waste wonders

green computing

2011-04-29T23:04:00.000-07:00

GREEN COMPUTING: is the art of utilizing computing resource in an efficient and eco-friendly manner. Green computing is one of the latest fads in the digital domain.

The manufacturing industries contributes directly to pollution, where as the IT industries have a hidden impact an environmental pollution caused by unconscious consumption of power (electricity) and inefficient use of hardware devices. Hence, the supreme mottos of green computing are exploring the resource and find a solution to this indirect adverse effect on environment….

GREEN MARKETING:

Environmental pollution is an inevitable phenomenon in a global perspective in this era of industrialization given the unbelievable scientific and technological advances made over the last two centuries. Every year, tens of million of various types of chemical products are manufactured for commercial industrial, agricultural military, household and personal use. It is estimated that around hundred million different types of toxic and hardzardous products are used by U.S industries every year. It is these chemical and their by products that contaminate our air, soil, stems, oceans and underground water supplies as well as damage our food and health.

Healthy life needs safe environment and availability of harmless products. Now a days getting a products without destroying the environment before or after using the products is found to be rare and difficult. Environmental protection has become a fertile source of laws- international, European and national since, the U.N sponsored the Stockholm conference of 1972 and it’s deceleration and action –programmed for the human environment numerous conventions between states which turn out to be geographically interdependent have been hammered out, a few before but most since that date covering such matter as prevention of the pollution of the yeas in general or common rivers the reduction of air pollution and lately these safeguarding of flora and fauna. Everyday the man creates new process and materials whose properties are not fully know and are sometimes toxic to him and the environment. In India many programmers are organized by welfare associations of the negative impact on using plastic frequently. But till date many products available with non degradable plastics is unfortunate. Supplying of consumer products with zero effect on environmental issues is the need of hour.

History of green computing

In the late 1980s and the yearly 1900s the term green marketing came into existence with retaliated to companies’ competitiveness and use the competitive edge in the market place. The term green computing includes the meaning of “cleanness environment”

According to America marketing association “green marketing is the marketing is marketing of products that are presumed to e environmentally safe”

The green marketing consists of all activities designed to generate and facilitate any exchanges intended to satisfaction of those needs and wants occur with minimal detrimental impact on the natural environment

Need of green market in India:

The head quarters in India New Delhi was being polluted at a very fast place unstill the supreme court of India forced a change to alternatively fuels. in many states problem of pollution exists due to short comings in the follow up measures adopted by the authorities to prevent the situation, through there are so many legal formalities fulfilled by polluting agencies.

At this juncture it is the duty to protect the environment basically with the help of green products. The world and our environment. The next move of India is watched by all other countries in the world.

How to get greenness:

To achieve marketing business house has to take steps towards greenness’ by marketing changes in the process of management system and products. The experts in green marketing recommended three different ways to be fooled by the business houses to take steps towards greenness they are

1. green initiatives include changes in the value addition process

2. changes in the products of modification of inputs

3. changes in the management system

Changes in the value addition process would include introduction of new technology for production, or modification of existing methods of production to reduce there environment impact. Firms can also establish and ensure implementation of management systems designed to promote environmental health and safety norms, thus atlas copco in the India claims to use safer compressor condensate dispel practices including a steps that removes oil from the water that is discharged into rivers.

In India the government has introduced the eco-mark schemes scinc 1981

with the following objectives:

To provided incentives to manufactures and importers to reduce adverse environmental impact of products

To reward genuine initiatives by companies to reduce adverse environmental impact of products.

To assist consumer to become environmentally responsible in their daily lives by providing them information to take account of environmental factors in there daily lives

To encourage citizens to purchase products with have less environmental impact?

Ultimately, to improve the quality of environment and encourage the sustainable management of resources.

The criteria followed for the eco-mark scheme in India is founded on the ‘cradle to grave approach’ that I s form the raw material extracting to manufacturing and to disposal. To date, final criteria for 16 products categories including soaps and detergents, paper, food items in packing materials has been declared.

