Where is the HAARP

The Military's Pandora's Box

2011-10-13T14:50:00.000-07:00

The Military's Pandora's Box
by Dr. Nick Begich and Jeane Manning
This article was prepared to provide a summary of the contents of a book written in 1995 which describes an entirely new class of weapons. The weapons and their effects are described in the following pages. The United States Navy and Air Force have joined with the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, to build a prototype for a ground based "Star Wars" weapon system located in the remote bush country of Alaska.

The individuals who are demanding answers about HAARP are scattered around the planet. As well as bush dwellers in Alaska, they include: a physician in Finland; a scientist in Holland; an anti-nuclear protester in Australia; independent physicists in the United States; a grandmother in Canada, and countless others.

Unlike the protests of the 1960s the objections to HAARP have been registered using the tools of the 1990s. From the Internet, fax machines, syndicated talk radio and a number of alternative print mediums the word is getting out and people are waking up to this new intrusion by an over zealous United States government.

The research team put together to gather the materials which eventually found their way into the book never held a formal meeting, never formed a formal organization. Each person acted like a node on a planetary info-spirit-net with one goal held by all -- to keep this controversial new science in the public eye. The result of the team's effort was a book which describes the science and the political ramifications of this technology.

That book, Angels Don't Play this HAARP: Advances in Tesla Technology, has 230 pages. This article will only give the highlights. Despite the amount of research (350 footnoted sources), at its heart it is a story about ordinary people who took on an extraordinary challenge in bringing their research forward.

HAARP Boils the Upper Atmosphere

HAARP will zap the upper atmosphere with a focused and steerable electromagnetic beam. It is an advanced model of an "ionospheric heater." (The ionosphere is the electrically-charged sphere surrounding Earth's upper atmosphere. It ranges between 40 to 60 miles above the surface of the Earth.)

Put simply, the apparatus for HAARP is a reversal of a radio telescope; antenna send out signals instead of receiving. HAARP is the test run for a super-powerful radiowave-beaming technology that lifts areas of the ionosphere by focusing a beam and heating those areas. Electromagnetic waves then bounce back onto earth and penetrate everything -- living and dead.

HAARP publicity gives the impression that the High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program is mainly an academic project with the goal of changing the ionosphere to improve communications for our own good. However, other U.S. military documents put it more clearly -- HAARP aims to learn how to "exploit the ionosphere for Department of Defense purposes." Communicating with submarines is only one of those purposes.

Press releases and other information from the military on HAARP continually downplay what it could do. Publicity documents insist that the HAARP project is no different than other ionospheric heaters operating safely throughout the world in places such as Arecibo, Puerto Rico, Tromso, Norway, and the former Soviet Union. However, a 1990 government document indicates that the radio-frequency (RF) power zap will drive the ionosphere to unnatural activities.

" ... at the highest HF powers available in the West, the instabilities commonly studied are approaching their maximum RF energy dissipative capability, beyond which the plasma processes will 'runaway' until the next limiting factor is reached."

If the military, in cooperation with the University of Alaska Fairbanks, can show that this new ground-based "Star Wars" technology is sound, they both win. The military has a relatively-inexpensive defense shield and the University can brag about the most dramatic geophysical manipulation since atmospheric explosions of nuclear bombs. After successful testing, they would have the military megaprojects of the future and huge markets for Alaska's North Slope natural gas.

Looking at the other patents which built on the work of a Texas' physicist named Bernard Eastlund, it becomes clearer how the military intends to use the HAARP transmitter. It also makes governmental denials less believable. The military knows how it intends to use this technology, and has made it clear in their documents. The military has deliberately misled the public, through sophisticated word games, deceit and outright disinformation.

The military says the HAARP system could:

Give the military a tool to replace the electromagnetic pulse effect of atmospheric thermonuclear devices (still considered a viable option by the military through at least 1986)

Replace the huge Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) submarine communication system operating in Michigan and Wisconsin with a new and more compact technology

Be used to replace the over-the-horizon radar system that was once planned for the current location of HAARP, with a more flexible and accurate system

Provide a way to wipe out communications over an extremely large area, while keeping the military's own communications systems working

Provide a wide area earth-penetrating tomography which, if combined with the computing abilities of EMASS and Cray computers, would make it possible to verify many parts of nuclear nonproliferation and peace agreements

Be a tool for geophysical probing to find oil, gas and mineral deposits over a large area

Be used to detect incoming low-level planes and cruise missiles, making other technologies obsolete

The above abilities seem like a good idea to all who believe in sound national defense, and to those concerned about cost-cutting. However, the possible uses which the HAARP records do not explain, and which can only be found in Air Force, Army, Navy and other federal agency records, are alarming. Moreover, effects from the reckless use of these power levels in our natural shield -- the ionosphere -- could be cataclysmic according to some scientists.

Two Alaskans put it bluntly. A founder of the NO HAARP movement, Clare Zickuhr, says "The military is going to give the ionosphere a big kick and see what happens."
The military failed to tell the public that they do not know what exactly will happen, but a Penn State science article brags about that uncertainty. Macho science? The HAARP project uses the largest energy levels yet played with by what Begich and Manning call "the big boys with their new toys." HAARP is an experiment in the sky, and experiments are done to find out something not already known. Independent scientists told Begich and Manning that a HAARP-type "skybuster" with its unforeseen effects could be an act of global vandalism.

HAARP History
The patents described below were the package of ideas which were originally controlled by ARCO Power Technologies Incorporated (APTI), a subsidiary of Atlantic Richfield Company, one of the biggest oil companies in the world. APTI was the contractor that built the HAARP facility. ARCO sold this subsidiary, the patents and the second phase construction contract to E-Systems in June 1994.

E-Systems is one of the biggest intelligence contractors in the world -- doing work for the CIA, defense intelligence organizations and others. $1.8 billion of their annual sales are to these organizations, with $800 million for black projects -- projects so secret that even the United States Congress isn't told how the money is being spent.
E-Systems was bought out by Raytheon, which is one of the largest defense contractors in the world. In 1994 Raytheon was listed as number forty-two on the Fortune 500 list of companies. Raytheon has thousands of patents, some of which will be valuable in the HAARP project. The twelve patents below are the backbone of the HAARP project, and are now buried among the thousands of others held in the name of Raytheon. Bernard J. Eastlund's U.S. Patent # 4,686,605, "Method and Apparatus for Altering a Region in the Earth's Atmosphere, Ionosphere; and/or Magnetosphere," was sealed for a year under a government Secrecy Order.

The Eastlund ionospheric heater was different; the radio frequency (RF) radiation was concentrated and focused to a point in the ionosphere. This difference throws an unprecedented amount of energy into the ionosphere. The Eastlund device would allow a concentration of one watt per cubic centimeter, compared to others only able to deliver about one millionth of one watt.

This huge difference could lift and change the ionosphere in the ways necessary to create futuristic effects described in the patent. According to the patent, the work of Nikola Tesla in the early 1900's formed the basis of the research.

What would this technology be worth to ARCO, the owner of the patents? They could make enormous profits by beaming electrical power from a powerhouse in the gas fields to the consumer without wires.

For a time, HAARP researchers could not prove that this was one of the intended uses for HAARP. In April, 1995, however, Begich found other patents, connected with a "key personnel" list for APTI. Some of these new APTI patents were indeed a wireless system for sending electrical power. Eastlund's patent said the technology can confuse or completely disrupt airplanes' and missiles' sophisticated guidance systems. Further, this ability to spray large areas of Earth with electromagnetic waves of varying frequencies, and to control changes in those waves, makes it possible to knock out communications on land or sea as well as in the air.

The patent said:

"Thus, this invention provides the ability to put unprecedented amounts of power in the Earth's atmosphere at strategic locations and to maintain the power injection level particularly if random pulsing is employed, in a manner far more precise and better controlled than heretofore accomplished by the prior art, particularly by detonation of nuclear devices of various yields at various altitudes... "

"...it is possible not only to interfere with third party communications but to take advantage of one or more such beams to carry out a communications network even though the rest of the world's communications are disrupted. Put another way, what is used to disrupt another's communications can be employed by one knowledgeable of this invention as a communication network at the same time."

"... large regions of the atmosphere could be lifted to an unexpectedly high altitude so that missiles encounter unexpected and unplanned drag forces with resultant destruction."

"Weather modification is possible by, for example, altering upper atmosphere wind patterns by constructing one or more plumes of atmospheric particles which will act as a lens or focusing device.

... molecular modifications of the atmosphere can take place so that positive environmental effects can be achieved. Besides actually changing the molecular composition of an atmospheric region, a particular molecule or molecules can be chosen for increased presence. For example, ozone, nitrogen, etc., concentrations in the atmosphere could be artificially increased."

Begich found eleven other APTI Patents. They told how to make "Nuclear-sized Explosions without Radiation," Power-beaming systems, over-the-horizon radar, detection systems for missiles carrying nuclear warheads, electromagnetic pulses previously produced by thermonuclear weapons and other Star-Wars tricks. This cluster of patents underlay the HAARP weapon system.

Related research by Begich and Manning uncovered bizarre schemes. For example, Air Force documents revealed that a system had been developed for manipulating and disturbing human mental processes through pulsed radio-frequency radiation (the stuff of HAARP) over large geographical areas. The most telling material about this technology came from writings of Zbigniew Brzezinski (former National Security Advisory to U.S. President Carter) and J.F. MacDonald (science advisor to U.S. President Johnson and a professor of Geophysics at UCLA), as they wrote about use of power-beaming transmitters for geophysical and environmental warfare. The documents showed how these effects might be caused, and the negative effects on human heath and thinking.

The mental-disruption possibilities for HAARP are the most disturbing. More than 40 pages of the book, with dozens of footnotes, chronicle the work of Harvard professors, military planners and scientists as they plan and test this use of the electromagnetic technology. For example, one of the papers describing this use was from the International Red Cross in Geneva. It even gave the frequency ranges where these effects could occur -- the same ranges which HAARP is capable of broadcasting.

The following statement was made more than twenty-five years ago in a book by Brzezinski which he wrote while a professor at Columbia University:

"Political strategists are tempted to exploit research on the brain and human behavior. Geophysicist Gordon J.F. MacDonald, a specialist in problems of warfare, says accurately-timed, artificially-excited electronic strokes could lead to a pattern of oscillations that produce relatively high power levels over certain regions of the earth ... in this way one could develop a system that would seriously impair the brain performance of very large populations in selected regions over an extended period"

" ... no matter how deeply disturbing the thought of using the environment to manipulate behavior for national advantages, to some, the technology permitting such use will very probably develop within the next few decades."

In 1966, MacDonald was a member of the President's Science Advisory Committee and later a member of the President's Council on Environmental Quality. He published papers on the use of environmental control technologies for military purposes. The most profound comment he made as a geophysicist was, "the key to geophysical warfare is the identification of environmental instabilities to which the addition of a small amount of energy would release vastly greater amounts of energy." While yesterday's geophysicists predicted today's advances, are HAARP program managers delivering on the vision?

The geophysicists recognized that adding energy to the environmental soup could have large effects. However, humankind has already added substantial amounts of electromagnetic energy into our environment without understanding what might constitute critical mass. The book by Begich and Manning raises questions:

Have these additions been without effect, or is there a cumulative amount beyond which irreparable damage can be done?
Is HAARP another step in a journey from which we cannot turn back?
Are we about to embark on another energy experiment which unleashes another set of demons from Pandora's box?

As early as 1970, Zbigniew Brzezinski predicted a "more controlled and directed society" would gradually appear, linked to technology. This society would be dominated by an elite group which impresses voters by allegedly superior scientific know-how. Angels Don't Play This HAARP further quotes Brzezinski:

"Unhindered by the restraints of traditional liberal values, this elite would not hesitate to achieve its political ends by using the latest modern techniques for influencing public behavior and keeping society under close surveillance and control. Technical and scientific momentum would then feed on the situation it exploits," Brzezinski predicted.

His forecasts proved accurate. Today, a number of new tools for the "elite" are emerging, and the temptation to use them increases steadily. The policies to permit the tools to be used are already in place. How could the United States be changed, bit by bit, into the predicted highly-controlled technosociety? Among the "steppingstones" Brzezinski expected were persisting social crises and use of the mass media to gain the public's confidence.

In another document prepared by the government, the U.S. Air Force claims: "The potential applications of artificial electromagnetic fields are wide-ranging and can be used in many military or quasi-military situations... Some of these potential uses include dealing with terrorist groups, crowd control, controlling breaches of security at military installations, and antipersonnel techniques in tactical warfare. In all of these cases the EM (electromagnetic) systems would be used to produce mild to severe physiological disruption or perceptual distortion or disorientation. In addition, the ability of individuals to function could be degraded to such a point that they would be combat ineffective. Another advantage of electromagnetic systems is that they can provide coverage over large areas with a single system. They are silent and countermeasures to them may be difficult to develop... One last area where electromagnetic radiation may prove of some value is in enhancing abilities of individuals for anomalous phenomena."

