<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr">
    <head>
        <meta charset="utf-8" />
        <meta name="norton-safeweb-site-verification" content="24usqpep0ejc5w6hod3dulxwciwp0djs6c6ufp96av3t4whuxovj72wfkdjxu82yacb7430qjm8adbd5ezlt4592dq4zrvadcn9j9n-0btgdzpiojfzno16-fnsnu7xd" />
        
        <link rel="preconnect" href="https://substackcdn.com" />
        

        
            <title data-rh="true">The Wristwatch Review | WristwatchReview | Substack</title>
            
            <meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="article"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="The Wristwatch Review | WristwatchReview | Substack"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:title" content="The Wristwatch Review | WristwatchReview | Substack"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="Welcome to the Wristwatch Review, the longest-running site on the Internet for lovers of mechanical, quartz, and digital wristwatches. Click to read The Wristwatch Review, a Substack publication with tens of thousands of subscribers."/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="Welcome to the Wristwatch Review, the longest-running site on the Internet for lovers of mechanical, quartz, and digital wristwatches. Click to read The Wristwatch Review, a Substack publication with tens of thousands of subscribers."/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:description" content="Welcome to the Wristwatch Review, the longest-running site on the Internet for lovers of mechanical, quartz, and digital wristwatches. Click to read The Wristwatch Review, a Substack publication with tens of thousands of subscribers."/><meta data-rh="true" name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vio8!,f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fwristwatch.substack.com%2Ftwitter%2Fsubscribe-card.jpg%3Fv%3D-981636248%26version%3D9"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image" content="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vio8!,f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fwristwatch.substack.com%2Ftwitter%2Fsubscribe-card.jpg%3Fv%3D-981636248%26version%3D9"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/>
            
            
        

        

        <style>
          @layer legacy, tailwind, pencraftReset, pencraft;
        </style>

        
        <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/welcome.9b8fb0293b0e9d2860f4.css" />
        
        
        
        <link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwr7I_FMl_E.woff2" crossorigin />
        

        
            
                <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/60278.a1caea12.css" />
            
                <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/26613.481cd3fc.css" />
            
                <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/92854.e847d0fe.css" />
            
                <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/69928.65e084c6.css" />
            
                <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/44689.86639e27.css" />
            
                <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/62934.7340bd6e.css" />
            
                <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/30138.638900be.css" />
            
                <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/19178.453f087b.css" />
            
                <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/65791.f9cd61cd.css" />
            
                <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/24943.3df169b0.css" />
            
                <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/21028.a8a2ef74.css" />
            
                <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/94891.fab74191.css" />
            
                <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/72290.316c9bf7.css" />
            
                <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/92854.e847d0fe.css" />
            
                <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/44071.813be60f.css" />
            
        

        
        
        
        
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=0, viewport-fit=cover" />
        <meta name="author" content="WristwatchReview" />
        <meta property="og:url" content="https://wristwatchreview.com/" />
        
        
        <link rel="canonical" href="https://wristwatchreview.com/" />
        

        

        

        

        
            
                <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://substackcdn.com/icons/substack/favicon.ico" sizes="32x32">
            
        
            
                <link rel="icon" href="https://substackcdn.com/icons/substack/icon.svg" type="image/svg+xml">
            
        
            
                <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://substackcdn.com/icons/substack/apple-touch-icon.png">
            
        
            
        
            
        
            
        

        

        
            <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="/feed" title="The Wristwatch Review"/>
        

        
        
          <style>
            @font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCt-xNNww_2s0amA9M8on7mTNmnUHowCw.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0301,U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCt-xNNww_2s0amA9M8onXmTNmnUHowCw.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCt-xNNww_2s0amA9M8onTmTNmnUHowCw.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-02AF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCt-xNNww_2s0amA9M8onrmTNmnUHo.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCr-xNNww_2s0amA9M9knjsS_ulYHs.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0301,U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCr-xNNww_2s0amA9M2knjsS_ulYHs.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCr-xNNww_2s0amA9M3knjsS_ulYHs.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-02AF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCr-xNNww_2s0amA9M5knjsS_ul.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCs-xNNww_2s0amA9vmtm3FafaPWnIIMrY.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0301,U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCs-xNNww_2s0amA9vmtm3OafaPWnIIMrY.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCs-xNNww_2s0amA9vmtm3PafaPWnIIMrY.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-02AF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCs-xNNww_2s0amA9vmtm3BafaPWnII.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}
            @font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QI8MX1D_JOuMw_hLdO6T2wV9KnW-MoFoqJ2nPWc3ZyhTjcV.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0460-052F,U+1C80-1C8A,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QI8MX1D_JOuMw_hLdO6T2wV9KnW-MoFoqt2nPWc3ZyhTjcV.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0301,U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QI8MX1D_JOuMw_hLdO6T2wV9KnW-MoFoqB2nPWc3ZyhTjcV.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QI8MX1D_JOuMw_hLdO6T2wV9KnW-MoFoqF2nPWc3ZyhTjcV.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QI8MX1D_JOuMw_hLdO6T2wV9KnW-MoFoq92nPWc3ZyhTg.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwf7I_FMl_GW8g.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0460-052F,U+1C80-1C8A,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMw77I_FMl_GW8g.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0301,U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwX7I_FMl_GW8g.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwT7I_FMl_GW8g.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwr7I_FMl_E.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwf7I_FMl_GW8g.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0460-052F,U+1C80-1C8A,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMw77I_FMl_GW8g.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0301,U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwX7I_FMl_GW8g.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwT7I_FMl_GW8g.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwr7I_FMl_E.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwf7I_FMl_GW8g.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0460-052F,U+1C80-1C8A,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMw77I_FMl_GW8g.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0301,U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwX7I_FMl_GW8g.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwT7I_FMl_GW8g.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwr7I_FMl_E.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwf7I_FMl_GW8g.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0460-052F,U+1C80-1C8A,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMw77I_FMl_GW8g.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0301,U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwX7I_FMl_GW8g.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwT7I_FMl_GW8g.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:'Lora';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v37/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwr7I_FMl_E.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}
          </style>
        
        
        
        

        <style>:root{--color_theme_bg_pop:#5365d0;--background_pop:#5365d0;--cover_bg_color:#FFFFFF;--cover_bg_color_secondary:#f0f0f0;--background_pop_darken:#3f53cb;--print_on_pop:#ffffff;--color_theme_bg_pop_darken:#3f53cb;--color_theme_print_on_pop:#ffffff;--color_theme_bg_pop_20:rgba(83, 101, 208, 0.2);--color_theme_bg_pop_30:rgba(83, 101, 208, 0.3);--print_pop:#5365d0;--color_theme_accent:#5365d0;--cover_print_primary:#363737;--cover_print_secondary:#757575;--cover_print_tertiary:#b6b6b6;--cover_border_color:#5365d0;--font_family_headings_preset:Lora,sans-serif;--font_weight_headings_preset:600;--font_preset_heading:fancy_serif;--home_hero:magazine-5;--home_posts:list;--home_show_top_posts:true;--web_bg_color:#ffffff;--background_contrast_1:#f0f0f0;--background_contrast_2:#dddddd;--background_contrast_3:#b7b7b7;--background_contrast_4:#929292;--background_contrast_5:#515151;--color_theme_bg_contrast_1:#f0f0f0;--color_theme_bg_contrast_2:#dddddd;--color_theme_bg_contrast_3:#b7b7b7;--color_theme_bg_contrast_4:#929292;--color_theme_bg_contrast_5:#515151;--color_theme_bg_elevated:#ffffff;--color_theme_bg_elevated_secondary:#f0f0f0;--color_theme_bg_elevated_tertiary:#dddddd;--color_theme_detail:#e6e6e6;--background_contrast_pop:rgba(83, 101, 208, 0.4);--color_theme_bg_contrast_pop:rgba(83, 101, 208, 0.4);--theme_bg_is_dark:0;--print_on_web_bg_color:#363737;--print_secondary_on_web_bg_color:#868787;--background_pop_rgb:83, 101, 208;--color_theme_bg_pop_rgb:83, 101, 208;--color_theme_accent_rgb:83, 101, 208;}</style>

        
            <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/welcome.9b8fb0293b0e9d2860f4.css" />
        

        <style></style>

        

        

        

        
            <script async="true" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-0PFYXKDWCY&l=GA4DataLayer" >
            </script>
        
    </head>

    <body class="">
        

        
            <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GT-MK57J7Q6" height="0"
                              width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
        

