world of Internet

Hotmail Password Recovery free - Without Security Question

2016-06-25T10:40:00.002-07:00

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Hotmail password recovery free - follow the steps

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Record connection issues..
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Visit the login page of Hotmail and snap on Can't get to your record join.
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What is Web

2014-12-16T01:32:00.001-08:00

A collection of documents inter-linked by hyperlinks is called web. A

web page is synonymous with web documents. It is not the same as a

page on your screen. It is also defined a hypertext information system.

Future of Internet

Just the television and the automobile, the Internet will revolutionize

all aspects of everyday life. Geographic boundaries will fade and with

them, the distance that separates people. Location will no longer be

advantage or a disadvantage. Amenities and services now common

only in large cities will available to everyone.

As the Internet continues to evolve, it will change the way we live and

work. Communities will be based on something other than geographic

proximity. We need to define the role of government in an electronic

world physical border. While no one knows exactly whatthe future will

bring, the Internet is sure an important role in it.

The Internet is growing rapidly; with hundreds of thousands of new

users getting online each month through Commercial online Services

and Internet access providers.

The Internet infrastructure is also growing rapidly. Every 30 minutes, a

new network is connected to the Internet. In the future, each person

may be associated with hundreds or even thousands of online devices.

The Internet’s exponential growth presents extreme technological

challenges, as network engineers struggle to keep up with demand.

Today, most people will program their VCRs, start dinner cooking in

the microwave, and activate burglar alarms from anywhere in the

world via the Internet. Every day, entrepreneurs announce new

Internet application, from innovative information gathering services to

voice messaging and videoconferencing. The Internet opens up a

whole way of communicating and doing business. The applications are

limited only by our imaginations. Here are just some ofthe ways that

may be used.

As the Internet more commercialized, new opportunities will arise for

both businesses and consumers. Today, many businesses are

beginning to advertise on the Internet. In the future, the Internet may

Internet Page 15 of 15

well be the place to do business. We’ll be able to shop for homes

across the country from the comfort of our living rooms and text drive

a car while seated at out desks.

Users on the Internet can chat and exchange information with others

around the world.

As information flows freely between countries national boundaries are

beginning to dissolve. Automatic translation is breaking down language

barriers. Businesses are competing in a whole new global economy.

Internet virtual communities bring tighter like-minded people from

around the world.

***

How work internet

2014-07-21T20:59:00.003-07:00

One of the greatest things about the Internet is that nobody really owns it. It is a global collection of networks, both big and small. These networks connect together in many different ways to form the single entity that we know as the Internet. In fact, the very name comes from this idea of interconnected networks.
Since its beginning in 1969, the Internet has grown from four host computer systems to tens of millions. However, just because nobody owns the Internet, it doesn't mean it is not monitored and maintained in different ways. The Internet Society, a non-profit group established in 1992, oversees the formation of the policies and protocols that define how we use and interact with the Internet.
In this article, you will learn about the basic underlying structure of the Internet. You will learn about domain name servers, network access points and backbones. But first you will learn about how your computer connects to others.

DEEP PACKET INSPECTION

2014-07-06T09:27:00.000-07:00

DEEP PACKET INSPECTION

Data on the Internet is sent in “packets”, which are basically small blocks of data. Each packet has a header that describes its origin and destination (like an envelope with a sender and recipient address). This information allows the network equipment to determine the best path to send a packet at given moment.

Historically, network equipment only looked at origin and destination information. But with rapid increase of malicious activity network owners decided that they need to look at more details of each packet to distinguish “safe” packets from those being part of hacking or denial of service attacks.

For example, network security programs (“firewalls”) could initially only block a packet travelling from a specific origin, to a specific destination and to a specific service. Using these criteria you could block all incoming service requests to your office’s network, because you make no services available for general public. And you could still enjoy all other services available on Internet by allowing service requests originating from your office network.At some point you might decide to start a web server at your network to publish documents. You would need to modify your firewall settings to allow incoming service request, but only for the web service. But then, there are numerous attacks against web servers that look quite innocent from firewall’s point of view. It is impossible to distinguish legitimate packets from malicious ones based just on origin and destination details.

Network engineers soon realised that it would be easier to detect attacks if the network equipment started looking a bit deeper into the packets. In theory it is easy – the headers in packet are not “separated” in any other way than logical definition of boundaries. It’s just a matter of analysing a few next bytes than we were analysing so far e.g. for routing purposes. Or go even deeper and look inside the block of data in the packet.
Devices that started doing that were initially called Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) and soon these features were introduced into most network equipment. When it was used to block hacking attacks, this caused no controversy.
TAKING A LOOK AT YOUR INTERNET TRAFFIC
DEEP PACKET INSPECTION
However, over time, governments, content providers and network operators started to realise that the technique – in general use called deep packet inspection (DPI) – gives them much more control over the network users’ data than it was possible before. DPI techniques are already in use for law enforcement (surveillance, blocking, etc), market profiling, and advertisement targeting, service level agreement enforcement and is being proposed for copyright enforcement.
From a user’s point of view DPI techniques can be blocked by using encryption – the “deep” contents of an encrypted packet is completely opaque to the operator.

Thanks

DEEP PACKET INSPECTION

Facebook Seo Tips 2016

What is Web

How work internet

Who Pay for the internet?

What is the World Wide Web?

What is ENCRYPTION

Who Pay for the internet?

2014-07-05T20:06:00.001-07:00

What is Internet?

Internet can be compared with a library. Like a like a library, the

Internet is also a source of enjoyable, important and varied

information that can be obtained and used by millions of people across

the world.

The Internet also, like our library contains different forms, like text

sound and graphics. Super library does not allow just anybody to

browse books or cassettes; this facility is available only for authorized

members of the library. In a similar way only authorized users of the

Internet can access it to obtain information.

Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks. Internet is a

cooperative effort of many people and organizations. The computers

on the Internet can communicate because they are physically linked

and because they share a common language called TCP-IP.

Protocol: Is a formal definition of a language that two computers use

to communicate. This definition describes acceptable messages and

outlines the rules that two computers must follow to exchange those

messages.

Transmission Control Protocol: Is the major transport protocol in

the Internet Protocol suite. It provides reliable communication between

two computers in the network.

Internet protocol: It is the network protocol in the Internet. IP

provides a best effort to deliver an IP packet betweentwo networks on

the Internet.

Internet is also known as cloud or the information super highway.

