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10 Tips when Boarding your Pet

2017-11-28T05:45:00.002-08:00

Keep their diet the same: Many boarding facilities will offer food as part of your pet’s stay. However, changing up your pet’s diet can suddenly wreak havoc on their digestive system. In addition to the nerves they are already feeling by being in a new place, surrounded by strange roommates (and noises!), changing their diet can equal disaster. Consider bringing your pet’s own food with specific directions for the clinic regarding how much to administer and what time of day.
Bring your pet’s medical records: If you are boarding at a facility that is not your pet’s regular veterinary clinic, make sure to bring copies of their medical records. Most boarding facilities require certain shots in order to board and without proof, won’t let your pet stay. Additionally, giving the staff an idea of any recent medical issues will allow them to provide better care. If your pet is on any medication, don’t forget to pack it with dosing instructions.
Check out the facility first (or better yet, do a test run): If this is your first time boarding your pet (or first time at this particular facility), make sure you check it out thoroughly before dropping your pet off. Some facilities have different sizes of kennels/catteries which are best gauged in person. Many facilities will also offer separate spaces for cats, away from the loud barking and noises of dogs. If you can, do a test run for one night to see how your pet does in a new environment. It’s important to check out the facility as much as possible so you can make the best decision possible regarding your pet’s care.
Ask about optional services to make your pets stay more fun… Some clinics or boarding facilities will offer additional play time or walks to make your pet’s stay more fun. It’s also becoming more common to find facilities with group play areas and/or “swimming pools” for dogs who love water. With pet activity trackers becoming more popular, you can even monitor your pet’s activity level while you’re away to ensure they are still exercising and staying active. Incorporating activities into your pet’s stay will not only keep them active while you’re away, but can also help the time go by faster!
…or less stressful: Additionally, many clinics are offering calming supplements to pets who have a hard time being away from home. These types of supplements, like Zylkene®, can help your pet through what can be a challenging time for them. Ask your veterinarian for more information about these types of supplemental options.
Bring some small comforts from home: Bringing your dog’s bed, toys and treats, can help reinforce the feelings of being at home and help make their stay more pleasant. The same goes for cats – ask if the facility will allow you to bring your cat’s litter box, especially if your cat is picky (which most cats are!) Having things with them that smell like or remind them of home is a great way to keep them more relaxed.
Book early and check their hours: If you find a clinic or facility that you are comfortable with, make sure you book your pet’s stay early and confirm as your trip gets closer. Many boarding facilities get booked up, particularly during the holiday season and summer. Knowing their open/closed hours is also important – are they open on Sundays? If not, and that’s the day you return, you might have to pay for an extra night.
Ask about their emergency policy: If something happens to your pet during their stay, what is the emergency plan? If they are a clinic, do they offer off-hours emergency services? If not, where do they take animals who become sick or injured and how do they determine your comfort level regarding your pet’s care? Its information you will hopefully not have to use, but if you do, are better off knowing in advance.
Make sure your pet is outfitted with updated identification: In the rare event that your pet does require professional care or is able to get free, make sure your pet has an updated collar with ID tags and contact information. Additionally, micro-chipping your pet can help drastically speed up the location process.
Check referrals and talk to your veterinarian first: It’s always a good idea to check a facility’s referrals before booking. This can help you make the best decision for your pet. If you are still unsure about where to go or how to help your pet cope with staying away from home, ask your veterinarian for their recommendations.

Halitosis in Pets

2017-11-14T08:33:00.000-08:00

IT’S JUST DOG AND CAT BREATH. WHAT’S ALL THE FUSS ABOUT?

Do you ever turn your nose up to your pet’s breath? Is it hard to sit next to them with the odor of their breath? Bad breath or halitosis is certainly not limited to humans and can affect dogs and cats. While humans are typically aware (or not aware) of halitosis our pets are oblivious when their breath smells atrocious. This poses a big problem as halitosis can be due to some major dental disease and we as owners are responsible for the oral health care of our pets.

What causes halitosis?Halitosis is the result of odor-producing bacteria that build up in your pet’s mouth, lungs or gut. While we may think that the root of bad breath is always in the mouth, it could be a sign of a more major problem with the liver, kidneys or gastrointestinal tract. Regardless, halitosis is the result of bacteria build-up, saliva and food that have contributed to plaque. If left untreated, this build-up over time can result in an infection affecting the gums and surrounding tissues of the teeth and cause the breath to worsen.

What do I do if my pet has halitosis?First, don’t panic! There are lots of remedies and help available. The best thing you can do is make an appointment with your veterinarian for a physical exam and comprehensive oral exam. He/she will recommend specific diagnostics based on physical exam findings and history. Blood work may be recommended to figure out if there is a problem present other than oral disease. If your veterinarian finds excessive calculus, broken teeth, discolored teeth, etc. on oral exam then he/she will recommend a dental cleaning under anesthesia.

What treatment will be done for my cat and dog with halitosis?As mentioned previously, if there are problems found on the physical exam or blood work, then those problems will be addressed first. If a teeth cleaning is warranted and there are no problems on the initial exam or blood work, then a cleaning under anesthesia will be scheduled. Cleaning under anesthesia will typically begin with a thorough oral exam, dental radiographs, and routine scaling/polishing of all the teeth. The examination and radiographs may reveal more significant concerns that may require further treatment. If abnormalities are found, such as fractured teeth, tooth root abscesses, etc., then extraction of those teeth may be recommended. After the dental cleaning, sealants may be applied in some cases. Rinses, antibiotics, and pain medication may also be sent home to reduce discomfort, help clear infection, and allow for proper healing.

What can I do at home to help prevent/treat halitosis?There are many easy things you can do at home to help prevent halitosis. There are lots of choices of toothpaste and toothbrushes designed specifically for pet use. Pets need their teeth brushed just like humans and it is recommended to brush them once a day. If that is too often for you, even as little as once a week will be beneficial. Antibacterial rinses can help with bacterial load and in turn with halitosis (and they are easier to use than they sound!). Chews can also be given to help with the mechanical removal of plaque. Some chews even contain antibacterial ingredients that can combat the bacterial load. Finally, some dental diets offer another option for removing plaque mechanically.

Remember to have a complete oral health exam performed at least annually as part of a general physical exam. Combining regular monitoring with proper dental care as recommended by your veterinarian will help to prevent halitosis and severe dental disease from occurring. Make an appointment today!

Flu Season is Coming Up: For You and Your Pets!

2017-10-02T11:00:00.000-07:00

Written By: Dr. Chris Lehman, Owner PetMart Pharmacy, LLC / Veterinarian

What is Canine Influenza?
The “Dog Flu,” or canine influenza, is a respiratory disease in dogs. This high contagious disease is caused by two specific influenza viruses known to infect dogs. No human infections with canine influenza have ever been reported. However, flu viruses are constantly changing and it is possible for a virus to change so that it could infect humans and spread easily between humans.

How is it Spread?
Just like human flu, dog flu is spread through close contact in highly populated areas. Symptoms of dog flu include coughing, sneezing, fever, nasal discharge, lethargy, and lack of appetite. Your dog might exhibit obvious symptoms for up to 10 days, but that doesn't mean they are not contagious. Additionally, H3N2 CIV is spread by direct contact with a sick dog or cat or by contact with an environment/with people that are contaminated with the virus. Coughing dogs produce "mists" that can travel up to 20 feet in the air! This rapidly spreads the viruses over greater distances. Some dogs have more serious disease and pneumonia that requires hospital care. H3N2 CIV can cause respiratory infections in cats too. The cats start sneezing and have nasal discharge but usually do not cough. H3N2 CIV is spread by direct contact with a sick dog and by contact with an environment or people that are contaminated with the virus.

What is the good news?
A canine flu also shot exists! The two-shot vaccination doesn’t necessarily deflect the virus in its entirety, but may reduce its length and severity. The vaccine is then administered three weeks apart with a booster shot needed every year for full protection.

Veterinarians do recommend that dog owners get their dogs vaccinated for the flu, especially if they frequent dog parks, groomers, day cares, kennels, or any other environment where they are exposed to other dogs. Socially active dogs have a greater risk of infection.

