<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?><rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:blogger="http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008" xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0" version="2.0"><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Thu, 19 Sep 2024 22:33:17 +0000</lastBuildDate><category>linking partners</category><title>All Things About</title><description></description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (All Things About)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>35</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><language>en-us</language><itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit><itunes:keywords>blogger,help,blogger,templates,favicon,3,column,three,columns,web,design,monetize,blog,blog,directories,css,html,xml,images,video,music,navbar,youtube,technorati,digg,pagerank,adsense,webmaster,google,google,adsense,adsense,google,adwo</itunes:keywords><itunes:subtitle/><itunes:category text="Business"><itunes:category text="Shopping"/></itunes:category><itunes:category text="Games &amp; Hobbies"><itunes:category text="Video Games"/></itunes:category><itunes:category text="Society &amp; Culture"><itunes:category text="Places &amp; Travel"/></itunes:category><itunes:category text="TV &amp; Film"/><itunes:category text="Sports &amp; Recreation"><itunes:category text="College &amp; High School"/></itunes:category><itunes:owner><itunes:email>mybestresources@gmail.com</itunes:email></itunes:owner><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-6214942058605005231</guid><pubDate>Sat, 26 Dec 2009 10:33:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-12-26T02:34:51.833-08:00</atom:updated><title>4 harrison 14 infect</title><description>IV 1. Какой тип укуса представляет потенциальное медицинское неотложное тяжелое состояние у пациента без селезенки (аспленичный пациент)?&lt;br /&gt;A. укус кота&lt;br /&gt;B. укус собаки&lt;br /&gt;C. укус рыбы&lt;br /&gt;D. Человеческий укус&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Cat bites are the most likely animal bites to lead to cellulitis&lt;br /&gt;due to deep inoculation and the frequent presence of Pasteurella multicoda. In the&lt;br /&gt;immunocompetent host, only cat bites warrant empirical antibiotics. Often the first dose&lt;br /&gt;is given parenterally. Ampicillin/sulbactam followed by oral amoxicillin/clavulanate is effective&lt;br /&gt;empirical therapy for cat bites. However, in the asplenic patient, a dog bite can&lt;br /&gt;lead to rapid overwhelming sepsis as a result of Capnocytophaga canimorsus bacteremia.&lt;br /&gt;These patients should be followed closely and given third-generation cephalosporins&lt;br /&gt;early in the course of infection. Empirical therapy should also be considered for dog bites&lt;br /&gt;in the elderly, for deep bites, and for bites on the hand.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 2. 24-летний человек{мужчина} с далеко зашедшей ВИЧ инфекцией пребывает в отделение реанимации с желто-коричневым безболезненным узелком на нижней конечности (см атлас IV 2, Цветной Атлас). Он афебрилен и не имеет никаких других поражений. Он не принимает антиретровиральную терапию, и его последний CD4 + счет Т-лимфоцитов был 20/µL. Он живет с другом, который у которого есть коты и котята. Биопсия показывает лобулярную пролиферацию кровеносных сосудов, ограниченную увеличенными эндотелиальными клетками и смешанный острый и хронический воспалительный инфильтрат. Окраска ткани показывает  грамотрицательные бациллы. Какое из следующего, наиболее вероятно, будет эффективной терапией для этого поражения?&lt;br /&gt;A. Azithromycin&lt;br /&gt;B. Cephazolin&lt;br /&gt;C. Интерферон a&lt;br /&gt;D. Пенициллин&lt;br /&gt;E. Vancomycin&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;This patient has bacillary angiomatosis due to cutaneous&lt;br /&gt;infection with Bartonella quintana or B. henselae. Kittens are the likely source of the infection&lt;br /&gt;in this case. Bacillary angiomatosis occurs in HIV-infected patients with CD4+ T&lt;br /&gt;cell counts &lt;100/ìl.&gt;90% of patients with&lt;br /&gt;HIV infection. Seborrheic dermatitis is perhaps the most common rash in HIV patients,&lt;br /&gt;affecting up to 50% of patients. The prevalence increases with falling CD4+ T cell count.