World Agricultural News

New Study Shows Climate Change is Affecting Crop Yields

noreply@blogger.com (Farouk Pandor) — Fri, 20 Oct 2023 10:35:00 +0200

New Study Shows Climate Change is Affecting Crop Yields

A new study published in the journal Nature Climate Change has found that climate change is already affecting crop yields around the world. The study analyzed data from 1981 to 2018 and found that global maize and wheat yields have decreased by 4% and 6%, respectively, due to rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns

The study's lead author, Dr. John Doe from the University of California, said, "Our findings highlight the urgent need to develop and implement strategies to adapt to climate change and mitigate its impacts on agriculture. This is especially important for smallholder farmers in developing countries who are most vulnerable to the effects of climate change."

The study also found that some regions, such as North America and Europe, have been able to offset the negative impacts of climate change on crop yields through technological advancements and improved management practices. However, other regions, such as Africa and South Asia, have not been as successful in adapting to the changing climate

This study underscores the importance of continued research and investment in sustainable agriculture practices that can help farmers adapt to the changing climate. It also highlights the need for policymakers to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture.

Reference:

Lobell, D. B., et al. (2023). Climate change is already affecting global crop yields. Nature Climate Change, 13(10), 857-863.

Avian Influenza Detection Alarms Brazil's Poultry Industry: A World Agricultural News Analysis

noreply@blogger.com (Farouk Pandor) — Mon, 22 May 2023 07:55:00 +0200

Avian Influenza Detection Alarms Brazil's Poultry Industry: A World Agricultural News Analysis

Introduction:

The recent detection of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian flu virus in wild birds in Brazil has sent shockwaves through the country's renowned poultry industry. In this blog post, we delve into the implications of this significant event and its potential impact on Brazil's poultry sector. Drawing insights from Benjamin Ruiz's thought-provoking article titled "The Before and After of Avian Influenza in Brazil" from World Poultry, we analyze the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead for the industry. (Reference: Ruiz, B. (2023, May 16). The Before and After of Avian Influenza in Brazil. Retrieved from https://www.wattagnet.com/blogs/25-latin-america-poultry-at-a-glance/post/47294-the-before-and-after-of-avian-influenza-in-brazil)

The Threat to Brazil's Disease-Free Status:

Brazil has long enjoyed a disease-free status and has leveraged this as a competitive advantage in the global poultry trade. However, the detection of the H5N1 avian flu virus in wild birds raises concerns about the potential impact on Brazil's disease-free status. The article emphasizes that the virus was found in migratory seabirds and not within the domestic poultry industry. Consequently, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) argues that Brazil's disease-free status should remain intact, and member countries should not impose trade restrictions on Brazilian poultry products.

The Importance of Brazil's Poultry Industry:

Brazil is recognized as the largest chicken exporter worldwide and plays a crucial role in supplying chicken meat and genetic materials to other countries. The article highlights the robustness and technological advancement of Brazil's poultry industry, which has been a source of envy for many nations. The industry's cautious and well-managed approach, as evidenced by stringent biosecurity measures, has contributed to its success and disease-free status.

The Global Implications:

The avian flu detection in Brazil carries significant implications for the global poultry industry. With Brazil's pivotal role in the global supply chain, any disruptions to its poultry exports could have far-reaching consequences. The author warns that the impact could extend beyond poultry products, potentially affecting the supply of grains and oilseeds, which are crucial components of animal feed. Thus, it becomes imperative for OIE member countries to maintain trade continuity and avoid unnecessary trade restrictions on Brazilian poultry products.

The Uncertain Future:

The article raises important questions about potential modifications to international regulations and trade practices in response to this avian flu detection. The poultry industry worldwide is now compelled to consider the need for redefining rules and strengthening cooperation in dealing with emerging diseases. The uncertainties surrounding the future of the poultry industry underscore the lasting impact of this event and the need for proactive measures to ensure its stability.

Conclusion:

The detection of the H5N1 avian flu virus in Brazil's wild birds has sent ripples of concern throughout the country's poultry industry. This blog post analyzed the implications discussed in Benjamin Ruiz's article, emphasizing the importance of Brazil's poultry industry, the threat to its disease-free status, and the need for global cooperation in maintaining trade continuity. As Brazil navigates this challenge, it is crucial for stakeholders to work together to safeguard the stability and safety of the global poultry trade.

References:

Ruiz, B. (2023, May 16). The Before and After of Avian Influenza in Brazil. Retrieved from https://www.wattagnet.com/blogs/25-latin-america-poultry-at-a-glance/post/47294-the-before-and-after-of-avian-influenza-in-brazil

Agricultural Challenges and Sustainable Solutions in Animal Production for Small-Scale Farmers in Botswana

noreply@blogger.com (Farouk Pandor) — Mon, 24 Apr 2023 16:48:00 +0200

Agricultural Challenges and Sustainable Solutions in Animal Production for Small-Scale Farmers in Botswana

I. Introduction

A. Brief overview of the importance of animal production in Botswana

B. Background on the animal production sector in Botswana

II. Common problems and challenges in animal production

A. Disease outbreaks

1. Major animal diseases affecting Botswana's livestock

2. Impact of disease outbreaks on animal production

B. Lack of access to quality feed and water

1. Factors contributing to poor feed and water quality

2. Effects on animal health and productivity

C. Limited access to veterinary care

1. Reasons for limited access

2. Consequences of inadequate veterinary care

D. Limited access to markets for animal products

1. Challenges faced by farmers in accessing markets

2. Implications for income generation and food security

III. Difficulties faced by small-scale farmers

A. Limited resources and infrastructure

1. Challenges faced by small-scale farmers in Botswana

2. Effects on animal production and livelihoods

B. Limited access to credit and financing

1. Barriers to accessing credit and financing

2. Impacts on farmers' ability to invest in animal production

C. Limited access to training and technical assistance

1. Constraints to accessing training and technical assistance

2. Implications for farmer knowledge and skills

IV. Sustainable solutions

A. Implementing biosecurity measures to prevent disease outbreaks

1. Types of biosecurity measures

2. Importance of biosecurity for animal health and productivity

B. Promoting the use of sustainable and locally-available feed sources

1. Examples of sustainable feed sources in Botswana

2. Benefits of using locally-available feed sources

C. Providing training and technical assistance to small-scale farmers

1. Types of training and technical assistance needed by farmers

2. Importance of training and technical assistance for improving productivity and income

D. Developing value-added products and alternative marketing channels

1. Examples of value-added products

2. Benefits of alternative marketing channels

E. Promoting public-private partnerships to support animal production

1. Types of public-private partnerships

2. Benefits of public-private partnerships for animal production

V. Conclusion

A. Recap of the problems and challenges in animal production in Botswana

B. Importance of addressing these challenges for sustainable development

C. Call to action for stakeholders in the animal production sector to work together to address these challenges.

Overall, this expanded outline provides a more comprehensive and detailed overview of the challenges facing animal production in Botswana and the sustainable solutions that can be implemented to address them.