When you access the Internet, you become the part of the electronic

community that encompasses most of the work. The Internet

community includes several million people. Vast libraries advanced

medical and technical research centers, and thousands of business

large and small.

Birth of Internet?

The INTERNET was born in 1969, when a paranoid American military

had nightmares about the primary communication centers being

bombed out by Russians. To prevent suck occurrence, the ARPA

(Advanced Research Projects Agency) set up four communication

hosts, linking them in such a fashion which would ensure that even if

one got bombed out. Communication would route aroundthe affected

area and stay alive.

This network called ARPA net quickly grew. This primary service on

ARPA net was electronic mail. It was the first time that emails actually

came into use. In very short time, students began linking their own

campus networks into ARPA net, using a well defined protocol TCP-IP.

This joining of networks was also called inter-networking, and soon the

entire setup was called INTERENT.

In 1973, ARPA net allowed international bodies to the net, and after

that there was no looking back.

Who owns the Internet?

No one person, service, corporation, university or Government owns

the Internet. Each connected individual or group owns its own

network.

Each person who desires telephone service contacts the local area

service provider. The service provider provides the hook-up from the

residence or business to service network. The Internet mostly connects

network of computers. The Internet is also called as the Global

Internet because networks from most of the countries with some sort

of telephone service infrastructure is connected to it. Practically this

means people can use their computers on their local networks to

messages or exchange files with people using in another company or

in another state, geographic region, or another country.

What is ENCRYPTION

2014-07-05T11:57:00.002-07:00

What is ENCRYPTION

When you put a website on the Internet, it will be reachable via the numerical IP address of the web server hosting it (at time of writing, EDRi.org’s address is 217.72.179.7, for example). IP addresses are, however, not easy to remember for humans. Using them to identify online resources is also not practical as services on the Internet occasionally have to move to a new IP address (if they change service providers, for example).
As the use of IP addresses for websites is neither practical nor user friendly, “domain names” (such as edri.org) were created. The global Domain Name System works a little like a phonebook for the Internet.
If you know the domain name of the website you want to visit, the Domain Name System is used – invisibly and automatically – to find the corresponding IP address of the web server where the website can be found. So, when you type http://edri.org, your computer identifies this as being 217.72.179.7 and sends a request
to protect when encrypting a message is its integrity (i.e. the completeness of the file) – otherwise the message can be manipulated, without even knowing the encryption key. Most respected encryption tools will do that for you automatically.

The following image demonstrates the stages of public key encryption – this works on the basis of a pair of keys – one public and one private:

1.The sender requests a copy of this public key.
2.Using the appropriate software, the sender encrypts the message using the recipient’s public key.
3.The message is sent.
4.The recipient decrypts the message by using the public key and the private key together.

There is a great need to ensure the confidentiality of business transactions over a

network between an enterprise and its consumers, between enterprises, and within an

enterprise. SAS products and third-party strategies for protecting data and credentials

(user IDs and passwords) are exchanged in a networked environment. This process of

protecting data is called encryption. Encryption is the transformation of intelligible

data (plaintext) into an unintelligible form (ciphertext) by means of a mathematical

process. The ciphertext is translated back to plaintext when the appropriate key that is

necessary for decrypting (unlocking) the ciphertext is applied.

SAS offers two classes of encryption strength: accidental exposure of information. SASProprietary is licensed with Base SAS

software and is available in all deployments.

􀀀 If you have SAS/SECURE, you can use an industry standard encryption algorithm
instead of the SASProprietary algorithm. SAS/SECURE is an add-on product that
is licensed separately.
Encryption helps to protect information on-disk and in-transit as follows:
􀀀 Over-the-wire encryption protects SAS data and data while in transit. Passwords
in transit to and from SAS servers are encrypted or encoded.
􀀀 On-disk encryption protects data at rest. Passwords in configuration files and the
metadata are encrypted or encoded. Configuration files and metadata repository
data sets are also host protected.

What is THE IP‑ADDRESS

2014-07-05T09:59:00.000-07:00

THE IP‑ADDRESS

An IP address is a numerical address that is assigned to every device connected to the Internet. 01
In many cases, IP addresses may be used to identify an organisation or individual that has acquired the services of an Internet Service Provider in order to connect one or more devices to the Internet.
In other cases, particularly on corporate networks, public
or unprotected wireless connections and mobile Internet connections,
the IP address does not always identify the person behind
some digitally traceable act.
As the common household and business router will o
ften display just one IP address for all of the people
connected to it, the IP address will identify a group
of people rather than just one individual. As a result,
it is often hard, if not impossible, to be sure who exactly did what,
purely on the basis of an IP address.
On the other hand, IP addresses are very often
personally identifiable, and so, following a basic
precautionary principle, must be treated as such u
nless they can definitively proven not to be.

“the IP address does not always identify t

he person behind some

digitally traceable act”

Significance of IP networks and hosts

• An IP host is any device with an IP address, such as a PC.
• Multiple hosts reside on a given IP network or subnet (short for
subnetwork). Subnets will be discussed later.
• A group of IP networks is an internetwork, with the largest internetwork
being the Internet.
• What is typically called a “data network” is technically an internetwork,
because multiple IP networks are connected together by routers.
• This internetwork contains 6 IP networks.
• Note that even a link between routers is a network.

Public addresses

• Most IP addresses are public addresses. Public addresses are registered

as belonging to a specific organization.

• Internet Service Providers (ISP) and extremely large organizations in the

U.S. obtain blocks of public addresses from the American Registry for

Internet Numbers (ARIN http://www.arin.net). Other organizations obtain

public addresses from their ISPs.

• There are ARIN counterparts in other parts of the world, and all of these

regional registration authorities are subject to the global Internet Assigned

Numbers Authority (IANA http://www.iana.org).

• Public IP addresses are routed across the Internet, so that hosts with

public addresses may freely communicate with one another globally.

• No organization is permitted use public addresses that are not registered

with that organization!

What is the World Wide Web?

2014-07-05T09:14:00.000-07:00

World Wide Web?

• web servers, which store the web pages

• web documents, the pages themselves

• web clients, browsers of many types

The Web consists of many millions of internet-connected computers, each with information

on them that their owner has decided to share. These documents can be formed of anything

from plain text to multimedia or even 3D objects. These computers, called servers, deliver this

information over the Internet to client computers (such as your PC at home) using a protocol

called HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol). The HTTP protocol is very simple; essentially it

just provides a mechanism that allows a client to request a document, and a server to send that

document.