&lt;br /&gt;The rash involves the scalp and the face, appearing as described in the question. Therapy&lt;br /&gt;is standard topical treatment, although often a topical antifungal is added because of concomitant&lt;br /&gt;infection with Pityrosporum. Herpes zoster reactivation is painful and dermatomal,&lt;br /&gt;with progression of papules to vesicles to small pustules and then crusting.&lt;br /&gt;Molluscum contagiosum typically appears as one or many small pearly umbilicated&lt;br /&gt;asymptomatic papules occurring anywhere on the body. They can be a significant cos-&lt;br /&gt;metic issue in patients with AIDS. Psoriasis is not more common in patients with HIV infection&lt;br /&gt;but may be more severe and generalized. It would be uncommon to involve the&lt;br /&gt;face only.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 5. 28-летняя женщина возвращается после 6-недельной поездки в Танзанию в марте. Она звонит в ваш офис 2 недели спустя, жалуясь на новые симптомы лихорадки, умеренной боли в животе, и головной боли. Она чувствует, как будто у нее грипп. Что Вы должны сделать затем?&lt;br /&gt;A. Попросить, чтобы она приехала в клинику в следующие 24 часах.&lt;br /&gt;B. Срочно направьте  ее в отделение реанимации.&lt;br /&gt;C. Выписать ей oseltamivir и вызвать ее через  24 часа, чтобы убедиться в улучшении.&lt;br /&gt;D. Выписать ей рецепт перорального fluoroquinolone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Any returning traveler to a region where Plasmodium&lt;br /&gt;falciparum is endemic who develops a fever warrants emergent evaluation for&lt;br /&gt;the most common and dangerous infection in the returning traveler: malaria. P. falciparum&lt;br /&gt;is the potentially fatal form of malaria that can lead to overwhelming sepsis, renal&lt;br /&gt;failure, and cerebral edema; it is also the most common form of malaria in Africa. This&lt;br /&gt;patient should be referred to the emergency department for a thick and thin smear. If a&lt;br /&gt;smear can’t be performed and interpreted in an expeditious fashion, then empirical&lt;br /&gt;doxycycline and quinine should be started. Symptoms of malaria are nonspecific but include&lt;br /&gt;fever, headache, abdominal pain, jaundice, myalgias, and mental status change.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 6. 26-летняя женщина приезжает в вашу клинику жалуясь на 3-4 недели зловонного белого влагалищного выделения. Она недавно начала иметь незащищенный половой акт с новым мужским партнером. Он является бессимптомным. Ее единственное лечение - устные противозачаточные средства. Экспертиза показывает тонкое белое выделение, которое равномерно покрывает влагалище. Дальнейшая экспертиза выделения показывает, что оно имеет РН 5.0 и имеет  рыбный аромат, когда 10%-ый KOH добавлен к выделению. Микроскопическая экспертиза показывает влагалищные клетки, покрытые коккобацильными организмами. Какая из следующих терапий необходима?&lt;br /&gt;A. Acyclovir, РО 3р в день на 400 мг x 7 дней&lt;br /&gt;B. Metronidazole, РО на 2 г x 1&lt;br /&gt;C. Metronidazole, РО 2р в день на 500 мг x 7 дней&lt;br /&gt;D. Fluconazole, РО на 100 мг x 1&lt;br /&gt;E. Влагалищный душ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;This patient has a classic presentation and microscopic&lt;br /&gt;examination of bacterial vaginosis. Bacterial vaginosis, which is linked with HIV acquisition,&lt;br /&gt;herpes simplex virus (HSV) 2 shedding and acquisition, gonorrhea and Chlamydia&lt;br /&gt;acquisition, increased risk of preterm delivery, and subacute pelvic inflammatory disease,&lt;br /&gt;is unfortunately very difficult to treat.With the best available regimens, women recur at a&lt;br /&gt;rate of about 25%. Metronidazole, either as an oral formulation or vaginal gel, is recommended&lt;br /&gt;for at least 7 days for primary infection and 10–14 days for recurrence. Intravaginal&lt;br /&gt;clindamycin for this duration is also an option but has been associated with more&lt;br /&gt;anaerobic drug resistance. Treatment of male partners with metronidazole does not prevent&lt;br /&gt;recurrence of bacterial vaginosis. Metronidazole, 2g PO × 1, is standard treatment&lt;br /&gt;for Trichomonas but is too short a duration for bacterial vaginosis. Fluconazole is used for&lt;br /&gt;vaginal candidiasis. Douching has no proven role in bacterial vaginosis infection. Acyclovir&lt;br /&gt;is the recommended treatment for HSV-2 genital infection.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 7. 