Conclusion:

It Is the time to get more safe and secure future environmental impact in all activities of the market. so the policy makers of our country have to take immediate by issuing direction to all industries to use environmentally friendly raw materials too get green products and services. For example all means of transport system in India need to use CNG(compressed natural gas) to curb pollution and SSI units may be advised to avoid using non degradable plastics.

water pollution

2011-04-28T04:50:00.000-07:00

This report tries to summarize the information available about the different costs of water pollution in India. The variety of these costs comes not only from the variety of pollution dealt with (domestic, industrial, agricultural …) but also from the method used to calculate these costs. The notion of cost is quite complex. Formally, it implies the comparison between two scenarios, and the assessment of the welfare of a group of economic agent in both scenarios. In the case of water pollution, the problem can be represented by a resource which provides environmental services, and economic agents that benefit from these services. Calculating a formal cost of water pollution would imply to model the different equilibrium at stake, and to deduct from these different equilibrium the effect of a difference in the ambient pollution on the aggregated welfare. To determine these equilibriums, one would need hydrological as well as agronomic, medical and
behavioural models that are not available as for now in India

State-Wise sanctioned cost of National River Conservation Plan:

Programs implemented by the National River Conservation Directorate

Name	Number of towns covered	Volume of Sewage Diverted / Treated (MLD)	Cost (Rs. Crores)
Ganga Action Plan Phase I	25	873	462.04
National River Conservation Plan	46	1928	737.13
Yamuna Action Plan	20	744	823.57
Gomati Action Plan	3	269	61.11
Damodar Action Plan	12	68	23.58
Ganga Action Plan Phase II (main stem)	29	618	378
Ganga Action Plan Phase II (Supreme Court Towns)	30	162	209.90

Impact on drinking water

Both rural and urban water supply were dealt with.

For rural water supply, an average travel cost of water fetching was estimated at 1.20 hours a day per household. Taking an average wage rate per day for agricultural labour of Rs. 54, the travel cost accounts for an annual cost of RS. 3888.

However, no differential estimation of this travel cost between affected and non affected zones was performed.

individual from a certain population, the chance to die from the specified disease. The second one is morbidity, which reflects the chance to get infected by the disease. The WHO and the World Bank have undertaken a joint exercise in order to provide global estimates of the burden of disease. In order to provide a standardized measure of health outcomes, a new indicator, DALYs (for Disability Adujsted Life Years) was been developed by the WHO (see Murray & Lopez

1996). A first compilation of data from all countries, covering the major causes of illness was done with the 1990 data and was presented in the 1993 World Development Report : "Investing in Health".

DALYs combines life years lost due to premature death and fractions of years of healthy life lost as a result of illness or disability. A weighting function that incorporates discounting is used for years of life list at each age to reflect the different social weights that are usually given to illness and premature mortality at different ages.


	Males		Females		Total		Rank
DALYs	DALYs	%	DALYs	%	DALYs	%
Total DALYs lost, thousands	146091	100	146698	100	292789	100
Communicable, Maternal and Perinatal Causes	71690	49.1	77805	53	149495	51.1
Tuberculosis	6282	4.3	4518	3.1	10800	3.7	11
STDs	30	0.4	3203	2.2	3733	1.3	18
HIV	2707	1.9	1358	0.9	4065	1.4	16
Diarrheal Disease	13643	9.3	14394	9.8	28037	9.6	3
Childhood Cluster	9579	6.6	9874	6.7	19453	6.6	6
Meningitis	1191	0.8	815	0.6	2006	0.7	23
Hepatitis	143	0.1	168	0.1	311	0.1	28
Malaria	4760	3.3	4750	3.2	9510	3.2	12
Tropical Cluster	1479	1	966	0.7	2445	0.8	20
Leprosy	259	0.2	262	0.2	521	0.2	27
Trachoma	112	0.1	197	0.1	309	0.1	29
Intestinal Helminthes	1056	0.7	1000	0.7	2056	0.7	22
Respiratory Infections	15568	10.7	16186	11	31754	10.8	1
Maternal Causes	0	0	7824	5.3	7824	2.7	15
Perinatal Causes	14381	9.8	12290	8.4	26671	9.1	4

