Word Wise

Calling Collect

2009-07-13T18:57:47-05:00

Summer back-to-basics tip #9: And so it goes

Just because two adjectives (or modifiers) precede a noun doesn’t mean a comma has to come between them.

Use a comma (in lieu of "and") if you could use the word "and" between two adjectives without changing the sense of the phrase. Michael's big and preppy wardrobe impressed everyone he dated.

So: Michael's big, preppy wardrobe impressed everyone he dated.

But take a look at this sentence: Smith’s messy blond hair gave her a devil-may-care look.

The second adjective – "blond" – is an integral element of the phrase "blond hair" (grammaroholics would call this a noun phrase; I try to stay away from such technical unpleasantries). You wouldn't write that it's Smith's messy and blond hair that gave her a devil-may-care look because it's not both adjectives which, separately, modify "hair" – instead, "messy" modifies "blond hair," so no comma is used.

Summer back-to-basics tip #10: Calling collect

Collective nouns – words that refer to a group of things, such as "total," "majority," "minority," and "number" – can take either singular or plural verbs because sometimes they mean the group as an entity (singular) and sometimes they mean the members of that group (plural).

To figure out which verb form a given word takes, ask yourself whether you’re thinking of the whole (singular) or the parts (plural).

Here’s a hint: "The" before the word (the total, the majority) is usually a clue that it takes a singular verb since "the" implies a single entity, whereas "a" (a total, a majority) usually indicates a plural verb will follow.

The minority is in charge. (The "minority" here is a single group.)
A majority of people are unhappy. (The "majority" here comprises the various members of the group.)

Today's read & other stuff - Reuters Goes Head to Head With AP Style; Who's Chicer?

2009-07-10T11:06:46-05:00

For millennia (it seems) AP Style has been thestyle guide for journalist - despite lots of publications and others having their own style guides. AP is like the Ralph Lauren or Gucci of grammar - the giant in the room to whom everyone refers (and defers). Now Reuters news service is strutting its stuff down the style runway, publishing its style guide online for free (AP online is by subscription only). You can see it here or download a PDF here. For more, read here what Reuters' Global Editor, Ethics, Innovation and News Standards, has to say.

Speaking of charging for content online, Bloomberg says that The New York Times is thinking about charging a $5 monthly fee to read its site.

Maybe charging is better than choosing to close? Foliosays that according to MediaFinder.com, an online database of U.S. and Canadian magazines, 279 magazines closed downduring the first six months of 2009. Of those that closed, the Web versions of 43 of them live on.

Don't Hurt Yourself Doing the Splits

2009-07-06T13:22:43-05:00

Summer back-to-basics tip # 7: A case of conjunctivitis

And so I was saying ... yes, you can start a sentence with a conjunction - words such as "and," "but," and "yet." But, when you do, you don't necessarily have to follow the conjunction with a comma.

Hey (you may be thinking to yourself), you, Dan Santow, just followed the word "but" with a comma. Why? Because the phrase after the conjunction - "when you do" - can't stand on its own. In other words, conjunctions that begin sentences require a comma if what follows can't live and breath on its own. Conjunctions that begin sentences do not require a comma if what follows can stand on its own.

And it's Laszlo's favorite symphony! is right because "it's Laszlo's favorite symphony" can stand on its own.
And, because it's Laszlo's favorite symphony, he insisted on humming along, much to the dismay of the entire string section is also right since "because it's Laszlo's favorite symphony" can't stand on its own.

Summer back-to-basics tip # 8: Splitsville

Though there's some disagreement on this, the idea of a "split" infinitive dates back to when people applied Latin rules of grammar to English. See, Latin verbs are made up of one word and English verbs are made up of two. So Ovid couldn't split infinitives (it was, like, a non-issue), but Shakespeare could.

To split or not to split, that is the question.

The answer? Yes, go bananas, split away if it sounds right to your ear. After all, you'll be in good company: Henry James, Willa Cather, Abraham Lincoln, and Benjamin Franklin, among many others, split infinitives and I don't hear anyone complaining.

