“Micro-” means “very small,” so microgravity refers to the condition where gravity seems to be very small. In microgravity, astronauts can float in their spacecraft – or outside, on a spacewalk. Heavy objects move around easily. For example, astronauts can move equipment weighing hundreds of pounds with their fingertips. Gravity causes every object to pull every other object toward it. Gravity is what holds the moon in orbit around Earth. Gravity causes Earth to orbit the sun. It keeps the sun in place in the Milky Way galaxy. Gravity, however, does become weaker with distance. It is possible for a spacecraft to go far enough from Earth that a person inside would feel very little gravity. But this is not why things float on a spacecraft in orbit. The International Space Station orbits Earth at an altitude between 200 and 250 miles. At that altitude, Earth’s gravity is about 90 percent of what it is on the planet’s surface. In other words, if a person who weighed 100 pounds on Earth’s surface could climb a ladder all the way to the space station, that person would weigh 90 pounds at the top of the ladder.

NASA studies microgravity to learn what happens to people and equipment in space. Microgravity affects the human body in several ways. For example, muscles and bones can become weaker without gravity making them work as hard. Astronauts who live on the space station spend months in microgravity. Astronauts who travel to Mars also would spend months in microgravity traveling to and from the Red Planet. NASA must learn about the effects of microgravity to keep astronauts safe and healthy. In addition, many things seem to act differently in microgravity. Fire burns differently. Without the pull of gravity, flames are more round. Crystals grow better. Without gravity, their shapes are more perfect.

SUPERNOVA

A supernova is the explosion of a star. It is the largest explosion that takes place in space. Supernovas are often seen in other galaxies. But supernovas are difficult to see in our own Milky Way galaxy because dust blocks our view. A supernova happens where there is a change in the core, or center, of a star. A change can occur in two different ways, with both resulting in a supernova.

The first type of supernova happens in binary star systems. Binary stars are two stars that orbit the same point. One of the stars, a carbon-oxygen white dwarf, steals matter from its companion star. Eventually, the white dwarf accumulates too much matter. Having too much matter causes the star to explode, resulting in a supernova.

The second type of supernova occurs at the end of a single star’s lifetime. As the star runs out of nuclear fuel, some of its mass flows into its core. Eventually, the core is so heavy that it cannot withstand its own gravitational force. The core collapses, which results in the giant explosion of a supernova. The sun is a single star, but it does not have enough mass to become a supernova.

In 1604, Johannes Kepler discovered the last observed supernova in the Milky Way. NASA’s Chandra telescope discovered the remains of a more recent supernova. It exploded in the Milky Way more than a hundred years ago.In 2008 & 2011 supernova were found.

BINARY STAR

A binary star is a star system consisting of two stars orbiting around the center of mass. It is also known as multiple star, double star and can also mean optical double star. Optical doubles are so called because the two stars appear close together in the sky as seen from the Earth; they are almost on the same line of sight. Nevertheless, their “doubleness” depends only on this optical effect; the stars themselves are distant from one another and share no physical connection. Since the invention of the telescope, many pairs of double stars have been found. Early examples include Mizar in the Big Dipper (Ursa Major), was observed to be double by Giovanni Battista Riccioli in 1650 and probably earlier by Benedetto Castelli and Galillo. The bright southern star Acrux, in the Southern Cross, was discovered to be double by Father Fontenay in 1685.

A visual binary star is a binary star for which the angular separation between the two components is great enough to permit them to be observed as a double star in a telescope, or even high-powered binoculars. Antares (Alpha Scorpii) is a red supergiant star in a binary system with a hotter blue main-sequence star Antares B. Antares B can therefore be termed a hot companion of the cool supergiant.

PROTOSTAR

A protostar is a very young star that is still gathering mass from its parent molecular cloud. The protostellar phase is the earliest one in the process of stellar evolution. For a low mass star, it lasts about 500,000 years. The phase begins when a molecular cloud fragment first collapses under the force of self-gravity and an opaque, pressure supported core forms inside the collapsing fragment. It ends when the infalling gas is reduced, leaving a pre-main-sequence star, which contracts to later become a main-sequence star at the onset of hydrogen fusion.

WHITE HOLE

A white hole is a hypothetical region of spacetime and singularity which cannot be entered from the outside, although energy-matter and light can escape from it. White hole is the reverse of a black hole, which can be entered only from the outside and from which energy-matter and light cannot escape. White holes appear in the theory of eternal black holes.

