What a Wondeful Life

Isotonix OPC3 as an antioxidant

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Wed, 17 Feb 2010 09:21:00 +0000

What is Antioxidant? Antioxidant is the chemical compounds which can delay the start or slow the rate of lipid oxidation reaction in food systems. there is many factors that affecting the Efficiency of Antioxidants :
1. Activation energy of antioxidants.
2. Oxidation – Reduction potential.
3. Stability to pH and processing.
4. Solubility.

how to choose Antioxidant? there is many factor that we should consider when we choosing Antioxidant.
- Safety
- Antioxidant effectiveness
- Off-odor
- Off-color
- Convenience of antioxidant incorporation to foods
- Carry-through effect
- Stability to pH and food processing
- Availability
- Cost
- Non-adsorbable, if possible.

for example is Isotonix OPC3 or Isotonix OPC-3, because it made from natural Ingredients like grape seed extract, red win extract, pine bark extract (pycnogenol), bilberry extract, and citrus extract.

Learn more about Isotonix OPC3 or Isotonix OPC-3 here

What will you need when you running diet program?

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Sun, 14 Feb 2010 17:24:00 +0000

Are you having a problem with your weight? i was. maybe most of you have the same problem with me. i can't control my hunger. my weight is 85Kg and my height is 175cm is more than ideal. i have so many fat on my bally. i have try everything to remove the fat. but still i can't control my hunger. i always have some snack in the night while i watching tv or movie.

everyday i used to work in front of computer, i sit all day long. i figure it all out, how should i lose my weight? so i start googling. i found a site that offering Best Workout for losing weight. they also give us diet plan, and many other tools like BMI calculator, body fat calculator, body mass index calculator and many more. and the most important is they give us everything for free. i have try it and it work.

to learn more about it you can found it here

find a workout plan that fits your schedule

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:21:00 +0000

Six Pack maybe what man and woman dreaming for their body. you have to set some schedule to bulid your body. The faster you train, the better. My routines usually take 15 minutes a day, but everyone trains at a different pace. If it takes you quite awhile to get through the routine, you’re simply out of shape, as you get stronger, you will be able to get through the workout quicker. Train at a pace, which is comfortable for you. Rest and get your wind after each exercise before moving on to the next exercise.

Physique champions have learned that it is always best to keep your muscles warm while exercising. Don’t train in a swimsuit if your training area is cool or drafty. Wear comfortable clothing that will not hinder your movements as you exercise.

Never miss workouts because of laziness! On those low energy days you will feel like skipping a workout, that’s when you will need to use your willpower and think positive! Being consistent in your training will result in progress: muscle gains and an increase in strength. Of course, there will always be those days when you will be forced to miss workouts; if you are physically ill it would be unwise to further drain your physical resources by training. Don’t worry about it, just pick up where you left off or go back a week in your training, which ever feels most comfortable to you.

There is so many body workout program right now. for example P90x Program, with this P90x Program you know what step that you should take step by step and what nutrition you need to support the program. they also offering Power 90 Master Series. you can see the detail on their website.

So start build your body right now and don't waste your time.

Fitness For Children

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Wed, 09 Dec 2009 09:44:00 +0000

Traditionally, exercise has been considered necessary for adults and reason was that children are naturally active and do not need any structured program of physical activity. But now it has proved that regular workout is necessary for a child’s health. For a modern child fitness is a backseat matter. Children are becoming victims of inactive, unmotivated, unhealthy lifestyles and their health is deteriorating day by day.

Ignorance of exercise and nourished diet make most of children obese. It is the duty of parents to pay attention for the fitness of their children. Exercise like running, walking, cycling and swimming in routine strengthen your child’s cardiovascular system and establishes healthy exercise habits which will affect long term health positively.

Normally children get bored with routine exercise. Make exercise fun by organizing games, dancing programs etc. Initiate your child to play games like soccer, softball, football, baseball, tennis, golf and even swimming. All these methods of exercise are great ways of fitness.

Fitness and exercise make your children’s muscles and bones strong. They learn how to control their body fat and they are less likely to become obese. There are very low chances of type 2 diabetes among the children who have fitness and exercise routine. Fitness and exercise lowers the blood pressure and blood cholesterol levels.

Fitness Make Your Lifestyle Healthy

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 09:42:00 +0000

A wonderful, easy-to accomplish and totally natural way to have a fit and fine body is to begin and stick with a fitness and exercise program combined with a sensible diet. Workout in routine reduces the risk of heart disease, diabetes, colon cancer, and high blood pressure. Physical activity with nutritious diet tones your muscles and burn unnecessary fats.

Now-a-days most of you are suffering from obesity problem. Even children are becoming more and more obese. Exercise is perfect option to get rid of all these. It increases the capacity for learning, self esteem and reduces anxiety and stress. Do you know if you exercise in routine and consume balanced and nutritious , you can fight with various serious problems?

If you give attention to your fitness you can easily manage your blood sugar. With fitness and exercise programs you become able to reduce the medication for diabetes. You can effectively minimize the risk of heart diseases and strokes at same time.

Most of you and your kids avoid do exercising in routine and remaining busy with your works in front of computers, watching television, staying indoors etc. As a good parent you should restrict your children to spend time with video games or watching television and encourage them to engage in fitness and exercise. Avoid the diets rich in fats and carbohydrates. Make use of fresh fruits and vegetables.

A proper routine of workout with healthy diet increase your efficiency. You can truly enjoy your life with your family and parents if you are fit and fine. Fitness and exercise make your lifestyle healthier and you can live a long, healthy and happy life.

Baldness Prevention

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 04:21:00 +0000

Baldness is considered as a condition,that is mainly caused by genetic factors. However, baldness prevention is possible by taking care of other factors, like nutrition. Let us know more about baldness and baldness prevention.

Even though baldness can be caused by many factors, the most common among them is genetics. Other factors include, illness, lack of sufficient nutrition, treatments like, chemotherapy, stress, aging, etc. Damage caused to the hair by excessive application of chemicals, may eventually lead to baldness. Baldness is a condition that can affect both men and women, but is more prominent in the former. While some people tend to ignore the symptoms of baldness, others try various methods to prevent this condition. A basic idea on baldness and its causes can be beneficial in preventing baldness to some extent. You can prevent baldness by treating the underlying conditions or by taking sufficient hair care, or by avoiding the factors that trigger hair loss.

Baldness
Hair loss and baldness, is a cause of worry for many, as this condition may also affect self-esteem. This condition is defined as a partial or total loss of hair on the scalp. While it is normal for a healthy scalp to shed old hair, baldness is caused when it fails to grow new hair. This is caused by various factors, like genetics, hormonal changes, stress, illness, some types of medications/treatments, improper hair care, inadequate nutrition, excessive use of chemicals on the hair, etc. However, the most common form of baldness, which is a progressive hair thinning condition, called male pattern baldness or androgenic alopecia, affects the males. It can also affect some females in the form of female pattern baldness. Pattern baldness is mainly caused by hormone change, genetics and aging. Unlike the baldness caused by other factors, pattern baldness is almost permanent, but you can avail treatment for baldness or opt for surgical hair transplant. In case of other factors, there are baldness remedies which can be adopted for baldness prevention. Let us take a look at the various baldness prevention methods. Read more on hair loss prevention, male hair loss and female hair loss.

Baldness Prevention
Though there is no cure for baldness in some cases, in others, one can prevent this condition by taking care of some important factors. The following are some of the do's and don'ts regarding baldness prevention.

Avoid foods, which are high in fats, caffeine, alcohol, sugar, etc. These elements can raise the adrenal levels and can gradually lead to hair loss and baldness. You must also avoid nicotine and reduce the intake of common salt.
Eat healthy to avoid hair loss and to boost the growth of healthy hair. A proper and balanced diet can provide you with all the necessary nutrients for hair growth and even reverse hair loss in those who are deprived of proper nutrition. The diet should have high levels of lean protein, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, etc. Drink lots of water, at least eight glasses of water per day are needed. You may also take daily vitamin and mineral supplements.
Avoid regular use of harsh chemicals on your hair. Heating equipment, like flat irons and curling irons can also contribute to baldness in the long run.
If the condition is caused by any underlying medical condition, you must consult a doctor and treat the condition to prevent baldness. Intake of some medicines may also cause baldness and in such cases, you can approach your doctor for changing them, if possible.
Regular exercise is always advisable for all humans and it is also good for preventing baldness. Exercises can increase the blood circulation in the body and a hike in the scalp blood circulation is good for hair growth. Aerobic exercises are said to be beneficial in lowering the levels of androgens in the body, thereby preventing baldness.
Measure to reduce stress levels are also beneficial to prevent balding. You can try some breathing techniques, like 'pranayama' for this purpose.
While there are many natural baldness prevention methods, herbs are also used for this purpose. Saw palmetto is very popular as a herbal remedy for baldness, but there are some speculations about the side effects of saw palmetto.
Even some drugs, like, finasteride and minoxidil are prescribed as a cure for baldness and these medicines are found to be slightly effective for male baldness prevention.

Generally, baldness is considered as a condition with no cure, but some types of baldness can be prevented if you take care of the above mentioned baldness prevention factors. But make sure to consult your doctor before resorting to any herbal medicines or other methods, which may make things worse for you. Self medication is also not recommended. Read more on hair loss solutions and natural hair loss remedies.

Factors Affecting Kidney FunctIon

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Sun, 06 Sep 2009 03:48:00 +0000

Adults lose renal function and capacity with normal aging. A number of factors, including drug reactions and degenerative disease not endemic to the kidneys, may bring added stress.

Analgesics
An analgesic is any medicine that is intended to kill pain. Analgesics that contain narcotics are for more severe pain and require a prescription from a physician. However, many analgesics can be purchased as over-the-counter (OTC) products (aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and naproxen). OTC products require no prescription from a physician. OTC analgesics rarely present a problem for most people if they are taken according to the recommended dosage. However, some conditions such as chronic kidney disease or taking OTC analgesics for a long time or in combination with other analgesics make OTC analgesics dangerous. According to the NIDDK (1998), analgesics such as aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and naproxen have been attributed to incidence of acute kidney failure in persons with lupus erythematosus or chronic renal conditions; persons of advanced age; or persons who have had a recent binge of alcohol consumption.

Some cases involved a single dose or no more than 10 days of analgesic use. Painkillers that combine two or more analgesics (e.g., aspirin and acetaminophen together) with caffeine or codeine are more likely to cause kidney damage. These mixtures are often sold in powder form. Single analgesics (e.g., aspirin alone) have been found to be less likely to cause kidney damage (NIDDK 1998). According to Fored et al. (2001), more research is required to determine whether the use of aspirin or acetaminophen contributes to kidney failure or whether people who have ailments that predispose them to kidney failure are more likely to use painkillers. Fored et al. (2001) recommended that each patient be considered individually with respect to their risk of kidney failure, length of time the painkiller will be taken, and other existing illnesses, particularly in the elderly and persons with chronic conditions. If possible, avoid acetaminophen-based analgesics, as these may be most toxic to the kidneys.

Autoimmune
Glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the nephrons where blood is filtered in the kidneys, can become inflamed by autoimmune disorders. When an autoimmune disorder occurs, the body attacks itself with its own immune system. Examples of an autoimmune disorder are Goodpasture syndrome and lupus erythematosus. In the kidneys, this type of inflammation is called glomerulonephritis (Glanze 1996; NIDDK 1999). While glomerulonephritis is usually caused by an autoimmune disorder, it can also be caused by infection (e.g., by streptococcal bacterial).