        <div id="entry">
            <div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset coverTheme-PJLqY5"><div class="intro-popup"><div class="intro-popup-page"><div class="full-email-form"><div class="vertically-centered"><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Close" data-testid="close-welcome-modal" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft closeWelcomeModal-KVUfKQ iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_md-gCDS3o priority_tertiary-rlke8z"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-x"><path d="M18 6 6 18"></path><path d="m6 6 12 12"></path></svg></button><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5x4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd058cd57-11ca-453a-8fdb-6501d8a74694_1280x853.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5x4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd058cd57-11ca-453a-8fdb-6501d8a74694_1280x853.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5x4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd058cd57-11ca-453a-8fdb-6501d8a74694_1280x853.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5x4!,w_1360,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd058cd57-11ca-453a-8fdb-6501d8a74694_1280x853.png 1360w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5x4!,w_1360,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd058cd57-11ca-453a-8fdb-6501d8a74694_1280x853.png" sizes="100vw" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5x4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd058cd57-11ca-453a-8fdb-6501d8a74694_1280x853.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5x4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd058cd57-11ca-453a-8fdb-6501d8a74694_1280x853.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5x4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd058cd57-11ca-453a-8fdb-6501d8a74694_1280x853.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5x4!,w_1360,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd058cd57-11ca-453a-8fdb-6501d8a74694_1280x853.png 1360w" width="1360" loading="eager" style="height:min(35vh, 453.15625px);" class="img-OACg1c publication-cover-photo pencraft pc-reset"/></picture><h1 class="publication-name with-cover balancedText-oQ__Kv">The Wristwatch Review</h1><p class="publication-tagline with-cover verbose with-cover balancedText-oQ__Kv">Welcome to the Wristwatch Review, the longest-running site on the Internet for lovers of mechanical, quartz, and digital wristwatches.</p><div class="publication-meta">Over 10,000 subscribers</div><div style="width:100%;" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-center pc-reset"><div style="width:100%;max-width:380px;" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-4 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset emailFormContainer-TcAFa_"><div class="container-IpPqBD"><form action="/api/v1/free?nojs=true" method="post" novalidate class="form form-M5sC90"><input type="hidden" name="first_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="current_url"/><input type="hidden" name="current_referrer"/><input type="hidden" name="first_session_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_session_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="referral_code"/><input type="hidden" name="source" value="cover_page"/><input type="hidden" name="referring_pub_id"/><input type="hidden" name="additional_referring_pub_ids"/><div class="sideBySideWrap-vGXrwP"><div class="emailInputWrapper-QlA86j"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-minWidth-0 pc-position-relative pc-reset flex-auto-j3S2WA"><input name="email" placeholder="Type your email..." type="email" class="pencraft emailInput-OkIMeB emailInputOnWelcomePage-nqc9VK input-y4v6N4 inputText-pV_yWb"/></div></div><button tabindex="0" type="submit" disabled class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft rightButton primary subscribe-btn button-VFSdkv buttonBase-GK1x3M"><span class="button-text ">Subscribe</span></button></div><div id="error-container"></div></form></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-paddingLeft-0 pc-mobile-paddingLeft-16 pc-paddingRight-0 pc-mobile-paddingRight-16 pc-paddingTop-16 pc-reset tosText-yAQHNw"><div class="visibility-check"></div><label class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-12 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset tosCheckbox-XbLWCT"><div translated class="pencraft pc-reset color-secondary-ls1g8s align-center-y7ZD4w line-height-20-t4M0El font-text-qe4AeH size-13-hZTUKr weight-regular-mUq6Gb reset-IxiVJZ">By subscribing, you agree Substack's <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="https://substack.com/tos" target="_blank" class="pencraft pc-reset reset-IxiVJZ">Terms of Use</a>, and acknowledge its <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="https://substack.com/ccpa#personal-data-collected" target="_blank" class="pencraft pc-reset reset-IxiVJZ">Information Collection Notice</a> and <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="https://substack.com/privacy" target="_blank" class="pencraft pc-reset reset-IxiVJZ">Privacy Policy</a>.</div></label></div></div></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" data-testid="maybeLater" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft maybeLater-PlK9NK buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonText-X0uSmG buttonStyle-r7yGCK priority_quaternary-kpMibu size_md-gCDS3o">No thanks<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-chevron-right"><path d="m9 18 6-6-6-6"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></div></div>
        </div>

        
            <script src="https://js.sentry-cdn.com/6c2ff3e3828e4017b7faf7b63e24cdf8.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
            <script>
                window.Sentry && window.Sentry.onLoad(function() {
                    window.Sentry.init({
                        environment: window._preloads.sentry_environment,
                        dsn: window._preloads.sentry_dsn,
                    })
                })
            </script>
        


        
        
        
        