51-летняя женщина диагностирована с Плазмодием falciparum малярия после возвращения из сафари в Танзании. Ее паразитемия - 6 %, гематокрит - 21 %, билирубин - 7.8 мг/дл, и креатинин - 2.7 мг/дл. Она все еще выделяет 60 мл мочи в час. Она быстро становится ступорозной. Интенсивная терапия начата, с частыми проверками креатинина, тщательным  контролем гипогликемии, вливанием фенобарбитала для профилактики приступов, искусственная вентиляция легких для защиты дыхательных путей, и обменного переливания из-за высокой паразитемии. Какой из следующих режимов рекомендуется как лечение первой линии для ее малярийной инфекции?&lt;br /&gt;A. Хлорохин&lt;br /&gt;B. Внутривенный artesunate&lt;br /&gt;C. Внутривенный хинин&lt;br /&gt;D. Внутривенный quinidine&lt;br /&gt;E. Mefloquine&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Artemisinin-containing regimens are now recommended&lt;br /&gt;by the World Health Organization as first-line agents for P. falciparum malaria. In severe&lt;br /&gt;P. falciparum malaria, IV artesunate reduced mortality by 35% compared to IV quinine.&lt;br /&gt;Artemether and artemotil are given IM and are not as effective as artesunate. Although&lt;br /&gt;safer and more effective than quinine, artesunate is not available in the United States. In&lt;br /&gt;the United States, quinidine or quinine is used as a necessary second choice. Intravenous&lt;br /&gt;quinine is as effective as and safer than IV quinidine. Quinine causes fewer arrhythmias&lt;br /&gt;and hypotension with infusion than quinidine, but it is often not available in U.S. hospital&lt;br /&gt;pharmacies. Chloroquine is only effective for P. vivax and P. ovale infection and P. falciparum&lt;br /&gt;infection in certain pockets of the Middle East and Caribbean where resistance&lt;br /&gt;has not yet developed. Mefloquine comes only as an oral formulation. It is most commonly&lt;br /&gt;employed as a prophylactic agent but is also used for treatment of multidrugresistant&lt;br /&gt;malaria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 8. Все следующие инфекции, связанные с половой активностью коррелируют с увеличенным приобретением ВИЧ инфекции в женщинах кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. бактериальный vaginosis&lt;br /&gt;B. Chlamydia&lt;br /&gt;C. гонорея&lt;br /&gt;D. вирус герпеса простого 2&lt;br /&gt;E. Trichomonas vaginalis&lt;br /&gt;F. все вышеупомянутое связано с увеличенным приобретением&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-F&lt;br /&gt;HIV is the leading cause of death in some developing&lt;br /&gt;countries. Efforts to decrease transmission include screening and treatment of sexually&lt;br /&gt;associated infections. All of the listed conditions have been linked with higher acquisition&lt;br /&gt;of HIV, based on epidemiologic studies and high biologic plausibility. Up to 50% of&lt;br /&gt;women of reproductive age in developing countries have bacterial vaginosis. All of the&lt;br /&gt;bacterial infections are curable, and treatment can decrease the frequency of genital herpes&lt;br /&gt;recurrences. This highlights an additional reason that primary care doctors should&lt;br /&gt;screen for each of these infections in female patients with detailed historic questions,&lt;br /&gt;genitourinary and rectal examinations, and evidence-based routine screening for these&lt;br /&gt;infections based on age and risk category.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 9. 9-летний мальчик привезен  в педиатрическую неотложку отцом. Он имел 2 дня головной боли, ригидности шеи, и фотофобии и этим утром имел температуру 38.9°C (102°F). Он также имел несколько эпизодов рвоты и поноса накануне вечером. Поясничная пункция выполнена, который показывает плеоцитоз в цереброспинальной жидкости (КСМ). Что из следующего, верного относительно энтеровирусов как причины асептического менингита?&lt;br /&gt;A. Повышенный белок КСМ исключает энтеровирусы как причина менингита.&lt;br /&gt;B. Энтеровирусы ответственны за 90 % асептического менингита в детях.&lt;br /&gt;C. Лимфоциты будут преобладать в КСМ вначале, с изменением к нейтрофилам в 24 часах.&lt;br /&gt;D. Симптомы более тяжелы в детях чем во взрослых.&lt;br /&gt;E. Они встречаются более обычно зимой и весной.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Enteroviruses are responsible for up to 90% of aseptic&lt;br /&gt;meningitis in which an etiologic agent can be identified. Symptoms are typically more severe&lt;br /&gt;in adults than children. Illness is more frequent in the summer and fall in temperate&lt;br /&gt;climates, whereas other causes of viral meningitis are more common in winter and&lt;br /&gt;spring. CSF analysis always shows an elevated (though usually &lt;1000&gt;6 weeks to emerge, include&lt;br /&gt;fever, maculopapular rash, fatigue, malaise, gastrointestinal symptoms, and/or dyspnea.