As the web has become more and more popular, its capabilities have increased to include such

things as graphics, animations, scripts and even complete computer programs, all embedded into

the pages of the documents. Essentially, the web is the easiest to use of all the internet toolkit

—this is partly why it has become so popular. Various mechanisms allow the viewer to move

around (navigate) the document easily. Clicking on a hyperlink moves you to another part of the

document, or to another document altogether

The Web's unique features

• universal readership

• hyperlinks/hypertext/hypermedia

• authoring for computers and humans

• availability of information

• felxibility to adapt to new forms of media

The web has become the most predominant of the new digital media, and has provided the

mechanism for many new forms of publishing. There are many reasons why this is so; a few of

them are discussed in the following sections.

• a common format for information (HTML)

• a common access method (HTTP)

• a way to write content...

• ...without having to worry about presentation

As the accessing of information stored on computers has become more widely accepted and used,

the number of methods, and hence the number of computer applications needed, has multiplied.

The web provides a way of integrating these methods and applications, using a common interface

to allow easy access to any information stored on any computer (provided you are authorised

to read it, of course).

HTML or HyperText Markup Language, the language of the web, was specifically designed to

be easy to learn, and was based around the concept of marking text functionally, to ensure a wide

authorship. Thus, when the author wrote their document, they would be able to concentrate on its

structure, and not worry about its presentation. As it has grown, the web has moved away from

this concept, becoming more complex and more graphical than originally envisioned, which has

led to many presentational features creeping into the HTML standard. Happily though, the core

functions still lie beneath all the complexity, and allow more or less anyone to write their own

web pages quickly and easily, with a minimal set of software tools.

Hypertext and Hypermedia

• linked documents create a “web of information”

• choice allows reader to choose path through text

• not a new idea - footnotes, bibliographies!

• technology has given links new power

One of the most powerful features of the web is the ability to link documents together using

hyperlinks. On clicking a hyperlink (usually underlined), the browser tries to access the linked document, providing an almost instantaneous cross-referencing system. This creates a non-linear

form of text, known as hypertext. Web pages can also contain multimedia content that can also

be hyperlinked, termed hypermedia. Many theorists believe that hyperlinks change the way we

view and read texts, and certainly the element of choice that hyperlinks give the reader create a

very different reading experience. The idea of hypertext has been around at least as long as books

have contained footnotes or external references/bibliographies, but the computer and the Internet

make following hyperlinks instantaneous (well, almost). See Chapter 4, Writing and Publishing

for more discussion on this topic.

Authoring for computers and humans

• Hypertext Markup Language is designed to be:

• easy for humans to use to present information

• quick to author

• viewable on many computer devices and “platforms”

Though it may not seem so when you first see a raw web page, the language it is written in, HTML,

is designed to be easily read by humans, as well as computers. It was developed to make sharinginformation easy, and to make it easy to write documents that would be displayed on many typesof computer. HTML can be interpreted at different levels, even in text-only mode (try turning offthe image-loading in your browser - you'll be surprised at how much faster everything loads, andhow much information is preserved!). Now with devices such as mobile phones having Internetcapabilities, the accessibility of web information is even more important.

Availability of information

• Information available 24/7

• Information often updated in real time

• Access for all on an equal basis

The goal of a web server is to serve information to anyone who requests it; the web pages stored

on the server are made publically available. It's possible to restrict access to certain parts of the

Internet, or to those who have usernames and passwords, but it's not usual - most web sites are

open for all to read their contents. The use of the web as a public space to provoke discussion

or to provide otherwise difficult-to-publish information has been instrumental in its popularity.

Examples of this range from the subversive (terrorists or political groups publishing propaganda)

to the more mundane (businesses publishing time-critical data such as stock information or

market prices).

Surface and deep web

• Only a small part of the web is publicly accessible (the Surface Web)

• Much of the web is hidden inside intranets and commercial sites

• This “Deep Web” is often not searchable

• Deep web is possibly many times the size of surface web

With the rise of commerce on the Web, and the recognition of the market value that certain types

of information can command, parts of the Web have been locked away, hidden behind corporate

intranets and firewalls, passworded sites, and subscription services.

A high proportion of this Deep or Invisible Web is hidden from view, whether from you and I, or

from search engines. Estimates of the size of this deep Web vary, but most agree that it is many

times the size of the Surface Web, i.e. the web that is open and accessible to the public.

Flexibility to adapt to new media

• The HTTP protocol is media neutral

• HTML is text-only; other media items are stored separately

• The HTML language has evolved to embed new media types into web pages

•

The HTTP protocol was specifically designed from the outset to be media neutral, in that

the documents and data it transfers need not be in any particular format. As the document is

transferred, it is accompanied by a header which specifies a MIME type (more about MIME in

the section called “Using Email Attachments”), and this tells the browser viewing the item what

needs to be done to display (or play) the data.

Similarly, the HTML language is designed to use these media items by linking to them from

within a web page. HTML has evolved over the years to allow all kinds of media to be embedded;

from simple static images through video and animations, and even to 3D data.

How does the web work?

• Web servers and web browsers communicate via HTTP

• HTTP ensures that all parts of the web page are delivered

• Web browser decides how these items are displayed

The backbone of the web is the network of webservers across the world. These are really just

computers that have a particular type of software running on them - software that knows how to

speak the HTTP protocol and knows which information stored on the computer should be made

accessible through the web.

It's possible to turn almost any computer into a webserver by downloading and installing server

software (the most popular is Apache, see http://www.apache.org/), though it's not

recommended unless you know what you're doing!

see Figure 2.1,

The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is actually quite simple. The web browser (or client)

makes a request of a webpage to the server, and the webserver passes the page back to the browser

(see Figure 2.1, “How HTTP works: retrieving a web page”. More cleverly, it also passes back

any images, sounds or other media items back to the browser too.

The web browser is also particularly clever in the way it displays what it retrieves. Web pages

are written in HTML, and the browser knows how to display these correctly, whether you have

a huge flat screen or a tiny screen on a handheld device or phone. The HTML language gives the

browser hints on how to display things, and the browser decides the final layout itself.

Download Facebook photo Album in a single click

2014-03-29T04:11:00.002-07:00

Download facebook photo Album in a single click:

now you can download facebook photo album with a single click,all you need is to just go to app named Facebook2zip.com

check the process:

Step1: As soon as go the above app you are asked to Login with facebook just like in above picture

Step2: Now choose your friend from whom you want to download photo album you can see an arrow 2 pointing in the above picture

Step3: Now choose the album what you want to download

Step4: Just click Download button and save photo album to your desired location.