Pronoun-ciation

2009-06-21T21:00:00-05:00

After only two weeks of using the "Summertime & the Livin' Is Easy" headline I'm bored of it. So expect new headlines as we continue throughout the summer (or until I'm bored) with back-to-basics tips.

Summer back-to-basics tip # 5: pronouns

Companies, NGOs, associations, countries, cities, schools, political parties, think tanks, charities, restaurants, etc., may be composed of many people, but when referring to any of them as a single entity, it’s a singular noun, even if it ends in the letter s. So while the first time you refer to it you’ll no doubt call it by its name – the Girl Scouts, National Governors Association, Microsoft – on second reference it’s an it, not a them or a they or a their.

Think about it: you’d never write “IBM are going to move into new offices,” you’d write “IBM is going to move into new offices.” You know instinctively that IBM is a single entity requiring a singular verb (is). Yet for some reason people don’t make the same intuitive connection when referring to that entity on second and third references. They write “IBM is going to move into their new offices.”

Ouch.

Just remember, a single noun requires a single pronoun.

Summer back-to-basics tip # 6: more pronouns

We’d never say or write, “Be sure to call I at home,” yet the minute another person is involved we’re not sure if it’s “ be sure to call Miranda and I at home " or "be sure to call Miranda and me at home."

Here’s a fail-safe solution: Just remove the other person (ciao, Miranda) or thing from the sentence. In other words, send Miranda packing and what are you left with? "Be sure to call me at home." Ah, so it’s “be sure to call Miranda and me at home.”

This trick works just as well with other pronouns, like she, her, etc. “Grandfather left Osgood and (me? I?) his estate.” Remove Osgood, so it’s “Grandfather left me his estate.”

Summertime, and the Livin' Is Easy, part II

2009-06-12T15:47:22-05:00

Summer back-to-basics tip # 3: who and whom

If there’s any grammar bugaboo that confounds people, it’s when to use “who” and when to use “whom.” (It’s right up there with the lie/lay dilemma.)

Okay, here goes: Who is a subject, whom is an object. In other words, who does it to whom.

I know what you’re thinking: nice in theory, but how does it work? If you can substitute “he,” "she," or "they," use “who.” If you can substitute “him,” "her," or "them," use “whom.”

Did Flora know who was invited to the dance? (“he” was invited; so “who”)
She invited whom? (she invited “them”; so “whom”)

While it’s definitely a good idea to master this in your writing, if you have to think about it for more than 15 seconds, choose “who” and move on. (Life’s short enough as it is.)

Summer back-to-basics tip # 4: quotation marks

The rules regarding quotation marks are simpler than you might think.

Commas and periods go inside the quotation mark.

“Millicent,” she begged, “please go.”

Question marks, exclamation points, and dashes go inside the closing quotation mark unless they are not part of the actual quotation.

What’s the most famous line in “Now, Voyager”? "Don't ask for the moon! We have the stars!" (The question mark is outside the closing quotation mark because the movie is called "Now, Voyager," not "Now, Voyager?" The second exclamation point is inside the quotation mark because the line ends in an exclamation mark.)

Colons and semicolons go outside the quotation marks.

She defined "gridlock": a traffic jam.

Single quote marks: In American English there are only two instances in which these have a role.

When a quotation occurs within another quotation: "Sabrina looked at me and said, ‘please go away.'"
To save space in newspaper headlines: Governor Regrets 'Partisan Squabbling'

* In England and other countries that adhere to British English, commas and periods go outside the quotation marks. “Cyril”, she begged, “be kind to the marchioness”.