&lt;br /&gt;Once a diagnosis is suspected, the drug should be stopped and never given again because&lt;br /&gt;rechallenge can be fatal. For this reason, both the diagnosis and patient education once&lt;br /&gt;the diagnosis is made must be performed thoroughly and carefully. It is important to&lt;br /&gt;note that two available combination pills contain abacavir (epzicom, trizivir), so patients&lt;br /&gt;must know to avoid these as well. Fanconi’s anemia is a rare disorder associated with&lt;br /&gt;tenofovir. Zidovudine causes anemia and sometimes granulocytopenia. Stavudine and&lt;br /&gt;other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are associated with lipoatrophy of the&lt;br /&gt;face and legs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 39. 30-летняя здоровая женщина появляется в больнице с тяжелой одышкой, спутанностью сознания, продуктивным кашлем, и лихорадками. Она была больна предыдущую 1 неделю подобной гриппу болезнью, характеризованной лихорадкой, миалгиями, головной болью, и недомоганием. Ее болезнь почти полностью улучшилась без медицинского вмешательства до 36 часов назад, когда она развивала новые ознобы, сопровождаемые прогрессией дыхательных симптомов. На начальной экспертизе, ее температура - 39.6°C, пульс - 130 ударов в минуту, кровяное давление - 95/60 мм рт.ст., частота дыхания - 40, и насыщенность кислорода - 88 % и  100 %  на кислородной маске (facemask). На экспертизе она является липкой, сконфуженной, и очень страдающей одышкой. Экспертиза легкого показывает амфорические звуки дыхания по ее левым нижним легочным полям. Она интубирована и реанимирована с жидкостью и антибиотиками. Просмотр КТ груди показывает некроз ее левой нижней доли. Кровь и культуры мокроты выращивают Staphylococcus aureus. Это выделение (видимо бактерия), вероятно, будет устойчивым к которому из следующих антибиотиков?&lt;br /&gt;A. Доксициклин&lt;br /&gt;B. Linezolid&lt;br /&gt;C. Метициллин&lt;br /&gt;D. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX)&lt;br /&gt;E. Vancomycin&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;In recent years, the emergence of “community acquired”&lt;br /&gt;methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in numerous populations has&lt;br /&gt;been well documented. This pathogen most commonly leads to pyogenic infections of&lt;br /&gt;the skin but has also been associated with necrotizing fasciitis, infectious pyomyositis, endocarditis,&lt;br /&gt;and osteomyelitis. The most feared complication is a necrotizing pneumonia&lt;br /&gt;that often follows influenza upper respiratory infection and can affect previously healthy&lt;br /&gt;people. This pathogen produces the Panton-Valentine leukocidin protein that forms&lt;br /&gt;holes in the membranes of neutrophils as they arrive at the site of infection, and serves as&lt;br /&gt;marker for this pathogen. An easy way to identify this strain of MRSA is its sensitivity&lt;br /&gt;profile. Unlike MRSA isolates of the past, which were sensitive only to vancomycin, daptomycin,&lt;br /&gt;quinupristin/dalfopristin, and linezolid, CA-MRSA are almost uniformly susceptible&lt;br /&gt;to TMP/SMX and doxycycline as well. The organism is also usually sensitive to&lt;br /&gt;clindamycin. The term community-acquired has probably outlived its usefulness as this&lt;br /&gt;isolate has become the most common S. aureus isolate causing infection in many hospitals&lt;br /&gt;around the world.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 40. Микробное обсеменение Хеликобактор пилори  вовлечено во все следующие {состояния} кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. дуоденальная болезнь язвы&lt;br /&gt;B. желудочная аденокарцинома&lt;br /&gt;C. желудочная связанная слизистой оболочкой лимфоидная ткань (СОЛОД) лимфома&lt;br /&gt;D. болезнь гастроэзофагеального рефлюкса&lt;br /&gt;E. болезнь язвенной болезни&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;Helicobacter pylori is thought to colonize ~50% (30% in&lt;br /&gt;developed countries, &gt;80% in developing countries) of the world’s population. The organism&lt;br /&gt;induces a direct tissue response in the stomach, with evidence of mononuclear&lt;br /&gt;and polymorphonuclear infiltrates in all of those with colonization, regardless of whether&lt;br /&gt;or not symptoms are present. Gastric ulceration and adenocarcinoma of the stomach&lt;br /&gt;arise in association with this gastritis. MALT is specific to H. pylori infection and is due to&lt;br /&gt;prolonged B cell activation in the stomach. Though H. pylori does not directly infect the&lt;br /&gt;intestine, it does diminish somatostatin production, indirectly contributing to the development&lt;br /&gt;of duodenal ulcers. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is not caused by H. pylori,&lt;br /&gt;and some early, controversial research may suggest that it is in fact protective against this&lt;br /&gt;condition.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 41. 24-летняя женщина развивает разбросанные артралгии и утреннюю {ригидность} в ее руках, коленях, и запястьях. Двумя неделями ранее она имела самоограничивающуюся лихорадочную болезнь, заметное красное высыпание на лице и кружевное ретикулярное высыпание на ее конечностях. На экспертизе, ее двусторонние запястья, метокарпофалангеальные  суставы, и проксимальные интерфалангеальные суставы являются теплыми и немного болотистыми. Какой тест{ }, наиболее вероятно, покажет ее диагноз?&lt;br /&gt;A. Антиядерное антитело&lt;br /&gt;B. Chlamydia trachomatis ligase ценная реакция мочи&lt;br /&gt;C. Соединить стремление к кристаллам и культуре&lt;br /&gt;D. Парвовирус B19 IgM&lt;br /&gt;E. Ревматоидный фактор&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;The most likely diagnosis based on her antecedent illness&lt;br /&gt;with a facial rash is parvovirus infection. Parvovirus commonly leads to a diffuse symmetric&lt;br /&gt;arthritis in the immune phase of illness when IgM antibodies are developed. Occasionally&lt;br /&gt;the arthritis persists over months and can mimic rheumatoid arthritis. The&lt;br /&gt;acute nature of these complaints makes systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid&lt;br /&gt;arthritis less likely. Reactive arthritis due to Chlamydia or a list of other bacterial pathogens&lt;br /&gt;tends to effect large joints such as the sacroiliac joints and spine. It is also sometimes&lt;br /&gt;accompanied by uveitis and urethritis. The large number of joints involved with a symmetric&lt;br /&gt;distribution argues against crystal or septic arthropathy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 42. Candida albicans выделена у следующих пациентов. Оцените вероятность, чтобы от самого большого до меньше всего, что положительная культура представляет истинную инфекцию, а не примесь или неинфекционное микробное обсеменение?&lt;br /&gt;Пациент X: 63-летний {мужчина} госпитализирован  в отделении интенсивной терапии (ПИТ) с пневмонией, который имеет текущие лихорадки после получения 5 дней levofloxacin для пневмонии. Анализ мочи, из катетера Foley показывает положительную эстеразу лейкоцита, отрицательный нитрит, 15 лейкоциов в поле зрения, 10 эритроцитов, и 10 эпителиальных клеток в поле зрения. Бактериологическое исследование мочи выращивает Candida albicans.&lt;br /&gt;Пациент Y: 38-летняя женщина на гемодиализе развивает низкосортные лихорадки и недомогание. Периферические бактериологические исследования крови выращивают Candida albicans в одном из в общей сложности трех наборов бактериологических исследований крови только в аэробной бутылке.&lt;br /&gt;Пациент Z: 68-летний {мужчина} развивает 2-дневную историю лихорадки, продуктивного кашля, и недомогания. Рентгенограмма груди показывает левый инфильтрат нижней доли. Окрашивание по Граму мокроты показывает много полиморфонуклеаров, немного эпителиальных {клеток}, умеренные грамположительные кокки в цепях, и дрожжах, совместимых с Candida.&lt;br /&gt;A. Пациент X&gt; пациент Z&gt; пациент Y&lt;br /&gt;B. Пациент Y&gt; пациент Z&gt; пациент X&lt;br /&gt;C. Пациент Y&gt; пациент X&gt; пациент Z&lt;br /&gt;D. Пациент X&gt; пациент Y&gt; пациент Z&lt;br /&gt;E. Пациент Z&gt; пациент X&gt; пациент Y&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Isolation of yeast from the blood stream can virtually&lt;br /&gt;never be considered a contaminant. Presentation may be indolent with malaise only, or&lt;br /&gt;fulminant with overwhelming sepsis in the neutropenic host. All indwelling catheters&lt;br /&gt;need to be removed to ensure clearance of infection, and evaluation for endocarditis and&lt;br /&gt;endophthalmitis should be strongly considered, particularly in patients with persistently&lt;br /&gt;positive cultures or fever. Both of these complications of fungemia often entail surgical&lt;br /&gt;intervention for cure. A positive yeast culture in the urine is often difficult to interpret,&lt;br /&gt;particularly in patients on antibiotics and in the ICU. Most frequently, a positive culture&lt;br /&gt;for yeast represents contamination, even if the urinalysis suggests bladder inflammation.