        <script>window._preloads        = JSON.parse("{\"isEU\":false,\"language\":\"en\",\"country\":\"US\",\"leaderboardCountries\":[\"ES\",\"FR\",\"GB\",\"IT\",\"NL\"],\"enabledLeaderboardCountries\":[\"ES\",\"FR\",\"GB\",\"IT\",\"NL\"],\"userLocale\":{\"language\":\"en\",\"region\":\"US\",\"source\":\"default\"},\"base_url\":\"https://wristwatchreview.com\",\"stripe_publishable_key\":\"pk_live_51QfnARLDSWi1i85FBpvw6YxfQHljOpWXw8IKi5qFWEzvW8HvoD8cqTulR9UWguYbYweLvA16P7LN6WZsGdZKrNkE00uGbFaOE3\",\"captcha_site_key\":\"6LeI15YsAAAAAPXyDcvuVqipba_jEFQCjz1PFQoz\",\"pub\":{\"apple_pay_disabled\":false,\"apex_domain\":null,\"author_id\":176540212,\"byline_images_enabled\":true,\"bylines_enabled\":true,\"chartable_token\":null,\"community_enabled\":true,\"copyright\":\"Cabal Partners LLC\",\"cover_photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d058cd57-11ca-453a-8fdb-6501d8a74694_1280x853.png\",\"created_at\":\"2023-10-20T12:15:30.574Z\",\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"custom_domain\":\"wristwatchreview.com\",\"default_comment_sort\":\"best_first\",\"default_coupon\":null,\"default_group_coupon\":null,\"default_show_guest_bios\":true,\"email_banner_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ba90306f-6b18-4858-8fc2-1010941cff44_1100x220.png\",\"email_from_name\":\"WristwatchReview\",\"email_from\":null,\"embed_tracking_disabled\":false,\"explicit\":false,\"expose_paywall_content_to_search_engines\":true,\"fb_pixel_id\":null,\"fb_site_verification_token\":null,\"flagged_as_spam\":false,\"founding_subscription_benefits\":[\"A Signed Copy of Marie Antoinette's Watch by John Biggs\"],\"free_subscription_benefits\":[\"Occasional public posts\"],\"ga_pixel_id\":null,\"google_site_verification_token\":null,\"google_tag_manager_token\":\"GT-MK57J7Q6\",\"hero_image\":null,\"hero_text\":\"Welcome to the Wristwatch Review, the longest-running site on the Internet for lovers of mechanical, quartz, and digital wristwatches.\",\"hide_intro_subtitle\":null,\"hide_intro_title\":null,\"hide_podcast_feed_link\":false,\"homepage_type\":\"magaziney\",\"id\":2045549,\"image_thumbnails_always_enabled\":false,\"invite_only\":false,\"hide_podcast_from_pub_listings\":false,\"language\":\"en\",\"logo_url_wide\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hSsE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c5df0eb-25a7-48e9-92a0-42cef09118a9_1600x400.png\",\"logo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5TRJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa44b7ce5-2e83-4bf7-ac7f-5605e2c898c7_243x243.jpeg\",\"minimum_group_size\":2,\"moderation_enabled\":true,\"name\":\"The Wristwatch Review\",\"paid_subscription_benefits\":[\"Subscriber-only posts and full archive\",\"Post comments and join the community\"],\"parsely_pixel_id\":null,\"chartbeat_domain\":null,\"payments_state\":\"enabled\",\"paywall_free_trial_enabled\":true,\"podcast_art_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b6ac63ee-2c6c-42a0-a9fb-6b3ecced14a7_3000x3000.jpeg\",\"paid_podcast_episode_art_url\":null,\"podcast_byline\":null,\"podcast_description\":\"\",\"podcast_enabled\":true,\"podcast_feed_url\":null,\"podcast_title\":\"The HourTime Show\",\"post_preview_limit\":null,\"primary_user_id\":176540212,\"require_clickthrough\":false,\"show_pub_podcast_tab\":false,\"show_recs_on_homepage\":true,\"subdomain\":\"wristwatch\",\"subscriber_invites\":0,\"support_email\":null,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#FF81CD\",\"theme_var_color_links\":false,\"theme_var_cover_bg_color\":null,\"trial_end_override\":null,\"twitter_pixel_id\":null,\"type\":\"newsletter\",\"post_reaction_faces_enabled\":true,\"is_personal_mode\":false,\"plans\":[{\"id\":\"monthly5usd\",\"object\":\"plan\",\"active\":true,\"aggregate_usage\":null,\"amount\":500,\"amount_decimal\":\"500\",\"billing_scheme\":\"per_unit\",\"created\":1750345416,\"currency\":\"usd\",\"interval\":\"month\",\"interval_count\":1,\"livemode\":true,\"metadata\":{\"substack\":\"yes\"},\"meter\":null,\"nickname\":\"$5 a month\",\"product\":\"prod_SWnbT2R908sPWj\",\"tiers_mode\":null,\"transform_usage\":null,\"trial_period_days\":null,\"usage_type\":\"licensed\",\"currency_options\":{\"aud\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":800,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"800\"},\"brl\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":2600,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"2600\"},\"cad\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":800,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"800\"},\"chf\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"500\"},\"dkk\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":3300,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"3300\"},\"eur\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"500\"},\"gbp\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":400,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"400\"},\"mxn\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":9000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"9000\"},\"nok\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":5000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"5000\"},\"nzd\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":900,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"900\"},\"pln\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":1900,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"1900\"},\"sek\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":4900,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"4900\"},\"usd\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"500\"}}},{\"id\":\"yearly50usd\",\"object\":\"plan\",\"active\":true,\"aggregate_usage\":null,\"amount\":5000,\"amount_decimal\":\"5000\",\"billing_scheme\":\"per_unit\",\"created\":1750345417,\"currency\":\"usd\",\"interval\":\"year\",\"interval_count\":1,\"livemode\":true,\"metadata\":{\"substack\":\"yes\"},\"meter\":null,\"nickname\":\"$50 a year\",\"product\":\"prod_SWnbsLVVxDrFdc\",\"tiers_mode\":null,\"transform_usage\":null,\"trial_period_days\":null,\"usage_type\":\"licensed\",\"currency_options\":{\"aud\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":7500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"7500\"},\"brl\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":26000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"26000\"},\"cad\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":7500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"7500\"},\"chf\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":4100,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"4100\"},\"dkk\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":33000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"33000\"},\"eur\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":4400,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"4400\"},\"gbp\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":3800,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"3800\"},\"mxn\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":87500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"87500\"},\"nok\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":49500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"49500\"},\"nzd\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":9000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"9000\"},\"pln\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":19000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"19000\"},\"sek\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":48500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"48500\"},\"usd\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":5000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"5000\"}}},{\"id\":\"founding15000usd\",\"name\":\"founding15000usd\",\"nickname\":\"founding15000usd\",\"active\":true,\"amount\":15000,\"currency\":\"usd\",\"interval\":\"year\",\"interval_count\":1,\"metadata\":{\"substack\":\"yes\",\"founding\":\"yes\",\"no_coupons\":\"yes\",\"short_description\":\"Founding Member\",\"short_description_english\":\"Founding Member\",\"minimum\":\"5000\",\"minimum_local\":{\"aud\":7500,\"brl\":26000,\"cad\":7500,\"chf\":4100,\"dkk\":33000,\"eur\":4400,\"gbp\":3800,\"mxn\":87000,\"nok\":49000,\"nzd\":9000,\"pln\":19000,\"sek\":48500,\"usd\":5000}},\"currency_options\":{\"aud\":{\"unit_amount\":22000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"brl\":{\"unit_amount\":77500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"cad\":{\"unit_amount\":21500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"chf\":{\"unit_amount\":12500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"dkk\":{\"unit_amount\":98000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"eur\":{\"unit_amount\":13500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"gbp\":{\"unit_amount\":11500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"mxn\":{\"unit_amount\":261000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"nok\":{\"unit_amount\":147000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"nzd\":{\"unit_amount\":26500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"pln\":{\"unit_amount\":56500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"sek\":{\"unit_amount\":144500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"usd\":{\"unit_amount\":15000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"}}}],\"stripe_user_id\":\"acct_1Rbjv8EzB3WMeLhn\",\"stripe_country\":\"US\",\"stripe_publishable_key\":\"pk_live_51Rbjv8EzB3WMeLhnUmevnzDq9CuoizoE4Uay5UaVKJUkoMf0RmsAUjAAEt1g21XvLIyqfo1qvepqkyFwz1IvYcw900cTNC8rL4\",\"stripe_platform_account\":\"US\",\"automatic_tax_enabled\":false,\"author_name\":\"WristwatchReview\",\"author_handle\":\"wristwatchreview\",\"author_photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5TRJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa44b7ce5-2e83-4bf7-ac7f-5605e2c898c7_243x243.jpeg\",\"author_bio\":\"This is the newsletter for WristWatchReview.com, the longest-running site on the Internet for lovers of mechanical, quartz, and digital wristwatches. \",\"has_custom_tos\":false,\"has_custom_privacy\":false,\"theme\":{\"background_pop_color\":\"#5365d0\",\"web_bg_color\":\"#ffffff\",\"cover_bg_color\":null,\"publication_id\":2045549,\"color_links\":null,\"font_preset_heading\":\"fancy_serif\",\"font_preset_body\":null,\"font_family_headings\":null,\"font_family_body\":null,\"font_family_ui\":null,\"font_size_body_desktop\":null,\"print_secondary\":null,\"custom_css_web\":null,\"custom_css_email\":null,\"home_hero\":\"magazine-5\",\"home_posts\":\"list\",\"home_show_top_posts\":true,\"hide_images_from_list\":false,\"home_hero_alignment\":\"left\",\"home_hero_show_podcast_links\":true,\"default_post_header_variant\":null,\"custom_header\":null,\"custom_footer\":null,\"social_media_links\":null,\"font_options\":null,\"section_template\":null,\"custom_subscribe\":null,\"design_template\":null,\"design_template_options\":null},\"threads_v2_settings\":{\"photo_replies_enabled\":true,\"first_thread_email_sent_at\":null,\"create_thread_minimum_role\":\"contributor\",\"activated_at\":null,\"reader_thread_notifications_enabled\":false,\"boost_free_subscriber_chat_preview_enabled\":true,\"push_suppression_enabled\":false},\"default_group_coupon_percent_off\":null,\"default_group_coupon_include_founding\":null,\"pause_return_date\":null,\"has_posts\":true,\"has_recommendations\":true,\"first_post_date\":\"2020-12-22T19:12:28.000Z\",\"has_podcast\":true,\"has_free_podcast\":true,\"has_subscriber_only_podcast\":false,\"has_community_content\":true,\"rankingDetail\":\"Launched 3 years ago\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Tens of thousands of subscribers\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":1,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":10000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"Over 