Summertime, and the Livin' Is Easy

2009-06-08T08:57:28-05:00

While summer may not begin officially for 13 more days, here at Word Wise’s corporate headquarters, we’ve already begun to let our vast staff of researchers, writers, editors, copyeditors, proofreaders, massage therapists, pedicurists, made-to-order omelet chefs, cubicle feng shui masters, kundalini yoga instructors, on-call aromatherapists, dog walkers, in-house French tutors, on-site carwash team, sommeliers, spa treatment administrators, Mommy-and-Me specialists, early-retirement counselors, and work-those-abs experts start to enjoy summer hours and a more relaxed dress code.

We’ve also decided to debut our summer-long back-to-basics Word Wise tips – two tips a week throughout the summer that if successful will both bring you back to third grade yet prepare you for the 21st century.

Summer back-to-basics tip # 1: professional titles

Professional titles are capitalized only when they directly precede a name.

Spell out (and capitalize) all professional titles when they precede a name, except Dr., Gov., Lt. Gov., Rep., and Sen. Sen. Barbara Boxer welcomed Arnold Schwarzenegger, governor of California. President Obama was there, too.
When a person held a title in the past, will soon hold one, or holds one temporarily, capitalize it if it precedes a name, but do not capitalize the qualifier. There were several dignitaries there, including former President Bill Clinton, Ambassador-designate Suzette Long, and acting Mayor L. Harvey Smith of Blueberry Hill, Maine.

Summer back-to-basics tip # 2: which or that?

If you can tell what’s being referred to without the words which or that, use which. If you can’t, use that. For example: The time between seasons of "Project Runway," which finally begins Aug. 20, has been too long. Remove the phrase between the commas – which finally begins Aug. 20 – and we still understand the sentence. The time between seasons of "Project Runway" has been too long.
A tip: Imagine “by the way” following every which: The time between seasons of "Project Runway," which [by the way] finally begins Aug. 20, has been too long. The which adds a useful, but not grammatically necessary, piece of information. So, if “by the way” makes sense, use which.

Today's read & other stuff - Man Dates and Bacon Sundaes

2009-05-20T11:53:43-05:00

Ever wonder how newspaper and magazine writers come up with trend stories - you know, those stories that say we're all adding bacon to ice-cream sundaes and banana bread or that tall women are all of a sudden finding the hidden potential in dating shorter men and that straight men are "dating" other straight men? Jump on the bandwagon or you'll be so behind the times. Where do these reporters come up with this stuff? Turns out, some of them - especially some of them who write for The New York Times - don't look too far afield, as this New York Magazine piece points out. Are reporters "playing dial-a-quote with their personal friends when hammering out a trend story on deadline"? As my friend Biff would respond, "Do you really have to ask?"

BusinessWeek reports on the latest findings of the American Customer Satisfaction Index and finds that newspapers rate worse than airlines. Lordy.

Loud Mouth

2009-05-18T14:51:03-05:00

Almost no exercise will improve your writing more than reading what you write out loud – not just things meant to be spoken such as speeches and scripts, but press releases, letters to the editor, new business proposals, Web site copy, pitch letters, etc. If it can’t pass the read-out-loud test, it fails.

By reading out loud you’ll recognize when your writing sounds stiff when it should sound loose, where it’s uptight when it should be relaxed, where it’s formal when it should be creative black tie. Just because you’re writing as part of your job doesn’t mean that it has to include the jargon, lingo, and clichés that float around in your industry. Being “conversational” and “serious” aren’t mutually exclusive.

You’ll find that if you read what you write out loud you’ll notice typos more – when you’ve written it’s instead of its and you’re instead of your. You'll naturally pause where a comma should be even when there's no comma there; conversely, you'll keep going when a comma appears if that comma isn't necessary. I'm no scientist, but I think our brains are wired to do that. You’ll also stumble over awkward phrases, ridiculous words (utilize, proactive, plethora) and, often, grammatical mistakes. Where you stumble, so will your readers. “Reading aloud recaptures the physicality of words,” wrote Verlyn Klinkenborg in The New York Times last Saturday. “To read with your lungs and diaphragm, with your tongue and lips, is very different than reading with your eyes alone.”