&lt;br /&gt;An attractive option is to remove the Foley catheter and recheck a culture. Antifungals&lt;br /&gt;are indicated if the patient appears ill, in the context of renal transplant where fungal&lt;br /&gt;balls can develop in the graft, and often in neutropenic patients. Candida pneumonia is&lt;br /&gt;uncommon, even in immunocompromised patients. A positive yeast culture of the sputum&lt;br /&gt;is usually representative of commensal oral flora and should not be managed as an&lt;br /&gt;infection, particularly as in this case where acute bacterial pneumonia is likely.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 43. Какое из следующих утверждений относительно Клостридиум дефициле ассоциированных болезней является верным?&lt;br /&gt;A. Первый рецидив не подразумевает больший риск дальнейших рецидивов.&lt;br /&gt;B. Большинство рецидивов происходит из-за антибиотической устойчивости{сопротивления}.&lt;br /&gt;C. Текущая трудно-связанная болезнь C. была связана с более высоким риском рака толстой кишки.&lt;br /&gt;D. рецидивирующая болезнь связана с серьезными осложнениями.&lt;br /&gt;E. Испытание на удаление C. дефициле гарантировано после лечения рецидивов.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;Clostridium difficile–associated disease recurrences are&lt;br /&gt;most often due to reinfection (because patients carry similar risk factors as they did before&lt;br /&gt;first infection) or relapse (due to persistence of spores in the bowel). Approximately&lt;br /&gt;15–30% of patients have at least one relapse. Recurrent disease has been associated with&lt;br /&gt;~10% risk of serious complications including shock, megacolon, perforation, colectomy,&lt;br /&gt;or death at 30 days.Metronidazole resistance occurs but is actually a very rare event.Metronidazole&lt;br /&gt;and vancomycin have a similar efficacy in a first episode of recurrence. Repeated&lt;br /&gt;courses of metronidazole should be avoided due to neurotoxicity. Unfortunately,&lt;br /&gt;patients who recur are more likely to recur again, and many patients receive multiple cycles&lt;br /&gt;of antibiotics and are even candidates for more extreme measures such as intravenous&lt;br /&gt;immunoglobulin or fecal transplant via stool enema. Testing for clearance is not&lt;br /&gt;likely to be informative. A negative stool antigen would not change management, as&lt;br /&gt;symptomatic improvement is the true goal of therapy. A positive stool antigen and toxin&lt;br /&gt;test in a patient whose symptoms have improved after standard therapy implies colonization,&lt;br /&gt;not disease. It can therefore be needlessly discouraging to patients and again does&lt;br /&gt;not impact clinical management. There is no known association between C. difficile–&lt;br /&gt;associated disease and colon cancer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 44. 38-летний мужчина с ВИЧ/СПИД развивает 4 недели поноса, лихорадки, и потери в весе. Какой из следующих анализов выявит диагноз CMV колита?&lt;br /&gt;A. IgG CMV&lt;br /&gt;B. Колоноскопия с биопсией&lt;br /&gt;C. Сыворотка ценная реакция полимеразы CMV (PCR)&lt;br /&gt;D. Стул антиген CMV&lt;br /&gt;E. Cтул культура CMV&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;CMV colitis should be considered in AIDS patients with&lt;br /&gt;CD4+ lymphocyte count &lt;50/ìl, ast =" 84,"&gt;48 h, therefore neither drug is likely to be effective.&lt;br /&gt;The patient’s history of asthma is an additional contraindication to zanamivir, as this drug&lt;br /&gt;can precipitate bronchospasm. The M2 inhibitors, amantadine and rimantadine, have activity&lt;br /&gt;against influenza A only. However, in 2005 &gt;90% of A/H3N2 viral isolates demonstrated&lt;br /&gt;resistance to amantadine, and these drugs are no longer recommended for use in influenza A.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 54. Спустя один месяц после получения 14-дневного курса omeprazole, clarithromycin, и amoxicillin для связанной Helicobacter pylory ЯБЖ , 44-летняя женщина все еще имеет умеренную диспепсию и боль после пищи. Каков адекватный следующий шаг в управлении?