Congenital and Genetic
Congenital abnormalities of the kidneys are not uncommon. Sometimes the two kidneys are joined together at their base. Some people are born with only one kidney, both kidneys on the same side of the body, or with underdeveloped kidneys that are barely functional. Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic condition that may manifest at birth, but often appears in young adulthood or even middle age.

Drug Reactions
Acute kidney damage can result from an allergic reaction to a drug; taking large quantities of a drug for a long period of time; taking out-dated tetracyclines; taking long-term or large amounts of pain killers; taking potent antibiotics; accidental ingestion of poisons; toluene inhalation (e.g., industrial exposure and glue sniffing); or combining prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs (aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen sodium), and alcohol (NIDDK 1998). Regular blood tests to assess kidney function are recommended for anyone who takes medicine known to damage the kidneys or who has a condition that puts them at risk for developing kidney disease.

Homocysteine
Discovered in 1932, homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid normally found in small amounts in the blood of healthy persons. Homocysteine is derived from dietary protein (meat, milk, eggs) and is metabolized in the liver using vitamins B6 and B12. High levels of homocysteine can result from genetic disease (homocystinuria); kidney disease; hyperthyroidism; psoriasis; systemic lupus erythemotosus; drug treatment for chronic diseases; and dietary vitamin deficiencies (folic acid, B6, B12) (Welch et al. 1998).

Homocysteine levels tend to increase with age and are higher in men than in women. High levels of homocysteine can be very damaging to the kidneys and the vascular system (Dierkes et al. 1999; Marangon et al. 1999; Levin et al. 2002). Accumulation of toxic homocysteine has been associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (artherosclerosis, stroke, heart attack); pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis; dementias (Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia); and kidney disease ESRD (Joosten et al. 1997; McCaddon et al. 1998; Welch et al. 1998; Dierkes et al. 1999; Levin et al. 2002; Seshadri et al. 2002). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is responsible for the majority of morbidity and mortality in patients (Levin et al. 2002).

As early as 1969, researchers began to make clinical observations linking elevated homocysteine to vascular diseases (McCully 1969). Subsequent investigations confirmed these observations (Clarke et al. 1991; Ueland et al. 1992; Stampfer et al. 1992; 1995; Selhub et al. 1995; Welch et al. 1998). In CVD, there is evidence that elevated levels of homocysteine are related to arterial wall damage, but the mechanism is unclear (Welch et al. 1998). It may be that homocysteine has a toxic effect on the endothelial (cellular) lining of blood vessels. Data from a study on healthy U.S. physicians (14,916) with no prior history of heart disease demonstrated that highly elevated homocysteine levels are associated with a more than threefold increase in the risk of heart attack over a 5-year period. This finding was published in 1992 in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) as part of the Physicians' Health Study (Stampfer et al. 1992). The Framingham Heart Study (1041 elderly subjects) (Selhub et al. 1995) and other studies have also confirmed that elevated homocysteine is an independent risk factor for heart disease (Chaveau et al. 1993; van Guldener et al. 2000; Hoffer et al. 2001; Suliman et al. 2001).

In kidney disease, homocysteine levels in the blood increase because the kidneys do not properly filter homocysteine. Elevated levels of homocysteine are commonly seen in renal patients, sometimes three or four times higher than normal levels (van Guldener et al. 2000; Friedman et al. 2001; Herrmann et al. 2001; Suliman et al. 2001). Homocysteine is consistently elevated to very high levels in patients who require dialysis (Levin et al. 2002). Plasma homocysteine concentrations often decrease after dialysis (Welch et al. 1998). Therefore, to further help lower homocysteine levels, dialysis patients often require high levels of nutrients, including folic acid, vitamin B12, TMG (also known as betaine or trimethylglycine), and vitamin B6 (Bostom et al. 1996; Chauveau et al. 1996; Robinson et al. 1996; Sadava et al. 1996; Tucker et al. 1996; Welch et al. 1998; van Guldener et al. 2000; Herrmann et al. 2001; Levin et al. 2002).

Folic acid was used in a study conducted in 82 patients undergoing dialysis 3 times a week for 4 weeks (hemodialysis, 70 patients; peritoneal dialysis, 12 patients) (Dierkes et al. 1999). The results demonstrated that in both groups, homocysteine concentration was reduced by 35% after taking 2.5-5 mg of folic acid after each dialysis treatment.

As noted earlier, although dialysis has the effect of lowering homocysteine levels, folic acid further reduced homocysteine levels and, more importantly, had long-term effects even after supplementation was withdrawn (Dierkes et al. 1999).

Although the relationship between CVD and CKD is convincing, therapeutic strategies appear to be underused in the care of patients with kidney disease. CVD and CKD have similar traditional risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity) as well as nontraditional risk factors (hyperhomocysteinemia, anemia, disturbed mineral metabolism, parathyroid excess). Because these risk factors are also specific to kidney disease and are modifiable, they should be identified and treated in persons with CKD (Levin et al. 2002). Patients with mild hyperhomocysteinemia have no clinical signs and are typically asymptomatic until the third or fourth decade of life (Welch et al. 1998).

For some time, physicians have recognized the danger of homocysteine and they recommend use of vitamin supplements to lower homocysteine levels (Tucker et al. 1996; Welch et al. 1998). The "normal range" used by commercial laboratories is 5-15 micromoles/L of blood. However, epidemiological data reveal that homocysteine levels above 6.3 result in a steep, progressive risk of heart attack, with each three-unit increase equaling a 35% increase in risk for heart attack (Verhoef et al. 1996; Robinson et al. 1996). There may be no safe "normal range" for homocysteine. A survey in Cardiologia reported that the average American's level of homocysteine is 10 (Andreotti et al. 1999).

For many persons, daily intake of TMG (500 mg), folic acid (800 mcg), vitamin B12 (1000 mcg), vitamin B6 (100 mg), choline (250 mg), inositol (250 mg), and zinc (30 mg) will keep homocysteine levels in a safe range. Unfortunately, without a homocysteine blood test, it is impossible to know if the proper amounts of nutrients are being taken. Therefore, the only way to be certain is to have a blood test to ascertain that your homocysteine level is below 7. Sometimes treatment must be individualized for complicated conditions. High levels of homocysteine can require up to 6 grams of TMG or vitamin B6 (in cystathione-B synthase deficiencies).

Hypertension
High blood pressure (or hypertension) creates a significant risk factor for kidney failure. This risk factor is amplified for persons who have ADPKD. Li Kam Wa et al. (1997) investigated the 24-hour blood pressure profile of ambulatory patients, particularly to measure nocturnal fall of blood pressure. The researchers found that in ADPKD patients, the reduction in nocturnal blood pressure was attenuated (lessened), indicating increased risk for kidney damage. Further studies are needed to evaluate the contribution that nocturnal hypertension makes on the overall progression of renal failure. However, in another related study of untreated children, it was found that nocturnal hypertension was a major risk factor for renal deterioration (Ligens et al. 1997).

Impaired Blood Supply
Any condition that impairs blood flow to the kidneys can damage or cause obstruction in the small blood vessels in the kidneys (e.g., diabetes mellitus, hemolytic uremic syndrome, physiological shock, lupus erythematosus).

Infection
A kidney may become infected when the flow of urine is restricted in the urinary tract (NIDDK 1998). An obstruction may lead to stagnation of urine in the kidney that allows infection to spread into the bladder. Possible causes of an obstruction are a congenital defect, a kidney stone, a bladder tumor, or enlargement of the prostate gland. Tuberculosis of the kidney occurs when infection is carried by the blood to the kidney from somewhere else in the body (usually the lungs).

Inflammatory Cytokines
Destructive cell-signaling chemicals called inflammatory cytokines contribute to degenerative, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases (Van der Meide et al. 1996; Licinio et al. 1999). Degenerative diseases appear to be factors in or possible underlying causes of kidney failure and disease (congestive heart failure, anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, fibrinogen formation, fibrosis, diabetes, asthma, lupus, psoriasis). People who have multiple degenerative disorders often exhibit excess levels of pro-inflammatory markers in their blood. Therefore, seemingly unrelated inflammatory or autoimmune diseases can have a common link to kidney disease: inflammatory cytokines. In kidney failure, inflammatory cytokines restrict circulation and damage nephrons (the filtering units of the kidneys).

For those who have degenerative diseases, particularly multiple ones, cytokine profile and C-reactive protein blood tests are highly recommended (available through your own physician or Life Extension Foundation). If your cytokine test reveals excess levels of cytokines--tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1b (IL-1b)--nutritional supplementation, dietary modifications, and low-cost prescription medications (pentoxifylline or PTX) are advised (see the Inflammation: Chronic protocol for a discussion of systemic inflammation and recommendations for reducing inflammatory conditions).

Metabolic
Kidney stones are more common in middle age and are usually caused by excessive concentrations of substances such as calcium, uric acid, or cystine in the urine (NIDDK 1998). Hyperparathyroidism, cystinuria, and hyperoxaluria are rare, inherited metabolic disorders that can cause kidney stones. In cystinuria, too much of the amino acid cystine can lead to the formation of stones made of cystine. In patients with hyperoxaluria, the body produces too much of the salt oxalate. Excessive oxalate in the urine cannot be dissolved, crystals settle out, and stones form. Absorptive hypercalciuria occurs when the body absorbs too much calcium from food. The extra calcium ends up in the urine and the high levels cause calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate crystals to form in the kidneys or urinary tract. Other causes are hyperuricosuria (a disorder of uric acid metabolism), gout, excess intake of vitamin D, and blockage of the urinary tract. Certain diuretics ("water" pills) or calcium-based antacids can increase the risk of kidney stone formation by increasing the amount of calcium in the urine (NIDDK 1998).

Tumors
Tumors in the kidneys, either benign or malignant, are rare. When malignant, the most common type is renal cell carcinoma, particularly in adults over 40.

Other
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequently occurring health conditions that are caused by various urinary systemic infections, sexual contact, bacteria entering the kidneys via the bloodstream or the urethra, kidney stone blockages, and kidney damage (Glanze 1996). Infection can lead to impaired kidney function. Therefore, a kidney infection should be treated immediately to prevent more serious disease. A direct blow to the kidneys can also cause extensive damage (e.g., a car accident, industrial accident, sports injury, or accidental fall) (NORD 2002).

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)

ADPKD is one of the most common genetic diseases in humans. It is a systemic disease that is caused by at least three different genes: PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3. However, most of the mutations are found in the PKD1 gene (Merta et al. 1997; Sessa et al. 1997). ADPKD is a very serious disease. Worldwide, it is responsible for 8-10% of all cases of ESRD. Patients with ADPKD develop cysts in both kidneys. These cysts continue to grow over the lifetime of the patient and ultimately lead to hypertension, reduced kidney function, and eventually renal failure. Poor kidney function in ADPKD patients accounts for many kidney transplants each year. According to the PKD Foundation (Kansas City, www.pkdcure.org), 60% of individuals with ADPKD develop kidney failure or ESRD. The only treatment is dialysis or transplant. Interestingly, because ADPKD is genetic in origin, persons who receive kidney transplants do not reacquire their genetic mutation with transplanted kidneys. Common symptoms are frequent infections, blood in the urine, and back pain.