In fact, there’s a brain-power-boosting theory that reading out loud does double duty because it forces you to process the information twice: first because you have to understand the words for them to make sense and, second, because you have to pronounce the words, forcing you to think about how to do it correctly. By enunciating each word you’ll experience for yourself whether your word choice is working to your document’s advantage and not just acting as proof points of your impressive vocabulary and fine liberal arts education.

Think about contractions, too. Intuitively we use them when we talk, but when we put words to paper all of a sudden we start writing “they will” or “we are” – out loud, in the middle of a sentence, these phrases often sound robotic. As contractions they sound more natural, more like how we speak every day.

By reading out loud you’ll also hear when sentences are meaningless and empty. How many times, after all, have you read a sentence like “We will utilize proprietary methodologies and best practices in order to leverage messaging that breaks through the clutter” and not even noticed it? Eyes gloss over (not to mention glaze over at) sentences like that. Read it out loud and you’ll notice it, all right, and cringe that you were its author.

Today's read & other stuff: All Anna Wintour, All the Time

2009-05-15T09:04:14-05:00

Seems like just yesterday that we never heard from Vogue editor Anna Wintour, that we only got glimpses of her on The New York Times Sunday Styles party page at the Met's Costume Institute gala or in the front row at the Donna Karan or Marc Jacobs shows. Now she won't go away. Two nights ago she sat for a public Q&A at the 92nd Street Y and this Sunday she's featured on "60 Minutes." Here's a video sneak peek of the segment, compliments of New York Magazine. On her famously wearing dark sunglasses all the time:" "I can sit in a show and if I am bored out of my mind, nobody will notice… At this point, they have become, really, armor."

The New York Observer says The New York Times is getting ready to announce that it will - and how it will - start to charge for some online content. Two options being considered:

a "meter" system that, after a certain point, starts charging readers by word count (how weird is that?)
a "membership" system in which "readers pledge money to the site and are invited into a "New York Times community" (double weird, no?)

Today's read & other stuff - Anna Wintour, Fashion Victim?

2009-05-14T12:05:18-05:00

Last night at a Q&A at the 92nd Street Y in NY, Vogue's editor Anna Wintour spoke in public (that alone is news), but the poor woman was interrupted by PETA members shouting "This woman skins animals alive!" As New York Magazine put it, "the editor's expression was a mix of polite restraint and Is there no security in this place?" Not surprisingly, once the brouhaha died down, her insights into fashion, fashion journalism, and journalism in general had the edge you'd expect. "Our job is to really dig through all that and help our readers make choices and explain what we're seeing," she said. "Right now, there's almost too much information on fashion — I'm confused!" Check out the magazine's tweets from the event here.

Time reports on an internal Wall Street Journal memo regarding staff's use of social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. Most of it, writes Time's James Poniewozik, "boils down to the classic old-media problem with new media: fear of the loss of control." He writes: "The guidelines Dow Jones put out basically instruct their staffers to be the most boring social-networkers online, to be withholding from their readers, and generally, to guarantee themselves a tiny online following. If the editors and managers at the WSJ and other Dow Jones properties have any sense, they will instruct their staff to break these rules as much as possible." Touche.

Readers Are People, Too

2009-05-11T11:36:51-05:00

When you write a blog that’s read by both your colleagues and other people who just happen across it on the Internet, it can be hard to walk the balance beam that separates clever and witty from trite or insulting. The bigger and more diverse your audience, the bigger challenge it is to reach your readers in a way that’s relevant, compelling and respectful. One man’s hardee-har-har, after all, is another’s “I’m calling HR to complain.” I'm reminded of this occasionally – Word Wise started as an internal e-mail to a couple dozen colleagues in my office in Chicago and over the years it has evolved into a public-facing blog read by a couple of thousand people every week. Readers can be awfully touchy!

This has gotten me thinking about the risk writers take every day, whether writing a blog, a magazine article, or writing on behalf of our clients.