For more information, please visit the American Veterinary Medical Association’s website here:https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/FAQs/Pages/Control-of-Canine-Influenza-in-Dogs.aspx

Vaccines for Cats: The Ins and Outs of Vaccinating Your Pet

2017-08-08T06:15:00.001-07:00

(Photo by Nirzar Pangarkar on Unsplash)

A Note From Dr. JR:

Since their discovery, vaccinations have done wonders to lessen the frequency and severity of many diseases. Some diseases (like Small Pox) have even been eradicated through stringent vaccination protocols. Vaccinations work by gradually stimulating the body's immune system with repeated, controlled doses of particles that resemble natural exposure to a specific disease. The immune system develops memory to the disease, allowing it to prepare for the real-deal disease if exposure should occur down the road.

What Vaccines Should My Cat Receive?
Vaccines are classified as "core" and "non-core." Core vaccines are those that are recommended for all cats, regardless of your geographic location, your cat's lifestyle, etc. Non-core vaccines are optional vaccines based on the exposure risk for your specific pet.

Core Vaccines
In their most recent publication for vaccine recommendations, the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) designated three vaccinations as core:

Feline panleukopenia. This is the feline equivalent of parvovirus in dogs. This disease causes gastrointestinal upset in the form of vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite, and it can often be fatal.
Feline herpes virus. This virus causes upper respiratory illness with the most common clinical signs including fever, sneezing, conjunctivitis, and corneal ulcers.
Feline calicivirus. This virus causes respiratory illness, as well as oral disease. It most commonly causes oral ulcers which lead to loss of appetite, drooling, and pain.

Non-Core Vaccines
Non-core vaccinations include rabies, feline leukemia virus, feline Chlamydia, and feline Bordetella. Though rabies vaccination is not listed as a core vaccine, it is required by law for all cats unless a medical exemption is granted. The frequency of vaccination varies from state to state, so be sure to check your state's requirements.
The pros and cons of all other non-core vaccinations should be discussed with your veterinarian. Evaluating your cat's lifestyle, exposure risk, and systemic health will help determine the necessity and frequency of non-core vaccinations.

How Effective are Most Vaccinations?
Efficacy rates vary depending on certain intrinsic factors (factors associated with your cat) and certain extrinsic factors (the type of vaccine, vaccine manufacturer, natural viral mutation rates, etc.). For instance, the panleukopenia and feline leukemia vaccines are highly effective at preventing disease. Other vaccines, such as the herpes virus vaccine are less effective at preventing the disease, but work to lessen the clinical signs once exposure and infection occur.

What are the Risks Associated with Vaccinations?
Common adverse reactions associated with vaccinations are transient fever, irritation at the vaccine site, and lethargy. While uncommon, vomiting, diarrhea, and facial swelling may also occur. If any of these side effects are noted following vaccination of your pet, contact your veterinarian. You will want to be sure to discuss any adverse reactions prior to vaccinating in the future.
More serious side effects can occur, however, they are extremely rare. Historically, veterinarians have recommended annual vaccinations for cats. This general recommendation has come under scrutiny in recent years due to the risk of injection-site sarcomas (ISS). ISS is a type of cancer that is associated with vaccinations in cats. It occurs as a result of a cat's immune system over-reacting to stimulation from a vaccine. Again, these cancers are extremely rare, with rates ranging from 1 in 4,000 to 1 in 30,000.

The Take Home Message
Vaccinations work! They can save your cat's life by preventing potentially fatal diseases, and they can save your wallet by preventing expensive treatment that is used once infection sets in. Vaccination protocols vary from pet to pet, so talk with your veterinarian to determine what plan makes the most sense for your cat.

Our information is not intended to replace the advice of your veterinarian. Do not use this information for diagnostic purposes. Always take your pet to your veterinarian to obtain a diagnosis and course of treatment.

Canine Hip Dyspasia: What's the Rub?

2017-08-02T05:37:00.002-07:00

(Photo by Ken Reid on Unsplash)

A Note From Dr. JR:

Canine hip dysplasia is one of the more common orthopedic developmental disorders seen in veterinary medicine. In fact, you may have heard of it before. But what exactly is this condition?

Hip dysplasia causes a malformation of the coxofemoral joint, or the joint where the femur (thigh bone) meets the hip. In healthy dogs, the joint makes a tight ball-and-socket fit. This allows for back and forth, side to side, and rotational movements. In dogs suffering from hip dysplasia, the sockets are typically too shallow, thus the ball of the femoral head does not fit deeply enough into the socket of the femur. This can lead to a partial dislocation (subluxation) or complete dislocation (luxation) of the joint as well as subsequent lameness or abnormal gait.

Which Breeds are Typically Affected?
Hip dysplasia is predominately seen in large breed dogs, though small to medium breeds can also be affected. German Shepherds are the poster child for the disease, however, responsible breeding has helped to reduce the frequency and severity of the disease in many lines. Other breeds that are often associated with the condition are Saint Bernards, Newfoundlands, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and Rottweilers.

How is the Condition Diagnosed?
Hip dysplasia is diagnosed based on a number of factors- these include your dog's breed, a physical examination, and x-rays. We should note, however, that while x-rays are helpful in diagnosing the disease, not all dogs with clinical evidence of hip dysplasia will have radiographic evidence. The opposite can also be true; some dogs will be clinically normal, but will have x-rays that look very abnormal.

At home, there are a number of signs you can look for. In older dogs, signs of hip dysplasia may include lameness, difficulty getting up and down, and decreased activity. In younger dogs, you may notice lameness or a "bunny hop" gait. If you notice any of these symptoms, mention it to your veterinarian. Your veterinarian will then have to evaluate all factors present to determine whether hip dysplasia is affecting your pet.

How Can I Keep My Dog From Developing Hip Dysplasia?
Hip dysplasia is a multifactorial disease process with both genetic and environmental influences. If you are going to purchase a breed of dog that is predisposed to developing hip dysplasia, be sure to start with a responsible breeder. If possible, obtain a thorough family history of the breed line. Some breeders will have their pets either OFA or PennHIP certified. These certification programs are designed to help reduce the incidence of hip dysplasia through sound breeding methods.

You can also help minimize the progression of osteoarthritis associated with hip dysplasia by raising your pet in the right environment. Studies have shown that feeding large breed dogs a mildly calorie-restricted diet can help to reduce the chances of developing osteoarthritis compared to litter mates that were fed ad libitum (free fed). As your pet ages, you can reduce strain on the joints by managing weight and decreasing repeated hard impact through moderated exercise (swimming, on-leash activity, reduced exposure to slippery floors, etc). Doing so will help protect your pet's joints over the years.

Is There a Fix?
There are very advanced surgical methods to correct hip dysplasia, such as total hip replacement. Though these techniques are becoming increasingly common, they are still practiced almost exclusively at large referral hospitals and cost several thousand dollars. These surgeries also require extensive physical therapy post-surgery. Therefore, corrective surgery is not typically the most realistic or economical option.

Luckily, most cases of hip dysplasia can be managed using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), joint supplements, weight management, and exercise modification. Talk to your veterinarian about the best approach for your dog. Together, you will be able to formulate a long term strategy for your pet.

Our information is not intended to replace the advice of your veterinarian. Do not use this information for diagnostic purposes. Always take your pet to your veterinarian to obtain a diagnosis and course of treatment.

Heat Stroke: How to Keep Your Pet Safe This Summer

2017-07-25T09:15:00.000-07:00

(Photo by Nathan Anderson on Unsplash)

A note from Dr. JR:

Summertime is great for pool parties, trips to the beach, and cook outs. At times, however, it can feel unbearably hot... and not just for us. Our pets are also affected by the heat, and as pet owners, we need to be aware of the signs and symptoms of heat stroke.

So, while the recent heat wave may have you dreaming about fall time, changing leaves and cooler temps, we're not there just yet. While we wait it out, here is what you need to know in order to keep your pet safe.

