Weed Breezes Cafe'

2008-04-25T01:56:00.001-05:00

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Applications

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) systems have many applications or uses. OTEC can be used to generate electricity, desalinate water, support deep-water marineculture, and provide refrigeration and air-conditioning as well as aid in crop growth and mineral extraction. These complementary products make OTEC systems attractive to industry and island communities even if the price of oil remains low.
OTEC Plant

OTEC can also be used to produce methanol, ammonia, hydrogen, aluminum, chlorine, and other chemicals. Floating OTEC processing plants that produce these products would not require a power cable, and station-keeping costs would be reduced.
A process called Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) uses the heat energy stored in the Earth's oceans to generate electricity.

OTEC works best when the temperature difference between the warmer, top layer of the ocean and the colder, deep ocean water is about 20°C (36°F). These conditions exist in tropical coastal areas, roughly between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer. To bring the cold water to the surface, OTEC plants require an expensive, large diameter intake pipe, which is submerged a mile or more into the ocean's depths.

Some energy experts believe that if it could become cost-competitive with conventional power technologies, OTEC could produce billions of watts of electrical power.
History

OTEC technology is not new. In 1881, Jacques Arsene d'Arsonval, a French physicist, proposed tapping the thermal energy of the ocean. But it was d'Arsonval's student, Georges Claude, who in 1930 actually built the first OTEC plant in Cuba. The system produced 22 kilowatts of electricity with a low-pressure turbine. In 1935, Claude constructed another plant aboard a 10,000-ton cargo vessel moored off the coast of Brazil. Weather and waves destroyed both plants before they became net power generators. (Net power is the amount of power generated after subtracting power needed to run the system.)

In 1956, French scientists designed another 3-megawatt OTEC plant for Abidjan, Ivory Coast, West Africa. The plant was never completed, however, because it was too expensive.

The United States became involved in OTEC research in 1974 with the establishment of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority. The Laboratory has become one of the world's leading test facilities for OTEC technology.
Technologies

The types of OTEC systems include the following:

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Closed-Cycle

These systems use fluid with a low-boiling point, such as ammonia, to rotate a turbine to generate electricity. Warm surface seawater is pumped through a heat exchanger where the low-boiling-point fluid is vaporized. The expanding vapor turns the turbo-generator. Cold deep-seawater—pumped through a second heat exchanger—condenses the vapor back into a liquid, which is then recycled through the system.

In 1979, the Natural Energy Laboratory and several private-sector partners developed the mini OTEC experiment, which achieved the first successful at-sea production of net electrical power from closed-cycle OTEC. The mini OTEC vessel was moored 1.5 miles (2.4 km) off the Hawaiian coast and produced enough net electricity to illuminate the ship's light bulbs and run its computers and televisions.

In 1999, the Natural Energy Laboratory tested a 250-kW pilot OTEC closed-cycle plant, the largest such plant ever put into operation.
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Open-Cycle

These systems use the tropical oceans' warm surface water to make electricity. When warm seawater is placed in a low-pressure container, it boils. The expanding steam drives a low-pressure turbine attached to an electrical generator. The steam, which has left its salt behind in the low-pressure container, is almost pure fresh water. It is condensed back into a liquid by exposure to cold temperatures from deep-ocean water.

In 1984, the Solar Energy Research Institute (now the National Renewable Energy Laboratory) developed a vertical-spout evaporator to convert warm seawater into low-pressure steam for open-cycle plants. Energy conversion efficiencies as high as 97% were achieved. In May 1993, an open-cycle OTEC plant at Keahole Point, Hawaii, produced 50,000 watts of electricity during a net power-producing experiment.
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Hybrid

These systems combine the features of both the closed-cycle and open-cycle systems. In a hybrid system, warm seawater enters a vacuum chamber where it is flash-evaporated into steam, similar to the open-cycle evaporation process. The steam vaporizes a low-boiling-point fluid (in a closed-cycle loop) that drives a turbine to produce electricity.

Other Technologies

OTEC has important benefits other than power production. For example, air conditioning can be a byproduct. Spent cold seawater from an OTEC plant can chill fresh water in a heat exchanger or flow directly into a cooling system. Simple systems of this type have air conditioned buildings at the Natural Energy Laboratory for several years.