Have You Faced with problem of computer virus ?

2013-10-18T07:51:00.001-07:00

Computer Virus Threats and Solutions

Strategies of Computer virus

A computer virus is a computer program th

at can copy itself and infect a computer

without permission or knowledge of the user. In order to avoid detection by users,

some viruses employ different kinds of deception such as the following

Strategies[5], [6]:

•Overwriting Virus:

this type of virus overwrites files with their own copy.

Of course, this is a very primitive technique, but it is certainly the easiest

approach of all. Overwriting viruses cannot be disinfected from a system.

Infected files must be deleted from the disk.

•Companion Infection

: one approach to becoming a companion to an EXE

file is to give the virus the same base name as the targeted program, but use a

.COM extension instead of .EXE. This technique was employed by the Globe

virus, first detected in 1992. When the victim attempts to launch an EXE

program, he or she usually types its name without the extension. In such

cases, Windows gives priority to a file with the .COM extension over a file

with the same base name but with the .EXE extension.

•Appending Virus:

In this technique, a jump (JMP) instruction is inserted at

the front of the host to point to the end of the original host. A typical example

of this virus is Vienna

The appender technique can be implemented for any

other type of executable file, such as EXE, NE, PE, and ELF formats, and so

on. Such files have a header section that

stores the address of the main entry

point, which, in most cases, will be replaced with a new entry point to the

start of the virus code appended to the end of the file.

•Prepending Virus:

This virus inserts its code at the front of host programs.

This is a simple kind of infection, and it is often very successful.

Static Detection Methods

With static analysis, a virus is detected by examining the files or records for the

occurrences of virus patterns without actually running any code. Static Methods

include the following methods [7]:

•String Scanning method

: Searches for sequence of bytes (strings) that are

typical of a specific virus but not likely to be found in other programs.

•Wildcards method

: allows to skip bytes or byte ranges. For example "?"

character are skipped and the wildcard % means that the scanner will try to

match the next byte.

•Mismatches method

: allows any given number of bytes in a string to be of

arbitrary value, regardless of their position.

•Generic Detection method

: This technique uses one common string to detect

several or all known variants of a family of viruses.

•Bookmarks method

: calculates the distance between the start of the virus

body and the detection string.

•Smart Scanning

: Smart scanning could skip junk instructions, such as NOPs,

in the host file and also did not store them in the virus signature. To enhance

the likelihood of detecting related variants of viruses, an area of the virus body

was selected which had no references to data or other subroutines.

•Skeleton Detection

: The scanner parses the statements of the virus line-by-line

and drops all nonessential statements. What is left is the skeleton of the body

that has only essential macro code common in macro virus.

•Heuristics Analysis

: Heuristic analysis is an expert based analysis that

determines the susceptibility of a system towards particular threat/risk using

various decision rules or weighing methods. MultiCriteria analysis (MCA) is

one of the means of weighing.

•Virus specific detection

: There are cases when the standard algorithm of the

virus scanner cannot deal with a virus. In cases like this, a new detection code

must be introduced to implement a virus-specific detection algorithm. This

method includes Filtering, Decryptor Detection and X-Ray scanning.

Thanks You subscribe our blog

Information Online

2012-09-19T09:22:00.000-07:00

Information Online

• Evaluating web resources
• Developing an effective search strategy
• Understanding how search engines work
• Using dynamic and interactive parts of the web

For most of us, the web is about finding information, whether that's authoritative and reliable
facts, the best price for something we want to buy, or how much we owe the credit card company
this month. Understanding the tools we can use, and the nature of the web itself, is fundamental
to finding all of these and more.

Evaluating Internet Resources

• Why is there so much junk on the web?

• How can we tell what's good from what's bad?

• What criteria can we use to judge a web page?

• What is an authoritative page?

Computers are good at storing, searching and sorting data. The Internet could be considered the
largest database yet developed; the amount of data its servers collectively stores is phenomenal.
This gives rise to the fundamental paradox of the Internet: given all this data, how do we find
what we need? And how can we tell that it's true and accurate when we do find what we want?
Firstly, we need to understand why this is a problem.

Publishing for All

• Web makes it easy to publish information widely with HTML
• No filters or editors to prevent the “rubbish” from being published
• No “market forces” to weed out unpopular material

One of the most fundamental characteristics of the web is the fact that it allows almost anyone to
publish information and documents to a very wide audience. As we saw in the section called “The
Web's unique features”, it's both easy to create web pages, and to publish them onto a globallyaccessible
webserver. This is a fundamental shift in publishing method from anything that has
gone before, since it is a simple process that allows access to a potentially massive audience Traditional “filters” such as the publishing companies have effectively prevented the publication
of poor quality or innacurate material, extremist views or libellous articles. Anything that escapes
the traditional editorial processes would be subjected to the market forces involved in distributing
paper-based material, which can be costly. And publishing law is well-tested for those seeking
redress against libellous or hateful material.
But the shift in the publishing paradigm to electronic media leads to a number of issues for the
reader, which can be summed up in the question “How do I find useful, reliable information on
the web?”

Useful and Reliable

• Developing a set of criteria for judging academic material

• Accuracy

• Timeliness

• Authorship

• Page and site integrity

• These can be applied to general web material too

How do we judge whether information we have found is useful or reliable (or hopefully, both)?
The following subsections examine some of the questions we should be asking about the webbased
materials we are using for academic research and learning; they also apply in many cases to
more general-purpose web resources. The criteria are adapted from the SOSIG Selection criteria
[http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/desire/quality/appendix-4.html] [accessed 5 Nov 2006].

•

Accuracy

• Does the information seem accurate according to what you already know?
• Is the information produced and presented with care?
• Is any referenced material cited and credited accurately?

Timeliness

• Is the information time-sensitive?
• If so, how up to date is the information?
• Does the information appear to be well-maintained?

Authorship

• Is the author or maintainer of the page clear?

• Is the author's identity verifiable?

• Is the author a recognised authority on the subject?

• Have they published other works in this area?

• If not, are they representing a responsible body which has some authority in the subject

area?

• Has the information been edited or peer-reviewed by some authority?

Searching Effectively

• Why is searching the web so difficult?