Kidney Disease

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Mon, 31 Aug 2009 03:45:00 +0000

For many years, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has listed kidney disease as one of the top 10 causes of death by disease in the United States. Kidney disease also plays a significant role in hypertension and diabetes, two other diseases that are also included on the CDC's list of top ten causes of death each year. End-stage renal (kidney) disease (ESRD) is growing at a rate of 4-8% each year in the United States. Someone with advanced ESRD may require either therapeutic or regular dialysis, or both, and may eventually require a kidney transplant to save his or her life. When kidney function is reduced to 10-15% or less, dialysis is started in ESRD patients. Sometimes ESRD patients are placed on a waiting list for a kidney transplant.

According to statistics compiled by the National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)(2001), kidney conditions such as inflammation, kidney stones, and cancer affected some 2.553 million persons; ESRD affected 424,179 people; polycystic kidney diseases affected 600,000 people; and other urinary conditions such as kidney infections, bladder infections, and cystitis affected millions more, costing billions of dollars of medical care funded by the public and by private individuals (NCHS 1999; Grantham et al. 2000; USRDS 2001).

Due to the limited scope of this protocol, we will briefly describe some of the more common kidney disorders and treatments. However, two conditions will be described in greater detail: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and kidney stones. ADKPD is a common human genetic disease, resulting in many cases of ESRD and eventually the need for kidney transplantation. Kidney stones affect approximately 10% of the U.S. population at some point in their lives (LaPorte et al. 1990). Unfortunately, about 60% of persons who have a kidney stone will develop another stone. In statistics reported by the NIDDK, urinary stones accounted for 1.325 million visits to physicians in 1997 (NIDDK 2001b).

Attention to overall kidney health is essential. If you have healthy kidneys, take care of them. Educate yourself about how to do this. We will provide information in the paragraphs that follow to assist you in being proactive in maintaining healthy kidneys. If you have a health condition such as diabetes or hypertension that poses a threat to your kidneys, seek a qualified medical professional to treat and control these conditions. Then carefully follow monitoring and treatment advice. Information will also be provided to assist you in supporting kidneys that have already sustained damage.

Kidney Function

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that act as sophisticated filters to remove organic waste products from the blood and then excrete these waste products, along with excess salt and water, from the body through the urine. We are normally born with two kidneys located on either side of the lower back just below the rib cage. The kidneys are such incredibly well-functioning organs that only one normal, healthy kidney is required for good health. Each kidney is 4-5 inches long, weighs about 6 ounces, and contains about 1 million nephrons. Nephrons are the working units of the kidney that are responsible for waste removal (NIDDK 1998). As part of our normal aging process, kidney function diminishes as the number of functional nephrons is reduced.

The kidneys play a role in controlling the acid-base balance in the body as well as helping to control blood pressure. Another function of the kidneys is to produce hormones such as erythropoietin, which regulates the production and release of red blood cells from the bone marrow.

Each day, the kidneys filter approximately 200 quarts of blood, producing about 2 quarts of waste products and water (NIDDK 1998). These waste products and excess water pass from the kidneys through the ureters (tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder) and into the bladder where they are briefly stored before being eliminated as liquid waste via the urine. Filtered waste products include the normal organic material from the breakdown of cells, proteins, excess food by-products, and various minerals, as well as the individual waste excretions from cells of the body. Alcohol, drugs, excess protein, minerals, and ingested toxins are also filtered by the kidneys. These toxic agents can have a dramatic, destructive effect on the health and function of the kidneys.

The rate of blood flow through the kidneys is about 20% of the total blood pumped by the heart each minute. (Anatomical Chart Company 2002®, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)

Kidney function is often measured by using routine blood and urine tests to indicate gross problems. These tests measure creatine levels, possible blood in the urine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), proteinuria (protein in the urine), and mineral content, including calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, oxalic acid, and other elements. If blood or urine tests indicate improper kidney function, additional testing is indicated using conventional x-rays, needle biopsy, ultrasound, a computed tomography scan (CT scan), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (NORD 2002).

Kidney Disorders

Kidney disease is any disorder that affects how the kidneys function. A list of all of the diseases and conditions that can affect kidney function and the possible causes are beyond the scope of this protocol. However, some of these disorders include analgesic nephropathy, chronic nephritis, diabetes, ESRD, hypertension, infection, injury, stones, lupus erythematosus, and ADPKD (NORD 2002).

Symptoms of renal disease can include frequent headaches and urination, itching, poor appetite, fatigue, burning bladder, anemia, baggy eyes, nausea and vomiting, swollen or numb hands or feet, poor concentration, darkened skin, and muscle cramps (NORD 2002).

Kidney Stones (Calculi)
Kidney stones (or calculi) are a common condition and also an incredibly painful one. It is estimated that in the United States, 10% of us will pass a kidney stone at some time in our lives. Men have more kidney stones than women, and white people are more prone to kidney stone formation than black people. The incidence of kidney stones is higher in the summer. This may be because we perspire more in the summer and our urine becomes more concentrated.

A kidney stone is a solid, rock-like type of material that has formed or is present in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. A kidney stone is formed from mineral substances that precipitate from the urine. Kidney stones can stay in the kidney or travel down the urinary tract. Small stones are sometimes passed from the body with either a small or large degree of pain. Larger stones may lodge in the ureter, bladder, or urethra, blocking urine flow and causing extreme pain (NIDDK 1998).

Most kidney stones contain calcium combined with either oxalate or phosphate. Calcium stones are formed when extra calcium is not eliminated in the urine. Another type of kidney stone is a struvite stone. A struvite stone can form following a urinary infection. Uric acid stones form when there is too much acid in the urine. A rare type of kidney stone is made up of cystine. Evidence shows that cystine-based stones tend to run in families (the result of a genetic disease) (NIDDK 1998).

Kidney stones vary widely in size: from a grain of sand, to the size of a pearl, or to the size of a golf ball. However, most kidney stones are quite small. Kidney stones can grow to a size that is life threatening or that requires surgical removal. Some large kidney stones cannot be surgically removed because of the age of the patient or because of the danger of associated trauma to a vital organ.

Kidney stones are usually yellow or brown in color. Their structure and texture can be smooth or jagged. Another common visual characteristic is a crystalline appearance with different mineral striations appearing throughout the structure of the stone. Examination and testing of a kidney stone by a specialist in urology can determine significant information about the possible cause of the kidney stone and perhaps suggest a remedy for people who have the potential to form additional kidney stones (NIDDK 1998).

As noted earlier, kidney stones tend to run in families. They can also be associated with geographic factors as well. Therefore, people who live in tropical climates may be at greater risk for kidney stone formation because of the way the body manages water in a tropical setting. As a percentage, perspiration often becomes the prevalent method of how the body excretes water in tropical or very hot conditions, and urination may decline slightly because urine is stored longer in the urinary tract. Although it seems obvious, the fact is that most people do not drink enough water every day, and in tropical areas this is even more significant. Excessive perspiration becomes even more significant when performing hard physical labor or engaging in strenuous sports activities in very hot conditions. The body loses large amounts of water during excessive perspiration. For example, a NFL lineman can lose as much as a gallon of water or as much as 10 lbs of water weight during a 4-hour game. Therefore, sufficient water intake is both a preventive and a therapeutic measure.

The symptoms of a kidney stone attack include sudden extreme pain in the lower back, side, or groin; blood in the urine; fever and chills; vomiting; a bad odor or cloudy appearance to the urine; and a burning sensation during urination. Any of these symptoms require evaluation by a physician. Pain in the lower back, side, or groin can also be indicative that a kidney stone is moving or that there is a serious urinary tract blockage that requires immediate medical intervention. Kidney stone episodes frequently include urinary tract infections (UTIs). Recurrent, untreated UTIs can eventually cause permanent kidney damage and reduced kidney function.

Passing a kidney stone can be as simple as drinking large amounts of liquid and running up and down stairs or jumping up and down vigorously to dislodge the stone! This practice uses the basic physics of gravity to get the stone moving so that it can be passed normally. If you know you are passing a kidney stone, try to catch it in a strainer or retrieve it so it can be examined by a nephrologist or urologist (NIDDK 1998).

Medical Intervention for Kidney Stones
Many kidney stones pass from the body on their own with no medical help. However, more complex procedures are required to assist stones that cannot be passed or to remove stones that are growing larger (NIDDK 1998). Either lithotripsy or surgical removal of the stone is used when a kidney stone is firmly lodged in the ureters, bladder, or urethra. In the past, problem kidney stones represented a significant health concern because the only way to remove them was invasive surgery with a high risk of postoperative infection. It is now possible for urologists to avoid surgery except as a last resort or when there is no other alternative. Newer methods to remove kidney stones include using ureteroscopy, tunnel surgery, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), and percutaneous lithotripsy. All of these methods break the stone into smaller pieces so that the stone can be removed or passed through the urinary tract (NIDDK 1998).

Preventing Kidney Stones
Research into the prevention of recurrent kidney stones has produced many helpful dietary guidelines, nutritional protocols, and lifestyle changes that can reduce or eliminate the potential for future kidney stones. Using these effective protocols can significantly reduce the chance of recurring kidney stones after a first episode. They may also help pass a recurrent stone faster and with less difficulty.

In 1997, a research division of a healthcare provider conducted a double-blind study with a group of 64 patients who had a history of renal calculi to determine if potassium/magnesium citrate would prevent the recurrent formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones (Ettinger et al. 1997). The patients were given 42 mEq (milliequivalent) potassium, 21 mEq magnesium, and 63 mEq citrate or a placebo daily for 3 years. New renal calculi formed in 63.6% of patients receiving the placebo. However, patients receiving the potassium/magnesium citrate protocol presented with 12.9% recurrent renal calculi. Ettinger et al. (1997) concluded that "potassium/magnesium citrate effectively prevents recurrent calcium oxalate stones, and this treatment given for up to 3 years reduces risk of recurrence by 85%."

Contrary to what was considered to be "common sense" thinking in the past, two major studies have shown that calcium should not be reduced for patients with a history of kidney stones (Takei 1998; Williams 2001). It was originally postulated that patients with a history of renal calculi should limit their intake of calcium. In fact, current recommendations from the National Institutes of Health published on their Web site continue to call for calcium-restricted diets. Such dietary changes also affect the alkali and pH of the body by calling for the restriction of foods such as apples, beets, parsley, broccoli, spinach, and pineapples. However, newer findings contradict these dietary restrictions and offer scientific evidence that uncombined intestinal oxalic acid is the real culprit for calcium oxalate kidney stones (Ohgitani 2000).

Harvard researchers studied nearly 92,000 nurses over a period of 12 years to determine the relationship between calcium intake and the occurrence of renal calculi (the well-known Harvard Nurses' Health Study). The conclusion of this massive study was that those nurses who consumed diets that were higher in calcium were at lower risk for kidney stones!

The reason that this type of dietary modification reduced the chance of kidney stones was relatively simple. A high percentage of kidney stones are comprised of calcium and oxalic acid which form calcium oxalate inside the kidneys. Oxalic acid is able to pass through the intestinal wall into the blood and enter the kidneys where it has a chance to combine with calcium. Calcium oxalate, when normally combined inside the digestive tract, does not pass through the intestinal wall and into the blood, but is eliminated with other waste products. Therefore, when oxalic acid combines with dietary calcium or supplemental calcium inside the intestinal tract, oxalic acid will never reach the kidneys and therefore calcium oxalate kidney stones cannot be formed.