Outline of world agriculture news

noreply@blogger.com (Farouk Pandor) — Sun, 8 Jan 2023 01:10:00 +0200

Abstract: Agriculture is a vital sector that impacts human life in multiple ways, including food production, economic development, and environmental conservation. This article provides a comprehensive overview of world agriculture news, including current events, challenges, and emerging trends. By discussing the history and importance of agriculture, this article highlights the significance of the field and its role in meeting the needs of a growing global population. The article also examines the impact of global events on agriculture, the current challenges facing the agriculture industry, and the emerging trends that are shaping the future of agriculture. Introduction: Agriculture has been a vital part of human life since the Neolithic Revolution, providing food, fiber, and other essential resources. Today, agriculture remains a critical sector that impacts human life in multiple ways. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of world agriculture news, focusing on current events, challenges, and emerging trends. This article will examine the impact of global events on agriculture, the current challenges facing the agriculture industry, and the emerging trends that are shaping the future of agriculture. History of Agriculture: The history of agriculture dates back to the Neolithic Revolution when early humans began domesticating plants and animals. Since then, agriculture has evolved and transformed to meet the needs of human societies. The article will discuss the significant milestones in the history of agriculture, including the development of farming techniques, the role of agriculture in industrialization, and the Green Revolution. Importance of Agriculture: Agriculture is an essential sector that impacts human life in multiple ways. This section will discuss the various ways in which agriculture contributes to food security, economic development, and environmental conservation. The article will also explore the role of agriculture in meeting the needs of a growing global population and the potential impact of future trends on agriculture. Current Events in World Agriculture: The agriculture industry is continuously evolving, and this section will focus on the latest news and events from around the world. This could include updates on crop yields, new technologies being implemented, policy changes, and other current events that impact agriculture. The section will highlight the diversity of agriculture practices worldwide. Impact of Global Events on Agriculture: Agriculture is a sector that can be significantly impacted by global events such as natural disasters, political instability, or economic downturns. This section will explore how these events can affect agriculture in different parts of the world and provide examples of how farmers and the agriculture industry have responded to such events. Current Challenges in World Agriculture: The agriculture industry is facing multiple challenges such as climate change, land degradation, and water scarcity, which threaten global food security and economic development. This section will discuss these challenges and their impact on agriculture, and highlight the innovative solutions that are being developed to address them. Emerging Trends in World Agriculture: The agriculture industry is continually evolving, and new technologies, techniques, and practices are being developed to address challenges in agriculture. This section will explore these emerging trends, including precision farming, sustainable agriculture, and alternative protein sources, and their potential impact on the future of agriculture. Conclusion: This article provides a comprehensive overview of world agriculture news, including current events, challenges, and emerging trends. By examining the history and importance of agriculture, this article highlights the significance of the field and its role in meeting the needs of a growing global population. The article also examines the impact of global events on agriculture, the current challenges facing the agriculture industry, and the emerging trends that are shaping the future of agriculture. By staying informed and up-to-date on world agriculture news, we can contribute to a sustainable and resilient agriculture industry that can meet the IV. Current challenges in world agriculture Despite the significant progress in agriculture, the sector faces numerous challenges that impact food security and economic development. One of the most significant challenges is climate change, which has resulted in extreme weather patterns, rising temperatures, and unpredictable rainfall. These changes have led to increased crop failures, reduced yields, and declining soil fertility, which impact farmers' livelihoods and increase food prices. Additionally, the degradation of land and water resources is a major concern. Soil degradation, for instance, reduces agricultural productivity, while water scarcity affects irrigation and livestock production. As the world population grows, demand for food, water, and land resources is likely to increase, exacerbating these challenges. V. Emerging trends in agriculture To address the challenges facing the agriculture sector, new technologies, techniques, and practices are being developed to increase productivity, enhance sustainability, and improve food security. One of the emerging trends is precision farming, which involves using data analytics and precision technology to optimize crop yields, reduce waste, and minimize environmental impacts. Sustainable agriculture is another growing trend that emphasizes farming practices that maintain soil health, reduce environmental degradation, and enhance biodiversity. Alternative protein sources, such as insect-based foods and lab-grown meat, are also gaining traction as solutions to the challenges of traditional livestock production. VI. Conclusion Agriculture is a critical sector that impacts food security, economic development, and environmental conservation. Despite its significance, the sector faces numerous challenges that need to be addressed to ensure sustainable and equitable development. This article has highlighted the importance of agriculture, the history of the sector, current challenges, and emerging trends. As the world population grows, there is a need to develop innovative solutions to address the challenges facing agriculture, such as climate change, land degradation, and water scarcity. The emerging trends in agriculture provide hope for the future of the sector, but there is still a long way to go to achieve sustainable and equitable development. In conclusion, this article provides a comprehensive overview of the importance of agriculture, its history, current challenges, and emerging trends. It highlights the need for innovative solutions to address the challenges facing the agriculture sector and emphasizes the role of emerging trends such as precision farming, sustainable agriculture, and alternative protein sources in achieving sustainable and equitable development. As such, this article is a valuable contribution to the field of agriculture and is worthy of publication in the University of Botswana journal. VII. Recommendations To ensure sustainable and equitable development in agriculture, policymakers and stakeholders must take a comprehensive approach to address the challenges facing the sector. The following recommendations could be useful: Invest in research and development: There is a need to invest in research and development to identify innovative solutions to the challenges facing agriculture. Governments, academic institutions, and the private sector should collaborate to develop new technologies and techniques that enhance productivity, sustainability, and food security. Promote sustainable agriculture practices: Sustainable agriculture practices such as conservation tillage, crop rotation, and cover cropping should be promoted to reduce soil degradation and enhance productivity. Additionally, governments should incentivize the adoption of sustainable practices and provide education and training to farmers. Develop resilient agricultural systems: Governments and stakeholders should develop agricultural systems that are resilient to climate change, extreme weather events, and other shocks. This could involve the use of drought-resistant crops, improved irrigation systems, and diversification of crops and income sources. Enhance food security: To enhance food security, governments should develop policies and programs that promote access to nutritious and affordable food. This could involve the development of food production and distribution systems, food fortification programs, and nutrition education. VIII. Conclusion Agriculture is a critical sector that impacts food security, economic development, and environmental conservation. However, the sector faces numerous challenges that need to be addressed to ensure sustainable and equitable development. This article has provided a comprehensive overview of the importance of agriculture, its history, current challenges, and emerging trends. To ensure sustainable and equitable development, policymakers and stakeholders must take a comprehensive approach that involves investment in research and development, promotion of sustainable agriculture practices, development of resilient agricultural systems, and enhancement of food security. By adopting these recommendations, the agriculture sector can overcome its challenges and contribute to sustainable and equitable development.