That blank page on your screen waiting to be filled with words presents you with a chance to tell the world what you think – not because you’re giving your opinion necessarily but because there’s endless choice in how you phrase information; how you express ideas, facts, and numbers; how you tell the story; what words you choose; what asides, references and even jokes you occasionally make that brighten your document; how you use and manipulate the rules of grammar; and how you show respect for your readers’ intelligence. Writing is a constant stream of decision making. And that means in some people’s eyes you’ll make the wrong decision. It happens. It doesn’t mean your readers are jerks – it just means that, like you, they’re individuals with their own expectations and life experiences.

Keep in mind as words flow from your brain to your fingertips to the page that you’re putting yourself out there, so to speak, taking a risk with every word. Think about who your readers are, what your ultimate goal is, and do your best. More often than not you’ll please most of the people most of the time. And that’s about as good as it gets.

Today's read & other stuff - Underpants On Your head

2009-05-04T11:00:00-05:00

Though not normally known for its sense of humor, Foreign Policy magazine (intentionally?) has a funny piece explaining some recently coined (and serious) acronyms, the kind of words Henry Kissinger, Madeline Albright, and Hillary Clinton toss around at Georgetown cocktail parties in between bites of mini quiche and bon mots about the goings on in Montenegro and Bhutan, including SOFA, RINGO, BINGO, GONGO, and the best of all, PIIGS (which has nothing to do with swine flu). Okay... PIIGS: Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, Spain - countries literally at the periphery of Europe all suffering from an economic downtown.

Stuart Jeffries of The Guardian thinks the exclamation point is coming back into style! Really! He does! Sure, Jeffries refers to F. Scott Fitzgerald, who said "An exclamation mark is like laughing at your own joke" and Terry Pratchett's Maskerade, in which a character says, "And all those exclamation marks, you notice? Five? A sure sign of someone who wears his underpants on his head," but Jeffries is no slouch. He also notes an academic paper titled "Gender and the Use of Exclamation Points in Computer-Mediated Communication" in his discussion. Are exclamation marks meant to denote happiness? giddiness? irony? sarcasm? "How lovely it would be," he writes, "if we could recapture that original, pre-ironic wonder that made writers slip the o under the I! "

Spoonerism did you say?

2009-05-01T14:48:35-05:00

The other day a colleague was bemoaning the quality of writing he’d seen lately and said, “These people don’t even know what a spoonerism is!” And I thought: Oh, dear. I don’t know what a spoonerism is. I’ve seen the word, I like the word (it’s hard not to enjoy saying spoonerism) and I once went on a date with a person whose online name was Like2Spoon (we never got that far), but still, I have no idea what a spoonerism is. That said, I’m almost sure it has nothing to do with flatware.

But it got me thinking that there are a lot of terms related to writing that many of us have heard of, yet we have no idea what they mean. . .

Pun – a play on words, like “Will this computer last five years? Obsoletely!” and “After working for 24 hours straight he called it a day,” that often result in someone else saying, “badda bing, badda boom.”

Malapropism – named after the character Mrs. Malaprop from Richard Sheridan’s 1775 play “The Rivals,” a malapropism is the unintentional confusion of one word with one that sounds similar, such as when Chicago’s Mayor Daley (father of the current mayor) said during the 1968 riots, “The police are not here to create disorder, they're here to preserve disorder!”

Metaphor – a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally related, such as when Truman Capote wrote “"Life is a moderately good play with a badly written third act."

Simile – a statement that one thing is "like" or "as" another, such as a phrase I once saw in a restaurant review that I’ve never forgotten: “Steaks as big as your head!”

Oxymoron – a combination of contradictory words, like jumbo shrimp, controlled chaos, and the living dead

Tmesis – when a word is inserted into another word, like heretofore, whatsoever, and inasmuch.

Onomatopoeia – cha-cha, murmur, buzz, kerplunk: from the Greek for “name-making,” words that sound like the thing they define

Hyperbaton – the reversal of normal word order, as when Yoda said “Sorry I be but go you must.” People who do this uncontrollably suffer from agrammatism (really), or the pathological inability to use words in grammatical sequence, though they might say inability pathological to use sequence in grammatical.