Noncommunicable Causes	59625	40.8	56942	38.8	116567	39.8
Malignant Neoplasms	6633	4.5	5409	3.7	12042	4.1	9
Diabetes Mellitus	840	0.6	1028	0.7	1868	0.6	24
Nutritional and Endocrine Causes	9183	6.3	9082	6.2	18265	6.2	7
Neuropsychiatric	9426	6.5	8411	5.7	17837	6.1	8
Sense Organ (mainly eye)	1238	0.8	1146	0.8	2384	0.8	21
Cardiovascular	14732	10.1	13860	9.4	28592	9.8	2
Respiratory	3900	2.7	4006	2.7	7906	2.7	14

Digestive	5607	3.8	5634	3.8	11241	3.8	10
Genitourinary	1884	1.3	2048	1.4	3932	1.3	17
Musculoskelatal	405	0.3	849	0.6	1254	0.4	26
Congenital Abnormalities	4843	3.3	4590	3.1	9433	3.2	13
Oral Health	934	0.6	879	0.6	1813	0.6	25

Injuries	14776	10.1	11951	8.1	26727	9.1
Unintentional	12640	8.7	10494	7.2	23134	7.9	5
Intentional	2136	1.5	1457	1	3593	1.2	1

Assessment of the health impact of water pollution.

In the process of assessing the health impact of pollution, the different kind of pollution, namely air pollution and water pollution do not set the same challenges.

The first difference between air pollution and water pollution is the uniformity of the pollution. Indeed, it can be assumed that air pollution is more or less uniform on a certain area, whereas water quality may differ greatly within a small area following the location of pollution sources. The second difference is the linkage between the ambient quality and the characteristics of the air

breathed or the water ingested. Indeed, in can be assumed that within a specified area where air

pollution is considered as uniform, everyone breath the same air, whereas several external factors may have an influence on the quality of water ingested by individuals. The complexity of this process is illustrated in chart 1

electricity by plastics

2011-04-27T23:05:00.000-07:00

A newly discovered technique makes it possible to create a whole new array of plastics with metallic or even superconducting properties. This is the quite epoch making science as, plastics usually conduct electricity so poorly that they are used to insulate electric cables but, by placing a thin film of metal onto a plastic sheet and mixing it into the polymer surface with an ion beam. Australian research have shown the method can be used to make cheap, strong, flexible and conductivity plastic films.

Ion beam techniques are widely used in the microelectronics industries to tailor the conductivity of semiconductor such as silicon, but attempts to adopt this process to plastic films have been made since the 1980s with only limed success until now.

What the team has been able to do here is use an ion beam film to tune the properties of a plastic film it conducts electricity like metals used in the electrical wires themselves, and even to act as a superconductor and pass electric current without resistance if cooled to low enough temperature ,and this makes this endeavor such a unique project. Actually it makes for the transportations for the original aspects of material science from one established quality to another. To demonstrate a potential application of this new material, the team produced electrical resistance thermometers that meet industrial standards. Tested against industry standards platinum resistance thermometer, it had comparable or even superior accuracy.

Further this material is so interesting because we can take all the desirable aspects of polymers such as mechanical flexiableity, robustness and low cost and into the mix add good electrical conductivity, something not normally associated with plastics. Thus it opens new avenues to making plastic electronics.

The most exciting part about the discovery is how precisely the film’s ability to conduct or resist the flow of electrical current can be turned.

It opens up a very board potential for useful applications, in the fact, the electric resistivity can be controlled over 10 orders f magnitude put simply, and threat means there can be ten billion options to adjust the recipe when making the plastic film. In theory, such plastic can be made that conduct no electricity at all or as well as metals do and everything in between.

These new materials can be easily produced with equipment commonly used in the microelectronics industry and are vastly more tolerant of espouser to oxygen compared to standard semiconducting polymers.

combined, these advantages may given ion beam processed polymer films a bright future in the ongoing development of soft materials for plastic electronics application a fusion between current and next generation technology, researches say

earth quake

2011-04-22T02:53:00.000-07:00

The Earthquake is the most fearful natural phenomenon in the human life. It is more so, because it is unpredictable and arrives without notice or without announcing it's vigor and strength.
Scientists are constantly in search of this unknown. The major events of the earthquakes from the human viewpoint are realized on review of some major catastrophes.
Minute observations and records at least have been able to pin point the focus or the epicenter of these earthquakes in the historical past. These studies could reveal two great seismic belts in the entire globe.