Like black holes, white holes have properties like mass, charge, and angular momentum. They attract matter like any other mass, but objects falling towards a white hole would never actually reach the white hole’s event horizon, though in the case of the maximally extended Schwarzschild solution, discussed below, the white hole event horizon in the past becomes a black hole event horizon in the future, so any object falling towards it will eventually reach the black hole horizon.

WHITE DWARFS

White dwarfs are thought to be the final evolutionary state of stars whose mass is not high enough to become a neutron star, that of about 10 solar masses. This includes over 97% of the other stars in the Milky Way. After the hydrogen-fusing period of a main-sequence star of low or medium mass ends, such a star will expand to a red giant during which it fuses helium to carbon and oxygen in its core by the triple-alpha process. If a red giant has insufficient mass to generate the core temperatures required to fuse carbon, an inert mass of carbon and oxygen will build up at its center. After such a star sheds its outer layers and forms a planetary nebula, it will leave behind a core, which is the remnant white dwarf. Usually, white dwarfs are composed of carbon and oxygen. If the mass of the progenitor is between 8 and 10.5 solar masses (M☉), the core temperature will be sufficient to fuse carbon but not neon, in which case an oxygen–neon–magnesium white dwarf may form. Stars of very low mass will not be able to fuse helium, hence, a helium white dwarf may form by mass loss in binary systems.

The material in a white dwarf no longer undergoes fusion reactions, so the star has no source of energy. As a result, it cannot support itself by the heat generated by fusion against gravitational collapse, but is supported only by electron degeneracy pressure, causing it to be extremely dense. A white dwarf is very hot when it forms, but because it has no source of energy, it will gradually cool as it radiates its energy.

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Once formed, they no longer actively generate heat, and cool over time; however, they may still evolve further through collision or accretion. Neutron stars that can be observed are very hot and typically have a surface temperature of around 600000 K. They are so dense that a normal-sized matchbox containing neutron-star material would have a weight of approximately 3 billion tonnes, the same weight as a 0.5 cubic kilometre chunk of the Earth (a cube with edges of about 800 metres) from Earth’s surface. Their magnetic fields are between 108 and 1015 (100 million to 1 quadrillion) times stronger than Earth’s magnetic field. The gravitational field at the neutron star’s surface is about 2×1011 (200 billion) times that of Earth’s gravitational field.  

As the star’s core collapses, its rotation rate increases as a result of conservation of angular momentum, hence newly formed neutron stars rotate at up to several hundred times per second. Some neutron stars emit beams of electromagnetic radiation that make them detectable as pulsars. Indeed, the discovery of pulsars by Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish in 1967 was the first observational suggestion that neutron stars exist. The radiation from pulsars is thought to be primarily emitted from regions near their magnetic poles. If the magnetic poles do not coincide with the rotational axis of the neutron star, the emission beam will sweep the sky, and when seen from a distance, if the observer is somewhere in the path of the beam, it will appear as pulses of radiation coming from a fixed point in space (the so-called “lighthouse effect”). The fastest-spinning neutron star known is PSR J1748-2446ad, rotating at a rate of 716 times a second or 43,000 revolutions per minute, giving a linear speed at the surface on the order of 0.24 c (i.e. nearly a quarter the speed of light).

There are thought to be around 100 million neutron stars in the Milky Way, Some are slow-rotating and non-accreting neutron stars are almost undetectable.

The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter between 150,000 and 200,000 light-years (ly) It is estimated to contain 100–400 billion stars and more than 100 billion planets. The Solar System is located at a radius of about 27,000 light-years from the Galactic Center. The oldest stars in the Milky Way are nearly as old as the Universe itself and thus probably formed shortly after the Dark Ages of the Big Bang.

The Milky Way has several satellite galaxies and is part of the Local Group of galaxies, which form part of the Virgo Supercluster, which is itself a component of the Laniakea Supercluster.  The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness. Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light, such as light pollution or moonlight. The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be visible.

In Greek mythology, the Milky Way was formed after the trickster god Hermes suckled the infant Heracles at the breast of Hera, the queen of the gods, while she was asleep. When Hera awoke, she tore Heracles away from her breast and splattered her breast milk across the heaven. In another version of the story, Athena, the patron goddess of heroes, tricked Hera into suckling Heracles voluntarily, but he bit her nipple so hard that she flung him away, spraying milk everywhere.

Primordial black holes are thought to have formed in the early universe, soon after the big

Stellar black holes form when the center of a very massive star collapses in upon itself. This collapse also causes a supernova, or an exploding star, that blasts part of the star into space.