The Harvard Nurses' Health Study presented the following important findings: dietary calcium intake from food or supplements reduced the risk for renal calculi; calcium supplementation must be taken with food and in small dosages (<>

Another study conducted in South Africa found that "mineral water containing calcium and magnesium deserves to be considered as a possible therapeutic or prophylactic agent in calcium oxalate kidney stone disease" (Rodgers 1997). A French mineral water containing calcium (202 ppm) and magnesium (36 ppm) was selected as the delivery method. Twenty subjects of each sex who had previously formed calcium oxalate renal calculi and 20 healthy volunteers of each sex participated in the study. Each subject provided 24-hour urine collection samples each day during the study. The mineral water was ingested over a 3-day period. Then the participants switched to tap water. The cycle was repeated at least twice by each subject. The male stone formers received the most benefit, showing nine risk factors that were favorably affected by the mineral water containing calcium and magnesium (Rogers 1997).

Recommendations from the National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (1998) include a few simple things to do to avoid kidney stones:

Drink more water. Try to drink at least 12 full glasses of water each day. Drinking extra water helps to flush substances that form stones from the kidneys.
It is not necessary to eliminate coffee, tea, and colas from your diet, but limit caffeine because it can increase fluid loss. Consider drinking ginger ale, lemon-lime soda, and fruit juices.
Follow your physician's recommendations about dietary limitations. If you form uric acid stones, your physician will probably ask you to eat less meat because meat breaks down to form uric acid.
Follow your physician's recommendations about taking medicines to prevent stone formation.

Jogging Experience

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Wed, 12 Aug 2009 03:24:00 +0000

sunday morning, i wake up in the morning, about 5.30 AM. everytime i wake up, feel so excited, fresh air.like other sunday, prepare for running (jogging), wear my favorite running shoes, the shoes is from my girlfriend acatualy :D.after all done, i'm starting running from my home to Sempur Park.

Before i see my friend at Sempur Park, i'll go running arround Botanical Garden. It is nice in here, in Bogor, Indonesia. nice weather, fresh air, nice people, nice food and i love being here.
i'm doing this activity every sunday, it's make my body fit and also can release my stress after working from monday to friday.

Running is good for your health specialy for your heart and it also help you burn your fat very fast.

Who Is At Risk for a Heart Attack?

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Sun, 26 Jul 2009 14:52:00 +0000

Certain risk factors make it more likely that you will develop coronary artery disease (CAD) and have a heart attack. Some risk factors for heart attack can be controlled, while others can't.

Major risk factors for heart attack that you can control include:

Smoking
High blood pressure
High blood cholesterol
Overweight and obesity
Physical inactivity
Diabetes (high blood sugar)

Risk factors that you can't change include:

Age. Risk increases for men older than 45 years and for women older than 55 years (or after menopause).
Family history of early CAD. Your risk increases if your father or a brother was diagnosed with CAD before 55 years of age, or if your mother or a sister was diagnosed with CAD before 65 years of age.

Certain CAD risk factors tend to occur together. When they do, it’s called metabolic syndrome. In general, a person with metabolic syndrome is twice as likely to develop heart disease and five times as likely to develop diabetes as someone without metabolic syndrome.

How Can a Heart Attack Be Prevented?

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Fri, 24 Jul 2009 14:47:00 +0000

Lowering your risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) can help you prevent a heart attack. Even if you already have CAD, you can still take steps to lower your risk of heart attack.

Reducing the risk of heart attack usually means making healthy lifestyle choices. You also may need treatment for medical conditions that raise your risk.

Healthy Lifestyle Choices

Healthy lifestyle choices to help prevent heart attack include:

Following a low-fat diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Pay careful attention to the amounts and types of fat in your diet. Lower your salt intake. These changes can help lower high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol.
Losing weight if you're overweight or obese.
Quitting smoking.
Doing physical activity to improve heart fitness. Ask your doctor how much and what kinds of physical activity are safe for you.

Treat Related Conditions

In addition to making lifestyle changes, you can help prevent heart attacks by treating conditions you have that make a heart attack more likely:

High blood cholesterol. You may need medicine to lower your cholesterol if diet and exercise aren't enough.
High blood pressure. You may need medicine to keep your blood pressure under control.
Diabetes (high blood sugar). If you have diabetes, control your blood sugar levels through diet and physical activity (as your doctor recommends). If needed, take medicine as prescribed.

Have an Emergency Action Plan

Make sure that you have an emergency action plan in case you or someone else in your family has a heart attack. This is especially important if you're at high risk or have already had a heart attack.

Talk with your doctor about the signs and symptoms of heart attack, when you should call 9–1–1, and steps you can take while waiting for medical help to arrive.

Nails Health : keep your fingernails healthy and strong

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Tue, 07 Jul 2009 01:19:00 +0000

Your nails may be small but they play an important role, serving to help protect your fingers and improve dexterity. They may also reveal clues to your general health.

Take a close look at your nails. Are they strong and healthy looking? Or do you see ridges, dents or areas of unusual color or shape? Many less than desirable nail conditions can be avoided through proper care, but some actually indicate an illness that requires attention.

Anatomy of a healthy fingernail

This illustration shows components of a healthy fingernail.

Your nails are composed of laminated layers of a protein called keratin, which is also found in your hair and skin. Each nail comprises several parts, including the:

Nail plate. The nail plate is the part of your nail that's most visible — the hard portion you see when you look at your fingernail.
Nail folds. This is skin that frames each of your nail plates on three sides.
Nail bed. Your nail bed is the skin beneath the nail plate. Cells at the base of your nail bed produce the fingernail or toenail plate and are responsible for holding on to the nail plate.
Cuticle. Your cuticle is the tissue that overlaps your nail plate at the base of your nail. It protects the new keratin cells that slowly emerge from the nail bed.
Lunula. The lunula is the whitish, half-moon shape at the base of your nail underneath the plate.

Your nails grow from the area under your cuticle (matrix), located at the base of the nail. As new cells grow, older cells become hard and compacted and are eventually pushed out toward your fingertips. Nails grow about 0.1 millimeter a day, which means that it takes a fingernail about four to six months to fully regenerate. Toenails may grow at a slightly slower rate. Healthy nails are smooth, without ridges or grooves. They're uniform in color and consistency and free of spots or discoloration.

Common nail conditions: Reading the signs

Some nail conditions are harmless. These include vertical ridges, which may become more pronounced as you age, and white lines or spots. Spots usually result from injury to the nail plate or nail bed. In time the white spots will grow out.

Other nail conditions can indicate disease. For example, yellow discoloration in your nails may result from a respiratory condition, such as chronic bronchitis, or from swelling of your hands (lymphedema) or from yeast or bacterial infection beneath the nail. If your nail pulls away from the nail bed, it could indicate psoriasis or intolerance to certain medications. Indentations that run across your nails, called Beau's lines, appear when growth at the area under your cuticle is interrupted. This might occur because of an injury or severe illness.

If you have a nail problem that persists or is associated with other signs and symptoms, make an appointment with your doctor to get it checked out. The doctor's visit typically includes an examination of your nails along with other observations and tests to make a diagnosis.

Nail care tips

No nail care product alone can give you healthy nails. But following these simple guidelines can help you keep your nails looking their best:

Don't abuse your nails. To prevent nail damage, don't use your fingernails as tools to pick, poke or pry things.
Don't bite your nails or pick at your cuticles. These habits can damage the nail bed. Even a minor cut alongside your nail can allow bacteria or fungi to enter and cause an infection (paronychia). Because your nails grow slowly, an injured nail retains signs of an injury for several months.
Protect your nails. Wear cotton-lined rubber gloves when using soap and water for prolonged periods or when using harsh chemicals.
Perform routine nail maintenance. Trim fingernails and clean under the nails regularly. Use a sharp manicure scissors or clippers and an emery board to smooth nail edges. Never pull off hangnails — doing so almost always results in ripping living tissue. Instead clip hangnails off, leaving a slight angle outward.
Moisturize your nails frequently. Nails need moisture just like your skin does. Rub lotion into your nails when moisturizing your hands. Be sure to apply a moisturizer after removing fingernail polish.

Special considerations: Manicures and weak nails

If you rely on manicures to make your nails look good, keep a few things in mind. Don't have your cuticles removed — it can lead to nail infection. Also, check to be sure that your nail technician properly sterilizes all tools used during your manicure. Using unsterilized tools may transmit viral infections, such as hepatitis B or warts.

Weak or brittle fingernails can be a challenge to toughen up. The following tips can help you protect them, making your nails less likely to split or break.

Keep your nails short, square shaped and slightly rounded on top. Trim brittle nails after a bath or a 15-minute hand soak in bath oil. Then apply a moisturizer.
Moisturize your nails and cuticles at bedtime and cover them with cotton gloves.
Apply a nail hardener, but avoid products containing toluene sulfonamide or formaldehyde. These chemicals can cause redness or irritate the skin.
Don't use nail polish remover more than twice a month. Instead, touch up the polish. When you do need a remover, avoid those that use acetone, which dries nails.
Repair splits or tears with nail glue or clear polish.

Dietary changes that supposedly strengthen nails don't work. Unless you're deficient in protein — rare among people in the United States — adding protein or calcium to your diet won't strengthen your nails. Similarly, soaking your nails in gelatin won't help either.

It's easy to neglect your nails. But a little basic nail care can go a long way to keeping your nails in healthy condition.

12 Ways to Prevent Abnormal Vaginal Discharge and Infection

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Sun, 05 Jul 2009 02:52:00 +0000

Many factors can play a role in the occurrence of vaginal infections and discharge. What can you do to reduce your risk of vaginal infections? Practicing these simple tips significantly reduces your risk of getting a vaginal infection:

Always wear white cotton panties. Cotton allows your genital area to breath, helping the vaginal are to stay dry. It's also a good idea to wear panties only during the day and not at night when you are sleeping.
Don't use vaginal douches.
Never use petroleum jelly or oils for vaginal lubrication. This can create a breeding
ground for bacteria to grow.
If you are being treated for a vaginal infection, use all the medication as directed even if you think you are better.
Don’t have sexual intercourse during treatment for a vaginal infection and until you have no more symptoms.
Avoid vaginal contact with products that can irritate the vagina such as feminine hygiene products, perfumed or deodorant soaps, powders, lotions, and bubble baths.
Always avoid prolonged wearing of tight-fitting clothing such as bathing suits, exercise wear, pantyhose, or slacks.
Many times, vaginal infections cause intense itching – don’t scratch! Itching infected, inflamed areas will only make things worse.
If your period starts while you are using vaginal creams or suppositories, continue your regular medication schedule during your period and don’t use tampons – use pads instead.
If you are self-treating a vaginal infection and your symptoms are not improved after treatment, see your health care provider for a vaginal exam. Don’t use any vaginal products or treatments for 48 hours before your appointment.
Always use condoms during sexual intercourse unless you are in a long-term monogamous relationship.
Always wipe from front to back after urination or having a bowel movement. Improper wiping easily spreads bacteria to the vagina and may lead to vaginal discharge and infection.

Of course good basic hygiene, plenty of sleep, and well-rounded nutrition with an appropriate fluid intake are always good idea for vaginal health, as well as for your overall health and well-being.

Loving Someone With Depression: Offering Support

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Thu, 02 Jul 2009 09:12:00 +0000

Trying to offer support to a friend or loved one with depression can be hard. You may not know how to act. You may worry that you'll say the wrong thing. Here are some suggestions about how to offer positive support.