WHAT IS HEAT STROKE?
In the veterinary field, we primarily see dogs for heat-related health issues, (though cats can also be affected). For all intents and purposes, dogs are unable to sweat. Their only real way to regulate their body temperature is through panting. Heat stroke occurs when your pet's ability to cool his or herself is insufficient, leading to an abnormally high body temperature. If the body temperature gets high enough, it can lead to heavy panting, weakness, collapse, and even acute death.

HOW DOES HEAT STROKE HAPPEN?
Usually, heat stroke occurs when pets overwork themselves and are unable to bring their body temperature down without help from their owner or veterinarian. While high ambient temperature is the most obvious risk factor for heat stroke, other factors specific to your pet should also be considered. These include your pet's activity level, coat thickness, breed, and any pre-existing health conditions (such as cardiac or respiratory illness).

HOW DO I PREVENT HEAT STROKE?
Know your dog. Some dogs are simply not built to handle the heat. The breeds that we worry about over-heating the most are the brachycephalic breeds (also called the "flat-faced" breeds). These breeds include English Bulldogs, French Bulldogs, Pugs, and Boston Terriers, among others. Genetically, these dogs have a much harder time regulating their body temperature through panting. These dogs should remain in cool environments at all times. Any temperature over approximately 75° Fahrenheit, paired with a moderate degree of activity, can quickly lead to heat stroke. It's best to keep these breeds indoors and only allow for short bathroom breaks outside on a leash during hotter months.

Time for a trim. Grooming is another great way to control excessive heat retention and prevent heat stroke. Imagine trying to go outside, even for a short walk, while wearing a winter coat! That is what it feels like to be a Husky, Saint Bernard, or other thick-coated dog living in the South in the summertime. While your dog may look a little funny with a haircut, he or she will definitely be cooler with a shorter coat. Plus, there will be less dog hair for you to clean up!

Pool party. Access to a body of water will also help keep your pet cool this summer. Try filling up a shallow baby pool in the shade for your pup to lie in.

No waiting in the car. Finally, never leave your pet in an environment without the ability to escape the heat, such as a car. Even with the windows open, cars can trap the summer heat and soar to dangerously high temperatures. Potentially fatal heat stroke in a hot car takes only a few minutes.

WHAT DO I DO IN THE CASE OF HEAT STROKE?
The best thing you can do is get your pet to the veterinarian as quickly as possible. While you are in transit, actively cool your pet with a wet towel, air conditioning, and a fan. Offer your pet plenty of water to drink. The duration and severity of the heat stroke will dictate how much treatment your pet requires at the veterinarian's office.

Remember, it is better to be safe than sorry during these hot summer months. Your pet can't tell you how they're feeling, so be sure to monitor your pet's activity, water intake, and overall demeanor while out and about in the heat. The cooler temps will be here before we know it, and you and your pet will be able to breathe a sigh of relief!

Our information is not intended to replace the advice of your veterinarian. Do not use this information for diagnostic purposes. Always take your pet to your veterinarian to obtain a diagnosis and course of treatment.

Feline Heart Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

2017-05-17T06:41:00.000-07:00

(Photo by Elsa Noblet)

A Note from Dr. John:

Hopefully, when you say that your cat has a big heart, you're talking about his disposition and not the actual size of his heart. If it's the former, lucky you! If it's the latter, this likely means that your cat has what is called Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is the most common cause of heart disease in the feline world. Hypertrophic means "overgrowth" and cardiomyopathy means "disease of the heart." Together, you have a fancy way of saying that the heart is abnormally large. This heart enlargement is caused by inappropriate thickening of the muscle that makes up the wall of the heart. When the walls of the heart get too thick, the heart ventricle is unable to fill appropriately. This can lead to congestive heart failure, decreased blood pressure, formation of blood clots, and a myriad of other clinical signs.

What causes HCM?
Some cat breeds have gene mutations that cause HCM. The most common breed to develop the disease is the Maine Coon cat, which has a gene mutation that causes abnormalities in the muscle fiber of the heart. Ragdoll cats also have a similar gene mutation. Otherwise, HCM is a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning that other underlying causes of heart disease must be ruled out in order to leave you with the diagnosis of HCM.

Hyperthyroidism is the disease most commonly associated with the development of feline heart disease. If hyperthyroidism is diagnosed and treated appropriately, the underlying heart disease should not progress.

What are the clinical signs of HCM?
The most common clinical sign of HCM in cats is rapid, shallow breathing. Less common signs include coughing, vocalizing, and inability to use one or multiple legs. HCM can also cause sudden death in seemingly normal cats. This is typically due to a blood clot lodging in the heart, lungs, or brain.

How is HCM diagnosed?
HCM is diagnosed based on imaging studies- usually a combination of x-rays and an echocardiogram (an ultrasound of the heart). X-rays can show an enlarged heart and congestive heart failure. An echocardiogram allows your veterinarian to measure the degree of heart muscle thickening and to assess whether or not clots are present within the heart. Blood work should also be checked to look for concurrent diseases.

How is HCM treated?
If HCM is secondary to another condition, (such as hyperthyroidism or hypertension), then treatment is directed at the primary condition. In cases of primary HCM, medications are administered daily to manage the existing clinical signs. Diuretics, such as furosemide, are commonly prescribed for cats with increased respiratory rate and effort. Beta blocks, such as atenolol, are often prescribed to help slow the heart rate and allow the heart to fill more efficiently. Blood thinners, such as clopidogrel or aspirin, can also be prescribed. These medications are typically lifelong treatments.

What is the long-term outlook?
Prognosis with HCM varies depending on the severity of the disease. Mild disease can be controlled for long periods of time with minimal to no disease progression. Unfortunately, the opposite can also be true. Severe cases can progress very rapidly. Cats that have entered congestive heart failure may live as little as three to six months. Complications associated with heart disease can be fatal and can even result in sudden death.

Take home message.
Contact your veterinarian if you notice any changes in your cat's breathing patterns or any sudden changes in general demeanor. While there are many conditions that can result in these clinical signs, it is best to have your veterinarian evaluate your cat for signs of heart disease.

Our information is not intended to replace the advice of your veterinarian. Do not use this information for diagnostic purposes. Always take your pet to your veterinarian to obtain a diagnosis and course of treatment.

Urinary Incontinence: Where Are All the Puddles Coming From?

2017-05-10T11:24:00.000-07:00

(Photo by Brina Blum)

A Note From Dr. John:

All of the sudden, your spayed (and house-broken) female dog starts leaving puddles of urine on her dog bed... but why? She hasn't had an accident in the house since she was a puppy! She seems to be acting normally otherwise- good appetite, normal energy, no changes to her daily routine. Chances are, your dog is not doing this on purpose. It sounds like a case of urinary incontinence.

What is urinary incontinence?
The the vast majority of cases, incontinence is used to refer to the inability to retain urine normally, leading to urine leakage. Less commonly, incontinence refers to the inability to empty the bladder. This leads to an excessively large bladder, which ultimately overflows, also resulting in urine leakage.

What causes incontinence?
The most common cause of urinary incontinence is an estrogen deficiency. This is almost exclusively due to a female dog having been spayed. Without an intact reproductive tract, female dogs do not produce estrogen, which naturally strengthens the collagen in the urethra. Without this hormone present, urine leakage can occur. This is a benign process, meaning that is should not cause other health issues as long as you can keep your dog, her dog bed, and your house clean.

How is it diagnosed?
Urinary incontinence is a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning you rule out all other diseases in order to get an answer. At the very least, your veterinarian will recommend blood work, x-rays, and a urinalysis to make sure that other common issues, (such as urinary tract infection, urinary stones, and diabetes), are not present.

How is it treated?

Proin- This is the most commonly prescribed medication for urinary incontinence. Proin is a prescription mediation that is administered once or twice daily.
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)- Another option is to use a synthetic estrogen, such as Diethylstilbestrol (DES). DES is typically administered once weekly.
Incurin- This is a newer product. Like DES, Incurin is synthetic estrogen that is typically administered once weekly.

In cases that do not respond to one therapy alone, a combination of Proin and synthetic estrogen may be used.

Take home message.

Although spaying can lead to urinary incontinence in some female dogs, it is still highly recommended that you spay your pets. Urinary incontinence is relatively rare and can be controlled with safe and inexpensive medications.