10,000 subscribers\",\"rankingDetailByLanguage\":{\"ar\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"\u062A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 3 years ago\"},\"ca\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"S\u2019ha llan\u00E7at fa 3 anys\"},\"da\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lancering 3 \u00E5r\"},\"de\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Vor vor 3 Jahren gelauncht\"},\"es\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lanzado hace 3 a\u00F1os\"},\"fr\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lanc\u00E9 il y a 3 ann\u00E9es\"},\"ja\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"\u958B\u59CB\u65E5 3\u5E74\u524D\"},\"nb\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lansert 3 \u00E5r\"},\"nl\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Gelanceerd 3 jaar geleden\"},\"pl\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Uruchomiono 3 lat temu\"},\"pt\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lan\u00E7ado 3 anos\"},\"pt-br\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lan\u00E7ado 3 anos\"},\"en-gb\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Launched 3 years ago\"},\"it\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lanciato 3 anni\"},\"tr\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"3 y\u0131l ba\u015Flat\u0131ld\u0131\"},\"sv\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lanserad 3 \u00E5r sedan\"},\"fi\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Launched 3 vuotta\"},\"is\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Launched 3 \u00E1r\"},\"en\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Launched 3 years ago\"}},\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"10,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"10K+\",\"author_bestseller_tier\":0,\"author_badge\":{\"type\":\"subscriber\",\"tier\":1,\"accent_colors\":null},\"disable_monthly_subscriptions\":false,\"disable_annual_subscriptions\":false,\"hide_post_restacks\":false,\"notes_feed_enabled\":false,\"showIntroModule\":false,\"isPortraitLayout\":false,\"last_chat_post_at\":null,\"primary_profile_name\":\"WristwatchReview\",\"primary_profile_photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5TRJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa44b7ce5-2e83-4bf7-ac7f-5605e2c898c7_243x243.jpeg\",\"no_follow\":false,\"sponsorshipCampaigns\":{},\"paywall_chat\":\"free\",\"sections\":[],\"podcastTabInfo\":{\"hasMultiplePodcasts\":false,\"firstPodcastSectionId\":null},\"multipub_migration\":null,\"navigationBarItems\":[],\"has_active_perks\":false,\"contributors\":[{\"name\":\"WristwatchReview\",\"handle\":\"wristwatchreview\",\"role\":\"admin\",\"owner\":true,\"user_id\":176540212,\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a44b7ce5-2e83-4bf7-ac7f-5605e2c898c7_243x243.jpeg\",\"bio\":\"This is the newsletter for WristWatchReview.com, the longest-running site on the Internet for lovers of mechanical, quartz, and digital wristwatches. \",\"status\":{\"bestsellerTier\":null,\"subscriberTier\":1,\"leaderboard\":null,\"vip\":false,\"badge\":{\"type\":\"subscriber\",\"tier\":1,\"accent_colors\":null},\"subscriber\":null}},{\"name\":\"John Biggs\",\"handle\":\"johnbiggs\",\"role\":\"admin\",\"owner\":false,\"user_id\":52179,\"photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F622e9b22-1c6b-4b88-8e93-a63e88fdfc14_2550x3300.png\",\"bio\":\"John Biggs is an entrepreneur, consultant, writer, and maker. He spent fifteen years as an editor for Gizmodo, CrunchGear, and TechCrunch and has a deep background in hardware startups, 3D printing, and fintech.\\n\\n\",\"status\":{\"bestsellerTier\":null,\"subscriberTier\":5,\"leaderboard\":null,\"vip\":false,\"badge\":{\"type\":\"subscriber\",\"tier\":5,\"accent_colors\":null},\"subscriber\":null}},{\"name\":\"Patrick Kansa\",\"handle\":\"patrickkansa\",\"role\":\"admin\",\"owner\":false,\"user_id\":55837,\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1ac6d5f3-f242-4efa-9e7e-b76cf11308d1_400x400.jpeg\",\"bio\":\"A big data leader and developer by day, a watch and gadget reviewer by night.\",\"status\":{\"bestsellerTier\":null,\"subscriberTier\":1,\"leaderboard\":null,\"vip\":false,\"badge\":{\"type\":\"subscriber\",\"tier\":1,\"accent_colors\":null},\"subscriber\":null}},{\"name\":\"Vm\",\"handle\":\"vallara\",\"role\":\"admin\",\"owner\":false,\"user_id\":56869,\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/71f08d92-ca66-409c-a911-c78071201a05_682x682.jpeg\",\"bio\":null,\"status\":{\"bestsellerTier\":null,\"subscriberTier\":null,\"leaderboard\":null,\"vip\":false,\"badge\":null,\"subscriber\":null}}],\"threads_v2_enabled\":true,\"viralGiftsConfig\":{\"id\":\"1aa889a6-20dd-465a-8f7a-64545285fa68\",\"publication_id\":2045549,\"enabled\":true,\"gifts_per_user\":5,\"gift_length_months\":1,\"send_extra_gifts\":true,\"message\":\"Welcome to the Wristwatch Review, the longest-running site on the Internet for lovers of mechanical, quartz, and digital wristwatches.\",\"created_at\":\"2026-02-06T16:46:13.413038+00:00\",\"updated_at\":\"2026-02-06T16:46:13.413038+00:00\",\"days_til_invite\":14,\"send_emails\":true,\"show_link\":null},\"tier\":2,\"no_index\":false,\"can_set_google_site_verification\":true,\"can_have_sitemap\":true,\"iap_advanced_plans\":[{\"sku\":\"HlIVi4EgYngM2Fj8Eh\",\"publication_id\":\"2045549\",\"is_active\":true,\"price_base_units\":700,\"currency_alpha3\":\"usd\",\"period\":\"month\",\"created_at\":\"2025-06-19T16:23:02.289Z\",\"updated_at\":\"2025-06-19T16:23:02.289Z\",\"id\":\"74859\",\"payout_amount_base_units\":50,\"alternate_currencies\":{\"aud\":1100,\"brl\":3900,\"cad\":1000,\"chf\":600,\"dkk\":4600,\"eur\":700,\"gbp\":600,\"mxn\":13500,\"nok\":7000,\"nzd\":1200,\"pln\":2700,\"sek\":7000},\"is_founding\":false,\"display_name\":\"The Wristwatch Review (Monthly)\",\"display_price\":\"$7\"},{\"sku\":\"yqXAVlPzQW4xZYxEot\",\"publication_id\":\"2045549\",\"is_active\":true,\"price_base_units\":7000,\"currency_alpha3\":\"usd\",\"period\":\"year\",\"created_at\":\"2025-06-19T16:23:02.305Z\",\"updated_at\":\"2025-06-19T16:23:02.305Z\",\"id\":\"74860\",\"payout_amount_base_units\":500,\"alternate_currencies\":{\"aud\":11000,\"brl\":38500,\"cad\":10000,\"chf\":6000,\"dkk\":45500,\"eur\":6500,\"gbp\":5500,\"mxn\":133500,\"nok\":70000,\"nzd\":12000,\"pln\":26500,\"sek\":67500},\"is_founding\":false,\"display_name\":\"The Wristwatch Review (Yearly)\",\"display_price\":\"$70\"}],\"founding_plan_name_english\":\"Founding Member\",\"iap_founding_plan\":{\"base_plan_id\":\"founding15000usd\",\"name\":\"Founding Member\",\"minimum_amount\":7000,\"suggested_amount\":20500,\"currency_alpha3\":\"usd\",\"alternate_currencies\":{\"aud\":{\"minimum_amount\":10500,\"suggested_amount\":29500},\"brl\":{\"minimum_amount\":36500,\"suggested_amount\":106000},\"cad\":{\"minimum_amount\":10000,\"suggested_amount\":29500},\"chf\":{\"minimum_amount\":6000,\"suggested_amount\":17000},\"dkk\":{\"minimum_amount\":46000,\"suggested_amount\":134000},\"eur\":{\"minimum_amount\":6500,\"suggested_amount\":18000},\"gbp\":{\"minimum_amount\":5500,\"suggested_amount\":15500},\"mxn\":{\"minimum_amount\":122000,\"suggested_amount\":356500},\"nok\":{\"minimum_amount\":68500,\"suggested_amount\":200500},\"nzd\":{\"minimum_amount\":12500,\"suggested_amount\":36000},\"pln\":{\"minimum_amount\":26500,\"suggested_amount\":77000},\"sek\":{\"minimum_amount\":67500,\"suggested_amount\":197500}}},\"base_url\":\"https://wristwatchreview.com\",\"hostname\":\"wristwatchreview.com\",\"is_on_substack\":false,\"spotify_podcast_settings\":null,\"unified_podcast_settings\":null,\"podcastPalette\":{\"Vibrant\":{\"rgb\":[172,76,58],\"population\":92},\"DarkVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[142,36,28],\"population\":132},\"LightVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[208,149,138],\"population\":17},\"Muted\":{\"rgb\":[154,102,97],\"population\":39},\"DarkMuted\":{\"rgb\":[60,57,57],\"population\":309},\"LightMuted\":{\"rgb\":[204,172,164],\"population\":3}},\"pageThemes\":{\"podcast\":null},\"multiple_pins\":true,\"supports_ip_content_unlock\":false,\"appTheme\":{\"colors\":{\"accent\":{\"name\":\"#5365d0\",\"primary\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":62,\"g\":84,\"b\":188,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":62,\"g\":84,\"b\":188,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":0.2},\"contrast\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"bg\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":0.2},\"bg_hover\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":0.3},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":103,\"g\":118,\"b\":228,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":103,\"g\":118,\"b\":228,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":0.2},\"contrast\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"bg\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":0.2},\"bg_hover\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":0.3}}},\"fg\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":0,\"g\":0,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.8},\"secondary\":{\"r\":0,\"g\":0,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.6},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":0,\"g\":0,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.4},\"accent\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":1},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.9},\"secondary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.6},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.4},\"accent\":{\"r\":103,\"g\":118,\"b\":228,\"a\":1}}},\"bg\":{\"name\":\"#ffffff\",\"hue\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0},\"tint\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0},\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":250,\"g\":250,\"b\":250,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":250,\"g\":250,\"b\":250,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":238,\"g\":238,\"b\":238,\"a\":1},\"secondary_elevated\":{\"r\":206.90096477355226,\"g\":206.90096477355175,\"b\":206.9009647735519,\"a\":1},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":219,\"g\":219,\"b\":219,\"a\":1},\"quaternary\":{\"r\":182,\"g\":182,\"b\":182,\"a\":1},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":22,\"g\":23,\"b\":24,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":27,\"g\":28,\"b\":29,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":27,\"g\":28,\"b\":29,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":35,\"g\":37,\"b\":37,\"a\":1},\"secondary_elevated\":{\"r\":41.35899397549579,\"g\":43.405356429195315,\"b\":43.40489285041963,\"a\":1},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":54,\"g\":55,\"b\":55,\"a\":1},\"quaternary\":{\"r\":90,\"g\":91,\"b\":91,\"a\":1}}}}},\"portalAppTheme\":{\"colors\":{\"accent\":{\"name\":\"#5365d0\",\"primary\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":63,\"g\":83,\"b\":203,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":1},\"contrast\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"bg\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":0.2},\"bg_hover\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":0.3},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":103,\"g\":118,\"b\":228,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":103,\"g\":118,\"b\":228,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":0.2},\"contrast\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"bg\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":0.2},\"bg_hover\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":0.3}}},\"fg\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":54,\"g\":55,\"b\":55,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":