Don't ask your loved one to snap out of it. Depression is a real illness. People who are depressed can't just "pull themselves together" and feel better. Recovering from depression takes time and treatment. Think about it: You wouldn't ask someone with cancer to snap out of it. Depression is just as real and just as serious an illness.
Listen. Right now, what your loved one with depression may need most is someone to listen. Don't dismiss his or her concerns. Don't assume that you know what he or she is going through. Just listen.
Encourage your depressed loved one to be more active. Most people who are depressed isolate themselves. Isolation can make things worse. So gently encourage your friend with depression to get out more. Suggest that you do things together. Invite your loved one out to dinner or to a walk around the neighborhood.
Don't push too hard. Be encouraging but not forceful. Don't make demands. People who are depressed feel overwhelmed as it is. If you're always pushing, a person with depression may pull back more. So if your friend or loved one declines your invitations, don't force the issue. Instead, just give it a little time and then ask again. Be persistent but gentle.
Encourage your loved one to stick with treatment. It's key that your loved one with depression stay on his or her medication and get regular checkups. He or she may also need encouragement to eat well, get enough sleep, and stay away from alcohol and drugs. You could also offer to go with your loved one to therapy or health care appointments.
Create a stable environment. Reducing stress around the home can help a person with depression. Try to get your loved one on a schedule, so he or she knows what to expect each day.
Emphasize that your loved one will feel better. Because of depression, your loved one may feel hopeless. Be reassuring. Depression distorts a person's perception of the world. But with time and treatment, your friend or loved one will see clearly again.

Vagina Health Tips for a Sweet Smell & Optimum Health

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Sun, 21 Jun 2009 02:48:00 +0000

All women need to be aware of their vagina’s health. Keeping it healthy means you will avoid infections and also have a pleasant odor and the tips enclosed will ensure that you have optimum vagina health

A healthy vagina is home to a huge variety of minute organisms. Normally, they live harmoniously in an acidic environment that prevents the overproduction of any one species in the vagina and helps combat foreign bodies that can infect it.

Vaginal infections are common and occur when the delicate balance is disrupted can cause discomfort in the area and unpleasant smells.

Firstly, the health of a women’s Vagina and the smell are influenced by overall lifestyle, diet and weight.

If you follow the tips below you can ensure a healthy vagina so here they are:

1. Your Overall Diet

Eat a healthy diet. Cigarettes alcohol and drugs should be eliminated if you can or cut down, as should heavily spiced foods and junk food.

Try and eat as naturally as possible (food free of additives) and make sure you drink lots of water.
What you put into your body comes out in its secretions and the vagina is the same. Ever noticed how your sweat smells differently after eating spiced food, then you will realize why this is so important.

2. Cleaning

Odor-producing bacteria can thrive on the vulva and need to be cleaned off regularly to prevent vaginal inflections and prevent odors.

Washing the genital area daily with a simple, fragrance-free soap is normally enough to keep the vagina area clean and fresh.

Your vagina self-cleans itself so douching is not required.

Furthermore, douching upsets the delicate balance between good and bad bacteria in the vaginal ecosystem and can actually be harmful.

Because infections such as yeasts are found in the intestine, it is important after going to the toilet to wipe front to back i.e. you need to wipe the vagina area first and the rectum last!

During sex it is also very important to avoid contamination of the vagina area with organisms and bodies from the bowel, or rectum area.

3. Clothes to wear

To prevent vaginal infections and keep your vagina healthy make sure your clothing allows the area to breath. To do this avoids tight garments and fabrics containing a high percentage of synthetic fibers such as nylon.

Remember, that tampons and diaphragms left for too long in the vagina can create a very strong unpleasant odor as well.

4. Safe sex

Finally, if you don’t know your partner very well, always Use a condom and a spermicidal to reduce the chances of infection and disease.

If you are unlucky enough to get an infection, the symptoms are outlined below of three of the most common ones.

The good news is that to reclaim a healthy vagina is easy, if you are alerted to the problem and take action.

1. Bacterial vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) accounts for more than 50% of all vagina related health visits.

About half of all women with BV vaginal infections have no obvious symptoms.

The most common symptom is a thin, white to light grey discharge with an offensive fishy like smell that is extremely unpleasant.

The odor is strongest when the discharge is exposed to any alkaline substance and this includes soap and semen, it will therefore be at its strongest and most obvious after cleaning or sex.

BV is easy to treat and is normally treated by a course of antibiotics prescribed by a doctor.

2. Yeast

Although yeast infections are probably the most common type of vaginal infection, many women never bother to seek help.

Most simply recover naturally and others treat themselves with anti-fungal vaginal creams available without prescription from the chemist.

Symptoms of yeast infections include:

Vulvar itching combined with irritation in the vagina area and redness.

If the urinary opening becomes inflamed, urination will increase and discomfort will be present.
If the infection is severe, the vulva will swell and fine breaks, called fissures occur. This causes vaginal discharges to become thicker and whiter.

Yeast infections are the result of excessive growth of a family of fungi that normally live in any healthy vagina, but when they increase the balance of the vagina is upset and problems occur.

The most common infection is vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), which is usually caused by a fungus named Candida albicans.

There are two types of VVC:

Uncomplicated, a mild infection that responds to therapy. Or recurrent which, is more severe and often occurs in women who have diabetes or are infected with less treatable forms of yeast, such as Candida glabratia.

Recurrent VVC, normaly occurs more than four times a year and needs a long initial treatment of around two weeks and then a follow-up therapy course for up to 6 months or longer.

Certain factors are common causes such as nylon and Lycra clothing that traps heat and moisture, so be aware of our clothing tips for a healthy vagina we noted earlier.

Other common causes include:

Obesity, pregnancy, diabetes and suppression of the immune system during illnesses, the use of oral contraceptives, and eating excessive amounts of sugars, starch, and yeasts.

If you do have a yeast vaginal infection, your doctor will ordinarily treat you with either prescription or nonprescription antifungal creams and suppositories referred to earlier.

If you have a problem get professional help and you will soon have a healthy vagina. Do not ignore symptoms or think they will go away get help quickly.

3. Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis, or "trich," is a sexually transmitted vaginal infection suffered by a huge amount of women worldwide and this runs into tens of millions.
While infection with trichomoniasis can be uncomfortable, it is not in anyway a serious threat to overall health.

The symptoms are normally vulvar and vaginal burning and itching. The burning is normally at its height after intercourse.

In addition, there may be vulvar swelling and frequent and uncomfortable urination.
There is a heavy vaginal discharge, usually yellowish or green, which may or may not have an offensive smell.

The trichomonad is a minute parasite. It has three tails at its narrow end and swims with them and the white blood cells of the body follow.

These blood cells literally chase down the trichomonad and kill it by eating it.

Symptoms occur only when the body's natural defense are swamped by with sheer number of reproducing trichomonads and the white blood cells cannot cope.

Trichomoniasis is usually easily diagnosed and antibiotic treatment cures it in the majority of cases.

Follow the tips above for a healthy vagina and if you do have a problem don’t worry or be embarrassed simply seek help quickly and clear up the problem, in the vast majority of cases treatment is quick, easy and painless

What you have to do and don't for your Brain

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Fri, 19 Jun 2009 02:44:00 +0000

Follow these tips to help keep your brain—and your body—vibrant and healthy throughout your life…

Do:

Exercise your body regularly and get involved in physically active leisure pursuits
Keep your mind exercised! Engage in active learning throughout life and pursue new experiences
Stay socially engaged with friends, family and community groups
Maintain a positive attitude and a sense of control over your life
Take steps to manage stress
Eat a balanced diet, and focus on brain-healthy foods that are rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, and consider taking a multivitamin supplement that includes antioxidants and folate
Mind your numbers: Lose any extra pounds, lower your cholesterol if it is high, and keep your blood glucose and blood pressure under control
Get adequate sleep
Get proper medical attention and treatment for any underlying health problems

Don't:

Drink to excess, smoke, or use illicit drugs
Ignore sudden changes in mental status (but don't be overly concerned about normal slips of memory like forgetting names or where you put the keys)
Avoid going to the doctor if you notice changes in your physical or mental health
Overlook the possibility of drug interactions that can affect mental functioning, especially if you are taking more than one prescription medication
Become isolated in your home
Think you're too old to take up something new!

Is Your Body Ready For Pregnancy When You Have Diabetes?

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Thu, 18 Jun 2009 02:37:00 +0000

Thinking about having a baby? When you have diabetes, preconception planning can help you have a healthier pregnancy.

You have diabetes and you're thinking about having a baby. Naturally, you're concerned about the risks associated with pregnancy and diabetes. But there's good news! If you control your blood sugar level before and during pregnancy, the odds of having a healthy baby are superb.

Is your body ready for pregnancy?

Before you conceive, see your doctor for a physical exam. Mention your interest in pregnancy. If you take oral diabetes medication, you may need to switch to insulin or make other changes to your diabetes treatment plan before you conceive. If you have high blood pressure or signs of eye, nerve or kidney disease — or other diabetes complications that may be aggravated by pregnancy — you may need treatment before conception.

Your doctor also may suggest scheduling preconception appointments with an obstetrician who specializes in high-risk pregnancies, a diabetes educator, a registered dietitian or other specialists.

Focus on blood sugar control

Controlling your blood sugar level is the best way to prevent diabetes complications. When it comes to pregnancy and diabetes, blood sugar control is more important than ever — even months before you conceive.

Your baby's brain, spinal cord, heart and other organs begin forming soon after conception, even before you know you're pregnant. If you have poor blood sugar control during the earliest days of pregnancy, your baby's risk of birth defects — particularly those affecting the brain, spine and heart — increases significantly. But if you manage your blood sugar level before you conceive, the risk of birth defects is nearly the same as if you didn't have diabetes.

Good blood sugar control also can reduce the risk of miscarriage and stillbirth, the other primary concerns for pregnancy and diabetes.

Your doctor will help you establish your target blood sugar range for now and early in pregnancy. The goal is to keep your blood sugar level as close to normal as possible.

Remember healthy-eating principles

Your diabetes diet probably includes plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. You can eat the same foods as you're planning for pregnancy. If you're having trouble keeping your blood sugar level in your target range or you want to lose excess pounds before pregnancy, you may want to consult a registered dietitian. The dietitian can help you customize your diabetes meal plan to meet your pre-pregnancy needs.

To help fill any nutritional gaps, take a daily prenatal vitamin — ideally starting a few months before conception.

Include physical activity in your daily routine

Physical activity is another important part of your diabetes treatment plan, even during pregnancy. During your preconception appointment, get your doctor's OK to exercise. Then choose activities you enjoy, such as walking, swimming or biking. What's most important is making physical activity part of your daily routine. Aim for at least 30 minutes of aerobic exercise most days of the week. Stretching and strength training exercises are important, too. If you haven't been active for a while, start slowly and build up gradually.

Remember that physical activity affects blood sugar. Check your blood sugar level before any activity, especially if you take insulin. You might need to eat a snack before exercising to help prevent low blood sugar.

Know what's off-limits

When you're planning your pregnancy, don't:

Skip doses of insulin
Smoke
Drink alcohol
Use illicit drugs

Patience pays off

Preparing for pregnancy may take months. In fact, the American Diabetes Association recommends maintaining good blood sugar control for three to six months before attempting to conceive. Your doctor may want you to reach a specific A1C level — a reflection of your blood sugar level for the two to three months before the test — before pregnancy.