Our information is not intended to replace the advice of your veterinarian. Do not use this information for diagnostic purposes. Always take your pet to your veterinarian to obtain a diagnosis and course of treatment.

Vaccines for Dogs: The Ins and Outs of Vaccinating Your Pet

2017-05-08T07:45:00.001-07:00

(Photo by Andrew Branch)

A Note From Dr. John:

What are vaccines?
Since their discovery, vaccinations have done wonders to lessen the frequency and severity of many diseases. Some diseases, (such as Smallpox in the United States), have even been eradicated through stringent vaccination protocols. Vaccinations work by stimulating the body's immune system gradually with repeated, controlled doses of particles that resemble natural exposure to a certain disease. The immune system develops memory to the disease, helping it to prepare for the real deal disease, should true exposure occur down the road.

What vaccines should my dog receive?
Some vaccinations are considered "core" vaccines, meaning that every dog should receive them regardless of where you live, your pet's lifestyle, etc. Core vaccinations include the rabies vaccine and the distemper-parvo vaccine.

Rabies vaccination is required by law for all cats and dogs (as well as ferrets) in the United States. The frequency of vaccination varies from state to state. You can learn more about your state's requirements by visiting the AVMA (American Veterinary Medical Association) website.

The distemper-parvo vaccine comes in many different formulations and combinations, depending on the manufacturer and the specific types of infections you are trying to prevent. First and foremost, these vaccines cover canine distemper and the parvovirus. Typically, these vaccines also cover some combination of the coronavirus, adenovirus, and parainfluenza. The prevalence of these infections varies depending on where you live.

Other vaccinations are considered "non-core." These vaccines are recommended for certain pets depending on their environment and lifestyle. Non-core vaccinations include those that protect against Bordetella (kennel cough), Lyme Disease, Canine Influenza (flu), Leptospirosis, and Rattlesnake venom. Make sure to discuss these vaccine options with your veterinarian to determine if they are appropriate for your dog.

What are the side effects of vaccinations?
Typically, the worst side effects of vaccines are seen when the shot is being administered--wiggling, kicking, and maybe a shrill screech or yelp. As much as that screech is hard to bear, remember that you are doing the best thing for your pet!

Other side effects are as follows:

Scratching at the injection site. Some pets scratch at the injection site temporarily (usually no more than five minutes). This is caused by a short-lived burning sensation.
Inflammation. Occasionally, dogs will develop a small inflammatory knot where the vaccine was administered. These spots typically resolve after a few short days. If a knot develops and does not go away after a few days, contact your veterinarian.
Sleepiness. Often times, puppies will sleep more in the hours following vaccination. This is normal, as their body is using energy to respond to the vaccine(s) and build immunity. Unless they are extremely sedate, simply let them sleep it off. That crazy puppy energy should be back to normal by the next day.
Serious side effects. In rare cases, dogs will develop more severe side effects, such as vomiting, diarrhea, or facial swelling. In extremely rare cases, pets will have an anaphylactic reaction to vaccinations. These reactions cause life-threatening drops in blood pressure that occur within 30 minutes of receiving vaccinations (usually before you leave your vet's office). If you notice any of these signs, contact your veterinarian immediately.

The take-home message.

Vaccinations work! They can save you a great deal of money by preventing expensive treatment once infection sets in. More importantly, they can save your dog's life. Talk to you veterinarian to determine what vaccination protocol is right for your pet. Protocols vary from pet to pet, and your veterinarian will be able to tell you what makes the most sense for your dog.

Our information is not intended to replace the advice of your veterinarian. Do not use this information for diagnostic purposes. Always take your pet to your veterinarian to obtain a diagnosis and course of treatment.

Parvo: A Deadly Disease

2017-05-02T11:10:00.003-07:00

(Photo by Margo Brodowicz)

A Note From Dr. John:

There's no sugarcoating it-- parvo kills! So what is this deadly disease? What causes it and how can it be prevented? Here, we'll review everything you need to know about parvo, including its causes, symptoms, and treatment.

What exactly is parvo?
The parvovirus is thought to have mutated from a feline gastrointestinal virus called panleukopenia. Parvovirus specifically targets rapidly replicating cells in the body, so it typically takes up shop in dogs' intestinal tracts and bone marrow. If left untreated, parvoviral infections can certainly be fatal-- usually from severe dehydration, but other times, from overwhelming secondary bacterial infections.

How can my dog get parvo?
Parvovirus is highly contagious. It is spread in the feces of dogs. If your dog so much as sniffs around the area where a parvo-positive dog has defecated, he can contract the disease.

How can I protect my pet against parvo?
Thankfully, the vaccination against the parvovirus is highly effective at preventing infection. Puppy vaccinations start at six to eight weeks of age are are given every three weeks until your dog reaches sixteen weeks of age. Your dog will need to be vaccinated every year thereafter. Do not take the risk-- have your pet vaccinated appropriately. Vaccines can save your dog's life!

How do I know if my dog has parvo?
The most common clinical signs of parvo are vomiting, diarrhea (including bloody diarrhea), loss of appetite, and lethargy. The virus replicates in the cells of the intestinal tract and kills the lining of the intestines. This causes the diarrhea that is so frequently observed in infected pets. With a diseased intestinal tract, dogs cannot digest food or absorb nutrients. The amount of fluid lost rapidly leads to dehydration. If dehydration is severe enough, the infection can be fatal.

How is parvo treated?
Parvovirus, like many viruses, is self-limiting. This means that it will run its course and be cleared naturally by the body-- assuming the body can maintain hydration and fight off secondary bacterial infections. The mainstay of treatment is IV fluids and injectable antibiotics. Treatment can last up to 5-7 days, depending on the severity of the case. Obviously, this can be very hard on your dog... and very expensive! Prevention is a much cheaper option. Vaccination will not only save your dog the stress of infection, it will save you the worry of wondering what will happen.

What else do I need to know?

Parvovirus can stay viable in the environment for months. This means that contaminated areas remain dangerous for a long period of time unless cleaned appropriately.
The only way to kill parvovirus once it is in the environment is with bleach (diluted one part bleach in nine parts water). While this is generally feasible in a home environment, it is not feasible outdoors.
If you have had a dog with parvo in your home, you should not get another puppy or allow unvaccinated dogs in the house for at least 6 months.
Once a dog has had parvovirus and survives, that pet should have exceptionally high immunity.
The parvo vaccination cannot be give to pregnant females. The vaccine is a modified live vaccine and therefore, can cause illness in newborns. Make sure to inform your veterinarian if you think that your pet may be pregnant.

Our information is not intended to replace the advice of your veterinarian. Do not use this information for diagnostic purposes. Always take your pet to your veterinarian to obtain a diagnosis and course of treatment.

Choosing a Dog Breed That's Right for You

2017-04-28T05:56:00.000-07:00

(Photo by Shannon Richards)

A Note from Dr. John:

So you've finally decided to take the plunge and get a puppy. How exciting! Now which breed will it be? It's a pretty straightforward decision, right? Wrong!

Dog breeds are not a one-size-fits-all kind of decision. There are so many dog breeds to choose from. While overwhelming, having so many breeds to choose from is a good thing. More choices means that you can pick the right dog for your particular lifestyle. Whether you are getting your dog from a high-end breeder or from the local shelter, you want to make sure that you consider the following factors before making your decision.

What type of housing do you live in?
Whether you live in a big house in the suburbs, a small apartment in the city, or a farmhouse in the country, there is a dog breed for you. As a general rule, the bigger the area that you have to roam around in, the bigger the dog you can get.

Do you already have other pets?
Some pets are very playful and do much better with a companion animal around the house. It can help get some extra energy out or help relieve separation anxiety. Some dogs, however, are "one-pet-household" kinds of pets. They can be aggressive or unwelcoming to other animals. If you are getting your dog from a shelter, most locations will allow a test-run period to see if the pet is a good fit for your home and if other pets are going to be a problem. Always be careful when bringing a new dog home. While they may be sweet to you, they may be fearful of other dogs and act out on their fear.

Are there children in your household?
You can never be too safe when it comes to introducing a new pet to your children. Make sure that any new pets are very closely supervised when around young children. Some breeds are much more likely to be patient and gentle with young children than other breeds.