Do these comments point to uses already somewhat developed? The author of the government report refers to an earlier Air Force document about the uses of radio frequency radiation in combat situations. (Here Begich and Manning note that HAARP is the most versatile and the largest radio-frequency-radiation transmitter in the world.)

The United States Congressional record deals with the use of HAARP for penetrating the earth with signals bounced off of the ionosphere. These signals are used to look inside the planet to a depth of many kilometers in order to locate underground munitions, minerals and tunnels. The U.S. Senate set aside $15 million dollars in 1996 to develop this ability alone -- earth-penetrating-tomography. The problem is that the frequency needed for earth-penetrating radiation is within the frequency range most cited for disruption of human mental functions. It may also have profound effects on migration patterns of fish and wild animals which rely on an undisturbed energy field to find their routes.

As if electromagnetic pulses in the sky and mental disruption were not enough, T. Eastlund bragged that the super-powerful ionospheric heater could control weather.

Begich and Manning brought to light government documents indicating that the military has weather-control technology. When HAARP is eventually built to its full power level, it could create weather effects over entire hemispheres. If one government experiments with the world's weather patterns, what is done in one place will impact everyone else on the planet. Angels Don't Play This HAARP explains a principle behind some of Nikola Tesla's inventions -- resonance -- which affect planetary systems.

Bubble of Electric Particles
Angels Don't Play This HAARP includes interviews with independent scientists such as Elizabeth Rauscher. She has a Ph.D., a long and impressive career in high-energy physics, and has been published in prestigious science journals and books. Rauscher commented on HAARP. "You're pumping tremendous energy into an extremely delicate molecular configuration that comprises these multi-layers we call the ionosphere."
"The ionosphere is prone to catalytic reactions," she explained, "if a small part is changed, a major change in the ionosphere can happen."

In describing the ionosphere as a delicately balanced system, Dr. Rauscher shared her mental picture of it -- a soap-bubble-like sphere surrounding Earth's atmosphere, with movements swirling over the surface of the bubble. If a big enough hole is punched through it, she predicts, it could pop.

Slicing the Ionosphere
Physicist Daniel Winter, Ph.D., of Waynesville, North Carolina, says, "HAARP high-frequency emissions can couple with longwave (extremely-low-frequency, or ELF) pulses the Earth grid uses to distribute information as vibrations to synchronize dances of life in the biosphere." Dan terms this geomagnetic action 'Earth's information bloodstream,' and says it is likely that coupling of HAARP HF (high-frequency) with natural ELF can cause unplanned, unsuspected side effects.

David Yarrow of Albany, New York, is a researcher with a background in electronics. He described possible interactions of HAARP radiation with the ionosphere and Earth's magnetic grid: "HAARP will not burn holes in the ionosphere. That is a dangerous understatement of what HAARP's giant gigawatt beam will do. Earth is spinning relative to thin electric shells of the multilayer membrane of ion-o-speres that absorb and shield Earth's surface from intense solar radiation, including charged particle storms in solar winds erupting from the sun. Earth's axial spin means that HAARP -- in a burst lasting more than a few minutes -- will slice through the ionosphere like a microwave knife. This produces not a hole but a long tear -- an incision."

Crudely Plucking the Strings
Second concept: As Earth rotates, HAARP will slice across the geomagnetic flux, a donut-shaped spool of magnetic strings -- like longitude meridians on maps.
HAARP may not 'cut' these strings in Gaia's magnetic mantle, but will pulse each thread with harsh, out-of-harmony high frequencies. These noisy impulses will vibrate geomagnetic flux lines, sending vibrations all through the geomagnetic web. "

"The image comes to mind of a spider on its web. An insect lands, and the web's vibrations alert the spider to possible prey. HAARP will be a man-made microwave finger poking at the web, sending out confusing signals, if not tearing holes in the threads. "
"Effects of this interference with symphonies of Gaia's geomagnetic harp are unknown, and I suspect barely thought of. Even if thought of, the intent (of HAARP) is to learn to exploit any effects, not to play in tune to global symphonies. "

Among other researchers quoted is Paul Schaefer of Kansas City. His degree is in electrical engineering and he spent four years building nuclear weapons. "But most of the theories that we have been taught by scientists to believe in seem to be falling apart," he says. He talks about imbalances already caused by the industrial and atomic age, especially by radiation of large numbers of tiny, high-velocity particles "like very small spinning tops" into our environment. The unnatural level of motion of highly-energetic particles in the atmosphere and in radiation belts surrounding Earth is the villain in the weather disruptions, according to this model, which describes an Earth discharging its buildup of heat, relieving stress and regaining a balanced condition through earthquakes and volcanic action.

Feverish Earth
"One might compare the abnormal energetic state of the Earth and its atmosphere to a car battery which has become overcharged with the normal flow of energy jammed up, resulting in hot spots, electrical arcing, physical cracks and general turbulence as the pent-up energy tries to find some place to go."

In a second analogy, Schaefer says "Unless we desire the death of our planet, we must end the production of unstable particles which are generating the earth's fever. A first priority to prevent this disaster would be to shut down all nuclear power plants and end the testing of atomic weapons, electronic warfare and 'Star Wars'." Meanwhile, the military builds its biggest ionospheric heater yet, to deliberately create more instabilities in a huge plasma layer -- the ionosphere -- and to rev up the energy level of charged particles.

Electronic Rain From The Sky
They have published papers about electron precipitation from the magnetosphere (the outer belts of charged particles which stream toward Earth's magnetic poles) caused by man-made very low frequency electromagnetic waves. "These precipitated particles can produce secondary ionization, emit X-rays, and cause significant perturbation in the lower ionosphere."

Two Stanford University radio scientists offer evidence of what technology can do to affect the sky by making waves on earth; they showed that very low frequency radio waves can vibrate the magnetosphere and cause high-energy particles to cascade into Earth's atmosphere. By turning the signal on or off, they could stop the flow of energetic particles.

Weather Control
Avalanches of energy dislodged by such radio waves could hit us hard. Their work suggests that technicians could control global weather by sending relatively small 'signals' into the Van Allen belts (radiation belts around Earth). Thus Tesla's resonance effects can control enormous energies by tiny triggering signals.
The Begich/ Manning book asks whether that knowledge will be used by war-oriented or biosphere-oriented scientists.

The military has had about twenty years to work on weather warfare methods, which it euphemistically calls weather modification. For example, rainmaking technology was taken for a few test rides in Vietnam. The U.S. Department of Defense sampled lightning and hurricane manipulation studies in Project Skyfire and Project Stormfury. And they looked at some complicated technologies that would give big effects. Angels Don't Play This HAARP cites an expert who says the military studied both lasers and chemicals which they figured could damage the ozone layer over an enemy. Looking at ways to cause earthquakes, as well as to detect them, was part of the project named Prime Argus, decades ago. The money for that came from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA, now under the acronym ARPA.) In 1994 the Air Force revealed its Spacecast 2020 master plan which includes weather control. Scientists have experimented with weather control since the 1940's, but Spacecast 2020 noted that "using environmental modification techniques to destroy, damage or injure another state are prohibited." Having said that, the Air Force claimed that advances in technology "compels a reexamination of this sensitive and potentially risky topic."

40 Years of Zapping the Sky?

As far back as 1958, the chief White House advisor on weather modification, Captain Howard T. Orville, said the U.S. defense department was studying "ways to manipulate the charges of the earth and sky and so affect the weather" by using an electronic beam to ionize or de-ionize the atmosphere over a given area.

In 1966, Professor Gordon J. F. MacDonald was associate director of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the University of California, Los Angeles, was a member of the President's Science Advisory Committee, and later a member of the President's Council on Environmental Quality.

He published papers on the use of environmental-control technologies for military purposes. MacDonald made a revealing comment: "The key to geophysical warfare is the identification of environmental instabilities to which the addition of a small amount of energy would release vastly greater amounts of energy. " World-recognized scientist MacDonald had a number of ideas for using the environment as a weapon system and he contributed to what was, at the time, the dream of a futurist. When he wrote his chapter, "How To Wreck The Environment," for the book Unless Peace Comes, he was not kidding around. In it he describes the use of weather manipulation, climate modification, polar ice cap melting or destabilization, ozone depletion techniques, earthquake engineering, ocean wave control and brain wave manipulation using the planet's energy fields.

He also said that these types of weapons would be developed and, when used, would be virtually undetectable by their victims. Is HAARP that weapon? The military's intention to do environmental engineering is well documented, U.S. Congress' subcommittee hearings on Oceans and International Environment looked into military weather and climate modification conducted in the early 1970's. "What emerged was an awesome picture of far-ranging research and experimentation by the Department of Defense into ways environmental tampering could be used as a weapon," said another author cited in Angles Don't Play This HAARP.

The revealed secrets surprised legislators. Would an inquiry into the state of the art of electromagnetic manipulation surprise lawmakers today? They may find out that technologies developed out of the HAARP experiments in Alaska could deliver on Gordon MacDonald's vision because leading-edge scientists are describing global weather as not only air pressure and thermal systems, but also as an electrical system.

Small Input - Big Effect

HAARP zaps the ionosphere where it is relatively unstable. A point to remember is that the ionosphere is an active electrical shield protecting the planet from the constant bombardment of high-energy particles from space. This conducting plasma, along with Earth's magnetic field, traps the electrical plasma of space and holds it back from going directly to the earth's surface, says Charles Yost of Dynamic Systems, Leicester, North Carolina. "If the ionosphere is greatly disturbed, the atmosphere below is subsequently disturbed."

Another scientist interviewed said there is a super-powerful electrical connection between the ionosphere and the part of the atmosphere where our weather comes onstage, the lower atmosphere.

One man-made electrical effect -- power line harmonic resonance -- causes fallout of charged particles from the Van Allen (radiation) belts, and the falling ions cause ice crystals (which precipitate rain clouds). What about HAARP? Energy blasted upward from an ionospheric heater is not much compared to the total in the ionosphere, but HAARP documents admit that thousandfold-greater amounts of energy can be released in the ionosphere than injected. As with MacDonald's "key to geophysical warfare," "nonlinear" effects (described in the literature about the ionospheric heater) mean small input and large output. Astrophysicist Adam Trombly told Manning that an acupuncture model is one way to look at the possible effect of multi-gigawatt pulsing of the ionosphere. If HAARP hits certain points, those parts of the ionosphere could react in surprising ways.

Smaller ionospheric heaters such as the one at Arecibo are underneath relatively placid regions of the ionosphere, compared to the dynamic movements nearer Earth's magnetic poles. That adds another uncertainty to HAARP -- the unpredictable and lively upper atmosphere near the North Pole.

HAARP experimenters do not impress commonsense Alaskans such as Barbara Zickuhr, who says "They're like boys playing with a sharp stick, finding a sleeping bear and poking it in the butt to see what's going to happen."

Could They Short-Circuit Earth?
Earth as a spherical electrical system is a fairly well-accepted model. However, those experimenters who want to make unnatural power connections between parts of this system might not be thinking of possible consequences. Electrical motors and generators can be caused to wobble when their circuits are affected. Could human activities cause a significant change in a planet's electrical circuit or electrical field? A paper in the respected journal Science deals with manmade ionization from radioactive material, but perhaps it could also be studied with HAARP-type skybusters in mind:

"For example, while changes in the earth's electric field resulting from a solar flare modulating conductivity may have only a barely detectable effect on meteorology, the situation may be different in regard to electric field changes caused by manmade ionization... " Meteorology, of course, is the study of the atmosphere and weather. ionization is what happens when a higher level of power is zapped into atoms and knocks electrons off the atoms. The resulting charged particles are the stuff of HAARP. "One look at the weather should tell us that we are on the wrong path," says Paul Schaefer, commenting on HAARP-type technologies.

Angels Don't Play This HAARP: Advances in Tesla Technology is about the military's plan to manipulate that which belongs to the world -- the ionosphere. The arrogance of the United States government in this is not without precedent.

Atmospheric nuclear tests had similar goals. More recently, China and France put their people's money to destructive use in underground nuclear tests. It was recently reported that the US government spent $3 trillion dollars on its nuclear program since its beginnings in the 1940's. What new breakthroughs in life science could have been made with all the money spent on death?

Begich, Manning, Roderick and others believe that democracies need to be founded on openness, rather than the secrecy which surrounds so much military science. Knowledge used in developing revolutionary weapons could be used for healing and helping mankind. Because they are used in new weapons, discoveries are classified and suppressed. When they do appear in the work of other independent scientists, the new ideas are often frustrated or ridiculed, while military research laboratories continue to build their new machines for the killing fields.

However, the book by Manning and Begich gives hope that the military industrial academic bureaucratic Goliath can be affected by the combined power of determined individuals and the alternative press. Becoming informed is the first step to empowerment.