Until your doctor gives you the green light for pregnancy, remember to use birth control. The wait may seem long, but the result is priceless — a healthier pregnancy for you and your baby.

Pregnancy : Pregnancy after 35 Healthy moms, healthy babies

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Tue, 16 Jun 2009 02:33:00 +0000

Many women are delaying pregnancy well into their 30s and beyond — and delivering healthy babies. Take good care of yourself as you prepare for baby's arrival.

If you're older than 35 and hoping to get pregnant, you're in good company. Many women are delaying pregnancy well into their 30s and beyond — and delivering healthy babies. Take special care to give your baby the best start.

Understand the risks

The biological clock is a fact of life — but there's nothing magical about age 35. It's simply the age that's considered the threshold for various risks. For example:

It may take longer to get pregnant. You're born with all the eggs you'll ever have. As you reach your early 30s, the eggs tend to decline in quality — and you may ovulate less frequently, even if you're still having regular periods. Does this mean you can't get pregnant? Of course not. It may simply take longer. If you're older than 35 and have been unable to conceive for six months, you may want to consult your health care provider for advice.
You're more likely to have a multiple pregnancy. Age-related hormonal changes may cause you to release more than one egg at a time, which boosts the odds of conceiving nonidentical (fraternal) twins. The use of assisted reproductive technologies — such as in vitro fertilization — also may play a role. Since these procedures typically enhance ovulation, they're more likely to result in twins or other multiples.
You're more likely to develop gestational diabetes. This type of diabetes occurs only during pregnancy, and it's more common as women get older. Tight control of blood sugar through diet, exercise and other lifestyle measures is essential. Sometimes, medication is needed as well.
You may need a C-section. Many factors may be at play here. Older mothers have a higher risk of pregnancy-related complications — such as high blood pressure, gestational diabetes and placenta previa. These problems can lead to a C-section delivery. Labor problems tend to be more common in first-time mothers older than age 35. And if you're carrying twins or other multiples, you'll likely need a C-section.
The risk of chromosome abnormalities is higher. Babies born to older mothers have a higher risk of certain chromosome problems, such as Down syndrome.
The risk of miscarriage is higher. The risk of miscarriage also increases as you get older — perhaps due to the higher likelihood of chromosomal abnormalities.

Make healthy choices

Taking good care of yourself is the best way to take care of your baby. Pay special attention to the basics.

Make a preconception appointment. Meet with your health care provider before you conceive to make sure your body is prepared for the task ahead. He or she will assess your overall health and discuss lifestyle changes that may improve your chances for a healthy pregnancy and baby. The preconception appointment is a great time to address any concerns you may have about fertility or pregnancy at your age. Ask the best ways to boost the odds of conception — and the options if you have trouble conceiving.
Seek regular prenatal care. During pregnancy, regular prenatal visits help your health care provider monitor your health and your baby's health. Mention any signs or symptoms that concern you, even if they seem silly or unimportant. Talking to your health care provider is likely to put your mind at ease.
Eat healthfully. During pregnancy, you'll need more folic acid, calcium, iron, protein and other essential nutrients. If you're already eating healthfully, keep it up. A daily prenatal vitamin that contains at least 1 milligram of folic acid — ideally starting a few months before conception — can help fill any gaps.
Gain weight wisely. Gaining the right amount of weight can support your baby's health — and make it easier to shed the extra pounds after delivery. A weight gain of 25 to 35 pounds is often recommended for women who have a healthy weight before pregnancy. If you're overweight before you conceive, you may need to gain less weight. If you're carrying twins or triplets, you may need to gain more weight. Work with your health care provider to determine what's right for you.
Stay physically active. Unless your health care provider prescribes bed rest, pregnancy can be a great time to get active. Exercise can help ease or even prevent discomfort, boost your energy level and improve your overall health. Perhaps best of all, it can help you prepare for labor and childbirth by increasing your stamina and muscle strength. Get your health care provider's OK before starting or continuing an exercise program, especially if you have a medical condition or history of preterm labor.
Avoid risky substances. Alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs are off-limits during pregnancy. Even moderate alcohol use can harm your developing baby. Smoking increases the risk of preterm birth, problems with the placenta and low birth weight. And drugs you take can pass from you to your baby, sometimes with devastating effects. Even prescription and over-the-counter medications deserve caution. Clear any medications or supplements with your health care provider ahead of time.
Learn about prenatal testing for chromosomal abnormalities. Diagnostic tests such as chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis provide information about your baby's chromosomes or the risk of specific chromosomal abnormalities, but at a very small risk of miscarriage. Your health care provider can help you weigh this risk against the value you place in knowing the test results. Although most prenatal tests simply confirm that a baby is healthy, it's important to be prepared for other possibilities.

Look toward the future

The choices you make now — even before conception — can have a lasting effect on your baby. Think of pregnancy as an opportunity to nurture your baby and prepare for the exciting changes ahead.

Pick the Perfect Gift for Baby

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Wed, 10 Jun 2009 08:20:00 +0000

Whether you're buying a gift for a baby shower, birthday, holiday or just because, the options for baby gifts in retail stores are endless. This guide will help friends and family choose the perfect gifts for babies of all ages.

There is so many store which is supply for this stuff. you can buying by traditional ways like go to Babies Store or modern ways like Buying babies stuff online.

for you who has so many activities and doesn't have much time to goto babies store. maybe you can choose the second one.

you can pick any product you want, but you have to consider some tips :

What event : you can buying a gift base on what event, it can be baby birth, birth day, first time school, etc.
How old the babies : you can buying a gift base on how old the babies or Toddler.
Season : you can buying a gift base on what season. is it summer, winter, auntum or spring.
for a girls or a boys?
etc.

A Great Holiday in Cornwall

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Fri, 24 Apr 2009 13:18:00 +0000

On the very south-western tip of England lies the beautiful county of Cornwall. With a delightful mix of superb beaches (among the best in Britain), outstanding scenery and charming towns, villages and cities, Cornwall has something to offer every traveller. We managed to have a family holiday at the end of August 2008 and rent a charming cottage in cornwall via Cornish Cottages. We have so many experience, they have a great places, food, beach, etc. i'm so excited when we decide to go to cornwall. Besides me and my girl friend, my friend also go to cornwall but in a different place my friend and his girl friend go for camping in South West Cornwall (the area known as West Penwith), they say they enjoy visiting south west because it is like leaving your "baggage" at home and going away to "the edge of the world". It is a great to be there, great for our health. To relax, releasing stress. Away from city activity with so many polution. we have agreat Maybe you should try one day.

Baby - Breastfeeding for beginners

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Tue, 27 Jan 2009 16:16:00 +0000

Why breast is best

Breast milk is the best food for your baby. Ask any health professional, and they will respond that the healthiest way to feed an infant is to breastfeed her. Studies show that breastfeeding exclusively for at least three months may help prevent gastroenteritis in babies. If you do so for at least four months, you may be able to lower your baby's risk of respiratory illness and catching ear infections.

Breastmilk is a complete food source; it contains all the nutrients your baby needs - at least 400 of them - including hormones and disease-fighting compounds absent in infant milk formula. Remarkably, its nutritional make-up even adjusts to your baby's needs as she grows and develops. And apart from the brain-building, infection-fighting benefits of mother's milk, which no formula can duplicate, breastfeeding can help to build a special bond between you and your baby. When you breastfeed, your child thrives on the skin-to-skin contact, the cuddling, and the holding. You will, too.

Preparing for breastfeeding

You can't really prepare your nipples for the experience of breastfeeding, but you can, and should, prepare your mind. It helps to learn as much about breastfeeding as you can before your baby is born. Dads should learn as much as possible, too, so they can support and encourage their breastfeeding partners.

How to breastfeed

Since feeds can take anything from seven to 40 minutes, pick a comfortable place for breastfeeding. Atmosphere is very important, especially in the early days of breastfeeding when you're still trying to get the hang of it. If you are easily distracted and disrupted by noise, find somewhere quiet. If you are easily bored, you may want to feed in front of the television, but only if breastfeeding is going well for you and your baby. Try different spots until you find what works for you.

Hold your baby in a position that won't leave your arms and back sore. Add support around you with plenty of cushions. Many women find the cradle position works well, although it really depends on what is most comfortable for you. Get yourself and your baby in a relaxed position before you start feeding. Pay attention to how your breasts feel when your baby latches on. She should take in a big mouthful of breast tissue. If latching on hurts, break the suction - by inserting your little finger between your baby's gums and your nipple - and try again. Once your baby latches on properly, she will be able to do the rest.

Problems you may encounter

Although women have breastfed their babies for centuries, it isn't always easy. Many women face difficulties in the early days. In the first six weeks, as your milk supply adjusts and your baby learns how to breastfeed, you may suffer from:

• Engorgement: overfull breasts
• Mastitis: an inflammation of the breast
• Sore nipples

What you may be feeling

Some women adjust to breastfeeding easily, encountering no major hurdles. But many new mothers find it hard to learn - so if you're feeling discouraged, remember that you're not the only one. If you feel like giving up (or just want professional advice), contact a breastfeeding counsellor or infant feeding specialist. These experts in the art of breastfeeding can watch you feed your baby and make recommendations.The National Childbirth Trust, La Leche LeagueThe Breastfeeding Network can all put you in touch with skilled supporters. Also, talk to your GP, health visitor or midwife about any health concerns that may impede successful breastfeeding.

Breastfeeding takes practice. Give yourself as much time as you need to get it down to a fine art. Take it a day, a week or even just a feed at a time. If you're having a bad feeding day, tell yourself that tomorrow will be better. And keep in mind that any problems you are having are likely to be temporary. By the time of your six-week check, you'll probably be breastfeeding without giving it a second thought. If not, don't hesitate to ask for support.
and

Breastfeeding in public

Although you may feel shy about breastfeeding in front of other people, it is not illegal to do so in public. In Scotland, mothers have a right to breastfeed in public, but this is still yet to be made law in the rest of the UK. However, you can't be expected to run home every time your baby needs to eat. Some tops are designed to allow you to breastfeed discreetly. Avoid shirts that you have to unbutton as they will make you feel very exposed – stretchy tops you can pull up work well. Draping a scarf or blanket over your shoulder and chest as your baby feeds also helps you feed more discreetly in public (make sure your child is still able to breathe easily).

Some larger shops have mother and baby rooms where you can sit comfortably and feed alongside others. Other councils also produce leaflets on places where you are welcome to breastfeed. And, if all else fails, you can always throw modesty to the wind and do what you have to do, because feeding your baby when she's hungry is your first priority. Soon, when breastfeeding becomes more familiar, you won't think twice about feeding your baby in public.

What you need to buy

You will need to buy at least two breastfeeding bras. These provide the extra support that your larger-than-usual breasts need. They come with hooks or zips that you can easily undo when you need to feed. Ensure that they are properly fitted and that any flaps open completely. If only a small part of the breast is exposed, the bra may push against you and cause blocked ducts. You may want to wait until after you give birth to make this purchase, to make sure you get a bra that fits perfectly, but many department stores have staff who are trained to fit nursing bras after 36 weeks.

Some mothers find that their breasts have a tendency to leak when they're lactating. Another baby's cry or the sight of an infant can stimulate milk flow, sometimes at inopportune moments. Make sure you have a good supply of breast pads. You can stock up on washable pads, or buy disposable ones.