OTEC technology also supports chilled-soil agriculture. When cold seawater flows through underground pipes, it chills the surrounding soil. The temperature difference between plant roots in the cool soil and plant leaves in the warm air allows many plants that evolved in temperate climates to be grown in the subtropics. The Natural Energy Laboratory maintains a demonstration garden near its OTEC plant with more than 100 different fruits and vegetables, many of which would not normally survive in Hawaii.

Aquaculture is perhaps the most well-known byproduct of OTEC. Cold-water delicacies, such as salmon and lobster, thrive in the nutrient-rich, deep seawater from the OTEC process. Microalgae such as Spirulina, a health food supplement, also can be cultivated in the deep-ocean water.

As mentioned earlier, another advantage of open or hybrid-cycle OTEC plants is the production of fresh water from seawater. Theoretically, an OTEC plant that generates 2-MW of net electricity could produce about 4,300 cubic meters (14,118.3 cubic feet) of desalinated water each day.

OTEC also may one day provide a means to mine ocean water for 57 trace elements. Most economic analyses have suggested that mining the ocean for dissolved substances would be unprofitable. Mining involves pumping large volumes of water and the expense of separating the minerals from seawater. But with OTEC plants already pumping the water, the only remaining economic challenge is to reduce the cost of the extraction process.
Environmental and Economic Challenges

In general, careful site selection is the key to keeping the environmental impacts of OTEC to a minimum. OTEC experts believe that appropriate spacing of plants throughout the tropical oceans can nearly eliminate any potential negative impacts of OTEC processes on ocean temperatures and on marine life.

OTEC power plants require substantial capital investment upfront. OTEC researchers believe private sector firms probably will be unwilling to make the enormous initial investment required to build large-scale plants until the price of fossil fuels increases dramatically or until national governments provide financial incentives. Another factor hindering the commercialization of OTEC is that there are only a few hundred land-based sites in the tropics where deep-ocean water is close enough to shore to make OTEC plants feasible.
Printable Version

2008-03-06T01:38:00.000-05:00

Tolerance to the ignorance can only go so far, before you get to be classed as a complete idiot and base line hitter. This world is changing and it is changing at a rate that you have no idea what is going to hit you square in the face if you do not open your eyes and look what your children are facing tell your children tell your children today...it is no less a message to day as it was eons ago. Jesus Christ was born in the flesh and die and rose again on the cross for our sins, he is coming again and very soon. The effects of what you are seeing happening around the world today are the very prophesied things about the last days...there are so many things to talk about that I hardly know where to begin. We are facing the most outrageous time in history, there is absolutly no ryme or reason why we are allowing this men who are manipulating and engineering our dimises. And you all are just practicsing the spiritual awakening let be and live in the now and create your own future. That may dear friend is exacly what satan would have you believe is that you to can live like gods and that the Christ consciousness lives on the in side of you. Yes but do you have the Holy Spirit do you know the Holy Spirit if you do not know the Holy Spirit the spirit of God then you do not know what you are taking about. The only thing that you are experiancing is a spiritual awakening of a kind that is engineered by the devil and it is going to fool most of the worlds population into believing in this spiritual awakening of let it be just as the beatles sang back in the day they stole the world from the people. The anitlchrist will arise and site on the thrown in Juresalum first then Gods only begotten son Jesus will sit there to rule the nations for a 1000 years before satan will be lose again to torment us, and then he will be thrown into the lake of fire forever and forever.
There is many concepts around this stories plot line how ever it is of vital importance that you would know the Lord first before you could ever craspe what I am saying to you.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion System

2007-08-19T03:35:00.002-05:00

Devon's Findings - Executive Branch

2006-12-06T11:27:00.000-05:00

Devon's Findings Chapter

2006-12-03T18:18:00.000-05:00

Chapter ONE:
Executive Branch – Developing the Entrepreneurs of the Future
Executive Education Curricula is Evolving to teach the skills required to Bridge the Dived between International Corporations and Globalisation.

More executives are requesting executive education as part of their compensation package when they join a new organization.
Furthermore, executives educations programs are offering or incorporation one-on-one coaching into their curricula – these are being increasingly relied on to teach new skills required for bridging the physical and cultural divides that exist amongst international corporations.