Benjamin Fulford had said,the Earthquake that had hit Japan, HAARP

2011-04-10T11:07:00.000-07:00

In his latest statement Benjamin Fulford had said,the Earthquake that had hit Japan originated in the New Mexico and Nevada, U.S. New Madrid fault line being the probable next target.

The horrific earthquake weapon HAARP (which can also cause spacequake) which attacked Japan on March 11, 2011 resulting in 10 meter long tsunamis along much of Japan’s coast line came from rogue elements of the U.S. government located in underground bases in New Mexico and Nevada.These are informations according to pentagon and CIA sources.

Most likely the next target will be the New Madrid fault line in the South- Midwestern United States, according to threats originating from the Nazi George Bush Senior faction of the U.S. government.

The United States is supposed to be an ally of Japan,and we demand that you immediately send men with tanks and guns to take these bases and arrest these genocidal rogues. You know who they are and you know where they are, you must act or your own people will be next.

http://www.ufo-blogger.com/2011/03/japan-earthquake-tsunami-haarp.html

Where is the HAARP

2011-04-10T11:06:00.001-07:00

Iran being rained by haarp (High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program) caused recent southern Iran earth quakes and unexplained dolphins and wales mass burning alive washed to shore, it has been done by US satellites bombarding Iran by microwaves beams, HAARP's main goal is basic science research of the uppermost portion of the atmosphere, known as the ionosphere causing harmful and devastating effect on human mind, skin and health in general, its being done as a warning against Iranian government to force them bow before their demands and as usual the ultimate victims are innocent and unaware people.

JAPAN NUCLEAR REACTOR 1 and 3 RADIOACTIVE DANGERS DANGERS CONFIRMED!

2011-04-10T11:06:00.000-07:00

HAARP was an idea that the great inventor NIKOLA TESLA had for the world to provide free energy (world wide)

Of course, the planned stopped as soon as the providers heard of this and sold all plans.

If Teslas inventions were not stopped we would be 100 years into the future, but time stopped for us.

And yes, HAARP is very, VERY real folks. It is not some kind of BS that people make up. It can change the weather of the world, it can create "natural" disasters...

It's a doomsday device.

11 March 2011 Last updated at 21:39 ET

2011-03-12T22:10:00.001-08:00

11 March 2011 Last updated at 21:39 ET
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Japan earthquake: Tsunami reaches US West Coast
Hotel guests from the Moana Surfrider evacuate early Friday, March 11, 2011 in Honolulu Tourists in Honolulu fled to higher ground as the alarm was raised overnight
Continue reading the main story
Japanese Earthquake

* Japan tsunami Live
* Health effects of radiation
* Timeline: Power station blast
* Country at the mercy of nature

Tsunami waves caused by the huge quake off Japan have reached the US Pacific coast, hours after bowling past Hawaii, but it was largely spared major damage.

Thousands of people had been ordered to leave coastal areas in the US state of Hawaii ahead of the waves' arrival.

Evacuation orders were also issued in some coastal areas of the western US and Canada's British Columbia province.

At least five people in California and Oregon were swept out to sea, and some boats were torn from moorings.

Waves of over 6ft (2m) struck Crescent City in California, damaging vessels and harbour docks, while Santa Cruz sustained about $2m (£1.25m) in damage, emergency officials said.

The tsunami warning has now been downgraded to an advisory in Hawaii but officials urged people still to stay away from beaches.

The West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center has also downgraded its warning to an advisory, California Emergency Management Agency spokesman Jordan Scott said.

"Things seem to be settling down at the moment," he said.
'Fragile life'

Earlier, US President Barack Obama said he was monitoring the threat to Hawaii, his home state, and the US West Coast.

Speaking at the White House on Friday, he urged Americans to heed orders to leave their homes if they were given.
Waves crash ashore at ocean Beach, San Francisco Tsunami-generated waves crashed ashore along the California coast

"Let me just stress that if people are told to evacuate, do as you are told," he said. "Today's events remind us of just how fragile life can be."

About 30,000 residents live in Hawaii's coastal inundation zones.

The first wave of the tsunami passed through Midway Island - a small atoll at the north-western end of the Hawaiian archipelago, about 500 miles (800km) from Hawaii's main islands - at about 1125 GMT, bringing a wave of more than 8ft (2.4m), the local Star Advertiser newspaper reported.

But waves were measured at 1.6ft at Nawiliwili on the island of Kauai and 2.3ft on Barbers Point on Oahu, local officials said.

Earlier reports suggested waves of up to 6ft might hit Hawaii's main islands.

The main airports on Maui, Kauai and the Big Island of Hawaii were shut down, and the US Navy ordered all warships in Pearl Harbor to remain in port in case they are needed for rescue missions.
'Difficult situation'

Waves generated by the tsunami reached the west coast of the US at 0830 local time (1630 GMT) but had significantly diminished in strength.
Japan tsunami map - 11 March 2011

Several beach towns in Oregon were on high alert, and four people were rescued from the water in the coastal state.

One man who had been taking photos of the waves in northern California was still missing on Friday afternoon.

Some surfers on the West Coast were determined to make the most of the conditions.

"The tides are right, the swell is good, the weather is good, the tsunami is there. We're going out," surfer William Hill, an off-duty California state trooper, told the Associated Press.

No damage has been reported from a 5ft wave that hit Alaska's coast.

In the US Pacific island territory of Guam, two US Navy submarines were pulled free of their moorings by powerful waves but were recovered by tug boats.
Wall of water

The tsunami was triggered by a massive earthquake which hit the north-east of Japan, at 1446 local time (0546 GMT).

Japanese television showed cars, ships and even buildings being swept away by a vast wall of water after the 8.9-magnitude earthquake.

Seismologists say it is the most powerful earthquake to hit Japan since records began.

A tsunami warning was extended across the Pacific to North and South America.

Ben Fulford: EARTHQUAKE ATTACK ON JAPAN ORIGINATED IN NEW MEXICO & NEVADA -- NEW MADRID FAULT NEXT TARGET! Suggest Pin Quote [+]

2011-03-11T13:02:00.001-08:00

Special bulletin: Earthquake attack on Japan originated in New Mexico and Nevada, U.S. New Madrid fault line next target

The horrific earthquake weapon attack on Japan, resulting in 10 meter tsunamis along much of Japan’s coast line came from rogue elements of the U.S. government located in underground bases in New Mexico and Nevada, according to pentagon and CIA sources.

The next target will be the New Madrid fault line in the South-Western United States, according to threats originating from the Nazi George Bush Senior faction of the U.S. government.

The United States is supposed to be an ally of Japan, we demand that you immediately send men with tanks and guns to take these bases and arrest these genocidal rogues. You know who they are and you know where they are, you must act or your own people will be next.

Man Can Control Weather in The Near Future, is HAARP a Bible Prophecy?

2011-02-23T23:46:00.000-08:00

Man Can Control Weather in The Near Future, is Haarp a Bible Prophecy?
by Andrew De Vera Ibisate in Issues, January 6, 2011

Is it true that HAARP (High Active Auroral Research Program) is prophesied in the Bible and that man can control weather in the near future? What is HAARP project got to do with this? In Revelation 11:6, the Scriptures said, “These (the two witnesses), have the power to shut heaven, so that no rain falls in the days of their prophecy; and they have power over waters to turn them to blood, and to strike the earth with all plagues, as often as they desire…”

To control weather is the greatest power that a superpower country wants to achieve. In 1976, the United Nation (UN) has foreseen the future of this hi-tech weapon. This technological breakthrough they perceived to control weather can be achieved by nuclear powered countries like United States and other members of the G8.

For this reason, the UN created a treaty banning such weapons. But as we go deeper into the future and beyond—slowly we’ve been noticing numerous earthquakes, super typhoons, tsunamis and floods. The Bible has a prophecy concerning it. In this context, we should explore HAARP and its capability to control weather with regards to Revelation 11:6. We will discover through the Bible who are the two witnesses and what plagues can they deliver to strike the earth with impunity as God commanded. How can HAARP affect the tides of war in case there will be nuclear arsenals involved and how dangerous these weather control devices are if military get their hands into it?

Control the Weather, Control the Earth
If you are a president of the most powerful nation that can control weather, what powers can you hold in the palm of your hand? At present, if you nuke large proportion of attacking armies you could be blamed for its environmental and powerful destructive effects, not mentioning the inhumane and barbaric decision you had made. In the future, you could create a storm that can rout and bring your enemy down to submission without too much destruction and without putting you and your country to blame. At present, you cannot nuke a top secret nuclear facility of a rouge state but in the future, you could create a massive earthquake enough to tear down their buildings to rubble, a power that you can deny and put the blame on nature.

Prophecy of the Bible and What the Future Holds
Weapons that can control weather can be a device of mass destruction. If paired with nuclear armament, it’s a potent combination of death dealing apparatus that can both fulfill the Bible’s prophecy. If those who want to destroy the earth will use nuclear bomb, it could contaminate sea and land of harmful radiation that can kill creatures. Dead fishes from rivers and coastal areas will float. Turning waters into blood due to too much carcasses and lethal contamination. The future of warfare now deals with covert strikes. If you use weapons that can control weather, you can control where the upwind of a nuclear radioactive atmosphere will pass through after a nuclear detonation without your enemy hardly noticing your initiative. You could contaminate the area you want to like, create an acid rain fall of radioactive dust and debris or stop it in case allied armies are advancing to that area.

The Bible prophecy concerning nuclear war is true as more evidences in the Scriptures are unveiled Nuclear technology is a weapon of old and are well entrenched into the military arsenals of some of the most powerful countries around the globe. Weapons concerning technology that can control weather are still in its infancy, a hi-tech weapon not yet known by most country internationally. Therefore, a country that has this technology in the near future has the greatest edge in tactical warfare and it is considered the most powerful country in the whole world. Is it true that HAARP (High Active Auroral Research Program) is prophesied in the Bible and that man can control weather in the near future? What is HAARP project got to do with this? In Revelation 11:6, the Scriptures said, “These (the two witnesses), have the power to shut heaven, so that no rain falls in the days of their prophecy; and they have power over waters to turn them to blood, and to strike the earth with all plagues, as often as they desire…”

Of all those popular devices that man deemed to control weather, HAARP is the most controversial project that is being ever talked about in most Internet website with conspiracy theme. The United States many times denied the destructive potential it will bring in the future. Who would admit a weapon that could be inflicted on a possible crime that can deal thousands of death? If a country admits that he has a device that can create an earthquake and nature takes it course creating a massive earthquake that kills thousands of people then who will be put into blame? HAARP can create a massive hole in the ionosphere that can focus and reflect billions of watts heating it up in the process then bouncing it back to earth to disrupt the magnetic field causing an earthquake. It could create super storms, typhoons, tsunamis that can appear anywhere in the world.

So can the two witnesses use HAARP and nuclear weapons to fulfill Revelations 11:6? Who are the two witnesses anyway?

Clues to the Identity

In order to know the identity of the two witnesses we have to go back again in Revelation 11:3-6 and read their apocalyptic destiny:

“’And I will give power to my two witnesses, and they will prophesy for 1,260 days, clothed in sackcloth.’ These are the two olive trees and the two lampstands that stand before the Lord of the earth. If anyone tries to harm them, fire comes from their mouths and devours their enemies. This is how anyone who wants to harm them must die. These men have power to shut up the sky so that it will not rain during the time they are prophesying; and they have power to turn the waters into blood and to strike the earth with every kind of plague as often as they want.”

Pay attention closely to Revelation 11:4, for God said: “These are the TWO OLIVE TREES and the TWO LAMPSTANDS that stand before the Lord of the earth.” Here as plainly stated, we have a clue to their identity. Now read this link to know them.

http://www.herealittletherealittle.net/index.cfm?page_name=2-Witnesses-in-Revelation

“And their dead bodies will lie in the street of the great city which mystically is called Sodom and Egypt, where also their Lord was crucified.” (Rev. 11:8)

http://iconicphotos.wordpress.com/2010/03/10/u-s-marine-dragged-through-mogadishu/

“And those who dwell on the earth will rejoice over them and celebrate; and they will send gifts to one another, because these two prophets tormented those who dwell on the earth.” (Rev. 11:10)

To Destroy Those Who Destroy the Earth

HAARP is also included in the Bible’s prophecy because it can be used as a weather control by United States. As we go into the future, the powers stated in Revelation 11:6 are becoming plausible given the intricate technology we are discovering from time to time. A nuclear device will be exploded in the future, it is prophesied and the House of Israel and Judah will be active militarily in the Middle East using whatever arsenal they have even a device to control weather and also small nuclear weapons to stop the impending cataclysm fire with fire, eye for an eye.