Can I breastfeed after I go back to work?

Yes. Going back to work doesn't have to mean the end of breastfeeding. In fact, mothers who work outside the home are often able to feed their babies for as long as they want. You may want to express milk at work or breastfeed only when you are with your baby. Both are possible.

Baby - Bathing your baby

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Sun, 25 Jan 2009 16:02:00 +0000

How often should I bath my baby?

Although some parents bath their babies every day, until yours is crawling around and getting into things, a daily bath isn't really necessary (Kuller et al 2001). Many parents and babies love bath time but there is no evidence that suggests babies must have a daily bath (Kuller et al 2001). It's up to you and your baby really. The overuse of strong cleansers and even tap water can damage the developing skin of newborns (Gfatter et al 1997, Yosipovitch et al 2000). Look for gentle pH neutral cleansers or mild soaps designed especially for babies and use them sparingly in the first few weeks.

Washing his face frequently and thoroughly, cleaning his genital area after each nappy change, and cleaning off any other obvious muck, will be enough to keep him clean between baths (Kuller et al 2001). When you do bath him, you may find it a little scary to handle your little one when he's all soapy and slippery, so keep a good grip. Most babies find the warm water very soothing.

Where should I bath my baby?

Instead of using a standard bath, which requires you to kneel or lean awkwardly over your baby and gives you less control over his movements, it makes sense to use the kitchen sink or a small plastic baby bath.

What's the best way to give my baby a bath?

Here's how to do it and what you'll need to make baby-bathing easy. With any luck, his bath will become one of the most enjoyable parts of your days together:

1. Assemble all necessary bath accessories.

2. Make sure the room is warm and the bath water is comfortably warm but not hot; about 38 degrees Centrigrade / 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit has been shown to help babies to retain body heat (Kuller et al 2001).

3. For newborns and babies up to six months old, fill the bath with about five inches of water, or enough to allow your baby to settle in the water with his shoulders well covered (Kuller et al 2001). Never fill the bath more than waist-high (in sitting position) for older children.

4. Bring your baby to the bath area and undress him completely.

5. Gradually slip your baby into the bath, using one hand to support his neck and head.

6. Use soap sparingly as you wash him with your hand or a flannel or sponge from top to bottom, front to back. Use moistened cotton wool to clean his eyes and face. As for your baby's genitals, a routine wash is all that is needed. If dried mucus has collected in the corner of your baby's nostrils or eyes, dab it several times with a small section of a moistened cotton wool to soften it before you wipe it out.

7. Rinse your baby thoroughly with a clean flannel.

8. Wrap your baby in a towel and pat him dry. If his skin is dry, or if he has a bit of nappy rash, you may want to apply a mild moisturising lotion after his bath.

Pregnancy - Premature labour

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Fri, 23 Jan 2009 15:52:00 +0000

What does premature mean?

In medical terms, a premature birth is when a baby arrives before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy. Figures from the Department of Health (1997) show that six to seven per cent of babies in the UK are born prematurely each year. A baby who arrives at 36 weeks is unlikely to have any problems, although he may be a bit small and may possibly have some breathing difficulties. However, babies who are born earlier than this still have a lot of growing to do and their internal organs need to mature. They may be quite weak and find sucking and breathing difficult. Babies born as early as 22 to 25 weeks now stand a good chance of survival, but more than half will have disabilities ranging from mild to severe (Wood et al 2000).

Am I at risk of giving birth prematurely?

It is still very difficult for doctors to predict whether a healthy woman will go into labour prematurely. There is evidence to show that the presence of certain bacteria in the urine, even if there are no signs of infection, makes premature labour more likely. Because of this, it is now recommended that all women have their urine tested for bacteria early in pregnancy. Treating the infection seems to reduce the risk of premature labour (Smaill 2004). The vagina can also contain bacteria, which are thought to precipitate premature birth. Unfortunately, an overview of the research has concluded that giving antibiotics to get rid of these bacteria when they are not causing any symptoms of infection does not help prevent premature birth (McDonald et al 2004).

Possible risk factors for premature birth

There are a number of other risk factors. Remember that you could have all of these and still carry your baby the full nine months, or you could have none and still give birth prematurely. The risks factors are:

• Infections of the vagina and urinary tract

• Expecting twins or more

• Smoking

• Using recreational drugs, such as cannabis, ecstasy or cocaine

• Living in poverty

• Being the victim of domestic violence

• Some abnormalities of the uterus

• Previous surgery to the cervix

• Previous terminations of pregnancy (abortion)

• Previous miscarriages, especially between 16 and 24 weeks

• Previous premature birth

• Changing partner between your first two babies (Vatten & Skjaerven 2003, England 2003: 786, Tommy's 2004)

What should I do if I think I'm in premature labour?

If your waters break, or you start having contractions before 37 weeks of pregnancy, contact your midwife, doctor or hospital immediately. Even if it's the middle of the night, don't wait until morning - get on the phone straightaway! You will almost certainly be asked to come into the hospital. Don't drive yourself. If you have nobody to give you a lift, explain the problem to the hospital and they will send an ambulance for you.

At the hospital

You will be given a vaginal examination to see whether your cervix is shortening and opening.

A number of tests may be carried out to check for infection:

• urine test

• vaginal swab

• blood test

• amniocentesis

You may be offered a vaginal ultrasound scan to see how long your cervix is. A short cervix may indicate that labour has started. Another test is for a substance called fetal fibronectin in the fluid in your vagina. Finding this substance often indicates that the baby will be born soon.

If your doctors are not certain whether you are in labour, you will be admitted to the antenatal ward for observation.

Doctors can't stop labour if it's really underway and resting won't help either. However, if you are less than 34 weeks pregnant, your doctors can offer you a drug to delay the birth for a short while so that there is time to transfer you to a hospital with an intensive baby care unit (King et al 2004). You will also be offered steroid drugs to help your baby's lungs mature. A baby's lungs are not ready to breathe air until about 36 weeks of pregnancy, so, if he is born before then, he may have breathing difficulties. Steroid injections help his lungs to mature more quickly (Crowley 2004).

If you are more than 34 weeks pregnant, your doctors will probably allow labour to continue at its own pace. Your baby is likely to do very well even though he will be small (see When your baby is born, below).

What is a premature labour like?

It's probably hard to describe the shock of finding that you are going to give birth several months earlier than you had anticipated. You will naturally feel very worried, and perhaps out of control because of all the medical attention you are receiving. Do ask your midwives and doctors to explain everything to you.

Your baby's heartbeat will be monitored throughout labour, probably using electronic transducers strapped to your tummy. If you want some pain relief, you will be advised against pethidine because this drug can affect your baby's breathing. An epidural is a better option.

Just because labour is premature does not mean that you will have to have a caesarean section. However, a caesarean might be necessary if you have gone into labour following a haemorrhage or your baby seems to be in severe distress.

When your baby is born

If your baby is born before 34 weeks, he may need to go immediately to the Special Care or Intensive Care Baby Unit. You might only have a brief glimpse of him before he is whisked away. This is very frightening and you will need the support of your midwife who will understand how you are feeling.

You can see your baby as frequently as you want. You may feel that there is nothing you can do for him, but this isn't true. You can still change his nappy, stroke him, talk to him, and perhaps hold and feed him. Remember that he needs the special comfort that only his Mum and Dad can give him every bit as much as he needs medical help.

A baby born between 34 and 37 weeks may not need any medical treatment. He may be able to go straight to the postnatal ward with you. Or he may be admitted with you to a special ward where there is a high ratio of staff to mothers and you are given extra help with your baby. You may be encouraged to carry him close to your breasts. This seems to provide just the right physical and emotional conditions for your baby to grow quickly.

(Read more about caring for your premature baby.)

Will I give birth prematurely next time?

If you have already had one premature birth you are at an increased risk of having another premature baby (Campbell and Lees 2000: 279). Tommy's, the baby charity, says there is about a 15 per cent chance that your next baby will also be premature (Tommy's 2004). At the moment, doctors do not know how to prevent a woman giving birth prematurely. However, if you smoke or use recreational drugs, giving up will certainly reduce the risk. At least next time round, you will be able to make preparations for the possibility that your baby may arrive early. Your midwife will monitor your pregnancy closely and will help you cope with the anxiety you are bound to feel.

Encyclopedia of Medicine - Malaria

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Tue, 13 Jan 2009 07:57:00 +0000

Definition

Malaria is a serious, infectious disease spread by certain mosquitoes. It is most common in tropical climates. It is characterized by recurrent symptoms of chills, fever, and an enlarged spleen. The disease can be treated with medication, but it often recurs. Malaria is endemic (occurs frequently in a particular locality) in many third world countries. Isolated, small outbreaks sometimes occur within the boundaries of the United States.

Description

Malaria is not a serious problem in the United States. Within the last 10 years, only about 1200 cases have been reported each year in this country, mostly by people who were infected elsewhere. Locally transmitted malaria has occurred in California, Florida, Texas, Michigan, New Jersey, and New York City. While malaria can be transmitted in blood, the American blood supply is not screened for malaria. Widespread malarial epidemics are far less likely to occur in the United States, but small, localized epidemics could return to the western world.

The picture is far more bleak outside the territorial boundaries of the United States. A recent government panel warned that disaster looms over Africa from the disease. Malaria infects between 300 and 500 million people every year in Africa, India, southeast Asia, the Middle East, Oceania, and Central and South America. About 2 million of the infected die each year. Most of the cases and almost all of the deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. At the present time, malaria kills about twice as many people as does AIDS. As many as half a billion people worldwide are left with chronic anemia due to malaria infection. In some parts of Africa, people battle up to 40 or more separate episodes of malaria in their lifetimes. The spread of malaria is becoming even more serious as the parasites that cause malaria develop resistance to the drugs used to treat the condition.

Causes & symptoms

Human malaria is caused by four different species of a parasite called plasmodium:Plasmodium falciparum (the most deadly), P.vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. The last two are fairly uncommon. Many animals can get malaria but human malaria does not spread to animals. In turn, animal malaria does not spread to humans.

A person gets malaria when bitten by a female mosquito who is looking for a blood meal and is infected with the malaria parasite. The parasites enter the blood stream and travel to the liver, where they multiply. When they re-emerge into the blood, symptoms appear. By the time a patient shows symptoms, the parasites have reproduced very rapidly, clogging blood vessels and rupturing blood cells.

Malaria cannot be casually transmitted directly from one person to another. Instead, a mosquito bites an infected person and then passes the infection on to the next human it bites. It is also possible to spread malaria via contaminated needles or in blood transfusions. This is why all blood donors are carefully screened with questionnaires for possible exposure to malaria.

The amount of time between the mosquito bite and the appearance of symptoms varies, depending on the strain of parasite involved. The incubation period is usually between 8 and 12 days for falciparum malaria, but it can be as long as a month for the other types. Symptoms from some strains of P.vivax may not appear until 8-10 months after the mosquito bite occurred.

The primary symptom of all types of malaria is the "malaria ague" (chills and fever). In most cases, the fever has three stages, beginning with uncontrollable shivering for an hour or two, followed by a rapid spike in temperature (as high as 106°F), which lasts three to six hours. Then, just as suddenly, the patient begins to sweat profusely, which will quickly bring down the fever. Other symptoms may include fatigue, severe headache, or nausea and vomiting. As the sweating subsides, the patient typically feels exhausted and falls asleep. In many cases, this cycle of chills, fever, and sweating occurs every other day, or every third day, and may last for between a week and a month. Those with the chronic form of malaria may have a relapse as long as 50 years after the initial infection.