What part does the media play in shaping our young entrepreneurs shopping for an education in a complex world. As an unemployed writer, I began to wonder about the intellect of the general population. Social patterns and norms of our social order are pre-planned by the designers of our media. In addition, we profess to know this all ready. What is the saying about our diligence to act accordingly to these social designs tactics, perpetrated on you simply because you refuse to give up on keeping social order. We believe that we are going to have some wing nut out of his mind Bouncing all over the place. Shouting his mouth off about socially expectable ways are the only tolerable actions in public and private business of today.

Ladies and Gentlemen, I am here to night to tell you that the masses are completely controlled by the media. Moreover, is it not ironic that I need to communicate to you through the very industry that sold its heart to the Devil?
Some very specific things have been done to manipulate the masses into “what ever definition you want of society” A happy civil free citizen is more mutable and much easier to fool or trick—call not man a fool—We Know the father of PR was responsible for this rhetoric we now call social psychology.
The following is a very good example of what we have been dealing with since the early 19th century.
http://www.informationliberation.com/
The Century of the Self
The Untold History of Controlling the Masses through the Manipulation of Unconscious Desire s
"The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government, which is the true ruling power of our country.We are governed, our minds are moulded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of. This is a logical result of the way in which our democratic society is organized." - Edward BernaysTHE CENTURY OF THE SELF

The ability to be under such sorcery came from under standing of how it could be used to manipulate vast populations of the world. By telling people some thing, anything they would listen and they will react to that something –cause and effect over the whole earths population by serving it through key avenues of public discloser. This method of advertising became the most efficient social engineering tool that any body has ever brought against the humans of the earth for it has effectively removed the ability of the public to ever regain absolute freedom –because freedom becomes a by word for a fabled concept that kept the masses at bay.
Now more then ever the masses are coming to their scenes. How did they manipulate and intelligent, self-aware enlightened Professor of political science, or economics, or any one of that elk, simply by controlling the educational context of not only the babies and children through public education, but the also the “Bay-Streeters” as well as the all military personal. As you saw in the videos above, that social psychology manipulated us into believing, that we had freedoms and liberties. Now today we simply accept the notion of psychology as gospel truth about the condition of someone’s’ mind, I tell you every one has gone mad, mad I say.
Psychology is not what we perceive it to be. We are told what are the best practices as if it is a mantra of all companies both great and small. Moreover, we blindly except the best practices and diligently do. We realize not what the best practices are all about. These are the ways that the authorities are manipulating you and your company, into the practices. And the making of policies that are designed to move your company into the global market place and server the larger and grater good of the global market.
In addition, we are now training our young fresh entrepreneurs how to become the star of the business world playing on the accomplished childhood programming that these young entrepreneurs have been weaned on so that the training is simple now. You will comply with the global consortium or you will be cast out. Cast out of business. This training is no different psychologically then the training that the military gets. What is this training all about it is about programming the entrepreneur to fit into a mould and to behave in a business like manner.
If we grasp how the educational system works in hand with the media, we will begin to unravel so deep a psychological perspective, which, we have on life in general. At the entrepreneurial level of small business behaving like cookie cutter business –like franchisees, service the over all global integration process of all technical data mechanics and operational procedural performances of any company in to the democratic world operating a capitalist transaction, we must realize that this is being done at the computer programming level as well as the personal psychosocial level.
How does this serve the interest of the globalist by facilitating the lower level business and uniting all entrepreneurs into a single cohesive society of business men and women who thing there are doing there own thing. Free people co-operate better. At the global level, this process of global integrating is working towards a type of psychologically manipulated people through the media and doing it on mass to produce and economic house around the world. You have been minded controlled most of all your life make no mistake.
You are led to believe that you want that thing and that you need that thing, you are being driven to buy and service from an oligarchy system. What does this type of education serve it services the globalist that have unlimited sources of wealth to back or infiltrate any program and change policies where need to comply with the globalizing plan of bring in a one world federalist governmental system and business needs to comply with this system.
It is all about partnering with the United Nations, thus giving your solidarity over to the United Nations. This strategy is building the power of the United Nations. That Beast that dragon that serpent, who has fooled us all, social and economic dimensions, International cooperation to accelerate sustainable development in developing countries and related domiciles and the making of polices. Demystifying sustainability polices of the United Nations is not a popular thing to do. For it is through such polices that the UN makes the world believe that it is fixing the worlds problems. The globalist agenda is difficult to unwind because they are posing as angles of light.