“And the nations were enraged, and Your wrath came, and the time came for the dead to be judged, and the time to reward Your bond-servants the prophets and the saints and those who fear Your name, the small and the great, and to destroy those who destroy the earth.” (Rev. 11:18)

Did HAARP Kill Thousands Of Birds And Fish Simultaneously Across Country? Secret Government Testing Suspected

2011-01-24T23:09:00.000-08:00

Project HAARP publicity gives the impression that the High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program is mainly an academic project with the goal of changing the ionosphere to improve communications for our own good.

However, other U.S. military documents put it more clearly — HAARP aims to learn how to “exploit the ionosphere for Department of Defense purposes.” Communicating with submarines is only one of those purposes.

Free Energy: The Race to Zero Point

2011-01-24T22:35:00.000-08:00

NASA UFO FOOTAGE OF HAARP SHOOTING AT UFO

2011-01-24T22:34:00.000-08:00

Earth Electric Magnetic Field

2011-01-24T22:33:00.000-08:00

Energy supply is more important than climate change (SMALL)

2011-01-24T22:32:00.000-08:00

Renewable energy for idiots

2011-01-24T22:31:00.000-08:00

Unseen 3 ufo Raw Footage

2011-01-24T22:30:00.000-08:00

Top Secret UFO Nasa Tapes

2011-01-24T22:29:00.001-08:00

Plasma Bulb 900 Watts Forced Failure: Slightly-Mad Science

2011-01-24T22:29:00.000-08:00

Solar Tower - EnviroMission reduces green house CO2 emission

2011-01-24T22:26:00.000-08:00

Re: UFO - George Green on the Billy Eduard Meier case

2011-01-24T22:25:00.000-08:00

Tesla Coil Experiments :: GadgetMadness

2011-01-24T22:24:00.001-08:00

Steorn Presentation 1

2011-01-24T22:24:00.000-08:00

HAARP Striking a Sour Note

2011-01-24T22:23:00.000-08:00

HAARP Striking a Sour Note

by Julie Generic

http://www.pacificsites.com/~mec/NEWSL/ISS25/25.07HAARP.html

HAARP, the High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program, is the most versatile, and also the largest, radio-frequency-radiation transmitter in the world. It is being constructed on a Department of Defense (DoD)-owned site in Gakona, Alaska, by the U.S. Air Force and Navy. The first phase of the project was completed in December of 1994, since which time it has been undergoing testing. The second phase of construction began in the summer of 1997, and when it has been completed there will be between 4.7 to 10 billion watts of effective radiation power (ERP) emitting from antennas at ground level. The military has scheduled the completion of the project for the year 2002. The 48 antennas at the HAARP site, surrounded by barbed wire, warnings and "No Trespassing" signs, function in the opposite manner to that of a radio telescope; they send out signals instead of receiving them. The HAARP technology will be used to lift areas of the ionosphere (the crucial global shield upon which life as we know it here on planet earth depends), by focusing a beam of radio-frequency (RF) radiation to those areas and heating them. Electromagnetic waves then bounce back onto earth from the ionosphere and penetrate all animate and inanimate matter. The military's fancy name for this ionospheric heater is "Ionospheric Research Instrument," or IRI.

Why all this highfalutin technology, you may well ask? The military couches their phrases in such rhetorical technological terms that they are rendered practically indecipherable, but thanks to people like Dr. Nick Begich and Jeane Manning, authors of Angels Don't Play This HAARP - Advances in Tesla Technology, who have done extensive research into the military's obfuscations, the true capabilities of HAARP are presented in layperson's terms. A simplified summation of HAARP's potential includes the ability to:

* Communicate with the U.S. military's submerged submarines by penetrating the oceans with Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) radiations

* Penetrate land with ELF in order to search for hidden tunnels or other sites of military interest (a process known as earth-penetrating tomography)

* Shield a territory from intercontinental ballistic missiles

* Fry satellites

* Discriminate between incoming objects (missiles)

* Enhance communications

* Disrupt communications over a large area of the globe

* Change the chemical structure of the upper atmosphere and possibly alter weather

* Affect human mental functioning

* Impact the health of humans and other biological systems (including migration patterns, etc.).

There is a great deal of concern from citizens and acclaimed scientists alike about the effects of HAARP's activities on the ionosphere, particularly when the risks are already exacerbated by many other factors. Paul Schaefer of Kansas City has a degree in electrical engineering and spent four years building nuclear weapons. He talks about imbalances already caused by the industrial and atomic age, especially by radiation of large numbers of tiny, high-velocity particles "like very small spinning tops in our environment. The unnatural level of motion of highly-energetic particles in the atmosphere and in radiation belts surrounding HAARP: Striking a Sour Note

earth is the villain in the weather disruptions, according to this model, which describes an earth discharging its buildup of heat, relieving stress and regaining a balanced condition through earthquakes and volcanic action...Unless we desire the death of our planet, we must end the production of unstable particles which are generating the earth's fever. A first priority to prevent this disaster would be to shut down all nuclear power plants and end the testing of atomic weapons, electronic warfare, and 'Star Wars'." HAARP falls into the "Star Wars" category by virtue of the fact that HAARP is a spin-off of Strategic Defense Initiative, i.e., Star Wars-related projects, which used ionospheric heaters in the 1980's.

The heating of the ionosphere is in itself incredibly risky, and even the military and its scientists lay no claim to knowledge of the consequences of what this type of interference may have. The ionosphere lies between forty and six hundred miles above earth, just above the ozone layer. The ionosphere is alive with electrical activity, so much so that its processes are "non-linear". This means that the ionosphere is dynamic, and its reactions to experiments unpredictable. High-energy experiments in this area where non-linear processes can change suddenly and unexpectedly, or increase in power dramatically, is madness. Some theorists say that a non-linear process can, under certain conditions, tap into the background energy of space, also called "zero-point fluctuations of the vacuum". The ionosphere protects the earth from constant bombardment of high-energy particles from space with the help of earth's magnetic field, and it has an intimate relationship with those forces. HAARP would serve to, in effect, slice into the ionosphere. David Yarrow of Albany, New York, a researcher with a background in electronics, describes possible interactions of HAARP radiations with the ionosphere and earth's magnetic grid:

"HAARP will not burn 'holes' in the ionosphere. That is a dangerous understatement of what HAARP's giant gigawatt beam will do. Earth is spinning relative to thin electric shells of the multilayer membrane of 'ionosperes' that absorb and shield earth's surface from intense solar radiation, including charged particle storms in solar winds erupting from the sun. Earth's axial spin means that HAARP - in a burst lasting more than a few minutes - will slice through the ionosphere like a microwave knife. This produces not a hole but a long tear - an incision."

Dr. Elizabeth Rauscher, a Ph.D. in particle physics, describes the ionosphere as a soap-bubble-like sphere surrounding earth's atmosphere, with movements swirling over the surface of the bubble. She says that "if you've ever watched a large bubble closely, you see rainbow-like patterns flowing over it. Then you see a black spot where the wavelengths of light are so short that they can't show the bubble. But it hasn't burst yet. Then a hole forms, then it pops."

Barbara Zickuhr, a concerned Alaskan, says "they're like big boys playing with a sharp stick, finding a sleeping bear and poking it in the butt to see what's going to happen."

The implications, both long and short term, of the potential risks on a global scale, affecting all life on this planet, are staggering. It is each person's responsibility to be active and aware regarding HAARP. Earth and the life forms on it vibrate and resonate in harmony, and HAARP is a sour note. For more information, Jeane Manning and Dr. Nick Begichs' book Angel's Don't Play This HAARP - Advances in Tesla Technology is available from Earthpulse Press, P.O. Box 201393, Anchorage, Alaska, 99520. Also available to the general public is their website, through which you can also access the information being made available to the general public by the military, at: www.earthpulse.com. Dr. Nick Begich can usually be reached at (907)-694-1277, fax: (907)-696-1277.

Information is also on file at the Mendocino Environmental Center, 106 W. Standley St., Ukiah, CA 95468 (707)-468-1660.

Copyright Mendocino Environmental Center 1997
Permission granted to excerpt or use this article if source is cited

HAARP

2011-01-24T21:22:00.000-08:00

[High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program]
A Case Study in Ultra-Modern Warfare

Introduction

Recent advances in geophysical research, communication, and computerization have led to substantial technological changes in military weaponry. Under the rubric of national security, the U.S, military is utilizing this technology to strengthen control over its spheres of influence. Included in this endeavor is a proposed "revolution in military affairs" driven by a belief that while conventional armed warfare is still a necessary component of military strategy, a compelling new priority is how to quell insurgencies, terrorist attacks, and social unrest overseas and at home.

One example of this new technology is the U.S. Air Force and Navy's development of HAARP, a 'High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program' under construction in Gakona, Alaska. The major component of HAARP is a radio wave transmitter utilizing powerful high frequency (HF) transmissions and a variety of associated observational instruments "...to investigate naturally occurring and artifically induced ionospheric processes that support, enhance, or degrade the propagation of radio waves." Scheduled to b e completed in approximately five years, HAARP is presently running at about ten percent of projected power levels.

In a 1993 Environmental Impact Statement [EIS] addressing possible environmental impacts of HAARP, the Air Force indicated that the study of the ionosphere was being initiated "...to better understand and use it to enhance communications and surveilla nce systems for both civil and defense purposes."

The Problem

Opposition to the project was immediate. Initial fear raised by ham operators and airline pilots over possible disruption of radio communication, was followed by environmentalists concerned over unforeseen radio frequency [RF] effects on animals and huma n beings. Soon, individuals and groups ranging from university scientists to followers of the paranormal, voiced their criticisms - a few even suggesting that this military technology would not only destroy communications, but might actually manipulate global weather systems and influence ways in which people think and behave. Still, given the esoteric nature of the topic, public expression of this criticism was largely limited to the Internet and letters to the editor of Alaska newspapers.

In 1994, a series of articles appearing in the environmental publication Earth Island Journal bought wider attention. Shortly thereafter, HAARP was selected as an important chapter in the book The Ten Top Censored Stories of 1994. In response, the Air Force placed its own HAARP Home Page on the world wide web, explaining the project's scientific goals and addressing criticisms raised in opposition to it. As public consciousness was heightened, more articles appeared in the press; ra dio talk show hosts invited guests to present opposing sides of the issue; TV networks devoted segments to it; and in Alaska, the legislature held hearings to learn more about HAARP and its potential environmental impact.

Then in 1996, the litigation director of Trustees for Alaska - representing the interests of major environmental organizations including Greenpeace, National Audubon Society, Sierra Club, National Wildlife Federation, and others - submitte d a detailed memorandum to the Air Force urging it to prepare a supplemental Environmental Impact Statement [EIS] for public review and response.

The stated reasons for this request included the following:

# That substantial changes have been made over the course of HAARP's development;

# That extensive questions remain over the military's current intended uses for the project;

# That additional scientific evidence raises new questions about its possible effects;

# That under such circumstances, the regulations and spirit of the National Environmental Policy Act [NEPA] call for a supplemental EIS.

Examples of significant changes occurring in the description of HAARP research included a newly described emphasis on earth-penetrating tomography permitting the detection of tunnels, underground shelters and other forms of 'counterproliferation;' along with increased government funding allocated to HAARP based on a new budgetary designation listing it as an "advanced military weapon."

Responding to these and similar criticisms, the Air Force reiterated that although HAARP is managed by the Air Force and Navy, "it is purely a scientific research facility posing no threat to potential adversaries and has no value as a military target."

The Assignment

Overview

Like other case studies in our continuing series on ' Social Equity and Environmental Justice,' this one raises important questions about the impact of social institutions on the natural environment - more specifically, the role of the military.

Over the past half century, the Arctic, the Pacific, and similar isolated regions have served as proving grounds for the testing of the world's most powerful nuclear weapons. Fortunately, the signing of international test ban treaties significantly redu ced the threat of nuclear warfare. Now, space weaponry has become a new issue of contention. As stated by retiring NORAD General Joseph Ashy:

"It's politically sensitive, but it's going to happen. Some people don't want to hear this, and it sure isn't in vogue...but absolutely, we're going to fight in space. We're going to fight from space and we're going to fight into space..." [Aviation Week and Space Technology, 5 August 1996]

Criticism of statements by the military regarding the use of advanced weaponry is not new. Indeed, one of its sharpest challengers was Albert Einstein, who warned Americans in 1949:

"We should be on our guard not to overestimate science and scientific methods when it is a question of human problems, and we should not assume that experts are the only ones who have the right to express themselves on questions affecting the organization of society."

These two quotes offer up a host of questions far too complex to be addressed in our assignment. That does not mean, however, that they should be completely set aside, for as stated in the Introduction to our Virtual Classroom, the initial step in solvi ng large problems is to break them down into smaller, managable units. Once these elements are grasped more clearly, then the various parts can be rejoined and the whole issue seen with greater understanding.