• No complete catalogue

• The web is too large to catalogue comprehensively

• The web grows and changes too quickly

Unlike a library, the web is a relatively unbounded resource, to which there is no complete
catalogue. With a library, it is usual to have a record of all books within it, and to be able to search
those records with some guarantee that your search is comprehensive within the collection.
However, with the web we have a collection which is so vast and so changeable that even if we
could catalogue it all, it would make little sense to do so. In response to this, we have to develop
other techniques to find the information we want.

So is online shopping safe?

2012-09-17T08:28:00.000-07:00

So is online shopping safe?

• Server security

• Browser security

• Site integrity

• Company privacy policies

• Guarantees against fraud

Using the Internet to buy goods or services can be extremely convenient, but it can also be
dangerous. You are being asked to make a transaction, transfer money or personal details over a
very public network, so there are a few precautions you'll need to take.

Is the web server secure?

• Does the server have a security certificate?
• Is SSL being used (look for the https://)?

When you connect to a web server, the information you send to it is normally transferred as plain
text, and as such it is potentially readable by anyone it passes on its journey. To secure your data,
Is your browser secure enough?
103
you should only send sensitive information where the web page is secure-where the information
you send will be encrypted. You can check whether a page on a server is protected in this way
by looking at the padlock icon in the URL address bar of Firefox (or bottom right in Internet
Explorer). If the padlock is closed, then the page is encrypted. If it is open, or if there's no icon
at all, then data will be sent in plain text, unencrypted.

Is your browser secure enough?

• Use 128-bit encryption or better
• If not available, upgrade your browser

Until relatively recently, due to the US Government's policy on exporting encryption software
(they consider it to be munitions, and therefore a potential threat to US security in the hands
of its enemies), the encryption built into UK and International versions of browsers has been
relatively weak. If your browser has this weaker encryption (known as 40- or 56-bit, usually
indicated in the help/about info), you may want to consider upgrading your browser to stronger,
128-bit encryption, even though it's probably secure enough for most data. To do this, you could
download an updater program from http://www.fortify.net/ which will give you
full-strength encryption.
However, most of the latest versions of popular browsers now incorporate the stronger standard,
so you could just download a more recent copy. This is highly recommended, as this will also
fix any security flaws that may have been discovered in your older browser. You can check the
level you are using by accessing a secure page, then choosing Tools ® Page Info in Firefox,
View ® Document Info in Netscape/Mozilla, or File ® Properties in IE6, or Page ® Security
Report in IE7.

Do you trust that the site is who it says it is?

• Don't trust domain names just because they match the company name
• If in doubt, look them up

It can be easy to masquerade a web site as belonging to a reputable company when it does not.
Internet domain names are allocated on a relatively arbitrary basis-there is no guarantee that, for
example, www.lloyds.co.uk points to either Lloyds Bank, or Lloyds of London. In fact,
it belongs to an anonymous third party, who is probably holding on to it until one of the other
companies offers them enough money to buy it...! [update - it has now been bought by Lloyds
Computers].

You can usually check the domain name of the site with a WHOIS search; this looks up the
resgistrant's details as logged by the domain registry. For example, for UK addresses, you can
use Nominet's WHOIS service [http://www.nominet.org.uk/other/whois/faq/].
There are schemes that give you some measure of confidence that the website is bona fide; if it
is a secure site, then you can view the certificate for the site, which is signed usually by a trusted
agent such as VeriSign (www.verisign.com). Another guide to trust is word-of-mouth: do
you know people who have used the site to order goods, or read in the press that the site is
trustworthy?

Do you trust the site not to disclose your details?

• Does the company have a privacy policy?

• Would you trust them with your details offline?

In a recent incident, a cyber-pornography web site published the names, addresses and full credit
card details of all its customers on a public bulletin board-an open invitation for others to use
them fraudulently. Whilst this type of public disclosure is rare, you should still weigh up whether
your personal details will be used for purposes other than you intend, such as junk mailing lists
or market profiling.

Does your credit card offer you guarantees?

• Check the small print

• Shop around for an e-friendly card

Credit card companies agree that fraudulent use of cards over the Internet is increasing at a
significant rate. Many are now considering withdrawing the normal guarantees they offer where
a transaction is made online, though others are making this a selling point in their advertising.
It's as well to check the small print before you sign up!

Identity Theft

Case study: Sarah Palin's Yahoo! Mail
BBC News report [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7624809.stm]

Discussion
• What value do you place on your personal data?
• How should personal data be treated in organisations/government?
• How can systems be designed to protect personal data?
• How does connecting data together increase its value?

_________________________________________________________________________________

Phishing Emails

2012-09-17T07:54:00.000-07:00

Phishing Emails

• Masquerade as bank or payment service

• Attacker sends a bogus email to entrap victim

• Email links to a web login screen

• Website captures victim's details

Phishing is the generic name for a variety of email scam that has proved effective for criminals

recently. The basic idea is to generate an official-looking email from a bank or e-payment

company, which is sent to many millions of recipients. The email invites you to click on a link to

log into your account, but the link points to the criminal's webserver. As you type your username,

password and other security details, the criminal captures these, then logs into your account and

empties it.

It's a simple ploy, but has been very effective. Most banks and payment systems don't send email

requesting details, and recommend that you go to their website by typing its address into the

browser address bar directly, rather than clicking on links from dubious sources. Look at the

HTML for the link, and you'll usually see that it points to some anonymous numeric address (as

shown in Figure 7.3, “A simple email scam, with real link address in status bar”).

The way a website is constructed provides the means for making these phishing scams so

effective; it is easy to copy the graphics and visual style, or even whole webpages, to a bogus

server and adapt them to gather login data or other personal information. Similarly, the use of

HTML in emails allows graphics to be embedded to replicate the visual style of a bank or payment

site.

Many of the latest generation of browsers (IE7, Firefox 2, Opera 9) come with built-in tools which

can detect some forms of phishing. These work by checking URLs against a central database

of known phishing sites, and can be quite effective against well-known attacks, though as with

most security software, they are only partially effective.

Worms and Rootkits and Trojans

2012-09-17T07:49:00.005-07:00

Worms and Rootkits and Trojans

• Programs that infect other computers across a network

• Often exploit known vulnerabilities in software

• Keep all your software up to date to prevent infection

• Install on victims computer

• Allow attacker to access any information stored there

• Often also allow privileged access, so attacker can:

• run programs

• control webcams, microphones, etc.