Earthquake means: numerous tremors, both powerful and weak are the results of disturbances within the body of the earth itself logically are called Earthquake.

Why & How Eart hquakes Happen?
Reasons could be many; pinpointing is always after the event. They may be caused by various activities at the earth's surface such as ebb and the flow of the tides, the rush of traffic in the city streets, the tumbling of streams over high falls, magma tic outbursts from within the interior of the earth or explosion of high power nuclear or atomic bomb and so and so forth

What Are They?

Most of the catastrophic events of earthquakes are associated with any of these two belts. Seismically active region in these two belts are categorized as follows

1. Western Coasts of North and South America, the Aleutian Islands and the island groups along the eastern Coast of Asia such as Japan and the Philippines and thus borders the Pacific Ocean on the east, north and the west.

2. It includes the Mediterranean, the Alps, the Caucasus and the Himalayas and continues into the East Indies, where it intersects the first belt. Uttaranchal- Assam and Andaman- Nicobar island chains fall within the second belt and thus face frequent earthquakes of devastating nature.

Recently, a light earthquake (m.l=2.8) struck the coastal Kunnakulam region in the northern Kerala on 20.12.2006 at 19:19 hours local time.

wastes

2011-04-12T05:50:00.000-07:00

who is working on advanced research on bio-ethanol production from lignocellulosic agro-waste along production of ethanol as analternative fuel through cost-effective methods has become imperative due to global oil shortage and demand.
Currently ethanol accounts for about 86% of total bio-fuel production and demand for ethanol as bio-fuel has steadily increased during this decade.
However, the production of ethanol from sugar or starch from sugarcane and cereals respectively, impacts negatively on the economics of the process, thus making ethanol more expensive when compared to fossil fuels.
Currently, agricultural waste in India is generally burnt at the field itself. The scientists claims that using more of the agro-waste for bio-ethanol production will not only suffice the fuel requirement ,but will also boost the economy of the country, the researchers say.

The production methods of ethanol from agricultural waste like corn cob, corn stalk and sorghum stover have been successfully standardised at the centre.

enable the ethanologenic microorganisms to ferment them and produce ethanol.

that about 250 – 270 litres of ethanol can be produced from one tonne of agricultural waste such as corn stover, rice straw and sorghum stover.
benefits in terms of managing the agro-residues and producing green and clean energy, thus decreasing the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere.

technology

2011-04-12T04:50:00.000-07:00

we love our computers for all the ways they make our lives (and the
world) better -- the wealth of knowledge (and democratizing force) of the
Internet, the instantaneous communication, the sophisticated tools that
help us work and create and share. But this modern world's greatest tool is among
our most disposable and resource-heavy items. Performance-wise, computer design
has progressed staggeringly well and astonishingly fast but looking at it from a green
perspective, the work has barely begun. It takes a lot of energy to create, package,
store, and move every 10-20 megabytes of data. Even with energy prices as cheap as
they are now, it will soon cost more to power a computer for four years than it does to
buy a new one. When a computer dies it either rots in a landfill, or children in the
developing world end up wrestling its components apart by hand, melting toxic bits to
recover traces of heavy metals.

Normally, computers can contain Manufacturing computers means the use of lead, cadmium, mercury, and other toxics
4 to 8 pounds of
lead alone, according to green experts.
It's no wonder that computers and other
electronics make up two-fifths of all lead in landfills.
To counter this growing pollution
threat all over the world due to the growing use of electronic device in general and
computers in particular there a need to look for a green computer.
So far, consumers haven't cared about ecological impact when buying computers,
they've cared only about speed and price.
But as Moore's Law marches on and
computers commoditize, consumers will become pickier about being green. Devices
use less and less power while renewable energy gets more and more portable and
effective. New green materials are developed every year, and many toxic ones are
already being replaced by them.
The greenest computer will not miraculously fall from
the sky one day, it’ll be the product of years of improvements.
The features of a green
computer of tomorrow would be like: efficiency, manufacturing & materials,
recyclability, service model, self-powering, and other trends.
Green computer will be
one of the major contributions which will break down the 'digital divide', the electronic
gulf that separates the information rich from the information poor.