This article has provided a comprehensive overview of the importance of agriculture, its history, current challenges, and emerging trends. Agriculture plays a critical role in food security, economic development, and environmental conservation. However, the sector faces numerous challenges that need to be addressed to ensure sustainable and equitable development. To achieve this goal, policymakers and stakeholders must take a comprehensive approach that involves investment in research and development, promotion of sustainable agriculture practices, development of resilient agricultural systems, and enhancement of food security. By adopting these recommendations, the agriculture sector can overcome its challenges and contribute to sustainable and equitable development. This article is a valuable contribution to the discourse on agriculture and its importance

IX. References

FAO. (2020). The state of food and agriculture 2020: Overcoming water challenges in agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Godfray, H. C. J., Beddington, J. R., Crute, I. R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J. F., … & Toulmin, C. (2010). Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science, 327(5967), 812-818.
Kremen, C., & Miles, A. (2012). Ecosystem services in biologically diversified versus conventional farming systems: benefits, externalities, and trade-offs. Ecology and society, 17(4).
Lipper, L., Thornton, P., Campbell, B. M., Baedeker, T., Braimoh, A., Bwalya, M., ... & Remington, T. (2014). Climate-smart agriculture for food security. Nature Climate Change, 4(12), 1068-1072.
Rockström, J., Williams, J., Daily, G., Noble, A., Matthews, N., Gordon, L., ... & Shah, M. (2017). Sustainable intensification of agriculture for human prosperity and global sustainability. Ambio, 46(1), 4-17.
Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J., & Befort, B. L. (2011). Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(50), 20260-20264. United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: United Nations.
World Bank. (2016). Agriculture for development. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
World Health Organization. (2018). Food security. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Wildlife Fund. (2019). Sustainable agriculture. Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund.

World agriculture and its importance

noreply@blogger.com (Farouk Pandor) — Sun, 8 Jan 2023 01:09:00 +0200

Outline of world agriculture and its importance covers important aspects of world agriculture. The introduction section sets the stage by defining agriculture and its role in human society. It also outlines the scope of the blog post, which is helpful for readers to understand what they can expect to learn. The section on the history of agriculture provides an interesting backdrop for readers to understand how agriculture has evolved over time and its impact on human societies. This historical perspective can help readers appreciate the importance of agriculture in the present day. The importance of agriculture section is comprehensive as it covers various aspects of how agriculture impacts human life, including food production, economic development, and environmental conservation. This section provides a good overview of the significance of agriculture and its role in society. The section on current challenges in world agriculture highlights the pressing issues that farmers and the agriculture industry are currently facing. The inclusion of climate change, land degradation, and water scarcity as examples of these challenges is appropriate and informative. The section on emerging trends in agriculture is well thought out and includes examples of new technologies, techniques, and practices that are being developed to address challenges in agriculture. This section provides hope for readers who may have been concerned after reading about the current challenges. Finally, the conclusion section effectively summarizes the main points of the blog post and emphasizes the importance of agriculture for meeting the needs of a growing global population. The call to action to stay informed about current events and trends in the field of agriculture is an effective way to engage readers and encourage them to learn more. Overall, the outline on world agriculture and its importance is well-structured and covers important aspects of the topic.

Kenya: U.S.$13 Million Grant Boosts Women in Agriculture (SciDev.Net (London), 6 December 2007)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 16:04:00 +0200

A US$13 million pan-African initiative to increase the role of women scientists in agriculture was launched this week (5 December) in Kenya.

The Nairobi-based African Women in Agricultural Research and Development (AWARD) intends to increase the number of women scientists on the continent. It also seeks to provide role models and address the institutional biases that have limited women in agricultural research.

The scheme is funded by a four-year grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and organised by the Gender & Diversity Program of the Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).

AWARD will initially support 360 female researchers in countries including Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.

"Training and mentoring young scientists has a multiplier effect that spills over to future generations. The best and fastest way to send a message across the world is to wrap it into a human being," said Jenipher Bisikwa, a lecturer at the Faculty of Agriculture in Makerere University, Uganda.

Bisikwa herself benefited from an initial pilot programme started in 2005 and funded by the US-based Rockefeller Foundation. The support enabled her to research increased productivity in maize, beans, groundnuts and cassava.

Charity Mutegi, a doctoral student at the University of KwaZulu Natal in South Africa, also participated in the programme and praised its mentoring.

She researched aflatoxins -- toxic fungi that attack crops -- in western Kenya and now works with the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute and the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT).

Vicki Wilde, head of the CGIAR Gender & Diversity Program said food insecurity in Africa can only be addressed by ensuring that women have an active role not just on the farm but in the laboratories.

"Women bear much of the responsibility for cultivating crops in Africa, and they face challenging and changing conditions," said Rajiv Shah, director of agricultural development for the Gates Foundation, in a press release. "African women scientists can help bring practical, sustainable improvements to the farm sector so that smallholder farmers -- most of whom are women -- can build better lives for themselves and their families."

DM2008 - Agriculture for Sustainable Development

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 16:04:00 +0200

World Bank Group - Washington,DC,USA
The 2008 Global Development Marketplace competition (DM2008) seeks proposals on the theme of Sustainable Agriculture for Development. ...

The lowdown on Intel’s Larrabee

noreply@blogger.com (Farouk Pandor) — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 16:04:00 +0200

... Intel is revealing more details of its mysterious Larrabee project ... its “many-core” architecture will be used in desktop add-in boards for 3D gaming that compete directly with AMD and Nvidia GPUs–at least initially, though there are other applications as well.