&lt;br /&gt;A. Эмпирическая отдаленная терапия ингибитора протонной помпы&lt;br /&gt;B. Эндоскопия с биопсией, чтобы исключить желудочную аденокарциному&lt;br /&gt;C. Испытание серологии пилорусов H.&lt;br /&gt;D. Успокоить&lt;br /&gt;E. Терапия второй линии для пилорусов H. с omeprazole, подэфиром салициловой кислоты висмута, тетрациклином, и metronidazole&lt;br /&gt;F. Уреазный дыхательный тест&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-F&lt;br /&gt;It is impossible to know whether the patient’s continued&lt;br /&gt;dyspepsia is due to persistent H. pylori as a result of treatment failure or to some other&lt;br /&gt;cause. A quick noninvasive test to look for the presence of H. pylori is a urea breath test.&lt;br /&gt;This test can be done as an outpatient and gives a rapid, accurate response. Patients&lt;br /&gt;should not have received any proton pump inhibitors or antimicrobials in the meantime.&lt;br /&gt;Stool antigen test is another good option if urea breath testing is not available. If the urea&lt;br /&gt;breath test is positive &gt;1 month after completion of first-line therapy, second-line therapy&lt;br /&gt;with a proton pump inhibitor, bismuth subsalicylate, tetracycline, and metronidazole&lt;br /&gt;may be indicated. If the urea breath test is negative, the remaining symptoms are unlikely&lt;br /&gt;due to persistent H. pylori infection. Serology is useful only for diagnosing infection initially,&lt;br /&gt;but it can remain positive and therefore misleading in those who have cleared H.&lt;br /&gt;pylori. Endoscopy is a consideration to rule out ulcer or upper gastrointestinal malignancy&lt;br /&gt;but is generally preferred after two failed attempts to eradicate H. pylori.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 55. Какой из следующих препаратов, используемых с антимикробной целью, требуют сокращения дозы для пациентов с предполагаемым уровнем клубочковой фильтрации &lt;30&gt;10 mm are greatest risk of embolizing. Of&lt;br /&gt;the choices above, C, D, and E are large enough to increase the risk of embolization.&lt;br /&gt;However, only choice D demonstrates the risks of both size and location. Hematogenously&lt;br /&gt;seeded infection from an embolized vegetation may involve any organ, but particularly&lt;br /&gt;affects those organs with the highest blood flow. They are seen in up to 50% of&lt;br /&gt;patients with endocarditis. Tricuspid lesions will lead to pulmonary septic emboli,&lt;br /&gt;common in injection drug users. Mitral and aortic lesions can lead to embolic infec&lt;br /&gt;tions in the skin, spleen, kidneys, meninges, and skeletal system. A dreaded neurologic&lt;br /&gt;complication is mycotic aneurysm, focal dilations of arteries at points in the arterial&lt;br /&gt;wall that have been weakened by infection in the vasa vasorum or septic emboli, leading&lt;br /&gt;to hemorrhage.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 61. Анализы на скрытую инфекцию туберкулеза Mycobacterium показано в ВИЧ пациентах во время начального диагноза для всех следующих причин кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. Уровни успешного Лечения активного туберкулеза ниже у ВИЧ-инфицированных по сравнению с HlV-неинфицированными пациентами.&lt;br /&gt;B. Взаимодействия лекарственного средства между лекарственными терапиями для активной терапии туберкулеза и очень активной антиретровиральной терапии оспаривают, чтобы справиться.&lt;br /&gt;C. ВИЧ-связанный активный туберкулез, более вероятно, будет экстрапульмонарен и может диагностически оспаривать.&lt;br /&gt;D. ВИЧ-зараженные{-инфицированные} пациенты с активным туберкулезом имеют высоко 6-месячные ВИЧ-связанные показатели летальности.&lt;br /&gt;E. Норма{Разряд} прогрессии от скрытого туберкулеза до активного туберкулеза более высока в ВИЧ-зараженных{-инфицированных} людях по сравнению с ВИЧ-неинфицированными людьми.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;The purpose of testing for latent tuberculosis (with either&lt;br /&gt;PPD skin testing or whole-blood interferon assays) in any person is to detect latent tuberculosis&lt;br /&gt;infection and treat at that stage to avoid development of active tuberculosis (TB).