Falciparum malaria is far more severe than other types of malaria because the parasite attacks all red blood cells, not just the young or old cells, as do other types. It causes the red blood cells to become very "sticky." A patient with this type of malaria can die within hours of the first symptoms. The fever is prolonged. So many red blood cells are destroyed that they block the blood vessels in vital organs (especially the kidneys), and the spleen becomes enlarged. There may be brain damage, leading to coma and convulsions. The kidneys and liver may fail.

Malaria in pregnancy can lead to premature delivery, miscarriage, or stillbirth.

Certain kinds of mosquitoes (called anopheles) can pick up the parasite by biting an infected human. (The more common kinds of mosquitoes in the United States do not transmit the infection.) This is true for as long as that human has parasites in his/her blood. Since strains of malaria do not protect against each other, it is possible to be reinfected with the parasites again and again. It is also possible to develop a chronic infection without developing an effective immune response.

Diagnosis

Malaria is diagnosed by examining blood under a microscope. The parasite can be seen in the blood smears on a slide. These blood smears may need to be repeated over a 72-hour period in order to make a diagnosis. Antibody tests are not usually helpful because many people developed antibodies from past infections, and the tests may not be readily available.

Anyone who becomes ill with chills and fever after being in an area where malaria exists must see a doctor and mention their recent travel to endemic areas. A person with the above symptoms who has been in a high-risk area should insist on a blood test for malaria. The doctor may believe the symptoms are just the common flu virus. Malaria is often misdiagnosed by North American doctors who are not used to seeing the disease. Delaying treatment of falciparum malaria can be fatal.

Treatment

Falciparum malaria is a medical emergency that must be treated in the hospital. The type of drugs, the method of giving them, and the length of the treatment depend on where the malaria was contracted and how sick the patient is.

For all strains except falciparum, the treatment for malaria is usually chloroquine (Aralen) by mouth for three days.

Those falciparum strains suspected to be resistant to chloroquine are usually treated with a combination of quinine and tetracycline. In countries where quinine resistance is developing, other treatments may include clindamycin (Cleocin), mefloquin (Lariam), or sulfadoxone/pyrimethamine (Fansidar). Most patients receive an antibiotic for seven days. Those who are very ill may need intensive care and intravenous (IV) malaria treatment for the first three days.

Anyone who acquired falciparum malaria in the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Central America west of the Panama Canal, the Middle East, or Egypt can still be cured with chloroquine. Almost all strains of falciparum malaria in Africa, South Africa, India, and southeast Asia are now resistant to chloroquine. In Thailand and Cambodia, there are strains of falciparum malaria that have some resistance to almost all known drugs.

A patient with falciparum malaria needs to be hospitalized and given antimalarial drugs in different combinations and doses depending on the resistance of the strain. The patient may need IV fluids, red blood cell transfusions, kidney dialysis, and assistance breathing.

A drug called primaquine may prevent relapses after recovery from P. vivax or P. ovale. These relapses are caused by a form of the parasite that remains in the liver and can reactivate months or years later.

Another new drug, halofantrine, is available abroad. While it is licensed in the United States, it is not marketed in this country and it is not recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta.

Alternative treatment

The Chinese herb qiinghaosu (the western name is artemisinin) has been used in China and southeast Asia to fight severe malaria, and became available in Europe in 1994. Because this treatment often fails, it is usually combined with another antimalarial drug (mefloquine) to boost its effectiveness. It is not available in the United States and other parts of the developed world due to fears of its toxicity, in addition to licensing and other issues.

A western herb called wormwood (Artemesia annua) that is taken as a daily dose can be effective against malaria. Protecting the liver with herbs like goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), Chinese goldenthread (Coptis chinensis), and milk thistle (Silybum marianum) can be used as preventive treatment. Preventing mosquitoes from biting you while in the tropics is another possible way to avoid malaria.

Prognosis

If treated in the early stages, malaria can be cured. Those who live in areas where malaria is epidemic, however, can contract the disease repeatedly, never fully recovering between bouts of acute infection.

Prevention

Several researchers are currently working on a malarial vaccine, but the complex life cycle of the malaria parasite makes it difficult. A parasite has much more genetic material than a virus or bacterium. For this reason, a successful vaccine has not yet been developed.

Malaria is an especially difficult disease to vaccinate against because the parasite goes through several separate stages.

One recent, promising vaccine appears to have protected up to 60% of people exposed to maleria. This was evident during field trials for the drug that were conducted in South America and Africa. It is not yet commercially available.

The World Health Association (WHO) has been trying to eliminate malaria for the past 30 years by controlling mosquitoes. Their efforts were successful as long as the pesticide DDT killed mosquitoes and antimalarial drugs cured those who were infected. Today, however, the problem has returned a hundredfold, especially in Africa. Because both the mosquito and parasite are now extremely resistant to the insecticides designed to kill them, governments are now trying to teach people to take antimalarial drugs as a preventive medicine and avoid getting bitten by mosquitoes.

Travelers to high-risk areas should use insect repellant containing DEET for exposed skin. Because DEET is toxic in large amounts, children should not use a concentration higher than 35%. DEET should not be inhaled. It should not be rubbed onto the eye area, on any broken or irritated skin, or on children's hands. It should be thoroughly washed off after coming indoors.

Those who use the following preventive measures get fewer infections than those who do not:

Between dusk and dawn, remain indoors in well-screened areas.
Sleep inside pyrethrin or permethrin repellent-soaked mosquito nets.
Wear clothes over the entire body.

Anyone visiting endemic areas should take antimalarial drugs starting a day or two before they leave the United States. The drugs used are usually chloroquine or mefloquine. This treatment is continued through at least four weeks after leaving the endemic area. However, even those who take antimalarial drugs and are careful to avoid mosquito bites can still contract malaria.

International travelers are at risk for becoming infected. Most Americans who have acquired falciparum malaria were visiting sub-Saharan Africa; travelers in Asia and South America are less at risk. Travelers who stay in air conditioned hotels on tourist itineraries in urban or resort areas are at lower risk than backpackers, missionaries, and Peace Corps volunteers. Some people in western cities where malaria does not usually exist may acquire the infection from a mosquito carried onto a jet. This is called airport or runway malaria.

Key Terms

Arteminisinins: An antimalarial family of products derived from an ancient Chinese herbal remedy. Two of the most popular varieties are artemether and artesunate, used mainly in southeast Asia in combination with mefloquine.
Chloroquine: This antimalarial drug was first used in the 1940s, until the first evidence of quinine resistance appeared in the 1960s. It is now ineffective against falciparum malaria almost everywhere. However, because it is inexpensive, it is still the antimalarial drug most widely used in Africa.; Native individuals with partial immunity may have better results with chloroquine than a traveler with no previous exposure.
Mefloquine: An antimalarial drug that was developed by the United States Army in the early 1980s. Today, malaria resistance to this drug has become a problem in some parts of Asia (especially Thailand and Cambodia).
Quinine: One of the first treatments for malaria, quinine is a natural product made from the bark of the Cinchona tree. It was popular until being superseded by the development of chloroquine in the 1940s. In the wake of widespread chloroquine resistance, however, it has become popular again. It or its close relative quinidine can be given intravenously to treat severe falciparum malaria.
Sulfadoxone/pyrimethamine (Fansidar): This antimalarial drug developed in the 1960s is the first drug tried in some parts of the world where chloroquine resistance is widespread. It has been associated with severe allergic reactions due to its sulfa component.

Encyclopedia of Medicine - Hookworm disease

noreply@blogger.com (Riki Setya Ramdhani) — Sun, 11 Jan 2009 07:52:00 +0000

Hookworm disease is an illness caused by one of two types of S-shaped worms that infect the intestine of humans (the worm's host).

Description

Two types of hookworm are responsible for hookworm disease in humans. Necator americanusand Ancylostoma duodenale have similar life cycles and similar methods of causing illness. The adult worm of both Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale is about 10 mm long, pinkish-white in color, and curved into an S-shape or double hook.

Both types of hookworm have similar life cycles. The females produce about 10,000-20,000 eggs per day. These eggs are passed out of the host's body in feces. The eggs enter the soil, where they incubate. After about 48 hours, the immature larval form hatches out of the eggs. These larvae take about six weeks to develop into the mature larval form that is capable of causing human infection. If exposed to human skin at this point (usually bare feet walking in the dirt or bare hands digging in the dirt), the larvae will bore through the skin and ride through the lymph circulation to the right side of the heart. The larvae are then pumped into the lungs. There they bore into the tiny air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. Their presence within the lungs usually causes enough irritation to produce coughing. The larvae are coughed up into the throat and mouth, and are then swallowed and passed into the small intestine. It is within the intestine that they develop into the adult worm, producing illness in their human host.

Ancylostoma duodenale is found primarily in the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and throughout Asia. Necator americanus is common in tropical areas including Asia, parts of the Americas, and throughout Africa. Research suggests that at least 25% of all people in the world have hookworm disease. In the United States, 700,000 people are believed to be infected with hookworms at any given time.

Causes & symptoms

Hookworms cause trouble for their human host when the worms attach their mouths to the lining of the small intestine and suck the person's blood.

An itchy, slightly raised rash called "ground itch" may appear around the area where the larvae first bored through the skin. The skin in this area may become red and swollen. This lasts for several days and commonly occurs between the toes.

When the larvae are in the lungs, the patient may have a fever, cough, and some wheezing. Some people, however, have none of these symptoms.

Once established within the intestine, the adult worms can cause abdominal pain, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and weight loss. Most importantly, the worms suck between 0.03-0.2 ml of blood per day. When a worm moves from one area of the intestine to another, it detaches its mouth from the intestinal lining, leaving an irritated area that may continue to bleed for some time. This results in even further blood loss. A single adult worm can live for up to 14 years in a patient's intestine. Over time, the patient's blood loss may be very significant. Anemia is the most serious complication of hookworm disease, progressing over months or years. Children are particularly harmed by such anemia, and can suffer from heart problems, mental retardation, slowed growth, and delayed sexual development. In infants, hookworm disease can be deadly.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of hookworm disease involves collecting a stool sample for examination under a microscope. Hookworm eggs have a characteristic appearance. Counting the eggs in a specific amount of feces allows the healthcare provider to estimate the severity of the infection.

Treatment

Minor infections are often left untreated, especially in areas where hookworm is very common. If treatment is required, the doctor will prescribe a three-day dose of medication. One to two weeks later, another stool sample will be taken to see if the infection is still present.

Anemia is treated with iron supplements. In severe cases, blood transfusion may be necessary. Two medications, pyrantel pamoate and mebendazole, are frequently used with good results.

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with hookworm disease is generally good. However, reinfection rates are extremely high in countries with poor sanitation.

Prevention

Prevention of hookworm disease involves improving sanitation and avoiding contact with soil in areas with high rates of hookworm infection. Children should be required to wear shoes when playing outside in such areas, and people who are gardening should wear gloves.

Key Terms

Alveoli: The small air sacs clustered, at the ends of the bronchioles, in the lungs in which oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange takes place.
Anemia: Any condition where the oxygen-carrying capacity of the red blood cells is reduced; symptoms often include fatigue.
Host: The organism (like a human) in which another infecting organism (like a worm) is living.
Larva: An immature form of an organism, occurring early in that organism's development.