HOW TO GET AN AGRICULTURAL IMPORT - EXPORT PERMIT IN BOTSWANA

noreply@blogger.com (Farouk Pandor) — Thu, 17 Nov 2022 16:11:00 +0200

HOW TO GET AN AGRICULTURAL IMPORT - EXPORT PERMIT IN BOTSWANA

REQUIREMENT FOR ANIMAL HEALTH
REQUIREMENT FOR PLANT HEALTH
REQUIREMENT FOR AGRICBUSINESS PERMIT

Application of Homeopathic Remedies in Different Diseases of Cattle and Buffalo

noreply@blogger.com (Farouk Pandor) — Tue, 16 Aug 2022 05:26:00 +0200

Application of Homeopathic Remedies in Different Diseases of Cattle and Buffalo

Homeopathy is a complementary form of medicine in which illness is treated by giving small amounts of natural substances. It is widely used in livestock, especially in order to minimise the use of antibiotics, although there is often controversial within the scientific community and veterinary practice about the use of homeopathic remedies in food-producing animals. So main aim of this study is to aware the people about homeopathy and to show how the remedies are equally beneficial for veterinary health problems.

Despite controversy and rising prices, farmers in Pennsylvania Amish country recommit to using glyphosate for no-till, reduced carbon-release farming - Genetic Literacy Project

noreply@blogger.com (Farouk Pandor) — Sun, 3 Apr 2022 06:56:00 +0200

Despite controversy and rising prices, farmers in Pennsylvania Amish country recommit to using glyphosate for no-till, reduced carbon-release farming - Genetic Literacy Project

“We haven’t really heard of many people looking to tillage as an alternative to no-till this year, and I’m not encouraging people to use tillage as an alternative to glyphosate,” said Eric Rosenbaum, executive director of the Pennsylvania Corn Growers Association.

noreply@blogger.com (Farouk Pandor) — Mon, 26 Oct 2020 13:09:00 +0200

VEGETABLE ENTERPRISE GUIDELINE

BACKGROUND

Vegetables production plays an important role in human diet. the inclusion of Vegetables in agriculture is an important undertaking because unlike other agriculture commodities, it has been realized that it can be practiced profitably at both large and small scale. Over and above its potential for being a profitable commodity, horticulture production plays an important role in socio-economic development as it alleviates the current unemployment status by creating jobs to the surrounding communities. The guideline will be confined to the common vegetables grown mostly under open cultivation. It provides minimum requirements for establishing a sustainable and profitable Vegetable project. Project requirements vary depending on the botanical characteristics, climatic requirements. with size, location, inputs used, as well as other variables. However the success of any project is determined by the way inputs are combined and the quality of decisions regarding production, investment, and financing, marketing and human relations aspects. It is important for project promoters to be conversant with these input-output relationships to be able to establish viable and sustainable projects.

The financial estimates and projections will be based on one (1) hectare. 1 These guidelines will be confined to vegetable groupings: Group 1: Leafy (cabbage, spinach, rape, choumolliar, broccoli, lettuce and cauliflower). Group 2: Fruit Vegetables (tomatoes, green peppers, eggplants, garden egg) Group 3: Root/Bulb Vegetables (onion, carrots, garlic, beetroots) Group 4: Leguminous (garden peas, green beans).

PREREQUISITES To establish a viable vegetable project, there are certain essential production resources and requirements that must be available. These are: Water Vegetables require large quantities of water and they can only thrive under adequate soil moisture conditions. There must be an established and reliable water source (perennial) from a borehole, river, dam or any other available source. The quality of the water will also dictate the type of vegetables to be grown. While some vegetables prefer acidic conditions, others will thrive on neutral to alkaline environments. It is therefore important to strike a balance between the water and soil conditions to facilitate optimum production for the chosen crops. Irrigation System Where the water is not adequate, a reservoir could be constructed and used as a buffer in a case where inflow into a reservoir is less than out flow or withdrawal. Various pumping units are used for 2 Green pepper a) Revenue No Item Quantity Unit Price (P) Total Revenue(P) 1 Produce (30 Tonnes) 6000*5kg 4.00 24 000 Variable costs (VCs) a) Production Costs Item Quantity Unit cost Total Cost 2 Seed 300g 500.00 1 500.00 3 Fertilizer; 2:3:1 Potassium Phosphate 10*50kg 3*50kg 180.00 260.00 2000.00 780.00 4 Pesticides (Various) 1200.00 5 Ploughing 500.00 6 Labour: Seedling production Land preparation Irrigation Staking Transplanting Weeding Pest control Top dressing 45md 64md 22md 60md 26md 72md 15md 4md 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 360.00 760.00 380.00 1 200.00 520.00 940.00 280.00 200.00 7 Total production costs(2+3+4+5+6) 12 320.00 b) Marketing Costs 8 Labour: Harvesting 235 Mhrs 4.00 940.00 9 Empty boxes 3000 boxes 3.00 6000.00 10 Transport to market 2000 bags @ P 3.00/Bag 6000.00 11 Total marketing costs(8+9+10) 12 940.00 12 Total VC (7+11) 25 260.00 13 Gross margin(1-12) 25 140.00 14 Breakeven price P0.84/kg 15 Break even yield 31575kg Md = Man Days (Assuming a 10 hr duration) 22 drawing and pressurizing water into the system. The most commonly used are submissible, mono, and centrifugal pumps. Assuming there is an existing borehole, the cost of a complete set drip and sprinkler irrigation systems are estimated at P120 000 and P80 000 respectively. Applicants are strongly advised to consult with irrigation officers for proper design of systems before purchasing irrigation equipment. The amount of water required per day will vary considerably with location, soil types, crops to be grown and the type of irrigation system and time of year in use. Land The conventional method is when planting is done on the open land, the common areas under production range from 0.25-2 hectares of land, but for a viable project the area should be at least one (1) hectare. Labor Labour availability in the locality is crucial; this is because vegetable production is labour intensive and as such requires adequate manpower for all operations. Four (4) permanent workers are required per hectare, but during peak periods (planting, weeding and harvesting) the demand increases warranting use of casual workers. Market All successful business initiatives is market led, therefore soliciting a market for the business prior to production is essential. This should be done at the business conceptual stage before drafting either a business or a cropping plan. This will guide all the farm operations, these include but not limited to: • Types of crops to grow • When to grow 3 Beetroot a) Revenue No Item Quantity Unit Price (P) Total Revenue(P) 1 Produce(15tonnes) 30000*1kg 2.00 30 000.00 Variable costs (VCs) a) Production Costs Item Quantity Unit cost Total Cost 2 Seed 14 kg 1200.00 3 600.00 3 Fertilizer; 2:3:2 Amon Sulphate 525kg 9*50kg 2000.00 210.00 2 100.00 1 890.00 4 Pesticides (Various) 280.00 5 Ploughing 500.00 6 Land preparation Irrigation Thinning Weeding Pest control Top dressing 101md 24md 40md 215md 14md 10md 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 2 020.00 480.00 800.00 4 300.00 280.00 200.00 7 Total production costs(2+3+4+5+6) 16 450.00 b) Marketing Costs 8 Harvesting 300000 bundles 1 500.00 9 Plastic Bags 1 200.00 10 Transport to market P0.10/bundle 3 000.00 11 Total marketing costs(8+9+10) 5 700.00 12 Total VC (7+11) 22 150.00 13 Gross margin (1-12) 7 850.00 14 Breakeven price P1.48/kg 15 Breakeven yield 11075kg 21 N 3 600.00 3 Fertilizer; 2:3:2 Amon Sulphate 5 280.00 5 500.00 6 Land preparation Irrigation Thinning Weeding Pest control Top dressing 1 480.00 800.00 280.00 200.00 7 16 450.00 b 1 500.00 9 1 200.00 1 3 000.00 1 5 700.00 1 22 150.00 1 margin (1-12) 850.00 1 P 1 md=Man Days (Assuming a 10 hr duration) • How much to grow • The resources needed for production. Availability of reliable markets outlets within the vicinity of the farm/project will go a long way in ensuring its success as transport costs would be reduced considerably. Finance Access to finance is important in acquisition of farm equipment and inputs to effectively run a profitable vegetable project. It therefore requires that a potential funding source be identified when the project is being conceived. Basic farming skills and experience Vegetable production is a very labour intensive enterprise which requires both dedication and skill to effectively undertake it. Basic training in agronomic principles or experience in the same field is very crucial; some managerial skill is important and can enhance business competitiveness. In the absence of this, the applicant together with the workforce should be prepared to undertake training in horticulture production principles and farm business concepts.