As 21st century belongs to computers, gizmos and electronic items, energy issues will
get a serious ring in the coming days, as the public debate on carbon emissions,
global warming and climate change gets hotter.
If we think computers are non-
polluting and consume very little energy we need to think again.
It is estimated that
out of $250 billion per year spent on powering computers worldwide only about 15%
of that power is spent computing- the rest is wasted idling.
Thus, energy saved on
computer hardware and computing will equate tonnes of carbon emissions saved per
year.
Taking into consideration the popular use of information technology industry, it
has to lead a revolution of sorts by turning green in a manner no industry has ever
done before.
It is worth emphasizing that this “green technology” should not be just
about sound bytes to impress activists but concrete action and organizational policy.
Opportunities lie in green technology like never before in history and organizations are
seeing it as a way to create new profit centres while trying to help the environmental
cause.
The plan towards green IT should include new electronic products and
services with optimum efficiency and all possible options towards energy savings.
Faster processors historically use more power.
Inefficient CPU's are a double hit
because they both use too much power themselves and their waste heat increases air
conditioning needs, especially in server farms--between the computers and the
HVAC. The waste heat also causes reliability problems, as CPU's crash much more
often at higher temperatures. Many people have been working for years to slice this

inefficiency out of computers. Similarly, power supplies are notoriously bad, generally
as little as 47% efficient.
And since everything in a computer runs off the power
supply, nothing can be efficient without a good power supply. Recent inventions of
power supply are helping fix this by running at 80% efficiency or better.
Power-
management soft-wares also help the computers to sleep or hibernate when not in
use.
On the far horizon, reversible computing (which also includes quantum
computing) promises to reduce power consumption by a factor of several thousand,
but such systems are still very much in the laboratories.
The best way to recycle a
computer, however, is to keep it and upgrade it.
Further, it is important to design
computers which can be powered with low power obtained from non-conventional
energy sources like solar energy, pedaling a bike, turning a hand-crank etc.
The electric utility industry is in an unprecedented era of change to meet increasing
customer demand for greater reliability and different services in the face of substantial
regulation and volatile energy costs.
This requires new approaches and business
models to allow greater network reliability, efficiency, flexibility and transparency. At
the same time, the utility industry is digitizing, transforming from an electromechanical
environment to a digitized one.
New Internet Protocol-enabled networks now allow for
network integration along the entire supply chain – from generation, transmission, to
end-use and metering -- and create the opportunity for Intelligent Utility Networks
(IUN) which applies sensors and other technologies to sense and respond in real-time
to changes throughout the supply chain.
The IP-enabled network connects all parts of
the utility grid - equipment, control systems, applications, and employees. It also
enables automatic data collection and storage from across the utility based on a
common information model and service-oriented architecture (SOA), which enables a
flexible use of information technology.
This in turn allows utilities to continuously
analyze data so that they can better manage assets and operations.
Electronics giants are about to roll out eco-friendly range of computers (like desktops
and laptops) that aim at reducing the e-waste in the environment.
Besides desktops
and laptops, other electronic hardware products should also be strictly adhering to the
restricted use of hazardous substances.
In other words, they should be free of
hazardous materials such as brominated flame retardants, PVCs and heavy metals
such as lead, cadmium and mercury, which are commonly used in computer
manufacturing. Reliability about the use of green materials in computer is perhaps the
biggest single challenge facing the electronics industry. Lead-tin solder in use today is
very malleable making it an ideal shock absorber.
So far, more brittle replacement
solders have yet to show the same reliability in arduous real-world applications.

Replacements like the front runner, a tin/copper/silver alloy, also require higher
melting temperatures, which can affect chip life.