• attack other computers

worms

A worm is a type of computer program that tries to spread by replicating itself from computer to
computer using a network connection (usually, but not always, the Internet). It will often attack a
computer by using known vulnerabilities (bugs) in the networking part of the operating system.
Worms often deliver a payload such as a trojan or backdoor, so can be very damaging to your
computer. Worms also often launch denial of service attacks and other remote threats, using your
computer as a “zombie” host to hide the attacker's identity.
To guard against worms, protect your computer by updating the operating system regularly (see
the section called “Patching and Updating”) and by keeping your virus protection up to date.

Rootkits and Trojans

These are perhaps the most damaging of all types of software attack, and certainly they are the
most difficult to detect and remove. A trojan (or trojan horse) is a type of program that runs
Phishing Emails
97
invisibly on your computer, but allows a remote attacker to log in or extract information from
your disks
Rootkits can also be used legitimately to provide privileged access to a computer by a trusted
third party, or to recover lost passwords or other data, though this is something of a grey area,
and is not generally considered good practice, due to the risk of abuse.
Recently, Sony used an adaptation of a rootkit to install mediaplayer software when a copyprotected
music CD is used on a PC. The intention was that though the CD could be played in a
normal CD audio player, when used on a computer (i.e. a device able to duplicate the disc) the
CD would appear to have errors, which could only be corrected using the installed mediaplayer.
Unfortunately, the player software was quickly broken into and used by attackers; Sony has since
withdrawn CDs using this mechanism

Recovering from a Trojan Horse or Virus

2012-09-17T07:40:00.002-07:00

Recovering from a Trojan Horse or Virus

It can happen to anyone. Considering the vast number of viruses and Trojan horses traversing
the Internet at any given moment, it’s amazing it doesn’t happen to everyone. Hindsight may
dictate that you could have done a better job of protecting yourself, but that does little to help
you out of your current predicament. Once you know that your machine is infected with a
Trojan Horse or virus (or if your machine is exhibiting unexpected behavior and you suspect
that something is wrong), what can you do?
If you know what specific malicious program has infected your computer, you can visit one of
several anti-virus web sites and download a removal tool. Chances are, however, that you will
not be able to identify the specific program. Unfortunately your other choices are limited, but
the following steps may help save your computer and your files.
1. Call IT support

If you have an IT support department at your disposal, notify them immediately and follow
their instructions.

2. Disconnect your computer from the Internet

Depending on what type of Trojan horse or virus you have, intruders may have access to your
personal information and may even be using your computer to attack other computers. You can
stop this activity by turning off your Internet connection. The best way to accomplish this is to
physically disconnect your cable or phone line, but you can also simply “disable” your network
connection.

3. Back up your important files

At this point it is a good idea to take the time to back up your files. If possible, compile all of
your photos, documents, Internet favorites, etc., and burn them onto a CD or DVD or save them
to some other external storage device. It is vital to note that these files cannot be trusted since
they are still potentially infected. (Actually, it’s good practice to back up your files on a regular
basis so that if they do get infected, you might have an uninfected set you can restore.)

4. Scan your machine

Since your computer (including its operating system) may be infected with a malicious program,
it is safest to scan the machine from a live CD (or “rescue” CD) rather than a previously installed
antivirus program. Many antivirus products provide this functionality. Another alternative is to
use a web-based virus removal service, which some antivirus software vendors offer (try
searching on “online virus scan”).
The next best action is to install an antivirus program from an uncontaminated source such as a
CD-ROM. If you don’t have one, there are many to choose from, but all of them should provide
the tools you need.

Viruses

2012-09-17T07:38:00.001-07:00

Viruses

• Programs that infect computer files

• Have the ability to copy themselves to other files

• Can be malicious or completely harmless

• Easy to combat with AntiVirus software

A computer virus is generally a small program that is able to attach itself to another program,

document or media file. It usually knows how to jump from one file to another and is often adept

at hiding itself in existing files.

Viruses are a relatively common and well-known threat, and there are software packages that are

able to deal with them very effectively. These packages must be constantly updated, as viruses

can often mutate and evolve into new forms; the AntiVirus manufacturers constantly monitor
these new viruses and include them in updates to the definitions embedded in their products.
The University recommends using Symantec AntiVirus, which you can obtain from the IT
Services software CD. There are similar packages such as MacAfee, AVG and others, however
the version on the ITS CD will allow unlimited updates, which normally you would need to
subscribe to receive.

there are many software which are unable to protect the internet form the verious viruses. but this is not a geniun problem ....

Denial of Service Attacks

2012-09-17T07:28:00.003-07:00

Denial of Service Attacks

• An attack on a computer that prevents it from offering a service or resource
• Often launched in unison from many virus-infected “zombie” computers
• Usually against servers and corporate networks

Denial of Service (or DoS) attacks are a form of network abuse that are often launched against

companies or prominent websites. Their aim is to prevent access to a particular service that the

site offers, such as online banking, email, or even just a general website. DoS attacks usually

originate from computers infected with worms or trojans, and are choreographed remotely by

the attacker.

Sometimes, the DoS attack is unintentional. One website, a techie news site called Slashdot

[http://www.slashdot.org/], is renowned for these “attacks”, caused when the mention of a

website in one of its news reports is accessed by all of its readers at once. As Slashdot is the

most popular site amongst techies and nerds everywhere, the sheer amount of traffic overloads

the website's server or network, preventing access to it.

DoS attacks can also be a form of protest; several have been launched against computer

companies who have taken legal action against copyright violators or hackers.

Email Scams and Address Gatherers

2012-09-17T07:17:00.000-07:00

Email Scams

\• Active email addresses are valuable
• Speculative emails gather data on “liveness” of an address
• Lists of mail addresses sold to spammers and scammers

You may not realise it, but your email address is a valuable commodity. Active email addresses
are bought and sold between advertisers and attackers alike, and there are various ways that they
employ to gather these emails. Most simply, they trawl the web, looking for email addresses
on web pages. But as most people are now wise to this and have removed their mail addresses
wherever possible, they have found other ways of gathering addresses.
One method is to guess valid addresses, and send a speculative emails to test whether that address
is active. Often, these mails have embedded HTML code which downloads an image or other
file, which then alerts the attacker that the mail address is active.