134,\"g\":135,\"b\":135,\"a\":1},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":146,\"g\":146,\"b\":146,\"a\":1},\"accent\":{\"r\":83,\"g\":101,\"b\":208,\"a\":1},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.9},\"secondary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.6},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.4},\"accent\":{\"r\":103,\"g\":118,\"b\":228,\"a\":1}}},\"bg\":{\"name\":\"#ffffff\",\"hue\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"tint\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":240,\"g\":240,\"b\":240,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":240,\"g\":240,\"b\":240,\"a\":1},\"secondary_elevated\":{\"r\":240,\"g\":240,\"b\":240,\"a\":1},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":221,\"g\":221,\"b\":221,\"a\":1},\"quaternary\":{\"r\":183,\"g\":183,\"b\":183,\"a\":1},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":22,\"g\":23,\"b\":24,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":27,\"g\":28,\"b\":29,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":27,\"g\":28,\"b\":29,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":35,\"g\":37,\"b\":37,\"a\":1},\"secondary_elevated\":{\"r\":41.35899397549579,\"g\":43.405356429195315,\"b\":43.40489285041963,\"a\":1},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":54,\"g\":55,\"b\":55,\"a\":1},\"quaternary\":{\"r\":90,\"g\":91,\"b\":91,\"a\":1}}},\"wordmark_bg\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"is_dark\":false},\"fonts\":{\"heading\":\"fancy_serif\"}},\"logoPalette\":{\"Vibrant\":{\"rgb\":[127.5,127.5,127.5],\"population\":0},\"DarkVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[66.3,66.3,66.3],\"population\":0},\"LightVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[188.7,188.7,188.7],\"population\":0},\"Muted\":{\"rgb\":[128,128,128],\"population\":56},\"DarkMuted\":{\"rgb\":[68,68,68],\"population\":17},\"LightMuted\":{\"rgb\":[184,184,184],\"population\":34}}},\"confirmedLogin\":false,\"hide_intro_popup\":false,\"block_auto_login\":false,\"domainInfo\":{\"isSubstack\":false,\"customDomain\":\"wristwatchreview.com\"},\"experimentFeatures\":{},\"experimentExposures\":{},\"siteConfigs\":{\"score_upsell_email\":\"control\",\"first_chat_email_enabled\":true,\"new_commenter_approval\":false,\"pub_update_opennode_api_key\":false,\"notes_video_max_duration_minutes\":15,\"show_content_label_age_gating_in_feed\":false,\"zendesk_automation_cancellations\":false,\"web_inline_publication_chat\":false,\"enable_saved_segments\":false,\"mfa_action_box_enabled\":false,\"publication_max_bylines\":35,\"no_contest_charge_disputes\":false,\"feed_posts_previously_seen_weight\":0.1,\"publication_tabs_reorder\":false,\"comp_expiry_email_new_copy\":\"NONE\",\"free_unlock_required\":false,\"enable_post_summarization\":false,\"live_stream_host_warning_message\":\"\",\"bitcoin_enabled\":false,\"minimum_ios_os_version\":\"17.0.0\",\"show_entire_square_image\":false,\"hide_subscriber_count\":false,\"fit_in_live_stream_player\":false,\"publication_author_display_override\":\"\",\"generate_pdf_tax_report\":false,\"hide_post_sidebar\":false,\"show_generic_post_importer\":false,\"enable_pledges_modal\":true,\"enable_podcast_bonus_video\":true,\"notes_weight_watch_video\":3,\"enable_react_dashboard\":false,\"enable_videos_page\":false,\"exempt_from_gtm_filter\":false,\"group_sections_and_podcasts_in_menu\":false,\"boost_optin_modal_enabled\":true,\"standards_and_enforcement_features_enabled\":false,\"pub_creation_captcha_behavior\":\"risky_pubs_or_rate_limit\",\"post_blogspot_importer\":false,\"notes_weight_short_item_boost\":0.15,\"enable_high_res_background_uploading\":false,\"pub_tts_override\":\"default\",\"disable_monthly_subscriptions\":false,\"skip_welcome_email\":false,\"chat_reader_thread_notification_default\":false,\"scheduled_pinned_posts\":false,\"disable_redirect_outbound_utm_params\":false,\"reader_gift_referrals_enabled\":true,\"dont_show_guest_byline\":false,\"like_comments_enabled\":true,\"enable_sponsorship_campaigns_advanced\":false,\"temporal_livestream_ended_draft\":true,\"enable_author_note_email_toggle\":false,\"enable_pangram_ai_detection\":false,\"fallback_to_archive_search_on_section_pages\":false,\"livekit_track_egress_custom_base_url\":\"http://livekit-egress-custom-recorder-participant-test.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\",\"welcome_screen_blurb_override\":\"\",\"notes_weight_low_impression_boost\":0.3,\"like_posts_enabled\":true,\"twitter_player_card_enabled\":true,\"feed_promoted_user\":false,\"show_note_stats_for_all_notes\":false,\"section_specific_csv_imports_enabled\":false,\"disable_podcast_feed_description_cta\":false,\"bypass_profile_substack_logo_detection\":false,\"use_preloaded_player_sources\":false,\"list_pruning_enabled\":false,\"facebook_connect\":false,\"opt_in_to_sections_during_subscribe\":false,\"dpn_weight_share\":2,\"underlined_colored_links\":false,\"enable_efficient_digest_embed\":false,\"enable_aligned_images\":false,\"max_image_upload_mb\":64,\"threads_suggested_ios_version\":null,\"pledges_disabled\":false,\"threads_minimum_ios_version\":812,\"hide_podcast_email_setup_link\":false,\"subscribe_captcha_behavior\":\"default\",\"publication_ban_sample_rate\":0,\"ios_enable_publication_activity_tab\":false,\"custom_themes_substack_subscribe_modal\":false,\"ios_post_share_assets_screenshot_trigger\":\"control\",\"opt_in_to_sections_during_subscribe_include_main_pub_newsletter\":false,\"continue_support_cta_in_newsletter_emails\":false,\"bloomberg_syndication_enabled\":false,\"adhoc_email_batch_delay_ms\":0,\"enable_note_polls\":true,\"allow_document_freeze\":false,\"test_age_gate_user\":false,\"podcast_main_feed_is_firehose\":false,\"pub_app_incentive_gift\":\"\",\"no_embed_redirect\":false,\"read_tab_v2_experiment\":\"control\",\"customized_email_from_name_for_new_follow_emails\":\"treatment\",\"spotify_open_access_sandbox_mode\":false,\"disable_custom_nav_menu\":false,\"enable_livestream_name_cards\":false,\"fullstory_enabled\":false,\"chat_reply_poll_interval\":3,\"dpn_weight_follow_or_subscribe\":3,\"thefp_enable_email_upsell_banner\":false,\"force_pub_links_to_use_subdomain\":false,\"always_show_cookie_banner\":false,\"hide_media_download_option\":false,\"hide_post_restacks\":false,\"feed_item_source_debug_mode\":false,\"publication_homepage_title_display_override\":\"\",\"live_stream_founding_audience_enabled\":true,\"post_preview_highlight_byline\":false,\"4k_video\":false,\"enable_islands_section_intent_screen\":false,\"post_metering_enabled\":false,\"notifications_disabled\":\"\",\"cross_post_notification_threshold\":1000,\"facebook_connect_prod_app\":true,\"force_into_pymk_ranking\":false,\"minimum_android_version\":756,\"group_size_change_notification_email_enabled\":false,\"enable_transcription_translations\":false,\"unified_media_editor_modal\":true,\"use_og_image_as_twitter_image_for_post_previews\":false,\"always_use_podcast_channel_art_as_episode_art_in_rss\":false,\"seo_tier_override\":\"NONE\",\"editor_role_enabled\":false,\"no_follow_links\":false,\"publisher_api_enabled\":false,\"zendesk_support_priority\":\"default\",\"enable_post_clips_stats\":false,\"enable_subscriber_referrals_awards\":true,\"ios_profile_themes_feed_permalink_enabled\":false,\"use_publication_language_for_transcription\":false,\"show_substack_funded_gifts_tooltip\":true,\"disable_ai_transcription\":false,\"thread_permalink_preview_min_ios_version\":4192,\"live_stream_creation_enabled\":true,\"disable_card_element_in_europe\":false,\"web_growth_item_promotion_threshold\":0,\"bundle_subscribe_enabled\":false,\"enable_web_typing_indicators\":false,\"web_vitals_sample_rate\":0,\"allow_live_stream_auto_takedown\":\"true\",\"mobile_publication_attachments_enabled\":false,\"enable_posts_to_segments\":false,\"enable_design_templates_events_page\":false,\"ai_image_generation_enabled\":true,\"disable_personal_substack_initialization\":false,\"section_specific_welcome_pages\":false,\"local_payment_methods\":\"control\",\"publisher_api_cancel_comp\":false,\"posts_in_rss_feed\":20,\"publisher_dashboard_section_selector\":false,\"reader_surveys_platform_question_order\":\"36,1,4,2,3,5,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35\",\"login_guard_app_link_in_email\":true,\"community_moderators_enabled\":false,\"enable_custom_theme\":false,\"monthly_sub_is_one_off\":false,\"unread_notes_activity_digest\":\"control\",\"display_cookie_settings\":false,\"welcome_page_query_params\":false,\"enable_free_podcast_urls\":false,\"comp_expiry_emails_disabled\":false,\"enable_description_on_polls\":false,\"use_microlink_for_instagram_embeds\":false,\"free_signup_confirmation_behavior\":\"with_email_validation\",\"enable_reply_to_email_override\":true,\"ios_post_stats_for_admins\":false,\"enable_design_templates\":false,\"use_livestream_post_media_composition\":true,\"section_specific_preambles\":false,\"pub_export_temp_disable\":false,\"show_menu_on_posts\":false,\"ios_post_subscribe_web_routing\":true,\"ios_writer_stats_public_launch_v2\":false,\"include_thumbnail_book_cover_layouts\":false,\"app_onboarding_survey_email\":false,\"republishing_enabled\":false,\"app_mode\":false,\"show_phone_banner\":false,\"universal_post_translator\":\"treatment\",\"minimum_ios_version\":2200,\"enable_author_pages\":false,\"enable_decagon_chat\":true,\"first_month_upsell\":\"control\",\"enable_subscriber_tags\":false,\"new_user_checklist_enabled\":\"use_follower_count\",\"disable_high_res_recording\":false,\"latex_upgraded_inline\":false,\"anonymous_post_metering_enabled\":false,\"rss_verification_code\":\"\",\"notification_post_emails\":\"experiment\",\"notes_weight_follow\":3.8,\"chat_suppress_contributor_push_option_enabled\":false,\"media_feed_app_prepend_inbox_limit\":0,\"export_hooks_enabled\":false,\"audio_encoding_bitrate\":null,\"bestseller_pub_override\":false,\"extra_seats_coupon_type\":false,\"post_subdomain_universal_links\":false,\"post_import_max_file_size\":26214400,\"feed_promoted_video_publication\":false,\"livekit_reconnect_slate_url\":\"https://mux-livestream-assets.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/custom-disconnect-slate-tall.png\",\"exclude_from_pymk_suggestions\":false,\"publication_ranking_variant\":\"experiment\",\"disable_annual_subscriptions\":false,\"hack_jane_manchun_wong\":true,\"android_enable_auto_gain_control\":true,\"allow_coupons_on_upgrade\":false,\"test_au_age_gate_user\":false,\"pub_auto_moderation_enabled\":false,\"disable_live_stream_ai_trimming_by_default\":false,\"disable_deletion\":false,\"ios_default_coupon_enabled\":false,\"notes_weight_read_post\":5,\"notes_weight_reply\":3,\"livekit_egress_custom_base_url\":\"http://livekit-egress-custom-recorder.