Why do you want a pet?
Do you want a pooch that will simply snuggle with you, couch-potato style? Or do you need a rugged, outdoorsy dog that can trail run and hike with you through any weather? Or do you need a working dog to help keep the farm animals in line? Again, the dog breed you pick will vary depending on your lifestyle and needs.

How messy is messy?
Every dog is going to make a mess sooner or later. The question is, how big of a mess are you willing to tolerate in your home? Are you a neat freak that can't stand a little dust in the corner? Or are you pretty laid back about things being out of order here and there? The amount of clutter or mess that a dog brings to your house will depend on size, coat length, energy level, and demeanor.

What is your budget?
Whether you choose to pay the shelter $100 or the breeder $1,200 for a dog, remember that pet expenses don't stop there. In fact, they've just started! Some expenses, such as vaccines, do not vary based on your dog's breed. Other expenses will vary dramatically based on the breed you choose. For instance, the cost of dog food, toys, treats, medications, and grooming fees will be very different for a 3lb Yorkshire Terrier than they will be for a 150lb Bull Mastiff. Consider how these expenses will fit into your personal budget before deciding on the newest member of your family.

Our information is not intended to replace the advice of your veterinarian. Do not use this information for diagnostic purposes. Always take your pet to your veterinarian to obtain a diagnosis and course of treatment.

Pancreatitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

2017-04-24T11:33:00.001-07:00

(Photo by Tamara Bellis)

A Note From Dr. John:

We frequently have pets come into our clinic with pancreatitis. When we use the suffix "-itis" in the medical field, that just means "inflammation of." So pancreatitis is a catch-all term for inflammation of the pancreas. The problem with the inflammatory process is that it often times goes overboard, causing inflammation of more than just the pancreas. We often see this inflammation extend to the upper intestines, stomach, and liver-- an issue that most often leads to the clinical signs such as vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. Other symptoms include abdominal pain, increased respiratory rate, and loss of energy. Depending on the case, any or all of these signs may be severe.

How did my pet get pancreatitis?
Pancreatitis can be the result of a number of reasons. The frustrating thing about pancreatitis is that the underlying cause is often never found. More often than not, it is caused by pets eating things that they should not (like the time Fido tore through the trash last week) or by owners feeding foods (particularly table scraps) that upset their pet's stomach. Dogs and cats have much more sensitive stomachs than we humans do, so a simple treat or diet change can be enough to send them to the vet's office. Other common causes are ascending bacterial infections from the intestines, physical trauma, toxins, and cancer.

So my dog or cat has pancreatitis. What should I expect?
While determining the cause of pancreatitis can be tough, knowing what to tell pet owners about the course of treatment can be even tougher. Both cats and dogs are afflicted by pancreatitis, often in very different ways.

The typical cat that I see in practice has chronic pancreatitis. This means that for an extended period of time, (from three months to several years), the cat has had low-grade symptoms of vomiting, intermittent diarrhea, and loss of appetite. Often times, treating these cats entails little more than some nausea medication and a change of diet.

In dogs, the presentation is typically associated with acute pancreatitis. In these cases, the prognosis and treatment protocol vary widely. For some dogs, a quick dose of fluids and a nausea injection are enough to send the pet home with the owners immediately for further care. Other times, dogs end up in the hospital for five to seven days on IV fluids, injectable medications, and pain relievers. Depending on the severity of the case and whether or not the inflammation is able to be controlled, pancreatitis can be fatal. Thankfully, such severe cases are rare.

Prevention is key.
The best way to deal with pancreatitis is to never get it in the first place. Pancreatitis is most often completely avoidable. This means that next time Uncle Billy is about to sneak a pork chop sliver to your pup who is waiting patiently under the dining room table, it is your job to say, "Stop!" This is easier said than done. Giving your pet a treat now and again makes you feel like you're doing the right thing for your pet, however, the opposite is true. Showing self-restraint on behalf of your pet is the best thing you can do for their health (and your wallet, depending on the vet bill).

That being said, we can't always keep our pet from getting into something they shouldn't. So when pancreatitis hits, the best thing you can do is get your pet to the veterinarian for evaluation and treatment. Appropriate treatment will make your pet feel significantly better and will shorten the course of the illness.

Our information is not intended to replace the advice of your veterinarian. Do not use this information for diagnostic purposes. Always take your pet to your veterinarian to obtain a diagnosis and course of treatment.

Hyperthyroidism in Cats: What’s the Skinny?

2017-04-20T10:36:00.001-07:00

(Photo by Chinda Sam)

A Note From Dr. John:

So you're looking at Garfield wondering, "How in the world did he get this thin?" He vomits occasionally, but all cats do, right? And sure, he is 13 years old, but he eats like a pig and is always begging for more food. You've tried 10 different diets, all with the same result. What gives?

This may not be as simple as inadequate nutrition or age-related weight loss. This scenario could be a classic presentation for a hyperthyroid cat.

What is hyperthyroidism?

The thyroid gland is responsible for producing the body's thyroid hormone. This hormone helps to regulate the body's metabolism. If you produce too little thyroid hormone, you are considered hypothyroid (a condition almost exclusively seen in dogs). If you produce too much thyroid hormone, you are considered hyperthyroid.

Being hyperthyroid is like having a metabolism that is in constant hyper-drive. Though the thyroid gland is often hypertrophied (enlarged), the gland is very rarely cancerous.

What are the clinical signs of hyperthyroidism?

The most common clinical signs associated with this disease are weight loss, vomiting, and diarrhea despite having a good appetite. The average age of diagnosis is around 13 years old but can vary. Other signs often associated with the disease are increased thirst and urination, behavioral changes (begging for food, seeking attention, over-grooming, etc.), and increased respiratory rate.

How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed?

The good news about hyperthyroidism is that the diagnosis can easily be made by your veterinarian with a simple blood test. General blood work to check kidney, liver, and other organ function at the same time is highly recommended. Chest x-rays to evaluate heart size and shape are also recommended.

So my cat is hyperthyroid- what's next?

There are several options for treating hyperthyroidism. I'll touch on the basics, but ultimately, the decision on how to treat your cat will come down to a discussion that you have with your veterinarian. Treatment will be based on a number of specific factors such as degree of hyperthyroidism, kidney function, cost, etc.. The mainstay of medical therapy for this disease is the daily use of the drug methimazole to limit the amount of thyroid hormone produced by the gland. Other options are radiation therapy, surgery, and dietary management. These options are usually only considered for cats after first evaluating their response to methimazole. Again, make sure to discuss these options with your veterinarian.

What can I expect long term?

Hyperthyroidism can either be managed (by administering methimazole or with dietary management) or potentially cured (with surgery or radiation). Regardless of the therapeutic route taken, once the hyperthyroidism is controlled, we would expect Garfield to regain some of those lost pounds. We would also expect to see a decrease in other clinical signs noted prior to treatment- vomiting, diarrhea, and behavioral changes. Depending on the therapeutic route taken, follow up action may be necessary. This could include bloodwork, x-rays, and general physical exams.

Hypothyroidism in Dogs: What’s the Skinny?

2017-04-14T08:58:00.002-07:00

(Photo by Matthew Pilachowski)

A Note From Dr. John:

Have you ever wondered why your dog does not eat that much yet continues to gain weight? Do you find yourself wondering how in the world his energy can be THAT low? Is Fluffy not so fluffy anymore? Or does she have persistent ear and skin infections?

If you've tried to address the more common causes of these issues such as overfeeding, inadequate grooming, and allergies with no success, your furry friend might be hypothyroid.

What is hypothyroidism?
The thyroid gland produces your pet’s thyroid hormone which regulates his or her metabolic rate. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough of the thyroid hormone. Decreased hormone levels lead to low energy, weight gain, poor coat, and skin infections. Elevated hormone levels, on the other hand, lead to high heart rate and blood pressure- a condition known as hyperthyroidism.

How did my dog become hypothyroid?

Hypothyroidism has several causes: immune-mediated destruction of the gland, natural gland atrophy over time, dietary iodine deficiency, and congenital hypothyroidism. The first two causes account for the vast majority of the disease within the general dog population. The last two are rarely encountered in veterinary medicine.