Zeugma – a part of speech describing or referring to two or more words, even though it’s usually applied to only one: “You held your breath and the door for me,” from Alanis Morissette’s "Head over Feet"

Anaphora – the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses, such as in “Casablanca," when Rick says, “Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world, she walks into mine.”

...and, of course, spoonerism, the transposition of initial consonants in a pair of words, named after the Reverend William Archibald Spooner (1844-1930), dean of New College, Oxford, who allegedly once toasted Her Majesty as “our queer old dean.”

Hump Day

2009-04-14T02:45:36-05:00

Reading the Khaleej Times today here in Abu Dhabi, I learned of the birth of the first-ever cloned camel (it was front-page news). Named Injaz, which in Arabic means “achievement,” it made me think that while you may be able to achieve a cloned camel, you can’t always clone knowledge, and that sometimes clients, like camels, can be stubborn.

Ok, maybe a bit of a stretch, but I was thinking about this because my client asked me to ignore a common rule of English-language grammar that would have in turn introduced an error throughout a long document over which I am responsible.

This situation is by no means sui generis to this client, who has otherwise been (and I’m not just saying this) incredibly pleasant and easy to work with. Clients will often ask that we go against the grammatical grain: don’t hyphenate compound modifiers, capitalize words to lend them importance, use a comma where no comma is required. Letting the client know they’re wrong without insulting them and without coming off like a snooty, snotty, prissy, uptight jerk takes tact and diplomacy. I don’t argue in these situations, but I don’t just go along to get along either – and neither should you (after all, aren’t clients paying us for our expertise?).

In this case I wrote an e-mail to all those concerned (and a few unconcerned in an effort to cover my derriere), saying “I’d be remiss in my duties as writer and editor if I did not point out…” but that of course “I’ll follow your lead and make the requested change if that’s what you decide.” I also wrote that “to people who know the rules of English-language grammar, this will appear as a mistake.” Another favorite all-purpose phrase of mine in these situations is “let me play devil’s advocate.” It’s a polite way of disagreeing without raising anyone’s hackles or insecurities.

In the end, it was decided to be grammatically correct - a hump in the road to success both the client and I had to get over together. As for little six-day-old Injaz, she’s error-free and doing fine.

Abu Dhabi Scissorhands

2009-04-01T06:28:05-05:00

I’m in Abu Dhabi, the capital city of the United Arab Emirates, working on a client project for about six weeks. The people I’m working with are from several firms around the world in addition to my own. We work in one big room on the ground floor of a building near the Abu Dhabi port, though the client has provided me with my own office so I can sneak away when I need some quiet “Dan time.”

The document I'm writing has several sections and, in total, is more than 100 pages. It can be a real chore to keep track of what information is where and how it relates to other information elsewhere in the document.

Way back when I was a magazine editor I used to take long pieces and spread out their pages on the floor so I could literally see the story, how it flowed, how one section related to the next. It’s a habit I’ve continued throughout my career. So every day I pass by the woman at the reception desk here, who wears an abaya, grab one of the yummy, locally grown plastic-wrapped dates she keeps in a big bowl on her desk, and go to my office to spread out. Several times, after seeing 20 or 30 pages at once and following the story I’m trying to tell with my eyes from one page to the next, I’ve taken scissors, gotten down on my hands and knees, and cut out paragraphs to move them around, as if I’m working on a jigsaw puzzle. I look like a jerk doing it (just ask my dishdasha-wearing colleague who walked in on me mid-crouch) but I’ve been able to get a sense of my story in a way I wouldn’t have had I only been looking at it on my computer or paging through a hard copy.

Often with long documents, it’s the big picture that’s missing – to see it, don’t be afraid to crawl around on your hands and knees with a pair of scissors in your hands. And if a tall man in a dishdasha gives you any lip, offer him a date!