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\",\"clip_focused_video_upload_flow\":false,\"live_stream_max_guest_users\":2,\"android_upgrade_alert_dialog_reincarnated\":true,\"enable_video_seo_data\":false,\"can_reimport_unsubscribed_users_with_2x_optin\":false,\"feed_posts_weight_subscribed\":0,\"founding_upgrade_during_gift_disabled\":false,\"thefp_enable_section_groups\":false,\"review_incoming_email\":\"default\",\"enable_founding_gifts\":false,\"enable_sponsorship_campaigns\":false,\"thread_permalink_preview_min_android_version\":2037,\"thefp_enable_embed_media_links\":false,\"sort_modal_search_results\":false,\"default_thumbnail_time\":10,\"pub_ranking_weight_retained_engagement\":1,\"load_test_unichat\":false,\"notes_read_post_baseline\":0,\"live_stream_head_alignment_guide\":false,\"free_press_combo_subscribe_flow_enabled\":false,\"enable_code_embed_toc\":false,\"enable_publication_tax_settings\":false,\"pub_ranking_weight_immediate_engagement\":0.5,\"gifts_from_substack_feature_available\":true,\"disable_ai_clips\":false,\"enable_elevenlabs_voiceovers\":false,\"thefp_enable_transcripts\":false,\"show_simple_post_editor\":false,\"instacart_integration_enabled\":false,\"enable_publication_podcasts_page\":false,\"ios_note_composer_settings_enabled\":false,\"enable_direct_message_request_bypass\":false,\"enable_apple_news_sync\":false,\"live_stream_in_trending_topic_overrides\":\"\",\"free_press_newsletter_promo_enabled\":false,\"account_based_post_metering_enabled\":false,\"disable_live_stream_reactions\":false,\"feed_posts_weight_negative\":2.5,\"instacart_partner_id\":\"\",\"clip_generation_3rd_party_vendor\":\"internal\",\"media_feed_prepend_inbox_limit\":35,\"welcome_page_no_opt_out\":false,\"notes_weight_negative\":1,\"notes_weight_click_see_more\":2,\"section_specific_postscripts\":false,\"edit_profile_theme_colors\":false,\"notes_weight_like\":2.4,\"disable_clipping_for_readers\":false,\"feed_posts_weight_share\":6,\"feed_posts_weight_reply\":3,\"feed_posts_weight_like\":1.5,\"phone_verification_fallback_to_twilio\":true,\"feed_posts_weight_save\":3,\"enable_press_kit_preview_modal\":false,\"dpn_weight_tap_clickbait_penalty\":0.5,\"feed_posts_weight_sign_up\":4,\"live_stream_video_degradation_preference\":\"maintainFramerate\",\"enable_high_follower_dm\":true,\"pause_app_badges\":false,\"profile_feed_expanded_inventory\":false,\"livekit_mux_latency_mode\":\"low\",\"feed_juiced_user\":0,\"notes_click_see_more_baseline\":0.35,\"enable_polymarket_expandable_embeds\":true,\"publisher_dashboard_group_subs_sidebar\":false,\"android_onboarding_new_user_survey\":\"experiment\",\"use_advanced_commerce_api_for_iap\":false,\"skip_free_preview_language_in_podcast_notes\":false,\"larger_wordmark_on_publication_homepage\":false,\"enable_mobile_stats_for_admins\":false,\"ios_profile_themes_note_composer_enabled\":false,\"enable_persona_sandbox_environment\":false,\"notes_weight_click_item\":3,\"allowed_email_domains\":\"mozmail.com\",\"notes_weight_long_visit\":1,\"create_nav_item_from_tag\":false,\"bypass_single_unlock_token_limit\":false,\"notes_watch_video_baseline\":0.08,\"enable_code_embeds\":false,\"thefp_fourth_of_july_sale\":false,\"add_section_and_tag_metadata\":false,\"daily_promoted_notes_enabled\":true,\"enable_islands_cms\":false,\"enable_livestream_combined_stats\":false,\"redirect_to_pub_after_welcome_signup\":false,\"chartbeat_video_enabled\":false,\"enable_drip_campaigns\":false,\"adhoc_email_batch_size\":5000,\"enable_filtered_posts_on_homepage\":false,\"post_management_search_engine\":\"elasticsearch\",\"new_bestseller_leaderboard_feed_item_enabled\":false,\"feed_main_disabled\":false,\"enable_account_settings_revamp\":false,\"thefp_enable_fp_recirc_block\":false,\"top_search_variant\":\"control\",\"enable_debug_logs_ios\":false,\"show_pub_content_on_profile_for_pub_id\":0,\"show_pub_content_on_profile\":false,\"livekit_track_egress\":true,\"onboarding_suggestions_search\":\"experiment\",\"feed_tuner_enabled\":false,\"livekit_mux_latency_mode_rtmp\":\"low\",\"enable_scheduled_chat_posts\":true,\"enable_note_composer_emoji_picker\":true,\"livekit_high_quality_egress\":false,\"dpn_weight_tap_bonus_subscribed\":0,\"iap_announcement_blog_url\":\"\",\"disable_code_embed_chrome\":false,\"ios_livestream_feedback\":false,\"founding_plan_upgrade_warning\":false,\"dpn_weight_like\":3,\"dpn_weight_short_session\":1,\"ios_mediaplayer_reply_bar_v2\":false,\"enable_notification_email_batching\":true,\"enable_adhoc_email_batching\":10,\"notes_weight_follow_boost\":10,\"ios_hide_portal_tab_bar\":false,\"follow_upsell_rollout_percentage\":30,\"enable_high_res_recording_default\":false,\"enable_global_iap_plan_setup\":false,\"live_stream_invite_ttl_seconds\":900000,\"include_founding_plans_coupon_option\":false,\"thefp_enable_cancellation_discount_offer\":false,\"dpn_weight_reply\":2,\"android_enable_edit_profile_theme\":false,\"dpn_weight_follow\":3,\"notes_weight_author_low_impression_boost\":0.2,\"disable_audio_enhancement\":false,\"pub_search_variant\":\"control\",\"ignore_video_in_notes_length_limit\":false,\"notes_weight_click_share\":3,\"allow_long_videos\":true,\"feed_posts_weight_long_click\":15,\"dpn_score_threshold\":0,\"enable_automation_filters\":false,\"dpn_weight_follow_bonus\":0.5,\"enable_subscriber_perks_new_types\":true,\"use_enhanced_video_embed_player\":true,\"thefp_forum_enabled\":false,\"regional_leaderboard_visible\":true,\"founding_upgrade_preview\":false,\"enable_viewing_all_livestream_viewers\":false,\"send_subscription_canceled_email\":false,\"enable_clip_prompt_variant_filtering\":true,\"chartbeat_enabled\":false,\"dpn_weight_disable\":10,\"dpn_ranking_enabled\":true,\"enable_custom_email_css\":false,\"dpn_model_variant\":\"experiment\",\"enable_apple_podcast_auto_publish\":false,\"linkedin_profile_search_enabled\":false,\"publication_has_own_app\":false,\"suggested_minimum_ios_version\":0,\"dpn_weight_open\":2.5,\"thebulwark_enable_footer_actions\":false,\"trending_topics_module_long_term_experiment\":\"control\",\"enable_adhoc_email_scheduling\":false,\"enable_suggested_searches\":true,\"enable_subscription_notification_email_batching\":true,\"a24_redemption_link\":\"\",\"design_templates_launch_phase\":\"off\",\"post_custom_email_from_name_enabled\":false,\"dpn_weight_tap\":2.5,\"ios_live_stream_auto_gain_enabled\":true,\"dpn_weight_restack\":2,\"dpn_weight_negative\":40,\"enable_publication_tts_player\":false,\"enable_group_direct_messages\":false,\"enable_notes_admins\":false,\"thefp_show_pub_app_callout_on_post\":false,\"search_retrieval_variant\":\"experiment\",\"forced_featured_topic_id\":\"\",\"ios_audio_captions_disabled\":false,\"related_posts_enabled\":false,\"ios_live_stream_pip_dismiss_v4\":\"control\",\"reply_rate_limit_max_distinct_users_daily\":110,\"enable_high_res_recording_workflow\":true,\"mobile_user_attachments_enabled\":false,\"enable_high_res_background_uploading_session_recovery\":true,\"feed_weight_language_mismatch_penalty\":0.6,\"enable_subscriber_perks\":true,\"publisher_banner\":\"\",\"people_you_may_know_algorithm\":\"experiment\",\"enable_sponsorship_profile\":false,\"reply_rate_limit_max_distinct_users_monthly\":600,\"desktop_live_stream_screen_share_audio_enabled\":false,\"portal_ranking_variant\":\"experiment\",\"dpn_weight_long_session\":2,\"ios_onboarding_new_user_survey\":\"experiment\",\"video_clip_suggestions_enabled\":false,\"android_polymarket_embed_search\":false,\"automod_admin_hidden_comments_tab\":false,\"enable_subscribers_comment_permission\":false,\"translate_posts_on_standalone_sites\":false,\"search_ranker_variant\":\"control\",\"enable_dynamic_content\":false,\"permalink_reply_ranking_variant\":\"experiment\",\"allow_feed_category_filtering\":false,\"private_live_streaming_enabled\":true,\"desktop_live_stream_safe_framing\":0.8},\"trackingTokens\":{\"fbPixelId\":null,\"gaPixelId\":null,\"twitterPixelId\":null,\"parselyPixelId\":null,\"googleTagManagerToken\":\"GT-MK57J7Q6\",\"googleAnalytics4Token\":\"G-0PFYXKDWCY\",\"twitterPixelSignupEventId\":null,\"twitterPixelSubscribeEventId\":null},\"publicationSettings\":{\"block_ai_crawlers\":true,\"credit_token_enabled\":true,\"custom_tos_and_privacy\":false,\"did_identity\":null,\"disable_optimistic_bank_payments\":false,\"display_welcome_page_details\":true,\"payment_pledges_enabled\":true,\"enable_drop_caps\":false,\"enable_post_page_conversion\":true,\"enable_prev_next_nav\":false,\"enable_restacking\":true,\"founding_group_subscriptions_enabled\":false,\"gifts_from_substack_disabled\":false,\"google_analytics_4_token\":\"G-0PFYXKDWCY\",\"group_sections_and_podcasts_in_menu_enabled\":false,\"live_stream_homepage_visibility\":\"contributorsAndAdmins\",\"live_stream_homepage_style\":\"autoPlay\",\"live_stream_replay_enabled\":true,\"medium_length_description\":\"This is WristWatchReview, the longest-running site on the Internet for lovers of mechanical, quartz, and digital wristwatches. \\n\\nOur goal is two-fold: to create an open forum of discussion about what William Gibson calls \u201Cthe very finest fossils of the pre-digital age\u201D and to bring our own experiences and intellect to bear on a market that is often opaque and seemingly insane.\",\"notes_feed_enabled\":false,\"paywall_unlock_tokens\":true,\"post_preview_crop_gravity\":\"center\",\"post_preview_radius\":\"xs\",\"reader_referrals_enabled\":true,\"reader_referrals_leaderboard_enabled\":true,\"seen_coming_soon_explainer\":false,\"seen_google_analytics_migration_modal\":false,\"local_currency_modal_seen\":true,\"local_payment_methods_modal_seen\":false,\"twitter_pixel_signup_event_id\":null,\"twitter_pixel_subscribe_event_id\":null,\"use_local_currency\":true,\"welcome_page_opt_out_text\":\"No thanks\",\"cookie_settings\":\"\",\"show_restacks_below_posts\":true,\"holiday_gifting_post_header\":true,\"homepage_message_text\":\"\",\"homepage_message_link\":\"\",\"about_us_author_ids\":\"\",\"archived_section_ids\":\"\",\"column_section_ids\":\"\",\"fp_primary_column_section_ids\":\"\",\"event_section_ids\":\"\",\"podcasts_metadata\":\"\",\"video_section_ids\":\"\",\"post_metering_enabled\":false,\"account_based_post_metering_enabled\":false,\"use_custom_theme\":false,\"reply_rules\":null,\"automatic_moderation_enabled\":true,\"auto_translate_enabled\":true,\"additional_post_languages_enabled\":false,\"high_res_recording_beta\":false},\"publicationUserSettings\":null,\"userSettings\":{\"user_id\":null,\"activity_likes_enabled\":true,\"dashboard_nav_refresh_enabled\":false,\"is_guest_post_enabled\":true,\"invite_friends_nux_dismissed_at\":null,\"suggestions_feed_item_last_shown_at\":null,\"last_notification_alert_shown_at\":null,\"disable_reply_hiding\":false,\"newest_seen_chat_item_published_at\":null,\"explicitContentEnabled\":false,\"contactMatchingEnabled\":false,\"messageRequestLevel\":\"everyone\",\"liveStreamAcceptableInviteLevel\":\"everyone\",\"liveStreamAcceptableChatLevel\":\"everyone\",\"creditTokensTreatmentExposed\":false,\"appBadgeIncludesChat\":false,\"autoPlayVideo\":true,\"autoAdvanceVideo\":true,\"smart_delivery_enabled\":false,\"chatbotTermsLastAcceptedAt\":null,\"has_seen_notes_post_app_upsell\":false,\"first_note_id\":null,\"show_concurrent_live_stream_viewers\":false,\"edit_profile_feed_item_dismissed_at\":null,\"mobile_permalink_app_upsell_seen_at\":null,\"new_user_checklist_enabled\":false,\"has_seen_youtube_shorts_auto_publish_announcement\":false,\"has_seen_publish_youtube_connect_upsell\":false,\"notificationQualityFilterEnabled\":true,\"hasSeenOnboardingNewslettersScreen\":false,\"bestsellerBadgeEnabled\":true,\"hasSelfIdentifiedAsCreator\":false,\"autoTranslateEnabled\":true,\"autoTranslateBlocklist\":[],\"fineTuneFeedItemSeenAt\":null,\"fineTuneFeedItemDismissedAt\":null,\"aiGeneratedTextMode\":\"show\"},\"subscriberCountDetails\":\"tens of thousands of subscribers\",\"mux_env_key\":\"u42pci814i6011qg3segrcpp9\",\"persona_environment_id\":\"env_o1Lbk4JhpY4PmvNkwaBdYwe5Fzkt\",\"sentry_environment\":\"production\",\"launchWelcomePage\":false,\"pendingInviteForActiveLiveStream\":null,\"isEligibleForLiveStreamCreation\":true,\"webviewPlatform\":null,\"twitterCardUrl\":null,\"welcomePageData\":{\"blurbs\":[]},\"activeLiveStream\":null,\"freeTrialCoupon\":{\"id\":\"b77151c3\",\"trial_period_days\":7},\"defaultCoupon\":null,\"isChatActive\":false,\"features\":{},\"browser\":{\"name\":\"Chrome\",\"version\":\"128.0.6921.146\",\"major\":\"128\"},\"showCookieBanner\":false,\"disabledCookies\":[],\"dd_env\":\"prod\",\"dd_ti\":true,\"mainBundleCSS\":[\"https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/main.ce231fd3b123d03fac7f.css\"]}")</script>
        <script>window._analyticsConfig = JSON.parse("{\"properties\":{\"subdomain\":\"wristwatch\",\"publication_id\":2045549,\"has_plans\":true,\"pub_community_enabled\":true,\"is_personal_publication\":false,\"is_subscribed\":false,\"is_free_subscribed\":false,\"is_author\":false,\"is_contributor\":false,\"is_admin\":false,\"is_founding\":false},\"adwordsAccountId\":\"AW-316245675\",\"adwordsEventSendTo\":\"Tf76CKqcyL4DEKuN5pYB\"}")</script>
        