We should note that certain breeds are more predisposed to the disease. These breeds are Doberman Pinschers, Golden Retrievers, Irish Setters, Great Danes, Dachshunds, and Boxers.

How do I know if my dog has hypothyroidism?

Blood work performed by your veterinarian is necessary to diagnose hypothyroidism. Usually these results are pretty straight forward, though sometimes your pet may fall into a bit of a gray zone based on his or her lab results. Regardless, your veterinarian should be able to walk you through this process.

So my dog is hypothyroid- what’s next?

The bad news is that hypothyroidism is a lifelong condition. The good news is that hypothyroidism is treatable with a relatively cheap and easy to administer medication that is given twice daily. The even better news is that treatment typically results in dramatic improvement in your dog’s health. Many dogs regain that puppy energy from years ago, and the not-so-fluffy Fluffy often regrows that healthy coat that may have been missing for quite some time. In addition, extra pounds tend to melt away- sometimes effortlessly!

What about follow up?
Once your dog has started a thyroid supplement, you should have the thyroid blood levels rechecked about 2 months after the initial diagnosis. Since hypothyroidism is a lifelong disease, regular yearly blood level checks are recommended as well.

Oral Hygiene: Why Caring for Your Pet's Pearly Whites is No Joke

2017-04-06T10:00:00.000-07:00

A Note from Dr. Ed:

Dental care is one of the most commonly overlooked issues in our pets. In fact, most dogs and cats begin to show some signs of dental problems by age three. Many owners believe that these dental problems are simply a cosmetic issue. They do not realize, however, that poor oral hygiene can seriously affect the overall health and well-being of their pet. If left untreated, infection and disease can quickly develop.  To help fight dental disease, it is important to first understand what leads to poor dental hygiene, the signs and symptoms associated with it, and the methods of dental care used for prevention and treatment.

Most oral hygiene issues begin with plaque. Plaque forms as bacteria combine with saliva and debris. If plaque is left untreated, it hardens to create tartar along the teeth and gum lines. The bacteria present in tartar then begin to irritate the gums, causing inflammation. As inflammation worsens, bacteria continue to damage the gums and tissue surrounding the teeth. If these conditions are not addressed, bacterial infections such as periodontal disease can develop in the areas surrounding the teeth. Additionally, bacteria associated with periodontal disease can enter the bloodstream and travel to other major organs. This can lead to a much more serious and extensive infection in the kidneys, heart, liver, or other parts of the body.

There are many signs to look for when checking for dental disease. The most common symptoms are bad breath and red, irritated gums. Inflamed gums may lead to pain or bleeding when eating, and may even cause a loss of appetite in your dog or cat. You may notice plaque or tartar as well, which can be identified by a yellowish buildup around the base the teeth or gums. Missing and/or broken teeth are another indicator of poor oral hygiene.

Good oral hygiene can be easily maintained, especially if preventative methods are started at an early age. There are many ways to provide your pet with good dental care.   The easiest and cheapest way to promote oral hygiene is at home.

Feed your pet quality, coarse-textured food and treats. A healthy, balanced diet greatly reduces the buildup of plaque and tarter.

Purchase an at-home cleaning kit. Toothbrushes, toothpaste, and other cleaning products help to effectively remove plaque and kill bacteria.

Have your pet’s teeth professionally cleaned. Most veterinary offices offer dental cleanings, however these professional cleanings do require general anesthesia. Additionally, your veterinarian may recommend having pre-anesthetic blood work run to ensure that your pet will handle sedation safely. Although relatively expensive, professional cleanings are extremely effective and recommended at least once yearly.

Have your pet checked yearly by a veterinarian. Making sure you get your pet in for their yearly checkup greatly reduces the risk of serious oral diseases. Your veterinarian can easily and quickly examine your pet’s teeth and gums to determine if any problems are developing.

Dental care is an extremely important, and often overlooked, aspect of your pet’s health. Poor oral hygiene can lead to a variety of health issues ranging from bad breath and inflamed gums to serious infections.  A combination of a healthy diet, at-home teeth cleaning practices, and regular checkups with your veterinarian will help your pet maintain good oral hygiene, giving him or her something to smile about!

Our information is not intended to replace the advice of your veterinarian. Do not use this information for diagnostic purposes. Always take your pet to your veterinarian to obtain a diagnosis and course of treatment.

Canine Congestive Heart Failure: What Is It and How Is It Treated?

2017-03-15T07:07:00.001-07:00

(Photo by Razvan Antonescu)

A Note From Dr. John:

Here at PetMart, we talk a lot about congestive heart failure. Some of our most popular medications are Vetmedin, Spironolactone, Furosemide, and Enalapril- all used to treat pets in congestive heart failure. Once a pet is diagnosed, they are typically on these medications for life. But what exactly is this condition, and how is it treated?

First off, it is worth noting that both dogs and cats can suffer from congestive heart failure. That being said, feline congestive heart failure has a very different presentation and treatment plan than that of canine congestive heart failure. Here, we will focus on heart failure in dogs, however, we'll discuss this condition in cats in a later article.

Congestive heart failure is the result of end-stage cardiac disease, typically found in older dogs. Both small and large dogs can develop congestive heart failure. Though the underlying disease processes that lead to this condition can vary, the end result is often the same. In order to understand heart failure and how it is treated, it is important to first understand the physiology of the beating heart.

The canine heart is a four-chambered pump which functions to provide blood to the bod's organs. Between each heart chamber are valves which prevent backward flow of blood during each heart contraction. As the heart ages, the valves can start to leak and the heart muscle fibers begin to stretch, allowing blood to flow backwards. If this happens with the left side of the heart, fluid builds in the lungs, causing coughing and respiratory issues. If the right side of the heart fails, fluid accumulates in the abdomen, causing abdominal distension, diarrhea, and difficulty breathing. As you can see, heart failure can lead to many different clinical signs that may seem completely unrelated to the heart.

Unfortunately, heart failure cannot be cured. Thankfully, it can be managed with the help of your veterinarian. Therapeutic drugs such as furosemide and enalapril have been around for decades. These drugs help to remove excess fluid from the body, allowing for resolution of clinical signs such as coughing, respiratory distress, and abdominal distension. A newer drug called Vetmedin, has proven to be a game changer when treating heart disease as well. With its release, the veterinary field has been able to improve the lifespan of dogs identified as having underlying heart disease (the leaky valve variety, not the stretched heart variety) that have not yet developed the classical clinical signs of coughing and respiratory issues. Studies show that when implemented early, Vetmedin can increase lifespan by a whopping 15 months! That's an incredible number, and as a veterinarian myself, I could not be more excited!

Remember, canine heart disease is a complex issue that comes in many different shapes and sizes. Always consult your veterinarian to ensure that your pet's condition is accurately diagnosed and safely treated.

Our information is not intended to replace the advice of your veterinarian. Do not use this information for diagnostic purposes. Always take your pet to your veterinarian to obtain a diagnosis and course of treatment.

Could My Pet Be Suffering From Seasonal Allergies?

2017-03-01T13:01:00.001-08:00

(Photo by Chinda Sam)

A Note From Dr. John:

Springtime is fast-approaching. That means sunshine, warmer temps, and ALLERGENS. If your pets are anything like mine, they could suffer from more than just one allergy. In fact, your pet could have reactions to multiple allergens- weeds, grasses, insects, etc. Most of the time, allergies are mild with signs such as itchy skin, runny eyes, and sneezing. Clinical signs can last several hours to several months depending on your pet.

There are multiple treatment options, such as steroids and antihistamines, that have been proven effective in treating allergies. Steroids include Prednisone and Prednisolone. Both are generally administered on a tapered dose and have similar side effects such as increased appetite, thirst, and urination. Keep in mind that steroids will require a prescription from your veterinarian. Examples of antihistamines are Vetadryl (Benadryl), Cetirizine (Zyrtec), and Chlorpheniramine. Antihistamines can either be administered on a daily basis or as needed for flare ups. These medications can be purchased over the counter and do not require a prescription from your veterinarian.