When an object falls into a black hole, any information about the shape of the object or distribution of charge on it is evenly distributed along the horizon of the black hole, and is lost to outside observers.To a distant observer, clocks near a black hole would appear to tick more slowly than those further away from the black hole. Due to this effect, known as gravitational time dilation, an object falling into a black hole appears to slow as it approaches the event horizon, taking an infinite time to reach it. At the same time, all processes on this object slow down, from the viewpoint of a fixed outside observer, causing any light emitted by the object to appear redder and dimmer, an effect known as gravitational redshift. Eventually, the falling object fades away until it can no longer be seen. Typically this process happens very rapidly with an object disappearing from view within less than a second.

A black hole works like a vacuum cleaner which grabs in every object that goes towards it. Once a black hole has formed, it can continue to grow by absorbing additional matter. Any black hole will continually absorb gas and interstellar dust from its surroundings. This is the primary process through which supermassive black holes seem to have grown. A similar process has been suggested for the formation of intermediate-mass black holes found in globular clusters. Black holes can also merge with other objects such as stars or even other black holes.  This is thought to have been important, especially in the early growth of supermassive black holes, which could have formed from the aggregation of many smaller objects. The process has also been proposed as the origin of some intermediate-mass black holes.

The gravitational collapse of heavy stars is assumed to be responsible for the formation of stellar mass black holes. Star formation in the early universe may have resulted in very massive stars, which upon their collapse would have produced black holes of up to 103 M☉. These black holes could be the seeds of the supermassive black holes found in the centers of most galaxies. It has further been suggested that supermassive black holes with typical masses of ~105 M☉ could have formed from the direct collapse of gas clouds in the young universe. Some candidates for such objects have been found in observations of the young universe.

John Michell used the term “dark star”, and in the early 20th century, physicists used the term “gravitationally collapsed object”. Science writer Marcia Bartusiak traces the term “black hole” to physicist Robert H. Dicke, who in the early 1960s reportedly compared the phenomenon to the Black Hole of Calcutta, notorious as a prison where people entered but never left alive.

Rayford Trae Young is an American professional basketball player. He was born September 19, 1998 to Candice and Rayford Young who was also a basketball player. He did not play basketball in his freshman year at Norman North, he ended up playing for the team in his sophomore year. Where he helped Norman North win the 2015 area championship and was named Oklahoma’s Sophomore of the Year. He was also named Oklahoma’s Player of the Year by multiple sources.Young was considered one of the best players in the 2017 recruiting class by Scout.com, Rivals.com and ESPN. ESPN considered him the second-best point guard. He was the University of Oklahoma’s first five-star recruit since Tiny Gallon in 2010. Young’s game has been primarily influenced by Steve Nash and Stephen Curry, as they were his favorite players of the game. His shooting ability has been compared to Curry’s college years at Davidson College and his passing ability has been strongly influenced by Nash. 

On December 19, 2017, with 22 assists he tied the NCAA single-game record, shared by Syracuse’s Sherman Douglas (1989), Southern’s Avery Johnson (1988) and Charleston Southern’s Tony Fairley (1987). On March 7, 2018, Young was announced as the winner of the Wayman Tisdale Award for National Freshman of the Year by the United States Basketball Writers Association (USBWA). At the end of the regular season for Oklahoma, Young was also named the Big 12’s Freshman of the Year and was a member of the All-Big 12’s First Team. By the end of his only college season, Young would be the first and only player to ever lead the NCAA in both points and assists in a single season. He was drafted by the Dallas Mavericks in the 2018 NBA draft with the fifth pick, but was later traded to the Atlanta Hawks, along with a future first-round pick, for the draft rights to Luka Donić. He would join Dončić in a unanimous selection to the 2019 NBA All-Rookie First Team. He plays for the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was a member of the U.S. men’s national U18 team that won a gold medal at the 2016 FIBA Americas Under-18 Championship. 

Young standing at 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) and weighing 180 pounds (82 kg), primarily plays the point guard position. Young is considered to be of average height and weight for a point guard.Young followed the footsteps of Donovan Mitchell by being featured in the second season of the Young Hollywood original docu-series “Rookie on the Rise”. The series follows Young on his race for the Rookie Of The Year.

is an American professional basketball player. He was born September 19, 1998 to Candice and Rayford Young who was also a basketball player. He did not play basketball in his freshman year at Norman North, he ended up playing for the team in his sophomore year. Where he helped Norman North win the 2015 area championship and was named Oklahoma’s Sophomore of the Year. He was also named Oklahoma’s Player of the Year by multiple sources.Young was considered one of the best players in the 2017 recruiting class by Scout.com, Rivals.com and ESPN. ESPN considered him the second-best point guard. He was the University of Oklahoma’s first five-star recruit since Tiny Gallon in 2010. Young’s game has been primarily influenced by Steve Nash and Stephen Curry, as they were his favorite players of the game. His shooting ability has been compared to Curry’s college years at Davidson College and his passing ability has been strongly influenced by Nash. 