        
        
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/14990.dd6e2395.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/26718.fd035174.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/91042.2753a4d1.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/39447.5a3a2c00.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/42435.9da700d3.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/71476.fa4006fb.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/55360.7588a22d.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/78118.5298b8d7.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/40646.e896484b.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/41390.823653ef.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/75126.b968efc6.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/58918.5e5d7270.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/71869.2b544291.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/33866.acef53f0.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/41854.087ba186.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/45890.0001357e.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/27653.7282282e.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/26312.dcc62b36.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/75518.93e7df22.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/34036.02443186.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/47132.ddcbe4a0.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/73914.cfc70cc1.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/32158.e0e9281b.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/69928.0a7d303e.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/87491.48bf045a.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/64788.4b89041c.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/31249.b0794649.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/50070.b1b0ec81.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/69186.a577a8b7.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/84595.a01e595b.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/46994.c21e9609.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/34681.cb2bc891.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/28416.785d924f.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/welcome.c57c9850.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/15644.9b7c9a71.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/40893.b2046d19.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/73707.ef27d636.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/36667.9a9f7e76.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/70434.78eee568.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/37426.009d7d93.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/96763.f38c7dac.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/43841.09050e4f.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/10820.2685b971.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/86133.b2690c96.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/27155.35d89f19.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/89213.07e8662a.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/70198.1dbd6dc2.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/2473.9aa02ccc.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/49909.28e1fe08.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/10750.b75f4621.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/11644.125ef5bd.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/20711.bbfc441f.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/59557.8ceacc21.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/64338.f2e56ca0.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/96619.de59d211.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/62934.a9612dce.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/50180.bee33620.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/64788.4b89041c.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/8006.50daa55b.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/59563.47178424.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/93975.1a86b8ad.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/93623.e20e4770.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/28171.5328799a.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/92609.49ad816b.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/30138.87b23f6a.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/5920.2c3ad5d3.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/68515.02c229a0.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/78069.cd864b69.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/81427.33de725f.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/19178.7ff8777d.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/65791.4d87d3ce.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/66432.a3210a44.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/24943.1db93882.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/8619.fd72f7c0.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/66542.70deb905.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/4848.5302a3e0.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/32307.9d74a207.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/88896.11411078.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/32787.513477ea.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/98048.a1c89198.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/44176.b26373e8.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/21028.22aabb63.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/74282.b7602bcf.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/69051.ff6baa44.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/54962.17670da9.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/93022.19f101da.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/25703.a596d5e9.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/36617.1aa500d8.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/4010.4ec1d1f1.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/88635.8296433e.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/54770.1b385d7e.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/44459.c390033c.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/81796.653da32f.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/52144.a2788a33.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/44772.7cbf67d8.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/97672.5215effa.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/71047.0321fc46.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/52972.25010fad.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/79409.9f6ce8e0.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/94891.8d0401f0.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/53543.2d4d43bf.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/33866.acef53f0.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/93052.8ece9a39.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/44071.f7cfd9ae.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/25451.a331c469.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/97391.27f4948e.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/82140.13e49871.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/14748.26ccf6d1.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/93977.0d695007.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/13082.4312e777.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/56425.4a599a70.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/46423.5ac02eaf.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/36714.8a569f4b.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/9474.168c2c93.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/67169.b8e32830.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/49214.c5934ca8.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/40646.e896484b.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/92422.a0b27d08.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/67798.aec2b013.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/4670.02368ed6.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/39447.5a3a2c00.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/96015.1a8ac143.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/87132.372bdb91.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/53754.d9c68907.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/57975.63fa222a.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/91042.2753a4d1.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/26718.fd035174.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
                <script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/lib-router.9b5d8efd.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
            