Questions to be Addressed

Taking HAARP as our case in point, we can begin by asking: "Of what might these smaller segments consist?" Numerous possibilities exist. For the purpose of this discusison, two examples will suffice. First, Why has HAARP drawn so much negative a ttention by the press and among the public?

The References section to follow includes numerous sites on the Internet in which individuals express concern over possible risks to humans and the environment stemming from the use of HAARP's "ionospheric heater." The most extreme commentaries refer t o HAARP as an evil weapon able to alter people's minds and control weather over much of the hemisphere. Others, listing various coverups engaged in by the military in the past, ask whether this same military can be trusted today. Still others, accepting the government's assurances on the larger issues, worry over HAARP's potential hazard to birds and aircraft.

An entirely different kind of question concerns the role of universities in military research. In World War II, the development of atomic weapons required the active involvement of university scientists, prompting a new relationship between the government and academia. During the Cold War this link expanded dramatically. In 1952, for example, 90 percent of all federal funds for university research in the 'hard sciences' came from either the Defense Department or the Atomic Energy Commission. Obvously, this is no longer the case, Still, the legacy of such funding remains in the form of academic institutes and individual entrepreneurs who tailor their research to meet the expressed needs of the military. Whether such support is helpful or harmful in meeting the educational requirements of today's universities is a question over which there is co ntinuing disagreement.

The above two examples are illustrative of the broad range of questions that can be addressed regarding HAARP, its objectives and future. Others are of equal or greater importance. There is also the immediate issue whether a new EIS document should be drafted for public review. However, in this exercise, what is essential is not the specific question or questions to be raised, but that their formation and exploration be undertaken by the participants themselves.

Classroom Participation

For the assignment, students are urged to work in teams representing the differing positions taken on the issues selected for debate. How many teams are selected will depend on the number of available participants. At minimum, at least three teams should be formed representing the views of: (a) the Military; (b) an Environmental Coalition; and (c), a Review Committee of academically based scientists. Inclusion of a fourth group representing the 'pubic interest' will encourage an even greater expression of opinion.

After joining specific teams, members should first review, and then analyze the differing perspectives taken on the questions selected. Although a data base is available in the Reference section of this case study, students are encouraged to explore oth er sources we well - including their own searches on the world wide web and in their own libraries. With this material in hand, each team should meet separately to plan their strategies and develop position papers for the forthcoming debate.

Once the available information has been obtained and position papers written and distributed, the participants should come together in a conference or classroom setting with chairs and tables arranged so as to represent an 'opening hearing.' Following su mmary presentations by the members of each team, further expressions of opinion can be invited from other members of the class, or visitors to the class.

A brief reminder: the purpose of the assigment is not to make a final judgment as to the 'rights' or 'wrongs' of the HAARP Project. Rather, it is to assist the participants in deepening their understanding of the issues that are involved.

References on the World Wide Web
I. HOME PAGE

HAARP Main Page

II. EDUCATIONAL, SCIENCE and ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

Washington's New World Order Weapons Have the Ability to Trigger Climate Change - Michael Chossudovsky
Background on the HAARP Project - Rosalie Bertell
HAARP Home Page - University of Alaska
HAARP: Detection and Image of Underground Structures Using ELF/VLF Radio Waves - American Federation of Scientists
Alaska Conservation Foundation - 1996 [includes reprint of Popular Science article]

III. ONLINE JOURNAL, MAGAZINE, AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

U.S. HAARP Weapon Development Concerns Russian Duma - Interfax News Agency [August 9, 2002]
HAARP...Knocking on Heaven's Door Popular Science [1995]
Is HAARP associated with Star Wars - SSIMICRO [Canada}

IV. INDIVIDUAL WEB SITES

Son of Star Wars - The Fort Greely and HAARP Connection
Holes in Heaven - A Docuumentary
HAARP Updates
Weapons of Total Destruction
HAARP Rumors Fly - Dreamland [2001]

ArcticCircle Home Page
Searching...

Jerry E. Smith

2011-01-24T18:57:00.000-08:00

Jerry E. Smith has authored several books, including: HAARP: The Ultimate Weapon of the Conspiracy (1998) and Weather Warfare: The Military’s Plan to Draft Mother Nature (2006).

The Interview:
Jerry_Smith_Int.mp3

His Website:
http://www.jerryesmith.com/

Jerry E. Smith, whose training is in earth science, has authored several books, including: HAARP: The Ultimate Weapon of the Conspiracy (1998) and Weather Warfare: The Military’s Plan to Draft Mother Nature (2006). His website is www.jerryesmith.com.

Geography professor, Dr. E. Karlstrom, began the interview by asking Smith if he believed the U.S. Air Force’s HAARP (High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program) facility in Alaska may have been involved in the destruction of the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001 . Karlstrom noted that HAARP technology is based on the patents of Nikola Tesla, who, in the early 1900s, announced his new “death ray” as a “teleforce that could melt 10,000 airplanes (and their motors) at a distance of 250 miles.” (This is significant because engine blocks of about 130 cars near “Ground Zero” were partly or completely melted on 9/11. See www.drjudywood.com for photographic evidence). Smith replied that because the HAARP facility in Alaska was not finished until 2005, this particular facility was not probably not involved, but that a “HAARP-like weapon” may have been involved. He said he had not previously considered this idea, but would do so now.

Smith’s book states: “This futuristic technology is everything from super-beam weapon to world-wide mind control device…. HAARP is building a transmitter of sufficient signal strength to turn the aurora borealis (the “northern lights”) into a virtual antennae, re-broadcasting in the extremely low frequency (ELF) range.” Although the official claims are that HAARP is a simple weather research facility, Smith asks what is it that HAARP is researching? In fact, so far, with U.S. Senate approval, the U.S. Department of Defense (Air Force and Navy) has spent some $300 million on HAARP. DOD’s main goal, of course, is to win wars. The HAARP facility uses ELF waves that can penetrate deep into the earth and oceans. Thus, it is perfect for earth-penetrating tomography (EPT) and for coordinating activities of submarines. Also, because ELFs broadcast in the range of human brain waves (0 to 10 hertz), HAARP can “fry” men’s minds by sending radio waves directly into millions of human minds simultaneously. Indeed, Smith believes that the pri mary purpose of HAARP is to bath the entire atmosphere with ELFs in the same frequency as that of the human mind.

HAARP has the capacity to generate 3.6 million watts. The facility itself is some 58 acres and includes 180 high frequency (HF) broadcast antennas, called the Ionosphere Research Instrument (IRI). These ELF waves can circumnavigate the globe and can be focused on a building. HAARP is the largest of some 20 other such “ionospheric heaters.” Other HAARP-like facilities are located in Puerto Rico, Germany (the Max Planck Institute), China, Russia, Norway, etc. Thus, Smith notes there are many projects and players. There are also 10’s of thousands of new weapons being tested and millions of scientific projects going on in the U.S., most of which we’ve never heard of.

In the U.S., the HAARP research program is part of the military’s non-conventional warfare program that began in the 1990’s after the collapse of the Soviet Union. It forms part the “Revolution in Military Affairs” (RMA) that supplanted the expected “peace dividend.” It is related to a host of electromagnetic warfare weapons, scalar weapons, radio frequency technologies, and micro-wave weapons, including the vehicle-mounted Active Denial System (ADS) that uses microwaves to raise the temperature of human skin to 180 degrees (F.?) in 2 seconds- as a method for crowd control. The Air Force and Marines have these weapons; ADS weapons mounted on Hummers have been used in the war in Iraq on Iraqis. HAARP is also capable of being an EMP (electro-magnetic pulse) generator. HAARP is ground-based, but HAARP like weapons can also be based in space or in the air. HAARP can also create a plume of electrically-charged (ionized) gas (plasma) that can be exploded when ignited by an electric pulse.

Smith notes that Tesla’s “death ray” could also supposedly ionize a zone of the atmosphere to create a plasma, after which a deliberate discharge of electrical energy could cause the plasma to explode, causing the molecular dissociation of matter. Karlstrom referred to the research of materials engineer, Dr. Judy Wood (www.drjudywood.com), in which Wood documents through photographs that the disintegration of Word Trade Center Buildings 1, 2, and 7 were each preceded by rising white-gray plumes of gas on the outside of the buildings. Because these kinds of features have never been seen before, Wood has invented new terminology for the features she sees in the photos. Thus, she describes the buildings, as being “lathered up” by whitish colored gases (ionized plasma?) before the explosions. After the buildings disintegrated via molecular dissociation, pockets of “fuzzy balls”- or gray-white (plasma?) gases remain in the photos. These gases were lighter than air and floated upwards into the sky. Smith agreed that the weapons used to destroy the WTC may have been “HAARP-like.”

The French experimented with this kind of technology in the 1920’s, the Soviets experimented with it in the 1930’s and supposedly, the Japanese doomsday cult was able to send fireballs across Australia using this technology.

After the HAARP project was passed from corporation to corporation (including Raytheon), DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) was given the job of completing the HAARP facility. On their HAARP website, DARPAP notes four things that have been done with HAARP. These include ionosphere generation of ELF waves for subsurface communication, using pulses of plasma and projection of ELFs outward to the Van Allen Belt, reducing the amount of radiation in the Belt. No Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) has been conducted on the effects of this activity. Although HAARP was funded to do satellite EPT (earth-penetrating tomography), there is no record it has ever been used for this. Melodee pointed out that it could also be used to locate underground water and mineral deposits such as oil and gold, etc. Smith agreed.

Another possible application of HAARP is modification of weather. Could HAARP have been used to guide Hurricane Katrina into New Orleans in 2005? Smith replied that it was probably not fully functional at that time. He noted that 2005 was the worst hurricane season ever, but that HAARP was probably not involved. He says it was rushed into completion to be online by the 2006 hurricane season. Then, 2006, 2007, and 2008 had essentially no hurricane seasons. He suggests that HAARP could be responsible for the mysterious high pressure dome that parked semi-permanently over the Southeastern U.S. and acted like a rubber bumper to repel hurricanes. He suggested this may have had to do with election year politics. When asked how HAARP could have caused the Bermuda High Pressure cell to remain over the SE U.S. during the hurricane season, Smith did not know.

Another potential use of HAARP would be to move the position of the jet stream, which changes the path of prevailing storm tracks (the “downstream effect”). He noted that China has some 37,000 full time “weather managers” and that Beijing has been promising perfect weather for the 2008 summer Olympics. He also mentioned that through their weather modifications, China has been “stealing” rain from North Korea for the last decade or so and getting away with it. Smith suggests everyone read the U.S. Air Force document: “Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025.” Another possible use of HAARP would be to trigger earthquakes.

In fact, HAARP is probably an attempt to weaponize the atmosphere, and as such, is the continuation of Star Wars and Strategic Defense Initiative. There is long history of using weather as a weapon. During the Vietnam War, the DOD’s Operation Popeye used weather as a weapon between 1968 and 1972. And Defense experts denied this fact when testifying before Congress. In fact, some 47,000 cloud seeding units were applied over Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam at a cost of $21.6 million. Other military projects include the intentional thinning of the ozone layer.

There is an Environmental Modification Treaty (ENMOD) that makes environmental modification illegal. Nonetheless, some 700 degreed scientists (civilian contractors) are now researching the topic of weather modification, largely in Fargo, North Dakota. After Operation Popeye was exposed, the U.S. government signed the ENMOD treaty and moved this kind of research “off budget” (to private contractors). Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison proposed the Weather Modification Authorization Act, which would further limit weather modification by creating a Weather Modification Advisory Board. Although the bill went to the Senate Calendar it died without being voted on. Another bill was later introduced, named Weather Mitigation Advisory Board. (Notice the Orwellian change of words and meaning between the two advisory boards!).

The 1976 book, Operation Mind Control, by W.H. Bowart, details some 149 sub-projects of the CIA’s MKULTRA mind-control experiments, carried out in hospitals, prisons, and military bases. Many of these mind-control experiments were designed to achieve the electronic dissolution of memory. Smith’s research into MKULTRA (for his book, Mind Control, World Control) convinced him that the government lies to us constantly and that it is engaged in criminal activity on a scale that is inconceivable to most Americans. Intelligence communities have been searching for ways to take over minds. He speculates that HAARP mind-control techniques could use hypnosis for military purposes- to create a sleeper army, for example. It could be used to put words and/or images into people’s heads. (There are 3 or 4 patents to put words in people’s heads. So people who claim to be hearing voices may not be crazy; they actually are hearing voices.) Project Bluebeam is alleged to be a NASA program that would take over the world by faking the rapture or an alien invasion. Either could be used to create a global government overnight. Thus, HAARP could be used to project images and emotions into people- for example, painting the sky with images of local Gods or Goddesses as well as words to deceive religious people.

Smith was director of a UFO museum in Nevada, but now believes that most UFOs are man-made. He now leans away from believing in ETs, but instead notes that modern theoretical physics postulates 6, 7, 9, 11, and 14 dimensions. Thus, UFO’s and ETs could be “extra-dimensional” and perfectly terrestrial at the same time.