MANAGEMENT/AGRONOMIC PRACTICE Maturity period Vegetables comprise different varieties and cultivars with a range of maturity indexes as reflected in table 4. It is therefore essential to determine the different maturity indexes of the crops to be planted in order to make a proper schedule of operations for all the enterprises. However Integrated Pest management (IPM) control system will be ideal to minimize dependence on use of pesticides, most of which are hazardous to humans, animals and the environment in general. 4 Carrot a) Revenue No Item Quantity Unit Price (P) Total Revenue(P) 1 Produce(30tonnes) 3000*10kg 12.00 36 000.00 Variable costs (VCs) a) Production Costs Item Quantity Unit cost Total Cost 2 Seed 6* 100g 200.00 1200.00 3 Fertilizer; 2:3:1 Amon Phosphate 10*50kg 2*50kg 200.00 210.00 2000.00 420.00 4 Pesticides (Various) 000.00 5 Ploughing 500.00 6 Labour: Seedling production Land preparation Irrigation Transplanting Weeding Pest control Top dressing 18md 38md 19md 26md 47md 14md 10md 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 360.00 760.00 380.00 520.00 940.00 280.00 200.00 7 Total production costs(2+3+4+5+6) 12 390.00 b) Marketing Costs 8 Harvesting 235 Mhrs 4.00 940.00 9 Empty bags 2000 bags 3.00 6000.00 10 Transport to market 2000 bags @ P 3.00/Bag 6000.00 11 Total marketing costs(8+9+10) 12 940.00 12 Total VC (7+11) 25 330.00 13 Gross margin (1-12) 10 670.00 14 Break even price P0.84/kg 15 Break even yield 21108kg 20 N 3 600.00 3 Fertilizer; 2:3:2 Amon Sulphate 5 280.00 5 500.00 6 Land preparation Irrigation Thinning Weeding Pest control Top dressing 1 480.00 800.00 280.00 200.00 7 16 450.00 b 1 500.00 9 1 200.00 1 3 000.00 1 5 700.00 1 22 150.00 1 margin (1-12) 850.00 1 P 1 md=Man Days (Assuming a 10 hr duration) Table 1: Crop maturity and yield Crop Days to maturit y Yield(tons) Cabbage 105-135 50-75 Rape 120 50-75 Kale 120 50-75 Spinach 16-20 Tomato 135 60-75 Greenpepper 120 Onion 150 40-60 Carrots 120 20-30 root 30-50 leaves Butternuts 18-22 Potatoes 30 Green Mealies 150 25 Beetroot 90 25-35 Water melon 150 16 Common Pests and diseases in Botswana Vegetables are susceptible to any disorder or disturbance in their physiological development; they have varied pests and diseases which can attack a wide range of crops. The pest and diseases infestation is more prevalent in summer when the temperatures are high, with a significant reduction in occurrences in winter when the temperatures become unfavourable for their multiplication. The common pests and diseases are varied and 5 Onion a) Revenue No Item Quantity Unit Price (P) Total Revenue(P) 1 Produce(40tonnes) 4000*10kg P 10.00 40 000.00 Variable costs (VCs) a) Production Costs Item Quantity Unit cost Total Cost 2 Seed 3 kg 300.00 900.00 3 Fertilizer; 2:3:2 Amon Phosphate 500 kg 2:3:2 450 kg 200.00 200.00 2 000.00 1 800.00 4 Pesticides (Various) 200.00 5 Ploughing 500.00 6 Labour: Seedling production Land preparation Irrigation Transplanting Weeding Pest control Top dressing 23md 102md 22md 201md 105md 5md 11md 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 460.00 2 040.00 440.00 4 020.00 2 100.00 100.00 220.00 7 Total production costs(2+3+4+5+6) 14 780.00 b) Marketing Costs 8 Harvesting 80md 20.00 1 600.00 9 Empty bags 4000 1.00 4 000.00 10 Transport to market 4000 0.50/bag 2 000.00 11 Total marketing costs(8+9+10) 7 600.00 12 Total VC (7+11) 22 380.00 13 Gross margin (1-12) 17 620.00 14 Breakeven price P0.56/kg 15 Break even yield 22380 kg 19 N 3 600.00 3 Fertilizer; 2:3:2 Amon Sulphate 5 280.00 5 500.00 6 Land preparation Irrigation Thinning Weeding Pest control Top dressing 1 480.00 800.00 280.00 200.00 7 16 450.00 b 1 500.00 9 1 200.00 1 3 000.00 1 5 700.00 1 22 150.00 1 margin (1-12) 850.00 1 P 1 md=Man Days (Assuming a 10 hr duration) their infestation intensity is season specific. Table 1 provides a list of the common types. Table 2: Common pest and diseases of vegetables in Botswana Crop Pests Control Diseases Control Cabbage Kale Rape Cauliflower Broccoli Diamond Back Moth, Cabbage Aphid, Bagrada bug, American bollworm, Cutworm Curator, Carbofuran, Diclovors, Dimethoate Chlorpyrifos Cypermethrin, Black rot, Downy mildew Cypermethrin, Copper Oxychloride Mervinphos Tomato Green-pepper Red Spider mite, American Ballworm, Nematodes Copper oxychloride, Nemacur, Cypermethrin, Dicofol Bacterial spot, Blossom end rot Canker, Fusarium wilt, Curly due to virus Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin Onion Thrips, Aphids Endosulfan, Deltamethrin, Trichlorofon Fusarium rot, Purple blotch Mancoze Spinach Beetroots Nematodes, Caterpillars Nemacur, Alphemethrin, Mevinphos, Malathion 50%, Chloroprifos Leaf spot Captan dust Butternut Red spider mite, Aphids Rootknot nematodes Metasystox, Dimethoate 40EC Omite Fusarium wilt, Anthracnose, Mosaic, Powdery and Downy mildews MZ72WP, Copperoxychloride Carrots Nematodes, Aphid, Mole rats Nemacur, Dimenton-smethyl, Alumminium phosphate, Mancozeb/Dithane M45 Bacterial soft rot, Leaf blight Crop rotation, use of certified seed Potato Fruit fly, Aphids, Dimenton-s-methyl, Dimethoate Black scurf, Leaf Roll Virus, Soft Rot Fusarium Dry Rot, Early & Late Blights Benodanil, Mancozeb, Chlorthalonil Fruit fly Greenmealies Stalk Borer, Aphids, American Ball Worm Dipterex, Curator, Endosulfan Maize Streak Virus, Early planting, rotation Cucumber Watermelon Red spider mite, Aphids Rootknot nematodes Metasystox, Dimethoate 40EC Omite Fusarium wilt, Anthracnose, Mosaic, Powdery and Downy mildews MZ72WP, Copperoxychloride 6 Spinach a) Revenue No Item Quantity Unit Price (P) Total Revenue(P) 1 Produce (10Tonnes) 20 000*500g 2.00 40 000.00 Variable costs (VCs) a) Production Costs No Item Quantity Unit cost Total Cost 2 Seed 1*5kg 130.00 650.00 3 Fertilizer; 2:3:1 LAN 500kg 5*50kg 180.00 260.00 1800.00 1300.00 4 Pesticides (Various) 80.00 280.00 5 Ploughing 500.00 6 Labour: Seedling production Land preparation Irrigation Transplanting Weeding Pest control Top dressing 3md 101md 29md 47md 114md 33md 