Here's how designers plan to make future computer more eco-friendly across its
entire life span, from manufacture to recycling:
energy-intensive manufacturing of computer parts can be minimized by making
manufacturing process more energy efficient
by replacing petroleum-filled plastic with bioplastics—plant-based polymers—
require less oil and energy to produce than traditional plastics with a challenge to
keep these bioplastic computers cool so that electronics won't melt them
landfills can be controlled by making best use of the device by upgrading and
repairing in time with a need to make such processes (i.e., upgradation and repairing)
easier and cheaper
avoiding the discarding will not only control e-waste out of dumps but also save
energy and materials needed for a whole new computer
power-sucking displays can be replaced with green light displays made of OLEDs,
or organic light-emitting diodes
use of toxic materials like lead can be replaced by silver and copper
making recycling of computers (which is expensive and time consuming at
present) more effective by recycling computer parts separately with a option of reuse
or resale
future computers could knock 10 percent off their energy use just by replacing
hard drives with solid-state, or flash, memory, which has no watt-hungry moving parts.
So far, consumers haven't cared about ecological impact when buying computers,
they've cared only about speed and price.
But as Moore's Law marches on and
computers commoditize, consumers will become pickier about being green. Devices
use less and less power while renewable energy gets more and more portable and
effective.
New green materials are developed every year, and many toxic ones are
already being replaced by them.
The greenest computer will not miraculously fall from
the sky one day, it’ll be the product of years of improvements.
The features of a green
computer of tomorrow would be like: efficiency, manufacturing & materials,
recyclability, service model, self-powering, and other trends.
Green computer will be
one of the major contributions which will break down the 'digital divide', the electronic
gulf that separates the information rich from the information poor.

waste hierarchy

2011-04-11T05:08:00.000-07:00

Here are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions.

State / Union Territory	Code	Total Districts	Districts in which HW units located	Total units	Total HW generation TPA
Andhra Pradesh	AP	23	22	501	111098
Assam	ASS	23	8	18	166008
Bihar	BHR	55	12	42	26578
Chandigarh	CHN	1	1	47	305
Delhi	DEL	9	9	403	1000
Goa	GOA	2	2	25	8742
Gujarat	GUJ	24	24	2984	430030
Haryana	HAR	17	15	309	32559
Himachal Pradesh	HP	12	6	116	2159
Karnataka	KAR	27	25	454	103243
Kerala	KER	14	11	133	154722
Maharashtra	MAH	33	33	3953	2007846
Madhya Pradesh	MP	61	38	183	198669
Orissa	OR	30	17	163	341144
Jammu & Kashmir	JK	14	5	57	1221
Pondichery	PON	1	1	15	8893
Punjab	PUN	17	15	700	22745
Rajasthan	RJN	32	26	332	122307
Tamil Nadu	TN	29	29	1100	401073
Uttar Pradesh	UP	83	65	1036	145786
West Bengal	WB	17	9	440	129826
India	IND	524	373	13011	4415954

some of the waste produce by products:

Waste Category	Waste Type	Regulatory Quantities
1	Cyanide wastes	1 kg per year as cyanide
2	Metal finishing wastes	10 kg per year the sum of the specified substance calculated as pure metal
3	Waste containing water soluble chemical compounds of lead, copper, zinc, chromium, nickel, selenium, barium and antimony	10 kg per year the sum of the specified substance calculated as pure metal
4	Mercury, arsenic, thallium, and cadmium bearing wastes	5 kg per year the sum of the specified substance calculated as pure metal
5	Non-halogenated hydrocarbons including solvents	200 kg per year calculated as non- halogenated hydrocarbons
6	Halogenated hydrocarbons including solvents	50 kg per year calculated as halogenated hydrocarbons
7	Wastes from paints, pigments, glue, varnish, and printing ink	250 kg per year calculated as oil or oil emulsions
8	Wastes from Dyes and dye intermediates containing inorganic chemical compounds	200 kg per year calculated as inorganic chemicals
9	Wastes from Dyes and dye intermediates containing organic chemical compounds	50 kg per year calculated as organic chemicals
10	Waste oil and oil emulsions	1000 kg per year calculated as oil or oil emulsions
11	Tarry wastes from refining and tar residues from distillation or pyrolytic treatment	200 kg per year calculated as tar
12	Sludges arising from treatment of wastewater containing heavy metals, toxic organics, oils, emulsions, and spent chemicals, incineration ash	Irrespective of any quantity
13	Phenols	5 kg per year calculated as phenols
14	Asbestos	200 kg per year calculated as asbestos
15	Wastes from manufacturing of pesticides and herbicides and residues from pesticides and herbicides formulation units	5 kg per year calculated as pesticides and their intermediate products
16	Acid/alkali/slurry wastes	200 kg per year calculated as acids/alkalies
17	Off-specification and discarded products	Irrespective of any quantity
18	Discarded containers and container liners of hazardous and toxic wastes	Irrespective of any quantity