Adware and Spyware

2012-09-15T19:41:00.001-07:00

Adware and Spyware

The results of an Ad-Aware scan

• Methods of tracking user's browsing habits
• Most commonly via Cookies (mostly harmless)
• Sometimes embedded in downloadable software
• Can be used for keylogging or worse
• Use Ad-Aware [http://www.lavasoftusa.com/products/ad_aware_free.php] or Spybot
S&D [http://www.spybot.info/]

As with all retailing and marketing, the ability to track a person's use of a website provides very
desirable information for the web designers and retail analysts. It can not only indicate how easy
the site is to use, but also what types of people are browsing the site, and what other sites they
are interested in. In marketing, information is a valuable commodity.
For this reason, it's probable that as you have browsed your way through websites, your clicks
and choices have been monitored, and your preferences noted. Often, to make sure they gather
data that is only from a single individual, they'll install a cookie on your computer with a unique
code, which they attach to any browsing records they compile about you.
You may even have downloaded useful additions to your operating system, perhaps fun elements
such as novel cursors or smileys for your email. Many of these “free” programs have embedded
in them some monitoring software, that sends back details of your browsing habits, or worse,
your mouse clicks and keyboard input (these are known as keyloggers).
To combat these threats to your privacy, you can download software to search out these cookies
and programs on your hard disk, and quarantine them or delete them. One such program,
Spybot S&D [http://www.spybot.info/], is included on the itCD you can get from IT Services.
Another, called Ad-Aware (which is my preferred choice), is available to download [http://
www.lavasoftusa.com/products/ad_aware_free.php]

Browser Pop-ups and Pop-unders

2012-09-15T19:29:00.000-07:00

Browser Pop-ups and Pop-unders

• Embedded code in web pages pops up annoying ads
• Pop-up blockers are available for most browsers
• Pop-unders get around these by putting ad beneath
• Not usually a threat - just annoying!

The commercialisation of the Internet has led to advertisers grasping the new medium and
employing many new tactics to promote their brands and products as effectively as possible.
The interactive features of HTML and embedded scripting (programming) languages such as
JavaScript have allowed these advertisers to step outside the web page, and create ads that pop
up or overlay the pages they are embedded into.
In itself, there is nothing wrong with this behaviour; the advertiser's revenue often keeps
resources online that would otherwise have to close. However, the ability to pop-up information
can be exploited and overdone, and it is often an intrusion rather than effective advertising.
More malicious websites have also exploited scripts to do more than just pop-up windows; some
can install software or modify your system settings to allow intruders into your computer. There
are safeguards built into the more up to date browsers - they usually warn you if something is
about to be installed, and give you the choice of cancelling.
Attacks through pop-ups are rare, and the main problem with them is the annoyance factor.
Increasingly, browsers have built-in pop-up blockers, or you can download or purchase them
separately (e.g Google's toolbar for Internet Explorer), though the advertisers are finding ways
around this, using pop-unders (they just hide below your browser window, appearing when you
close the page).

Internet Wildlife

2012-09-15T19:19:00.000-07:00

A look at some types of attack

• Pop-ups and pop-unders
• Adware and spyware
• Email scams and spam
• Denial of service (DoS)
• Viruses
• Worms
• Rootkits and Trojans
• Phishing

There are many ways in which an attacker can attempt to break into or disrupt your computer.
We are all familiar with computer viruses, which can be transmitted via email attachments or
physical media. But once a computer is connected to broadband and thus often has a fixed identity
on the Internet, it is much more vulnerable to a wider range of attacks.
In this section we'll look at some of the categories of malware, or malicious software, that may
be used to attack your computer. Remember that some malicious software may blend two or
more of these methods of attack. There's a summary of some of the alternate terminology [http://
www.antispywarecoalition.org/documents/definitions.htm] for each type at the Anti-Spyware
Coalition's website [http://www.antispywarecoalition.org/index.htm].

Spam, spam, spam, spam . . .

2012-09-14T10:04:00.001-07:00

E - MAIL SPAM

• Spam is "unsolicited bulk email"
• Email is cheap/free way to advertise to millions
• Spam filters are at best unreliable
• Don't get your name on the lists in the first place!

The fact that sending multiple emails is free or extremely cheap has led to large amounts of junk
email, or spam, being sent across the Internet. It's possible to buy lists containing millions of
email addresses known to be active, which can be used by companies to send advertisements
and marketing information. Spamming is generally frowned upon in the Internet community at
large, and it's particularly bad practice to continually spam the same email addresses over and
again without giving the recipients a chance to opt out of the list. However, there are many
unscrupulous companies that do this; sometimes they will use your request to opt out of the
mailshot as verification that your address is “live”. There's no easy way to deal with spam, except
to ignore it and delete it as it arrives.
• Investigate the University's spam-filtering service [http://www.its.ex.ac.uk/email/
spam.shtml]. It won't get rid of all the spam, but will reduce it.
• Be careful where you type your email address, especially when creating web pages, as
spammers use 'address harvester' programs to scour the Web for active addresses.
• Don't give your address to unknown web providers or advertisers.
• Make sure you check the “no further email” box when signing up to any new service, if there
is one
• If you have to put your email address on the web, make it a non-machine-readable form, for
example use G.B.Stringer <at> exeter <dot> ac <dot> uk or some other
only-human-interpretable form
There are some general guidelines on dealing with spam in your University email, and lots of
other useful advice, on the IT Services email page [http://www.its.ex.ac.uk/email/index.php].
Emoticons and Acronyms
• Simple abbreviations for complex emotions?
• Well used acronyms are part of Internet culture
• Smileys often now used ironically
In the early days of email, people quickly discovered the limitations of a textual medium to
convey very personal, emotional thoughts. To try to provide shortcuts to emotional language,
smileys were born. Intended to be “read” sideways-on, they provided a substitute for facial
expression, albeit in a very primitive fashion

__________________________________________________________________________________

Email Safety and Security

2012-09-14T09:40:00.001-07:00

Email Safety and Security

• Email is an unencrypted, plain-text format
• Sensitive information needs additional protection
• Embedded web addresses are often 'phishing'
• Be careful what you open...