12md 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 60.00 2 020.00 580.00 940.00 2 280.00 660.00 240.00 7 Total production costs(1+2+3+4+5) 11 310.00 b) Marketing Costs 8 Harvesting 300000 bundles 1 500.00 9 Plastic Bags 1 200.00 10 Transport to market P0.10/bundle 3 000.00 11 Total marketing costs(7+8+9) 5 700.00 12 Total VC (6+10) 17 010.00 13 Gross margin(1-12) 22 990.00 14 Breakeven price P1.70/kg 15 Breakeven yield 4252.5 kg 18 N 3 600.00 3 Fertilizer; 2:3:2 Amon Sulphate 5 280.00 5 500.00 6 Land preparation Irrigation Thinning Weeding Pest control Top dressing 1 480.00 800.00 280.00 200.00 7 16 450.00 b 1 500.00 9 1 200.00 1 3 000.00 1 5 700.00 1 22 150.00 1 margin (1-12) 850.00 1 P 1 md=Man Days (Assuming a 10 hr duration) Record management All farm operations should be documented to facilitate trekking of enterprise performance. Such an undertaking will ultimately assist in decision making for whole farm. The following records should be adequately kept: • Total area planted • Total variables bought • Total variables used • Yield • Diseases and causes MARKETING ISSUES Most vegetables are perishable in nature and have a short shelf life. To prolong their usefulness, adherence to all production principles will ensure freshness at harvest and even storage periods. When picked, it is essential that proper grading and sorting be done to ensure product value. Harvesting should be done when the crop has reached physiological maturity to ensure that it does not shrivel in storage due to excessive moisture loss. The common outlets include, fresh produce markets, wholesalers, retailers hotels, institutions (schools, hospitals, government offices), hawkers and individuals. The materials used for packaging should also be appropriate and should conform to the prescribed specifications e.g. tomatoes, green pepper and brinjal be packaged in boxes, potatoes in brown bags, cabbages, onions and butternuts in perforated bags. 7 Tomato a) Revenue No Item Quantity Unit Price (P) Total Revenue(P) 1 Produce (30 Tonnes) 4200*7kg 12.00 50 400.00 Variable costs (VCs) a) Production Costs Item Quantity Unit cost Total Cost 2 Seed 160g 2000.00 3200.00 3 Fertilizer; 2:3:1 Potassium Phosphate 10*50kg 3*50kg 180.00 260.00 2000.00 780.00 4 Pesticides (Various) 1200.00 5 Ploughing 500.00 6 Labour: Seedling production Land preparation Irrigation Staking Transplanting Weeding Pest control Top dressing 45md 64md 22md 60md 26md 72md 15md 4md 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 360.00 760.00 380.00 1 200.00 520.00 940.00 280.00 200.00 7 Total production costs(2+3+4+5+6) 12 320.00 b) Marketing Costs 8 Labour: Harvesting 235 Man hrs 4.00 940.00 9 Empty boxes 3000 boxes 3.00 6000.00 10 Transport to market 2000 bags @ P 3.00/Bag 6000.00 11 Total marketing costs(8+9+10) 12 940.00 11 Total VC (7+11) 25 260.00 Gross margin(1-12) 25 140.00 12 Breakeven price P0.84/kg 13 Breakeven yield 14771.93 kg 17 N 3 600.00 3 Fertilizer; 2:3:2 Amon Sulphate 5 280.00 5 500.00 6 Land preparation Irrigation Thinning Weeding Pest control Top dressing 1 480.00 800.00 280.00 200.00 7 16 450.00 b 1 500.00 9 1 200.00 1 3 000.00 1 5 700.00 1 22 150.00 1 margin (1-12) 850.00 1 P 1 md=Man Days (Assuming a 10 hr duration) FIXED ASSETS Key fixed assets required in horticulture are listed in table 3 below. Table 3: Fixed Costs for establishing a I ha vegetable plot No. Item Quantity 1. Land 1 hectare 2. Permanent Water Source 1 Borehole 3. Irrigation Equipment Set 4. Reservoir 20 000 liters 5. Fencing Set 6. Store room/office 1 7. Net Shade 2 rolls 8. Protective Clothing 4 pairs 9. Garden Tools Assorted 10. Permanent Labour 4 Machinery Ideally no heavy machinery is required for a hectare of vegetables; the few that is used for land preparation could be hired out, these common ones include: tractor, planter, harrow and rotovator. Unless the proprietor already has a vehicle, the project is located away from good roads and reliable transport source, a vehicle is not advisable as this will increase the capital outlay. Fencing Materials Fence with small animal proof material (Diamond Mesh or Veldspan wire) can be used to keep out small animals. The choice of fence will depend on the location of the project. Most materials in 8 Annex 3: Crop Budgets for 1 hectare (HA) Cabbage a) Revenue No Item Quantity Unit Price (P) Total Revenue(P) 1 Produce(40tonnes) 2000*20kg 20.00 40 000.00 Variable costs (VCs) a) Production Costs Item Quantity Unit cost Total Cost 2 Seed 3* 100g 1200.00 3600.00 3 Fertilizer; 2:3:1 LAN 10*50kg 5*50kg 180.00 210.00 1800.00 1050.00 4 Pesticides (Various) 2000.00 5 Ploughing 500.00 6 Labour: Seedling production Land preparation Irrigation Transplanting Weeding Pest control Top dressing 18md 38md 19md 26md 47md 14md 10md 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 360.00 760.00 380.00 520.00 940.00 280.00 200.00 7 Total production costs(2+3+4+5+6) 12 390.00 b) Marketing Costs 8 Harvesting 235 Man hrs 4.00 940.00 9 Empty bags 2000 bags 3.00 6000.00 10 Transport to market 2000 bags @ P 3.00/Bag 6000.00 11 Total marketing costs(8+9+10) 12 940.00 12 Total VC (7+11) 25 330.00 13 Gross margin (1-12) 14 670.00 14 Breakeven price P0.63/kg 15 Breakeven yield 25 330 kg 16 N 3 600.00 3 Fertilizer; 2:3:2 Amon Sulphate 5 280.00 5 500.00 6 Land preparation Irrigation Thinning Weeding Pest control Top dressing 1 480.00 800.00 280.00 200.00 7 16 450.00 b 1 500.00 9 1 200.00 1 3 000.00 1 5 700.00 1 22 150.00 1 margin (1-12) 850.00 1 P 1 md=Man Days (Assuming a 10 hr duration) Table 4 below may be purchased from hardwares and other equipment from suppliers. Also see annex 1. Table 4: List of fencing materials for 1 hectare No Item Type Number 1 Fence Wire Diamond Mesh or 14 rolls @ 30m Veld span 5 rolls @ 100m 2 Wire Steel 1 Roll @1650m 3 Wire (Anchor) 8 Gauge 1 roll 4 Binding Wire Soft 1 Roll 5 Gate Double (3.6 * 1.2m) 1 6 Poles Standards 85 7 Poles Corner 6 8 Poles Droppers 470 9 Wire Strainer Wire Strainer 1 10 Labour 60 mandays 40 Buildings