“Societry” is the study of “industrial psychiatry.” The U.S.A. Pat riot Act, which first appeared in Nazi Germany, was written prior to the Oklahoma City bombing. But they needed to create another synthetic terrorist event, 9/11, to get it passed.

The cabal that the runs the government is a conspiracy. (Indeed, 80% of prisoners in jail have participated in some kind of conspiracy.) We have an open conspiracy to create global government. This comes down to us from the Illuminati, which formed in 1776. Smith sees two competing teams in the ruling global cabal:

1) The Banksters are the int erna tional bankers and owners of the multinational corporations that want to run the world in a top-down fashion in order to control the profits.

2) The Watermelons are green on the outside and red on the inside, i.e., communists masquerading as environmentalists who want to destroy the profits. They believe that civilization is a crime against nature, so the solution is to destroy civilization. Thus, Al Gore’s plan to save mankind is to control mankind. This idea- that the earth is everything and the individual is nothing- is a variation on the Nazi (and communist) idea that the State is everything and the individual is nothing

HAARP Executive Summary

2011-01-24T18:45:00.000-08:00

HAARP

HF ACTIVE AURORAL RESEARCH PROGRAM

JOINT SERVICES PROGRAM PLANS AND ACTIVITIES

AIR FORCE
GEOPHYSICS LABORATORY

NAVY
OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH

HF ACTIVE AURORAL RESEARCH PROGRAM (HAARP)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. INTRODUCTION

2. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
2.1. Geophysical Probing
2.2. Generation of ELF/VLF Waves
2.3. Generation of Ionospheric Holes/Lens
2.4. Electron Acceleration
2.5. Generation of Field Aligned Ionization
2.6. Oblique HF Heating
2.7. Generation of Ionization Layers Below 90 Km

3. IONOSPHERIC ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH POWER RF HEATING
3.1. Thresholds of Ionospheric Effects
3.2. General Ionospheric Issues
3.3. High Latitude Ionospheric Issues

4. DESIRED HF HEATING FACILITY
4.1 Heater Characteristics
4.1.1 Effective-Radiated-power (ERP]
4.1.2 Frequency Range of Operation
4.1.3 Scanning Capabilities
4.1.4. Modes of Operation
4.1.5 Wave Polarization
4.1.6 Agility in Changing Heater Parameters

4.2. Heater Diagnostics
4.2.1. Incoherent Scatter Radar Facility
4.2.2. Other Diagnostics
4.2.3. Additional Diagnostics for ELF Generation Experiments

4.3. HF Heater Location
4.4. Estimated Cost of the New Heating Facility

5. PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS

6. PLANS FOR RESEARCH ON THE GENERATION OF ELF SIGNALS IN THE IONOSPHERE BY MODULATING THE POLAR ELECTROJET
6.1. Ionospheric Issues as They Relate to ELF Generation
6.1.1 Ionospheric Research Needs
6.1.2. Ionospheric Research Recommendations
6.2 HF to ELF Excitation Efficiency
6.2.1. Low-Altitude Heating Issues
6.2.2. Low-Altitude Heating Research Recommendations
6.2.3. High-Altitude Heating Issues
6.2.4. High-Altitude Heating Research Recommendations
6.3. Submarine Communication Issues Associated With Exploiting ELF Signals Generated in the Ionosphere by HF Heating
6.3.1. General Research Issues
6.3.2. Specific ELF Systems Issuesv 6.4. ELF System-Related Research Recommendations

7. SUMMARY OF HAARP INITIATION ACTIVITIES
7.1. HAARP Steering Group
7.2. Summary of HAARP Steering Group Activities and Schedule

APPENDIX A HF Heating Facilities

APPENDIX B Workshop on Ionospheric Modification and generation of ELF
Workshop Agenda
Workshop Attendance Roster

HAARP -- HF Active Auroral Research
Program

Executive Summary

As described in the accompanying report, the HF Active Auroral Ionospheric Research Program (HAARP) is especially attractive in that it will insure that research in an emerging, revolutionary, technology area will be focused towards identifying and exploiting techniques to greatly enhance C3 capabilities. The heart of the program will be the development of a unique high frequency (HF) ionospheric heating capability to conduct the pioneering experiments required under the program.

Applications

An exciting and challenging aspect of ionospheric enhancement is its potential to control ionospheric processes in such a way as to greatly improve the performance of C3 systems. A key goal of the program is the identification and investigation of those ionospheric processes and phenomena that can be exploited for DOD purposes, such as those outlined below.

Generation of ELF waves in the 70-150 Hz band to provide communications to deeply submerged submarines. A program to develop efficient ELF generation techniques is planned under the DOD ionospheric enhancement program.

Geophysical probing to identify and characterize natural ionospheric processes that limit the performance of C3 systems, so that techniques can be developed to mitigate or control them. Generation of ionospheric lenses to focus large amounts of HF energy at high altitudes in the ionosphere, thus providing a means for triggering ionospheric processes that potentially could be exploited for DOD purposes.

Electron acceleration for the generation of IR and other optical emissions, and to create additional ionization in selected regions of the ionosphere that could be used to control radio wave - propagation properties.

Generation of geomagnetic-field aligned ionization to control the reflection/scattering properties of radio waves.

Oblique heating to produce effects on radio wave propagation at great distances from a HF heater, thus broadening the potential military applications of ionospheric enhancement technology.

Generation of ionization layers below 90 km to provide, radio wave reflectors (mirrors) which can be exploited for long range, over-the-horizon, HF/VHF/UHF surveillance purposes, including the detection of cruise missiles and other low observables.

Desired HF Heater Characteristics

A new, unique, HF heating facility is required to address the broad range of issues identified above. However, in order to have a useful facility at various stages of its development, it is important that the heater be constructed in a modular manner, such that its effective-radiated-power can be increased in an efficient, cost effective manner as resources become available.

Effective-Radiated-Powers (ERP) in Excess of 1 Gigawatt

One gigawatt of effective-radiated-power represents an important threshold power level, over which significant wave generation and electron acceleration efficiencies can be achieved, and other significant heating effects can be expected.

Broad HF Frequency Range

The desired heater would have a frequency range from around 1 MHz to about 15 MHz, thereby allowing a wide range of ionospheric processes to be investigated.

Scanning Capabilities

A heater that has rapid scanning capabilities is very desirable to enlarge the size of heated regions in the ionosphere Continuous Wave (CW) and Pulse Modes of Operation. Flexibility in choosing heating modes of operation will allow a wider variety of ionospheric enhancement techniques and issues to be addressed.

Polarization

The facility should permit both X and O polarization in order to study ionospheric processes over a range of altitudes.

Agility in Changing Heater Parameters

The ability to quickly change the heater parameters is important for addressing such issues as enlarging the size of the heated region the ionosphere and the development of techniques to insure that the energy densities desired in the ionosphere can be delivered without self-limiting effects setting-in.

HF Heating Diagnostics

In order to understand natural ionospheric processes as well as those induced through active modification of the ionosphere, adequate instrumentation is required to measure a wide range of ionospheric .parameters on the appropriate- temporal and spatial scales. A key diagnostic these measurements will be an incoherent scatter radar facility to provide the means to monitor such background plasma conditions as electron densities, electron and ion temperatures, and electric fields, all as a function of altitude. The incoherent scatter radar facility, envisioned to complement the planned new HF heater, is currently being funded in a separate DOD program, as part of an upgrade at the Poker Flat rocket range, in Alaska.

For ELF generation experiments, the diagnostics complement would include a chain of ELF receivers, a digital HF ionosonde, a magnetometer chain, photometers, a VLF sounder, and a VHF riometer. In other experiments, in situ measurements of the heated region in the ionosphere, via rocket-borne instrumentation, would also be very desirable. Other diagnostics to be employed, depending on the nature of the ionospheric modifications being implemented, will include HF receivers, HF/VHF radars, optical imagers, and scintillation observations.

HF Heater Location

One of the major issues to be addressed under the program is the generation of ELF waves in the ionosphere by HF heating. This requires location the heater where there are strong ionospheric currents, either at an equatorial location or a high latitude (auroral) location. Additional factors to be considered in locating the heater include other technical (research) needs and requirements, environmental issues, future expansion capabilities (real estate), infrastructure, and considerations of the availability and location of diagnostics. The location of the new HF heating facility is planned for Alaska, relatively near to a new incoherent scatter facility, already planned for the Poker Flat rocket range under a separate DOD program.

In addition, it is desirable that the HF heater be located to permit rocket probe instrumentation to be flown into the heated region of the ionosphere. The exact location in Alaska for the proposed new HF heating facility has not yet been determined.

Estimated Cost of the New HF Heating Facility

It is estimated that eight to ten million dollars ($8-10M) will provide a new facility with an effective-radiated-power of approximately that of the current DOD facility (HIPAS), but with considerable improvement in frequency tunability and antenna-beam steering capability. The facility will be of modular design to permit efficient and cost-effective upgrades in power as additional funds become available. The desired (world-class) facility, having the broad capabilities and flexibility described above, will cost on the order of twenty-five to thirty million dollars ($25-30M).

Program Participants

The program will be jointly managed by the Navy and the Air Force. However, because of the wide variety of issues to be addressed, active participation of the government agencies, universities, and private contractors is envisioned.

HF Active Auroral Research Program

The DOD HF Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) is especially attractive in that it will insure that research in an emerging, revolutionary, technology area will be focused towards identifying and exploiting techniques to greatly enhance C3 capabilities. The heart of the program will be the development of a unique ionospheric heating capability to conduct the pioneering experiments required to adequately assess the potential for exploiting ionospheric enhancement technology for DOD (Dept. of Defense) purposes. As outlined below, such a research facility will provide the means for investigating the creation, maintenance, and control of a large number and wide variety of ionospheric processes that, if exploited, could provide significant operational capabilities and advantages over conventional C3 systems. The research to be conducted in the program will include basic, exploratory, and applied efforts.

1. Introduction

DoD agencies already have on-going efforts in the broad area of active ionospheric experiments, including ionospheric enhancements. These include both space- and ground-based approaches. The space-based efforts include chemical releases (e.g., the Air Force's Brazilian Ionospheric Modification Experiment, BIME; the Navy's RED AIR program; and multi-agency participation in the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite, CRRES). In addition other, planned, programs will employ particle beams and accelerators aboard rockets (e.g., EXCEDE and CHARGE IV), and shuttle- or satellite-borne RF transmitters (e.g., WISP and ACTIVE). Ground-based techniques employ the use of high power, radio frequency (RF), transmitters (so-called "heaters") to provide the energy in the ionosphere that causes it to be altered, or enhanced. The use of such heaters has a number of advantages over space-based approaches.

These include the possibility of repeating experiments under controlled conditions, and the capability of conducting a wide variety of experiments using the same facility. For example, depending on the RF frequency and effective radiated power (ERP) used, different regions of the atmosphere and the ionosphere can be affected to produce a number of practical effects, as illustrated in Table 1. Because of the large number and wide variety of those. effects, and because many of them have the potential to be exploited for important C3 applications, the program is focused on developing a robust program in the area of ground-based, high power RF heating of the ionosphere.

To date, most DoD ionospheric heating experiments have been conducted to gain better understanding of ionospheric processes, i.e., they have been used as geophysical-probes. In this, one perturbs the ionosphere, then studies how it responds to the disturbance and how it ultimately recovers back to ambient conditions. The use of ionospheric enhancement to simulate ionospheric processes and phenomena is a more recent development, made possible by the increasing knowledge being obtained on how they evolve naturally. By simulating natural ionospheric effects it is possible to assess how they may affect the performance of DoD systems. From a DoD point of view, however, the most exciting and challenging aspect of ionospheric enhancement is its potential to control ionospheric processes in such a way as to greatly enhance the performance of C3 systems (or to deny accessibility to an adversary), This is a revolutionary concept in that, rather than accepting the limitations imposed on operational systems by the natural ionosphere, it envisions seizing control of the propagation medium and shaping it to insure that a desired system capability can be achieved. A key ingredient of the DOD program is the goal of identifying and investigating those ionospheric processes and phenomena that can be exploited for such purposes.

2. Potential Applications

A brief description of a variety of potential applications of ionospheric- enhancement technology that could be addressed in the DOD program are outlined below.

2.1. Geophysical Probing

The use of ionospheric heating to investigate natural ionospheric processes is a traditional one. Such-research is still required in order to develop models of the ionosphere that can be used to reliably predict the performance of C3 systems, under both normal and disturbed ionospheric conditions. This aspect of ionospheric enhancement research is always available to the investigator; in effect, as a by-product of any ionospheric enhancement research, even if it is driven by specific system applications goals, such as discussed below.

