5
int_numeric_i=6
print(complex(int_numeric_r,int_numeric_i))

Output:

(5+6j)

Sequence Data Type

In python sequence data type are used to store multiple values in container in organized manner just like arrays in C. In Python there are following type of sequence data type such as string,List,Tuples,set. Let we discuss how to use these data type in python.

Using List Data Type

um_list=[2,3,5,6,10]
print(num_list)
print(type(num_list))

Output:

[2, 3, 5, 6, 10]

Using Tuple Data Type

data_tuple=(12,20,10,5,8,7)
print(data_tuple)
print(type(data_tuple))

Output:

(12, 20, 10, 5, 8, 7)

Using String Data Type

#For next line use \n
print("Name is shailu \nAge is 40")

name="shailu"   # variable name
print(name.upper())  # return SHAILU
print(name.upper().isupper())   # return True
print(len(name)) # return length of string 6
print(name[0])   # return first character of string i.e s
print(name.index("a"))   # return index of a i.e 2
print(name.replace("shailu","chailu"))   # replace shailu to chailu

Output:

Name is shailu
Age is 40
SHAILU
True
6
s
2
chailu

Using Range Data Type

print(range(2,10))
print(list(range(2,10)))

Output:

range(2, 10)

[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

If we want to print the Even number using range data type so we use 3 parameter in range such as:

print(range(2,10,2))
print(list(range(2,10,2)))

Output:

range(2, 10, 2)
[2, 4, 6, 8]

Set Data Type

data_set={12,20,10,5,8,7}
print(data_set)
print(type(data_set))

Output:

{5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 20}

Dictionary Data Type

dictionary text

dist={'1':'C-language','2':'ADA','3':'C++','4':'Python'}
print(dist)
# comment: get index or keys
print(dist.keys())
# comment: fetch values
print(dist.values())
# comment: fetch value by index or key
print(dist['2'])
# comment: get value by index or key
print(dist.get('3'))

Output:

{'1': 'C-language', '2': 'ADA', '3': 'C++', '4': 'Python'}
dist_keys(['1', '2', '3', '4'])
dist_values(['C-language', 'ADA', 'C++', 'Python'])
ADA
C++

Variables in Python

We know variable is just like a container where we put values.It is same as we use in C or C++ language. Let we know in python how we declare , define and intialize variables with the help of examples:
We will start with very basic example
let we take two variable and ADD them such as

a=2
b=3
print(a+b)

Output

Escape Sequences

x	41
y	WH (with haled)
z	45