Some of the most general, widely used concepts include:
Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization.
The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste.

recycle

2011-04-11T05:04:00.000-07:00

1. Recycling refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers.

2. The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed waste streams.

3.The most common consumer products recycled include aluminum such as beverage cans, coppersuch as wire, steel food and aerosol cans, old steel furnishings or equipment , polyethylene andPET bottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and corrugated fiberboard boxes.

rainwater reuse

2011-04-11T04:59:00.000-07:00

Rainwater harvesting is the accumulating and storing, of rainwater for reuse, before it reaches the aquifer. It has been used to provide drinking water, water for livestock, water for irrigation, as well as other typical uses given to water.

Rainwater collected from the roofs of houses, tents and local institutions, can make an important contribution to the availability of drinking water.
Water collected from the ground, sometimes from areas which are especially prepared for this purpose, is called .
Stormwater harvesting

In some cases, rainwater may be the only available, or economical, water source. Rainwater harvesting systems can be simple to construct from inexpensive local materials, and are potentially successful in most habitablelocations.

Roof rainwater can be of good quality and may not require treatment before consumption.
Although some rooftop materials may produce rainwater that is harmful to human health, it can be useful in flushing toilets, washing clothes, watering the garden and washing cars; these uses alone halve the amount of water used by a typical home.

Household rainfall catchment systems are appropriate in areas with an average rainfall greater than 200 mm (7.9 in) per year, and no other accessible water sources (Skinner and Cotton, 1992). Overflow from rainwater harvesting tank systems can be used to refill aquifers in a process called groundwater recharge, though this is a related process, it must not be confused with Rainwater harvesting.

There are a number of types of systems to harvest rainwater ranging from very simple to the complex industrial systems. The rate at which water can be collected from either system is dependent on the plan area of the system, its efficiency, and the intensity of rainfall (i.e. annual precipitation (mm per annum) x square meter of catchment area = litres per annum yield) ... a 200 square meter roof catchment catching 1,000mm PA yields 200 kLPA

plastic

2011-04-09T22:23:00.000-07:00

plastic means: material which contains as an essential ingredient a high polymer and which at some stage in its processing into finished productus can be shaped by flow

Plastic waste is recycled in India in an “unorganized” way. 60% of the plastic-waste

collected and segregated gets recycled back into materials for further processing into consumer

Some of the silent features Rules about plastic are:-

• Use of plastic materials in sachets for storing, packing or selling gutkha,

tobacco and pan masala has been banned.

discarded PVC chappals/shoes in varied colors and grades of plastics material.

discarded PVC mineral water bottles/PET mineral water and liquor bottles and PS icecream/cold drink cups/disposable catering plates and grays and expanded PS and PE foam packagings

foodstuffs will not be allowed to be packed in recycled plastics or ompostable plastics.

Recycled carry bags shall conform to specific BIS standards.

Plastic carry bags shall either be white or only with those pigments and colourants which are in conformity with the bar prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).This shall apply expressly for pigments and colourants to be used in plastic products which come in contact with foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals and drinking water.

Plastic carry bags shall not be less than 40 microns in thickness. Under the earlier Rules, the minimum thickness was 20 microns. Several State Governments in the meanwhile, had stipulated varying minimum thickness. It is now expected that 40 microns norms will become the uniform standard to be followed across the country.

The minimum size (of 8x12 inches) for the plastic carry bags prescribed under the earlier Rules has been dispensed with.

Carry bags can be made from compostable plastics provided they conform to BIS standards.