2.2. Generation of ELF/VLF Waves

A number of critical DOD communications systems rely on the use of ELF/VLF (30 Hz-30kHz) radio waves. These include those associated with the Minimum Essential Emergency Communications Network (MEECN) and those used to disseminate messages to submerged submarines. In the latter, frequencies in the 70-150 Hz range are especially attractive, but difficult to generate efficiently with ground-based antenna systems. The potential exists for generating such waves by ground-based heating of the ionosphere. The heater is used to modulate the conductivity of the lower ionosphere, which in turn modulates ionospheric currents. This modulated current, in effect, produces a virtual antenna in the ionosphere for the radiation of radio waves. The technique has already been used to generate ELF/VLF signals at a number of vertical HF heating facilities in the West and the Soviet Union. To date, however, these efforts have been confined to essentially basic research studies, and few attempts have been made to investigate ways to increase the efficiency of such ELF/VLF generation to make it attractive for communications applications. In this regard, heater generated ELF would be attractive if it could provide significantly stronger signals than those available from the Navy's existing antenna systems in Wisconsin and Michigan. Recent theoretical research suggests that this may be possible, provided the appropriate HF heating facility was available. Because this area of research appears especially promising, and because of existing DOD requirements for ELF and VLF, it is already a primary driver of the proposed research program.

In addition to its potential application to long range, survivable, DOD communications, there is another potentially attractive application of strong ELF/VLF waves generated in the ionosphere by ground-based heaters. It is known that ELF/VLF signals generated by lightning strokes propagate through the ionosphere and interact with charged Particles trapped along geomagnetic field lines, causing them, from time to time, to precipitate into the lower ionosphere. If such processes could be reliably controlled, it would be possible to develop techniques to deplete selected regions of the radiation belts of particles, for short periods, thus allowing satellites to operate within them without harm to their electronic components, any of the critical issues associated with this concept of radiation-belt control could be investigated as part of the DOD program.

2.3. Generation of Ionospheric Holes/Lens

It is well known that HF heating produces local depletions ("holes") of electrons, thus altering the refractive properties of the ionosphere. This in turn affects the propagation of radio waves passing through that region. If techniques could be developed to exploit this phenomena in such a way as to create an artificial lens, it should be possible to use the lens as a focus to deliver much larger amounts of HF energy to higher altitudes in the ionosphere than is presently possible, thus opening up the way for triggering new ionospheric processes and phenomena that potentially could be exploited for DOD purposes. In fact, the general issue of developing techniques to insure that large energy densities can be made available at selected regions in the ionosphere, from ground-based heaters, is an important one that must be addressed in the DOD program.

2.4. Electron Acceleration

If sufficient energy densities are available in the ionosphere it should be possible to accelerate electrons to high energies, ranging from a few eV to even KeV and MeV levels. Such a capability would provide the means for a number of interesting DOD applications.

Electrons in the ionosphere accelerated to a few eV would generate a variety of IR and optical emissions. Observation and quantification of them would provide data on the concentration of minor constituents in the lower ionosphere and upper atmosphere, which cannot be obtained using conventional probing techniques. Such data would be important for the development of reliable models of the lower ionosphere which are ultimately used in developing radio-wave propagation prediction techniques. In addition, heater generated IR/optical emission, over selected areas of the earth could potentially be used to blind space-based military sensors.

Electrons accelerated to energy levels in the 14-20 eV range would produce new ionization in the ionosphere, via collisions with neutral particles. This suggests that it may be possible to "condition" the ionosphere so that it would support HF propagation during periods when the natural ionosphere was especially weak. This could potentially be exploited for long range (OTH) HF communication/surveillance purposes. Finally, the use of an HF heater to accelerate electrons to KeV or MeV energy levels could be used, in conjunction with satellite sensor measurements, for controlled investigations of the effects of high energy electrons on space platforms. There already is indication that high power transmitters on space-craft accelerate electrons in space to such high energy levels, and that those charged particles can impact on the spade- craft with harmful effects. The processes which trigger such phenomena and the development of techniques to avoid or mitigate them could be investigated as part of the DOD program.

2.5. Generation of Field Aligned Ionization

HF heating of the ionosphere produces patches of ionization that are aligned with the geomagnetic field, thus producing scattering centers for RF waves. Natural processes also produce such scatterers, as evidenced by the scintillations observed on satellite-to-ground links in the equatorial and high latitude regions. The use of a HF heater to generate such scatterers would provide a controlled way to investigate the natural physical processes that produce them, and could lead conceivably to the development of techniques to predict their natural occurrence, their structure and persistence, and (ultimately) the degree to which they would affect DOD systems.

One interesting potential application of heater induced field-aligned ionization is already a part of an on-going DOD (Air Force/RADC) research program, Ducted HF Propagation. It is known that there are high altitude ducts in the E- and F-regions of the ionosphere (110-250 km altitude range) that can support round-the-world HF Propagation. Normally, however, geometrical considerations show that it is not possible to gain access to these ducts from ground-based HF transmitters, From time-to time, however, natural gradients in the ionosphere (often associated with the day-night terminator) provide a means for scattering such HF signals into the elevated ducts. If access to such ducts could be done reliably, interesting very long range HF communications and surveillance applications can be envisioned.

For example, survivable HF propagation above nuclear disturbed ionospheric regions would be possible; or, the very long range detection of missiles breaking through the ionosphere on their way to targets, could be achieved. The use of an HF heater to produce field-aligned ionization in a controlled (reliable) way has been suggested as a means for developing such concepts, and will be tested in an up-coming satellite experiment to be conducted during FY92. The experiment calls for a heater in Alaska to generate field-aligned ionization that will scatter HF signals from a nearby transmitter into elevated ducts. A satellite receiver will record the signals to provide data on the efficiency of the field-aligned ionization as an RF scatterer, as well as the location, persistence, and HF propagation properties associated with the elevated ducts.

2.6. Oblique HF Heating

Most RF heating experiments being conducted in the West and in the Soviet Union employ vertically propagating HF waves. As such the region of the ionosphere that is affected is directly above the heater. For broader military applications, the potential for significantly altering regions of the ionosphere at relatively great distances (1000 km or more) from a heater is very desirable. This involves the concept of oblique heating. The subject takes an added importance in that higher and higher effective radiated powers are being projected for future HF communication and surveillance systems. The potential for those systems to inadvertently modify the ionosphere, thereby producing self-limiting effects, is a real one that should be investigated, In addition, the vulnerability of HF systems to unwanted effects produced by other, high power transmitters (friend or foe) should be addressed.

2.7. Generation of Ionization Layers Below 90 Km

The use of very high power RF heaters to accelerate electrons to 14-20 eV opens the way for the creation of substantial layers of ionization at altitudes where normally there are very few electrons. This concept already has been the subject of investigations by the Air Force (Geophysics Lab), the Navy (MU), and DARPA. The Air Force, in particular, has carried the concept, termed Artificial Ionospheric Mirror (AIM), to the point of demonstrating its technical viability and proposing a new initiative to conduct proof-of-concepts experiments. The RF heater(s) being considered for AIM are in the 400 MHz-3 GHz range, much higher than the HF frequencies (1.5 MHz-15 MHz) suitable for investigating the other topics discussed in this summary. As such, the DOD program (HAARP) will not be directly involved with AIM-related ionospheric enhancement efforts,

3. IONOSPHERIC ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH POWER RF HEATING

As illustrated in Figure 1, as the HF power delivered to the ionosphere is continuously increased the dissipative process dominating the response of the geophysical environment changes discontinuously, producing a variety of ionospheric effects that require investigation. Those anticipated at very high power levels (but not yet available in the West from existing HF heaters) are especially interesting from the point of view of potential applications for DOD purposes,

3.1. Thresholds of Ionospheric Effects

At very modest HF powers, two RF waves propagating through a common volume of ionosphere will experience cross-modulation, a superposition of the amplitude modulation of one RF wave upon another. At HF effective radiated powers available to the West, measurable bulk electron and ion gas heating is achieved, electromagnetic radiation (at frequencies other than transmitted) is stimulated, and various parametric instabilities are excited in the plasma. These include those which structure the plasma so that it scatters RF energy of a wide range of wavelengths.

Figure 1. Thresholds of Ionospheric Effects as a function of Heater ERP (unavailable)

There is also evidence in the West that at peak power operation parametric instabilities begin to saturate, and at the same time modest amounts of energy begin to go into electron acceleration, resulting in modest levels of electron-impact excited airglow. This suggests that at the highest HF powers available in the West, the instabilities commonly studied are approaching their maximum RF energy dissipative capability, beyond which the plasma processes will "runaway" until the next limiting process is reached. The airglow enhancements strongly suggest that this next process then involves wave-particle interactions and electron acceleration.

The Soviets, operating at higher powers than the West, now have claimed significant stimulated ionization by electron-impact ionization. The claim is that HF energy, via wave-particle interaction, accelerates ionospheric electrons to energies well in excess of 20 electron volts (eV) so that they will ionize neutral atmospheric particles with which they collide. Given that the Soviet HF facilities are several times more powerful than the Western facilities at comparable mid-latitudes, and given that the latter appear to be on a threshold of a new "wave-particle" regime of phenomena, it is believed that the Soviets have crossed that threshold and are exploring a regime of phenomena still unavailable for study or application in the West.

The Max Planck HF facility at Tromso, Norway, possesses power comparable to that of the Soviet high power heaters, yet has never produced airglow enhancements commonly produced by US HF facilities at lower HF power, but at lower latitudes. This is attributed to a present inadequate understanding 'f how to make the auroral latitude ionosphere sustain the conditions required to allow the particle acceleration process to dominate, conditions which are achieved in the (more stable) mid- latitude regions.

What is clear, is that at the gigawatt and above effective radiated power energy density deposited in limited regions of the ionosphere can drastically alter its thermal, refractive, scattering, and emission character over a very wide electromagnetic (radio frequency) and optical spectrum, what is needed is the knowledge of how to select desired effects and suppress undesired ones. At present levels of understanding, this can only be done by: identifying and understanding what basic processes are involved, and how they interplay, This can only be done if driven by a strong experimental program steered by tight coupling to the interactive cycle of developing theory-model-experimental test.

3.2. General Ionospheric Issues

When a high-power HF radio wave reflects in the ionosphere, a variety of instability processes are triggered. At early times (less than 200 ms) following HF turn-on, microinstabilities driven by ponderomotive forces are excited over a large (1-10 km) altitude interval extending downwards from the point of HF reflection to the region of the upper hybrid resonance. However, at very early times (less than 50 ms) and at late times (greater than l0 s) the strongest HF-induced Langmuir turbulence appears to occur in the vicinity of HF reflection. The Langmuir turbulence also gives rise to a population of accelerate electrons. Over time scales op 100's of milliseconds and longer, the microinstabilities must coexist with other instabilities that are either triggered or directly driven by the HF-induced turbulence. Some of these instabilities are believed to be explosive in character. The dissipation of the Langmuir turbulence is thought to give rise to meter-scale irregularities through several different instability routes. Finally, over time scales of tens of seconds and longer, several thermally driven instabilities can be excited which give rise to kilometer-scale ionospheric irregularities. Some of these irregularities are aligned with the geomagnetic field, while others are aligned either along the axis of the HF beam or parallel to the horizontal.

Recently, ionospheric diagnostics of HF modification have evolved to the point where individual instability processes can be examined in detail. Because of improved diagnostic capabilities, it is now clear that the wave-plasma interactions once thought to be rather simple are in fact rather complex. For example, the latest experimental findings at Arecibo Observatory suggest that plasma processes responsible for the excitation of Langmuir turbulence in the ionosphere are fundamentally different from past treatments based on so-called "weak turbulence theory".

This theoretical approach relies on random phase approximations to treat the amplification of linear plasma waves by parametric instabilities. Research in HF ionospheric modification during the period 1970-1986 commonly focused on parametric instabilities to explain observational results. In contrast, there is in increasing evidence that the conventional picture is wrong and that the ionospheric plasma undergoes a highly nonlinear development, culminating in the formation of localized states of strong plasma turbulence. The highly localized state (often referred to as cavitons) consists of high-frequency plasma waves trapped in self- consistent electron density depletions.

It is important to realize that many different instabilities are simultaneously excited in the plasma and that one instability process can greatly influence the development of another. Studies of competition between similar types of instability processes and the interaction between dissimilar wave-plasma interactions are in the earliest stages of development. However, it is clear that the degree to which one instability is excited in the plasma may severely impact a variety of other HF-induced processes through HF-induced pump wave absorption, changes in particle distribution functions, and the disruption op other coherently-driven processes relying on smooth ionospheric electron density gradients. Because the efficiency of many instability processes is dependent on geomagnetic dip angle, the nature of instability competition in the plasma is expected to change with geomagnetic latitude. Indeed, observational results strongly support this notion. consequently, it may be very difficult to extrapolate the observational results obtained at one geomagnetic latitude to another. Moreover, even at one experimental station, physical phenomena excited by a high-power HF wave is strongly dependent upon background ionospheric conditions. A classic illustration of this point may be found in Arecibo observations made when local electron energy dissipation rates are low. In this case, the ionospheric plasma literally overheats due to the absence of effective electron thermal loss processes.