Remember that plain email is not completely secure; it may be read by anyone listening on the
networks that the email passes through. This is true for most of the traffic that passes through
the Internet. It's possible to use a program called a Packet Sniffer to listen to all the data passing
through a particular area of the network, and unless your data is encrypted, it will appear as plain text in this program. There are ways of making email more secure, using an encryption package such as PGP (Pretty Good Privacy), but they are often tricky to use.
There are a few things you need to remember to stay safe with email:

• Don't trust the sender's name, as it can be “spoofed”.
• Never send passwords or credit card details using plain email.
• Never open unknown attachments. Viruses are most commonly spread through attachments
that install rogue programs when opened.
• Be careful of clicking links in HTML emails, or at least check where the link points to by
examining the HTML. Misdirected links are the most common form of phishing “bait”.
• Make sure your email reader doesn't automatically open HTML mail or images. Often, opening
images on junk mail can send an indication back to the bulk-emailer that your email address
is “active”.
• Choose a sensible password for your email account (i.e. not a common name or dictionary
word, preferably a random string of numbers and letters), and use a secure mail program if
possible.
• Keep your virus checker up to date (you do use one, don't you?), and visit http://
update.microsoft.com/ regularly and download/install any critical updates.
________________________________________________________________________________

Top Tips for Effective Email

2012-09-14T09:18:00.000-07:00

Effective E-mail

• Stick to a single subject: it's easier to organise
• Make your subject describe the contents
• Only send to directly interested people
• Keep your signature concise
• Send plain text by default, not HTML
• Don't send large attachments unexpectedly
• When replying, make it clear who said what

There's a few things to remember when using email that'll make it easier for you and those you're
communicating with to read and organise mail. Here's a few suggestions:
1. Keep to a single subject will make searching for information in archives much easier.
Particularly for work purposes, only discussing the topic in the email title will make it easier to
return to the information later. It's almost as easy to send several short mails as one long one.
2. Use descriptive subjects to make it clear what the email is about. Also, make sure that your
descriptive name is set correctly; it's more useful to see “Jim Smith” on the header that just
“jim”.
3. Only add necessary recipients to the To: or CC: lists, so that only those interested in the email
will receive it. Don't send to a 20-member email list because you want five people on the list
to receive it; you'll have five happy recipients but fifteen unhappy ones.
4. Keep your signature small to reduce bandwidth and avoid taking up too much space in people's
inboxes.
5. Given a choice between HTML email and text email, send plain text by default, until you
know that someone can receive attachments or HTML-ised mail.
6. Don't send huge attachments, as it puts a considerable load on the mail server, and the mail
may be rejected by your recipient's mail server as too large.
7. Keep quotes in replies informative and neat, making sure that replies to replies are nested and
its clear who said what!

_________________________________________________________________________________

Mail, News and More

2012-09-12T09:34:00.000-07:00

The Nature and Use of Email

• Email can be both interactive and asynchronous
• Email tends to be a hybrid of spoken and written language
• Email can be both transient and permanent

“Email is clearly a language form in flux.” — [Baron (2000, p.252)]

In terms of the history of communication, email is a relatively new medium; to some extent, we
are still discovering how best to use it in our day-to-day lives. Email has several features that
distinguish it from other forms of communication, and which often create problems for new users.
Firstly, email is designed to be asynchronous, and as such is like “snailmail” (ordinary paperbased
post) or voicemail; there's not meant to be an immediate reply or conversation involved,
and the mail sits in the inbox until collected by the recipient. However, it's also often fast enough
to be used synchronously, so that two correspondents can, if online at the same time, hold
something like a conversation using email.
Secondly, and perhaps because of this first point, it is emerging in language terms as a hybrid
of speech and writing. Emails tend to be more casual than letters or memos, but more formal
than a phone or face-to-face conversation. This often causes problems for new users who have
difficulty in finding the correct “register” for their emails, and often use too formal or too casual
language in inappropriate situations.
The relatively relaxed nature of email communication combined with the ease with which
messages can be distributed and archived also leads to problems. In a landmark libel action (WPA
vs. Norwich Union Healthcare, 2000 [http://www.cyberlawatsidley.com/cyberlaw/features/
misuse.asp]) against a subsidiary of the Norwich Union Insurance Company by one of its
competitors, court orders were obtained to ensure that emails relevant to the case were preserved,
and these emails were subsequently used as evidence in the trial. What may have just been casual
office gossip around the photocopier just a few years ago becomes admissible evidence because
it is written rather than spoken.
A similar situation occurred in the mid-eighties with the internal (non-Internet) email system
installed in the US White House offices. Again, the backup tapes of email correspondence were seized, and were used in the inquiry against Oliver North and others surrounding the Iran-Contra
scandal. This highlighted the fact that, with digital data, merely deleting the file or message is
not enough; it's all too often recovereable from somewhere.
There's much more material on the characteristics and effects of email in Stefik (1997, esp.
pp.111-123).

____________________________________________________________________________-

How Email Works

• More protocols:
• SMTP - distributes mail between mailservers
• POP - used to download mail to your computer
• IMAP - used to access your mail remotely on a server

Email provides a fast, efficient delivery system for text-based messages. As with all applications
on the Internet, it uses certain protocols to achieve this, as illustrated in Figure 3.1, “How email
works”:
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is used to distribute mail between servers, and by the
mail client to send the message initially;
• POP (Post Office Protocol) is used by the mail client to download messages and headers to a
local computer from the mail server. POP is useful if you want to read your mail offline (ie not
connected to your mailserver), as it downloads and stores your email on your own computer.
• IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is used by clients to access mail directly on the mail
server. With IMAP, the mail usually stays stored on the recipient's server until it is deleted -
the mail client only views the mail, rather than downloading it.
On campus, it's possible to use either IMAP or POP; if you access your mail with the Mulberry,
Simeon or Execmail clients, then you're probably using IMAP, whereas if you use Eudora,
Outlook or Netscape to access mail, then you're most likely using POP.

_________________________________________________________________________________

Using Email Attachments

• Basic email is text-only
• Other information needs to be encoded as text
• e.g. a MS-Word document is binary data
• needs to be converted to a text form
• Common formats: UUEncode, BinHex, MIME

Email was designed to be a text-only medium, and various tricks need to be used in order to send
any other type of data. You've probably already come across attachments, which allow you to
package a file or files within the email. The file is encoded so that it won't become corrupted
when passing through the email system, in one of several formats:
• UUEncoded — outdated and not very common now;
• BinHexed — common on Apple Macintosh computers
• MIME — Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension — the almost universal standard for the
Internet.
If you have a choice of formats to encode your attachment, MIME is almost always the best
choice. If someone sends you an attachment in a format that your mail client can't support,
then there are free tools available from most shareware/freeware websites (e.g. TuCows [http://
www.tucows.com/downloads/Windows/IS-IT/FileManagement/]) that can decode them for you

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Hotmail Password Recovery free - Without Security Question

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Download Facebook photo Album in a single click

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