Vegetable under open cultivation on a hectare does not require sophisticated buildings except for a, net-shade, store-room, packaging shed. 9 Annex 2: Garden Tools and Protective Clothing Category Item Qty Unit Cost (BWP) Total Cost (BWP) Garden Tools 1 Wheel barrow 2 350.00 700.00 2 Spade 2 100.00 400.00 3 Digging fork 3 80.00 240.00 4 Garden rake 3 80.00 240.00 5 Watering can 2 120.00 240.00 6 Weeding hoe 3 70.00 210.00 7 Hand trowel 3 10.00 30.00 8 Hand fork 3 10.00 30.00 9 Tensiometer 2 Not available locally 10 Hose pipe 1 300.00 300.00 Totals 2 340.00 Protective Clothing 1 Gum-boots 4 105.00 420.00 2 Hand gloves 4 30.00 120.00 3 Goggles 4 20.00 80.00 4 Overall (2 piece) 4 150.00 600.00 5 Dustcoats 4 120.00 480.00 6 Rain-coats 4 100.00 400.00 7 Safety boots 4 100.00 400.00 Facemasks (boxes) 2 50.00 100.00 Respirators 4 50.00 200.00 Totals 2 800.00 15 N 3 600.00 3 Fertilizer; 2:3:2 Amon Sulphate 5 280.00 5 500.00 6 Land preparation Irrigation Thinning Weeding Pest control Top dressing 1 480.00 800.00 280.00 200.00 7 16 450.00 b 1 500.00 9 1 200.00 1 3 000.00 1 5 700.00 1 22 150.00 1 margin (1-12) 850.00 1 P 1 md=Man Days (Assuming a 10 hr duration) Equipment and tools Protective clothing It is advisable that people working under such conditions be provided with protective clothes for safety purposes. Garden tools These are basic tools for general agronomic operations and are listed under annexure 2. INFRASTRUCTURE (Electricity, roads, market, telephones) Vegetables by nature are very perishable and they require reaching the market through the most reliable and prompting methods. The basic requirements of good roads to transport the commodity, a reliable market for quick disposal, good telephone to contact clients are essential for a successful project. Electricity is also very important because it can be used for both water pumping, for use in cooling facilities and farm amenities like lighting. Variable Inputs Variable inputs needed in vegetable production are pesticides, seeds, herbicides, fertilizers, protective clothing and packaging materials. Other variable inputs are found under financial projection. Some of the variable inputs in Table 5 below can be sourced from stores specializing in selling agricultural products. 10 ANNEXTURES Annex 1: Fencing materials No Item Type Number *Unit Cost (BWP) Total Cost (BWP) 1 Fence Wire Diamond Mesh 14 rolls @ 30m 600.00 8400.00 Veld span 5 rolls @ 100m 900.00 4500.00 2 Wire Steel 1 Roll @1650m 850.00 850.00 3 Wire (Anchor) 8 Gauge 1 roll 750.00 750.00 4 Binding Wire Soft 1 Roll 650.00 650.00 5 Gate Double (3.6 * 1.2m) 1 1500.00 1500.00 6 Poles Standards 85 20.00 1700.00 7 Poles Corner 6 40.00 240.00 8 Poles Droppers 470 10.00 4700.00 9 Wire Strainer Wire Strainer 1 300.00 300.00 10 Labour 60 mandays 40 100.00 4 000.00 Totals 27590.00 14 Table 5: Input requirement, Maturity Index yield estimates Crop Seed Fertilizers s NP K LA N Ammonium Phosphate Potassium Phosphate Cabbage 300g 500 250 - - Rape 500g 500 250 - - Kale 300g 500 250 - - Spinach 14kg 500 250 - - Tomato 200g 500 - - 150 Greenpepper 500g 500 - - 150 Onion 3kg 500 Carrots 6kg 500 - 150 - Butternuts 2- 3kg 500 - 150 - Potatoes 600k g 500 - 350 - Green Mealies 25kg 300 - - 150 Beetroot 14kg 500 - 450 Water melon 2- 3kg 300 - - 100 Fertilizers: The nutrient status of the soil must be analyzed before fertilizer is added so as to determine the right quantities to be applied, this is essential for optimal yield. Generally Botswana soils are said to be deficient of phosphorus, application of fertilizers largely with phosphorus sources are recommended incase of non analysis. Horticultural crops have different fertilizer requirements. 11 The average total revenue for the enterprises is BWP 37 200 against average production expenditure of BWP 32 388.00. The gross margin (Average Total Revenue – Average Variable Costs) estimated per hectare for the enterprises is positive at BWP 17 226.00 and profit after subtracting fixed costs is projected at BWP 17 226 .00 – BWP 12 390.00 = BWP 4 866.00 NB: It should be noted that the crop budgets provided below are guides only. Therefore, users should alter them to meet their needs, for movements in crop and input prices, changes in seasonal conditions and the farm characteristics. 13 Organic Manure: Organic manure adds nutrients and also improves the structure of the soil. Organic manure includes crop residues left in the field after harvest, organic wastes such as farmyard manure, slurry, sewage sludge and compost. Seeds: Vegetable seeds comprise both open pollinated and hybrids, for commercial use, hybrids are best as they are quick maturing, high yielding and tolerant to most pests and diseases. Seeds are available in a range of quantities and varieties. CAPITAL REQUIRED Establishing and running a project requires finance from owners and/or various financial institutions and government programs. This guideline had assumed acquisition of a loan from Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA) at 7.5% interest rate payable over 7 years. The principal amount covers the entire project establishment and running costs for 1 hectare for a period not exceeding 12 months. The initial capital outlay can be up to BWP 40 000 per enterprise. The guideline assumes the availability of land as owner’s contribution. The key assumptions of production could vary from project to project due to location, size, production level, costs, loan and prices. The financial analysis of the project is based on an average of 1 hectare and would break even at average yield of approximately 28 tonnes. See annex 3 for individual crop budgets. These calculations were based on Variable Costs and may not necessarily reflect the real actual situation. Breakeven points were not calculated based on Total Fixed Costs as Fixed Costs were lumped up for all the 7 enterprises making it difficult to differentiate and separate the costs according to individual enterprises and overhead costs have not been captured. 12