        
        <script nomodule>
            (function() {
                var message = 'Your browser does not support modern JavaScript modules. Please upgrade your browser for the best experience.';
                var warningDiv = document.createElement('div');
                warningDiv.style.color = 'red';
                warningDiv.style.padding = '10px';
                warningDiv.style.margin = '10px 0';
                warningDiv.style.border = '1px solid red';
                warningDiv.style.backgroundColor = 'lightyellow';
                warningDiv.innerText = message;
                document.body.prepend(warningDiv);
            })();
        </script>

        
            <!-- Datadog Analytics -->
            <script>
              (function(h,o,u,n,d) {
                h=h[d]=h[d]||{q:[],onReady:function(c){h.q.push(c)}}
                d=o.createElement(u);d.async=1;d.src=n
                n=o.getElementsByTagName(u)[0];n.parentNode.insertBefore(d,n)
              })(window,document,'script','https://www.datadoghq-browser-agent.com/us1/v5/datadog-rum.js','DD_RUM')
              window.DD_RUM.onReady(function() {
                window.DD_RUM.init({
                  clientToken: 'puba71073f072643721169b68f352438710',
                  applicationId: '2e321b35-c76b-4073-8d04-cc9a10461793',
                  site: 'datadoghq.com',
                  service: 'web',
                  env: window._preloads.dd_env,
                  version: 'fe7b32520346330af8346e0d74fb9f152b361337',
                  sessionSampleRate: 1,
                  sessionReplaySampleRate: 100,
                  trackUserInteractions: window._preloads.dd_ti,
                  trackResources: true,
                  trackLongTasks: true,
                  defaultPrivacyLevel: 'mask-user-input',
                  allowedTracingUrls: [/https?:\/\/(.+\/.)?substack(cdn)?\.com/]
                });
              })
            </script>
            <!-- End Datadog Analytics -->

            <!-- Cloudflare Web Analytics -->
            <script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js" data-cf-beacon='{"token": "216309cffb464db4b0e02daf0b8e8060"}'></script>
            <!-- End Cloudflare Web Analytics -->
        

        <!-- Fallback tracking pixels -->
        

        

        <noscript>
    <style>
        #nojs-banner {
            position: fixed;
            bottom: 0;
            left: 0;
            padding: 16px 16px 16px 32px;
            width: 100%;
            box-sizing: border-box;
            background: red;
            color: white;
            font-family: -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";
            font-size: 13px;
            line-height: 13px;
        }
        #nojs-banner a {
            color: inherit;
            text-decoration: underline;
        }
    </style>

    <div id="nojs-banner">
        This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. Please <a href="https://enable-javascript.com/" target="_blank">turn on JavaScript</a> or unblock scripts
    </div>
</noscript>


        

        

        
        
    </body>
</html>