On December 19, 2017, with 22 assists he tied the NCAA single-game record, shared by Syracuse’s Sherman Douglas (1989), Southern’s Avery Johnson (1988) and Charleston Southern’s Tony Fairley (1987). On March 7, 2018, Young was announced as the winner of the Wayman Tisdale Award for National Freshman of the Year by the United States Basketball Writers Association (USBWA). At the end of the regular season for Oklahoma, Young was also named the Big 12’s Freshman of the Year and was a member of the All-Big 12’s First Team. By the end of his only college season, Young would be the first and only player to ever lead the NCAA in both points and assists in a single season. He was drafted by the Dallas Mavericks in the 2018 NBA draft with the fifth pick, but was later traded to the Atlanta Hawks, along with a future first-round pick, for the draft rights to Luka Donić. He would join Dončić in a unanimous selection to the 2019 NBA All-Rookie First Team. He plays for the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was a member of the U.S. men’s national U18 team that won a gold medal at the 2016 FIBA Americas Under-18 Championship. 

Young standing at 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) and weighing 180 pounds (82 kg), primarily plays the point guard position. Young is considered to be of average height and weight for a point guard.Young followed the footsteps of Donovan Mitchell by being featured in the second season of the Young Hollywood original docu-series “Rookie on the Rise”. The series follows Young on his race for the Rookie Of The Year.

Flack was reported to be dating Prince Harry, but it ended quickly after the media reported on the relationship, according to her autobiography. Flack’s autobiography, Storm in a C Cup, was published in 2015. Flack also had a brief relationship with One Direction member Harry Styles in 2009, Music manager Jack Street in 2014, and reality TV star Andrew Brady in 2018. 

Flack left Love Island in December 2019, after being arrested for allegedly assaulting her boyfriend. On 15 February 2020, three weeks before the trial was to begin, Flack took her own life. Flack was found dead in her East London flat on 15 February 2020. A lawyer for her family confirmed that she had taken her own life. A Love Island highlights episode, due to be shown on ITV2 on the day of her death, was cancelled out of respect.Tributes were paid to her from fans, former Love Island contestants and celebrities.

Flack’s management criticised the Crown Prosecution Service for pressing ahead with her “show trial” even after her boyfriend said he did not support it. Flack had been due to present a reality series about cosmetic surgery called ‘The Surjury” on Channel 4, but it was cancelled following her death in February 2020

Yvette Marie Stevens / Chaka Khan

Chaka and boyfriend Hassan Khan married in 1970. Her career has spanned nearly five decades, beginning in the 1970s as the lead vocalist of the funk band Rufus. Khan received public attention for her vocals and image. Known as the “Queen of Funk”,Khan was the first R&B artist to have a crossover hit featuring a rapper, with “I Feel for You” in 1984. In 1998, Khan signed a contract with Prince’s NPG Records label and issued Come 2 My House, followed by the single “Don’t Talk 2 Strangers”, a cover of a 1996 Prince song. She later went on a tour with Prince as a co-headlining act. In 2000, Khan departed NPG and she released her autobiography Chaka! Through The Fire in 2003. 

Khan has been married twice and is the mother of two, daughter Indira Milini and son Damien Holland. Her first marriage was to Hassan Khan, in 1970, when she was 17, which ended in divorce a short time later. Khan married her second husband, Richard Holland, in 1976. The marriage reportedly caused a rift between Khan and several members of Rufus, in particular, Andre Fischer. Holland wanted her to tone down her sexy stage image, but she refused. He filed for divorce in 1980, citing “irreconcilable differences.”

Khan has won ten Grammy Awards and has sold an estimated 70 million records worldwide. In the course of her solo career, Khan has achieved three gold singles, three gold albums and one platinum album with I Feel for You. With Rufus, she achieved four gold singles, four gold albums, and two platinum albums. She has collaborated with Ry Cooder, Robert Palmer, Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Guru, Chicago, De la Soul, Mary J. Blige, among others. In December 2016, Billboard magazine ranked her as the 65th most successful dance artist of all time.She was ranked at number 17 in VH1’s original list of the 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll.She has been nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice; she was first nominated as member of Rufus in 2011