Other allergic reactions are much more severe and necessitate immediate medical attention. Signs of a severe allergic reaction include hives (red spots on your pet's skin), facial swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, and collapse. The best approach to severe allergic reactions is to get to your veterinarian as soon as possible. For long-term care, identifying allergens that set off the reaction is vital to help avoid a serious reaction in the future.

Our information is not intended to replace the advice of your veterinarian. Do not use this information for diagnostic purposes. Always take your pet to your veterinarian to obtain a diagnosis and course of treatment.

The Importance of Finishing a Prescription

2017-01-25T05:05:00.001-08:00

(Photo by Octavio Fossatti)

A Note from Dr. John:

Depending on the demeanor of your pet, giving medications could be a breeze, or it could be a nightmare. For many conditions, your pet's symptoms and/or behavior may seem to have improved after only a few doses of the medication prescribed by your veterinarian. In other cases, you may not see any obvious improvement in your pet's heath after days or even weeks on a medication. Many clients are tempted to stop giving the remainder of a prescription once one of these scenario occurs. What most people don't realize is that doing so can be extremely detrimental to your pet's health and recovery. Here are a few of the most common prescription problems encountered in veterinary medicine:

Antibiotics. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance have gotten a lot of attention in the human medical field as bacteria have emerged that are resistant to all known antibiotics. One of the noted causes of this phenomenon is failure to complete antibiotic regimens prescribed by doctors. The same outcome is frequently discussed in the veterinary medical field. It is not uncommon to see resistant ear infections and skin infections in dogs due to failure to properly finish medications. Usually, this is due to difficulty administering the medicine or an overly busy schedule for pet owners. If you run into problems medicating your pet, talk to your veterinarian about alternative forms of medication that might be easier to administer. Putting in the effort to complete an antibiotic regimen will effectively kill off harmful bacteria rather than creating more resistant strains.
Steroids. Pets are treated with steroids for a whole host of reasons. Whether for something as simple as itchy skin or for something as involved as an autoimmune condition, steroids are an integral part of the veterinary medical field. Whereas antibiotic regimens are usually very straight forward and dosed once a day or twice a day, steroids are dosed on tapering schedules. This means that the dose is started highest in the beginning and then gradually decreased over a period of time before being fully discontinued. Tapering schedules allow the body to restart making its own natural steroids. If steroids are discontinued too rapidly, your pet's body will not be able to recover this ability. This can lead to what is called an Addisonian crisis during which your pet can experience dangerous drops in blood pressure, vomiting, diarrhea, and other very serious side effects. It is much safer to finish the medications as prescribed than to end up at the emergency hospital from stopping steroids too quickly.
Anti-depressant medications. Anti-depressant medications are being prescribed more and more frequently as separation anxiety and other anxiety-related behaviors are reported by pet owners. Some of these medications are long-acting, such as fluoxetine and amitriptyline. These medications must be given for a minimum of 1-2 months prior to reaching the therapeutic levels in the blood stream. This means that you may not see results in your pet's behavior until you have consistently administered the medication for two full months. Many times, failure to improve on medication is due to pet owners discontinuing medicine before allowing this to occur.

What Treats Should I Be Feeding My Pet?

2017-01-17T07:20:00.000-08:00

(Photo by Andrew Branch)

A Note From Dr. John:

To feed or not to feed, that is the question... if only treat choices were that easy. Unfortunately, with so many treat options on the market and pet health issues increasing in prevalence, the decision on what and how much to feed can seem overwhelming. The rate of diabetes, arthritis, dental disease, and other illnesses seems to be ever-increasing. Many of these conditions, however, can be prevented with the right daily care- this includes the types of treats that your pet receives. Here are some treat options based on different life stages and health statuses:

Dental disease. Plaque and tartar inevitably accumulate on your pet's teeth as they age. Trying to brush your pet's teeth may not fit into your busy schedule or it may not be something your pet particularly enjoys. If this is the case, dental treats are a great way to reduce the speed of tartar accumulation. Check out C.E.T. Hextra Chews, OraVet Dental Chews, or Greenies Dental Chews. Select the right size based on your pet's weight range and let your pet show off his or her pearly whites!
Obesity. Obesity rates are estimated to be at a staggering 30-50% in dogs and 20-50% in cats. Obesity predisposes pets to multiple ailments such as diabetes, arthritis, cancer, and pancreatitis. Preventing obesity is all about calories in versus calories out. One of the biggest sources of excessive calories for pets is treats. For the couch potato pets, your best bet is a low calorie option such as Lean Treats or Lite Snackers.
Arthritis. Pets are just like people. As their bodies age, the cumulative stress on joints leads to arthritis and the subsequent pain associated with it. Unfortunately, there is no going back once arthritis sets in. One of the best ways to prevent and manage it once it has arrived is to provide your pet with the right joint supplements, such as glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. Dasuquin and Cosequin are packed with these supplements and are a great daily treat as well.

Remember that treats are just that- treats! They are intended to supplement your pet's regular caloric intake from a balanced diet. Don't fixate on one problem (dental disease) only to replace it with another (obesity and diabetes). And, as always, consult your veterinarian to help determine the best treat option for your pet.

Traveling With Pets

2016-12-20T05:54:00.001-08:00

A Note From Dr. John:

Thanksgiving, Christmas, and the New Year mean great food, family time, and often, extended travels. The thought of traveling is exciting for many of us; for others, it's stressful. But what about for your pets? Some pets LOVE to travel. Others get nervous, scared, or nauseous at the mere sight of a car. For those of you whose pets like to travel- congrats! Your job is easy. For those whose pets do not travel well, there are numerous options to help alleviate the stresses of car rides.

Nausea. For those pets who are apt to "toss their cookies" in your newly washed and vacuumed ride, try administering an anti-nausea medicine. The best option on the market is Cerenia. This medication is very safe and is used at high doses for car sickness. The anti-nausea effects are going to last about a day, but they may leave your pet feeling drowsy (although maybe that's a good thing if they are stressed in the car). Other options include ondansetron, meclizine (non-drowsy Dramamine), and Benadryl. Your selection is going to depend on your pet's need as well as your budget, so make sure to consult with your veterinarian.
Stress. If a short ride in the car is your pet's idea of purgatory, the thought of an extended trip to Grandma's house might push them over the edge. The good news is that there are many anxiety medications that can be very effective for fear of car rides (as well as fear of fireworks, loud noises, etc.). Short-acting options such as trazodone and acepromazine are also great options, however, both have side effects, so make sure to discuss these medications with your veterinarian prior to trying them out.
Uneasiness/instability. Let's say that your pet likes to ride but has a hard time getting comfortable. Maybe they are old and arthritic. Maybe they are top-heavy and have terrible balance like my dog. Or maybe you just want to make sure that your new leather seats aren't destroyed in a single car ride. Whatever the reason, we've got you covered. Check out the many harnesses, seat belts, baskets, and seat covers that are available to make your pet's ride as comfortable as possible. These items will give your pet a "safe space" in the car and provide some stability as you make your way to Granny's for the holidays.

Heartworm Disease: Why All the Fuss?

2016-11-28T08:26:00.000-08:00

(Image from the American Heartworm Society)

A Note From Dr. John:

You’re constantly told to keep your pet on heartworm preventative. But why all the fuss? What is heartworm disease, and what threats does it really pose for your pet?

Heartworms are worms that grow in the hearts of cats, dogs, and other canid species (wolves, coyotes, etc). If allowed to grow unchecked, the worms move into the blood vessels of the lungs, causing clinical symptoms such as coughing, labored breathing, decreased activity and decreased appetite. Eventually, untreated heartworm disease is fatal.

Heartworms are spread by mosquitoes, (what we call the disease vector), meaning the prevalence of the disease depends of the region where you live. We are located in the Southeast, the hotbed of heartworm disease in the United States. Because of the prevalence of mosquitos, we recommend that all pets (dogs, cats, and even indoor only cats!) be on heartworm prevention year-round. Areas like the Pacific Northwest have much lower prevalence due to a relative lack of the disease vector. It is important to talk to your veterinarian about your individual pet’s risk of exposure to mosquitoes and develop a prevention plan accordingly. The good news is that heartworm disease is a preventable condition with easy once monthly medications.