The large (factor of four) enhancement in electron temperature that accompanies this phenomenon gives rise to a class of instability processes that is completely different from others observed under "normal" conditions where the ionospheric thermal balance is not greatly disrupted. At ERPs greater than a gigawatt (greater than 90 dBW), ponderomotive forces are no longer small compared to thermal forces. This may qualitatively change the nature of the instability processes in the ionosphere. Experimental research in this area, however, must wait until such powerful ionospheric heaters are developed.

3.3. High Latitude Ionospheric Issues

Radio wave heating of the ionosphere at mid-latitudes (e.g., Arecibo and Platteville) has occurred under conditions where the background ionosphere (prior to turning on the heater) was fairly laminar, stable, fixed, etc. However, at high latitudes (i.e., auroral latitudes such as HIPAS and Tromso) the background ionosphere is a dynamic entity. Even the location of the aurora and the electrojet are changing as a function of latitude, altitude and local time. Moreover, the background E- and F-region ionosphere may not be laminar on scale sizes less than 20 km and less than 100 km, respectively. Rather, there is the possibility of E- and F- region irregularities (with scale sizes from cms to kms) occurring at various times due to (for example) electrojet driven instabilities in the E-region, and spread F or current driven instabilities in the F-region. High energy particles, e.g., from solar flares, may also lead to D-region structuring. In addition, connection to the magnetosphere via the high conductivity along magnetic field lines can play an important role. The theoretical understanding of high latitude ionospheric heating processes has been improving; however, given the dynamic nature of the high latitude ionosphere, it is important to diagnose the background ionosphere prior to the inception of any heating experiments. This diagnostic capability aids in determining long term statistics, as well as real-time parameters. While such diagnostics have been an integral part of the heating experiments at Arecibo and Tromso, HF heating experiments at HIPAS have been severely hampered by a lack of similar diagnostics.

4. DESIRED HF HEATING FACILITY

In order to address the broad range of issues discussed in the previous sections, a new, unique, HF heating facility is required. An outline of the desired capabilities of such a heater, along with diagnostic needed for addressing these issues are given in Table 2.

(Table 2 not available in this document)

4.1. Heater Characteristics

The goals for the HF heater are very ambitious. In order to have a useful facility at various stages of its development, it is important that the heater be constructed in a modular manner, such that its effective- radiated-power can be increased in an efficient, cost effective manner as resources become available. Other desired HF heater characteristics are outlined below.

Effective-Radiated-Power (ERP)

One gigawatt of effective-radiated-power (90 dBW) represents an important threshold power level, over which significant wave generation and electron acceleration efficiencies can he achieved, and other significant heating effects can be expected. To date, the Soviet Union has built such a powerful HF heater. The highest ERPs achieved by US. facilities is about one-fourth of that. Presently, a heater in Norway, operated by the Max Planck Institute in the Federal Republic of Germany, is being reconfigured to provide 1 gigawatt of ERP at a single HF frequency. The HAARP is to ultimately have a HF heater with an ERP well above 1 gigawatt (on the order of 95-100 dBW); in short, the most powerful facility in the world for conducting ionospheric modification research. In achieving this, the heated area in the F-region should have a minimum diameter of at least 50 km, for diagnostic-measurement purposes.

4.1.2. Frequency Range of Operation

The desired heater would have a frequency range from around 1 MHz to about 15 MHz, thereby allowing a wide range of ionospheric processes to be investigated. This incorporates the electron-gyro frequency and would permit operations under all anticipated ionospheric conditions. Multi-frequency operation using different portions of the antenna array is also a desirable feature. Finally, frequency changing on an order of milliseconds is desirable over the bandwidth of the HF transmitting antenna.

4.3. Scanning Capabilities

A heater that has scanning capabilities is very desirable in order to enlarge the size of heated regions in the ionosphere. Although a scanning range from vertical to very oblique (about 10 degrees above the horizon) would be desirable, engineering considerations will most likely narrow the scanning range to about 45 degrees from the vertical. The capability of rapidly scanning (microseconds time scale) in any direction, is also very desirable.

4.1.4. Modes of Operation

Flexibility in choosing heating modes of operation, including continuous- wave (CW) and pulsed modes, will allow a wider variety of ionospheric modification techniques and issues to be addressed.

4.1.5. Wave polarization

The heater should permit both X and O polarizations to be transmitted, in order to study ionospheric processes over a range of altitudes.

4.1.6. Agility in Changing Heater Parameters

The ability to quickly change heater parameters, such as operating frequency, scan angle and direction, power levels, and modulation is important for addressing such issues as enlarging the size of the modified region in the ionosphere and the development of techniques to insure that the energy densities desired in the ionosphere can be delivered from the heater without self-limiting effects setting-in.

4.2. Heating Diagnostics

In order to understand natural ionospheric processes as well as those induced through active modification of the ionosphere, adequate instrumentation is required to measure a wide range of ionospheric parameters on the appropriate temporal and spatial scales.

4.2.1. Incoherent Scatter Radar Facility

A key diagnostic for these measurements will be an incoherent scatter radar facility to provide the means to monitor such background plasma conditions as electron densities, electron and ion temperatures, and electric fields, all as a function of altitude. In addition, the incoherent scatter radar will provide the means for closely examining the generation of plasma turbulence and the acceleration of electrons to high energies in the ionosphere by HF heating. The incoherent scatter radar facility, envisioned to complement the planned new HF heater, is currently being funded in a separate DOD program, as part of an upgrade at the Poker Flat rocket range, in Alaska.

4.2.2. Other Diagnostics

The capability of conducting in situ measurements of the heated region in the ionosphere, via rocket-borne instrumentation, is also very desirable. Other diagnostics to be employed, depending on the specific nature of the HF heating experiments, may include HF receivers for the detection of stimulated electromagnetic emissions from heater induced turbulence in the ionosphere; HF/VHF radars, to determine the amplitudes of short-scale (1-10 m) geomagnetic field-aligned irregularities; optical imagers, to determine the flux and energy spectrum of accelerated electrons and to provide a three-dimensional view of artificially produced airglow in the upper atmosphere: and, scintillation observations, to be used in assessing the impact of HF heating on satellite downlinks and in diagnosing large- scale ionospheric structures.

4.2.3. Additional Diagnostics for ELF Generation Experiments

These could include a chain of ELF receivers to record signal strengths at various distances from the heater; a digital HF ionosonde, to determine background electron density profiles in the E- and F-regions; a magnetometer chain, to observe changes in the earth's magnetic field in order to determine large volume ionospheric currents and electric fields; photometers, to aid in determining ionospheric conductivities and observing precipitating particles; a VLF sounder, to determine changes in the D-region of the ionosphere; and, a riometer, to provide additional data in these regards, especially for disturbed ionospheric conditions.

4.3. HF Heater Location

One of the major issues to be addressed under the program is the generation of ELF waves in the ionosphere by HF heating. This requires locating the heater where there are strong atmospheric currents, either at an equatorial location or at a high latitude (auroral) location. Additional factors to be considered in locating the heater include other technical (research) needs and requirements, environmental issues, future expansion capabilities (real estate), infrastructure, and considerations of the availability and location of diagnostics. The location of the new HF heating facility is planned for Alaska, relatively near to a new incoherent scatter facility, already planned for the Poker Flat rocket range under a separate DOD program. In addition, it is desirable that the HF heater be located to permit rocket probe instrumentation to be flown into the heated region of the ionosphere. The exact location in Alaska for the proposed new HF heating facility has not yet been determined.

4.4. Estimated Cost of the New HF Heating Facility

It is estimated that eight to ten million dollars ($8-10M) will provide a new HF heating facility with an effective-radiated-power of approximately that of the current DOD facility (HIPAS), but with considerable improvement in frequency tunability and antenna-beam steering capability, The new facility will be of modular design to permit efficient and cost-effective upgrades in power as additional funds become available. The desired (world-class) facility, having the broad capabilities and flexibility described above, will cost on the order of twenty-five to thirty million dollars ($25-30M).

5. PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS

The program will be jointly managed by the Navy and the Air Force. However, because of the wide variety of issues to be addressed, substantial involvement in the program by other government agencies (DARPA, DNA, NSF, etc.), universities, and private contractors is envisioned.

Simulations of ELF radiation generated by heating the high-latitude D- region

2011-01-24T18:15:00.001-08:00

Simulations of ELF radiation generated by heating the high-latitude D- region

H.L. Rowland, Beam Physics Branch, Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.

By modulating the ambient current flowing in the ionosphere, e.g., the auroral electrojet, it is possible to generate extremely low frequency (ELF) and very low frequency (VLF) radiation. This ionospheric modification technique can provide such waves for probing both the Earth and the ionosphere- magnetosphere. The modification occurs in the lower D-region and can provide information about the ambient conditions in one of the least diagnosed regions of the ionosphere.

The electrojet is modulated by using a high frequency heater (a few MHZ) with the power modulated at the desired ELF/VLF frequency to heat the ionospheric electrons in the lower D-region. Figure 1a shows a sketch of the heater and heated region. The heated region is typically at 75 km (though this depends upon the carrier frequency) and can be 30 km in diameter and a few km thick. Viewed from above (see Figure 1b) the heated region is a roughly circular patch. The smoothness of the heated region depends upon the antenna radiation pattern as well as D-region conditions. The heating increases the electron-neutral collision rate which changes the conductivities. Since on ELF time scales the ambient electric field is constant, modulating the conductivity produces a current modulated at the same frequency. At these altitudes the conductivity change is predominantly in the Hall conductivity. If the ambient electric field, E, is in ±y direction, a time varying current perturbation is generated, j, in the ±x direction (Fig. 1b). The time varying current launches waves both up and down the Earth's magnetic field. In the simulations shown here, we start with a time-varying current and study the downward propagating waves and how they couple into the Earth-ionospheric wave guide.

Animations

The animations show 5 different representations of the same simulation. The simulation uses a time-varying current perturbation (1 kHz) in the D-region at 75 km. The current is in the magnetic east-west direction. The Earth's magnetic field is vertical. The simulation box is 1800 by 1800 by 120 km. Isosurfaces are shown for the absolute value of the horizontal magnetic field ABSB and of the vertical electric field ABSEZ. Also shown is the east-west magnetic field in the near-field BX1 and in the far-field BX2. Since the field amplitude falls off with distance, BX1 uses a order-of-magnitude larger isosurface value than BX2 to emphasize the field close to the site. The north- south magnetic field is shown in BY1 and BY2. These plots look slightly different from the absolute value plots where both the positive and negative surfaces were shown. Also BX and BY do have a different orientation of the their radiation patterns. The direction of the radiation is determined by the total horizontal field shown in ABSB and by the vertical electric field shown in ABSEZ. The radiation pattern in the earth-ionosphere waveguide is a combination of a linear dipole antenna and a right-hand circular antenna. At ELF frequencies because of low D-region absorption the dipole is dominant. The dipole radiates in the magnetic east-west direction.

Because 1 kHz is below cutoff the mode in the waveguide is a TEM mode. The mode consists of a horizontal B field perpendicular to the direction of propagation and a vertical electric field. With perfect conductors, the mode is uniform in the vertical direction. As the wave propagates in the waveguide, the top of the wave is approximately at the bottom of the ionosphere. Above the heated region, waves are also launched along the Earth's magnetic field. In the near-field ( BX1 and BY1) one can see the pulse being radiated downward. It strikes the ground and reflects back up to the ionosphere. Part of the energy propagates up the field lines into the ionosphere. This is the bubble seen rising up. The D-region is highly collisional and damps this wave. Looking at BX2 and BY2 one can see that the energy mainly stays in the waveguide. If one looks closely at the top of the wave in the waveguide the wave appears to be curved. The waveguide mode is coupling into the bottom of the D-region and driving a whistler mode up the field lines. The whistlers have a much lower velocity than the waveguide mode and can only propagate along the field lines. This acts to curve the top of the waves. These waves help form the bubble that propagates up the field line. Because of this, the diameter of the bubble is much larger than the heated region.

Above the heated region in ABSEZ one can see a pair of coils revolving around each other. These are the currents that flow up and down the Earth's magnetic field forming the current loops associated with the waves propagating up the field lines. Finally, EZ1 is a blow-up of the high-altitude portion of the vertical electric field for positive values of the electric field; the current loop is more clearly seen.

More details can be found in Rowland et al., JGR, 101, 27027, 1996 and Rowland, JGR, 104, 4319, 1999.

This work is supported by the Office of Naval Research and, in part, by a grant of HPC time from the DoD High Performance Computing Center at the Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground.
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