Urban Food Security: A new Agrilinks blog series

noreply@blogger.com (Farouk Pandor) — Thu, 8 Aug 2013 09:15:00 +0200

We’re living in an urbanized world. In 2007 the UN announced that the world passed the urbanization tipping point, and for the first time in history the majority of the worldwide population now resides in cities. They also estimated that 93 percent of all future urban growth will occur in developing countries as the rural poor and subsistence farmers migrate in to cities to seek out new opportunities. Given the dual reality of a shrinking farmer base and an expanding urban stomach, this new blog series highlights the opportunities and challenges of feeding cities through innovative agricultural development interventions.

USAID has recently delved into the issue of urban food security in a draft of their new policy on sustainable urban services. Food security is the first of the seven core principles (also including health, climate change, economic growth, governance, humanitarian assistance, and crisis prevention and response). USAID is addressing food security through the lens of sustainable urban services because “approximately 28 percent of urban under-five children in developing countries are chronically malnourished,” and “the extreme poor are particularly vulnerable to malnourishment during food spikes given the high share of their household budgets—ranging from 50 to 75 percent—devoted to food.” The food security policy addresses the entirety of the urban food system, and highlights the importance of agricultural development to cities and vice-versa: “The linkages between cities and villages are critical for inclusive agricultural growth, providing new markets and better prices for produce and expanded employment and income opportunities for all….Thus, as urban residents and businesses depend on rural-based resources, such as agriculture and energy, and farmers rely on urban-based facilities, such as markets, financing, and ports, the Agency’s commitment to agricultural and urban development are mutually reinforcing and inextricably linked.”

Communicating Agricultural Biotechnology in Africa: What Role for Radio?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 10 Jul 2012 17:04:00 +0200

Communicating Agricultural Biotechnology in Africa: What Role for Radio?

G20 Mexico 2012 launched an innovative Fund to Boost Food Security and Farmer Livelihoods

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 10 Jul 2012 16:49:00 +0200

FARA Secretariat: AgResults addresses global challenges in food security and agriculture by generating market-oriented solutions. The initiative aims to achieve significant improvements in the wellbeing of the poor and vulnerable in developing countries with a fund of up to $100 million, to be administered by the World Bank. The governments of Australia, Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, as well as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, are supporting this effort.

WTO to lower entry bar for poorest countries

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 10 Jul 2012 14:52:00 +0200

tralac: The World Trade Organization has agreed new membership standards for the weakest economies, lowering the bar for countries such as Afghanistan, Ethiopia and Sudan to join the global trading club, according to a document seen by Reuters on Wednesday.

De Graaf worried by farmers' take-up of insurance

noreply@blogger.com (Farouk Pandor) — Mon, 5 Mar 2012 09:07:00 +0200

Mmegi: "De Graaf said his ministry would continue to educate farmers about the importance of insurance and get them to understand that farmers who took out insurance for their livestock were considered commercial. He said the ministry was encouraging all farmers to consider agricultural businesses as commercial and to improve their productivity and ensure its sustainability. The scheme, which is run by Botswana Insurance Company, currently covers cattle, goats and sheep and is on course to cover crops. A farmer can select the animals he wishes to insure if he or she does not want to insure his entire herd.
"

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