Prevention is much easier than treatment—easier on your pocketbook and much easier on your pet’s health. Once your pet develops heartworm disease, treatment involves very expensive intramuscular injections that can cause muscle soreness. Pets being treated require strict confinement until the heartworms die off, which can take weeks to months. Treatment can also lead to serious complications, including sudden death. Prevention, on the other hand, will simply require monthly administering. Want another great reason to use heartworm preventatives? Most medications also protect against several forms of intestinal parasites and can even prevent flea infestations- all good things!

Now are you sold on heartworm preventative? So am I! Head on over to PetMartPharmacy.com and check out our great selection of preventative medicines at affordable prices.

For more information on heartworm disease, visit the American Heartworm Society.

Preparing for the Holidays: How to Keep Your Pet Safe This Holiday Season

2016-11-08T07:28:00.001-08:00

A Note from Dr. John:

Who doesn’t love the holidays? Great food, friends, and family galore. And whose pet doesn’t love the holidays? All those people around feeling extra generous with their food and gifts. Here at PetMart Pharmacy, we love the warmth of the holidays, too, but we want to make sure that your furry friends stay safe. Here are a few pointers to help make sure you spend your free time at home with family and not at the vet’s office with a sick pet.

Holiday Dangers to Avoid:

Chocolate. Dogs are particularly sensitive to the effects of chocolate on blood pressure and heartrate, leading to many potentially serious side effects. All chocolates are not created equal in tingling your taste buds or in effecting your dog’s cardiovascular system. The general rule is the darker the chocolate, the more harmful. Baker’s chocolate is the most dangerous, followed by dark chocolate, then all the way down to milk and white chocolate. The best approach is to prevent your dog from eating chocolate in the first place, so make sure it’s stored away safely. Just because it is wrapped up nice and tidy under the Christmas tree doesn’t mean Fluffy won’t tear that package right open and gobble down a bag full of delicious chocolate—and wrappers! If your dog eats chocolate, the best thing you can do is contact your veterinarian or the Poison Control Hotline (855-764-7661) for advice.

Fatty Foods. High fat foods such as ham sure taste great to many of us and help bring on those wonderful post-lunch naps. For dogs that rarely eat fatty food, however, ham and other foods can cause severe pancreatitis. This can lead to prolonged treatment, lots of time spent at the hospital, and less time at home with the family. Tempted to give your pet a taste of the wild by offering him or her a turkey or ham bone? Better to avoid the upset stomach or potentially perforated intestines (yikes!) from a sharp bone fragment. Warn Uncle Larry that he pays the bill if he drops the bone!

Toxic Plants. Poinsettias and Lilies can make for beautiful seasonal decorations. However, Poinsettias can cause upset stomach and vomiting for both cats and dogs if ingested. Also, certain types of Lilies (but not all) are very toxic to cats, potentially causing kidney failure if ingested. Common toxic Lilies include Day Lilies, Tiger Lilies and Easter Lilies. Safe varieties include Peace Lilies, Calla Lilies, and Lily-of-the-Valley. Again, best to play it safe and keep these plants out of reach of your pets. You can read more about toxic plant varieties on the ASPCA website.

Holiday Decorations. Tinsel looks great on your Christmas tree, but its twinkle can catch the eye of a curious cat. Although watching your cat bat around some lifeless decorations can be very entertaining, these items can get anchored under his or her tongue if ingested. This can cause choking, vomiting, and likely requires sedation and removal at your veterinarian’s office. Not a great way to spend the holidays!

Here’s to a happy and safe holiday season from our family to yours!

Happy Howl-O-Ween!

2016-10-31T10:24:00.001-07:00

Our office pets dressed to impress this Halloween, including Truffles, a French Bulldog, who came to work as a Pea Pod. Here are a few more favorite pet costumes from around the web:

Football Player (and Rufferee)

(via PetMart Pharmacy)

Hello Kitty

(via Instagram's the_la_cat_club)

Chia Pet

(via inhabitat.com)

UPS Man

(via HalloweenCostumes.com)

Kitty Up Cowboy

(via PetMart Pharmacy)

Harry Potter

(via PopSugar)

Healthy Living: Diet and Exercise

2016-10-19T10:17:00.000-07:00

We constantly hear about the importance of diet and exercise in our daily lives. What we often forget is that a healthy lifestyle is just as important for our furry friends! We can help combat pet obesity by tackling it's two main causes: poor diet and lack of activity.

Here are some of the benefits of a healthy diet and regular exercise for your pet:

It improves overall health. Pets that are overweight are more prone to systemic illnesses, such as arthritis, diabetes, and cancer. Exercise helps with weight management and improves overall health.

It adds years to your pet's life. Purina conducted a 14-year study that scientifically showed that dogs that ate a restricted diet lived on average 1.8 years longer than their peers. That’s almost 15 years in dog terms! (Read more about the study here.)

It strengthens the bond you have with your pet. There's nothing better than a little quality time with your pet.

It brings excitement to your pet’s day and gives them something to look forward to. Most pets are far too inactive throughout the day. The most exciting part of an average pet’s day is their owner coming home from work, and this basically entails 5 minutes of unbridled joy, followed by a quick return to the usual sedentary state. But what if your pet got just as excited every time you put on your running shoes because they knew they were about to go for a walk? Getting your pet out for a short walk entails far more than just the calories burned doing the physical work – it stimulates their minds and keeps them sharper throughout the rest of the day.

Here are a few tips from our veterinarians on getting started and sticking with it:

Getting started is the hardest part. Getting yourself and your pet active can seem like a daunting task, so the most important part is setting goals. Talk to your veterinarian and work together to establish short and long term goals for weight loss, activity, and diet. Create 1, 3, 6, and 12 month goals for your pet. In addition, set up recheck appointments with your vet for body condition scoring. This will get you committed for the long haul and prevent early burn out.

Play to your pet's strengths. Some dogs love water and nothing is better for cardiovascular and joint health than swimming. Your pet isn’t a water bug? How about fetch or tug of war? If your dog is like mine and is completely driven by his nose (and stomach), try some tracking exercises.

Understand the limitations of your pet at the outset. When coming up with an exercise regimen, keep age, breed, and pre-existing health conditions in mind. Running an older, arthritic dog may give them temporary joy and help them to lose weight, but it can cause lingering discomfort the next day. If you have a flat-faced breed, (aka brachycephalic breed), such as English Bulldogs, French Bulldogs, Pugs, etc., make sure to limit their exposure to heat as there are more prone to heat stroke. Finally, discuss any pre-existing health issues with your veterinarian to find the best means of exercise for your pet.

Everything You Need to Know About Sentinel Flavor Tabs for Dogs

2016-10-05T13:22:00.000-07:00

Generic Name: Milbemycin Oxime and Lufenuron

Brand Name: Sentinel Flavor Tabs by Novartis

Sentinel Flavor Tabs are used to control heartworms, fleas, and several common internal parasites including roundworms, hookworms and some whipworms. This medication does require a prescription, so you'll need to schedule an appointment with your veterinarian first. Prior to writing your dog a prescription, your veterinarian will want to administer a heartworm test to make sure your pet does not currently have heartworms.

At a Glance:

Palatable flavor tablets
Once a month oral administration
Not effective against ticks
Approved for use in dogs only
Dosage is based on dog's current weight

How It Works:
Sentinel Flavor Tabs are used to treat parasites that are found externally and internally in a dog's body. They are made up of 2 chemicals, lufenuron and milbemycin oxime, that work together to control parasite infestation including...

fleas
heartworms
roundworms
hookworms
whipworms

Lufenuron belongs to a class of drugs known as insect development inhibitors / insect growth regulators. This chemical inhibits flea development within the egg, which prevents fleas from ever maturing to an adult. The other chemical used in Sentinel is milbemycin oxime. This chemical acts by disrupting nerve transmission within the flea leading to death.

Visit us and SAVE BIG! We are currently offering a $7 mail in rebate for every 6 month supply and $40 mail in rebate for every 12 month supply of Sentinel purchased.