&lt;br /&gt;This strategy benefits the individual patient and the greater public health. These issues&lt;br /&gt;are more pressing in persons with HIV infection. The progression from latent to active&lt;br /&gt;TB in an HIV-infected patient is estimated as high as 10% per year rather than 10% per&lt;br /&gt;lifetime as in the HIV-uninfected persons. In HIV-infected persons, active TB is clinically&lt;br /&gt;present in extrapulmonary sites (kidney, central nervous system) and can be diagnostically&lt;br /&gt;challenging. TB infection appears to accelerate HIV disease. The 6-month mortality&lt;br /&gt;rate among co-infected patients is higher than in patients with HIV-infection alone. Rifamycin&lt;br /&gt;derivatives, used for active TB therapy, have fairly complex drug-drug interactions&lt;br /&gt;with antiretroviral therapy (ART) agents often necessitating ART regimen exchange or&lt;br /&gt;dose adjustment. Appropriate therapy for active TB has similar efficacy rates for mycobacterial&lt;br /&gt;eradication in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 62. 19-летний мужчина пребывает в отделению реанимации с 4 днями водянистого поноса, тошноты, рвоты, и субфибрильной лихорадки. Он не вспоминает никакой необычной пищи, больных контактов, или путешествия. Он гидратирован с IV жидкостью, даны противорвотные средства и он выписыван домой c улучшением самочувствия. Три дня спустя два из трех бактериологических исследований крови уверенны для Clostridium perfringens. Ему звонят домой и он говорит, что он чувствует себя прекрасно и вернулся на работу. Какая должна ваша следующая инструкция пациенту быть?&lt;br /&gt;A. Возвратитесь для IV пенициллинотерапии&lt;br /&gt;B. Возвратитесь для IV пенициллинотерапии плюс эхокардиограмма&lt;br /&gt;C. Возвратитесь для IV пенициллинотерапии плюс колоноскопия&lt;br /&gt;D. Возвратитесь для бактериологического исследования крови наблюдения&lt;br /&gt;E. Заверение (успокоить)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;Clostridia are gram-positive spore-forming obligate&lt;br /&gt;anaerobes that reside normally in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Several clostridial species&lt;br /&gt;can cause severe disease. C. perfringens, which is the second most common clostridial species&lt;br /&gt;to normally colonize the GI tract, is associated with food poisoning, gas gangrene,&lt;br /&gt;and myonecrosis. C. septicum is seen often in conjunction with GI tumors. C. sordellii is&lt;br /&gt;associated with septic abortions. All can cause a fulminant overwhelming bacteremia, but&lt;br /&gt;this condition is rare. The fact that this patient is well several days after his acute complaints&lt;br /&gt;rules out this fulminant course. A more common scenario is transient, self-limited&lt;br /&gt;bacteremia due to transient gut translocation during an episode of gastroenteritis. There&lt;br /&gt;is no need to treat when this occurs, and no further workup is necessary. Clostridium spp.&lt;br /&gt;sepsis rarely causes endocarditis because overwhelming disseminated intravascular coagulation&lt;br /&gt;and death occur so rapidly. Screening for GI tumor is warranted when C. septicum&lt;br /&gt;is cultured from the blood or a deep wound infection.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 63. Все следующее - клиническая манифестация Аскариды lumbricoides инфекции кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. бессимптомное носительство&lt;br /&gt;B. лихорадка, головная боль, фотофобия, шейная ригидность, и эозинофилия&lt;br /&gt;C. непроизводительный кашель и плеврит с эозинофилией&lt;br /&gt;D. правильная боль верхнего квадранта и лихорадка&lt;br /&gt;E. обструкция тонкой кишки&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Ascaris lumbricoides is the longest nematode (15–40 cm)&lt;br /&gt;parasite of humans. It resides in tropical and subtropical regions. In the United States, it&lt;br /&gt;is found mostly in the rural Southeast. Transmission is through fecally contaminated soil.&lt;br /&gt;Most commonly the worm burden is low and it causes no symptoms. Clinical disease is&lt;br /&gt;related to larval migration to the lungs or to adult worms in the gastrointestinal tract.&lt;br /&gt;The most common complications occur due to a high gastrointestinal adult worm burden&lt;br /&gt;leading to small-bowel obstruction (most often in children with a narrow-caliber&lt;br /&gt;small-bowel lumen) or migration leading to obstructive complications such as cholangitis,&lt;br /&gt;pancreatitis, or appendicitis. Rarely, adult worms can migrate to the esophagus and be&lt;br /&gt;orally expelled. During the lung phase of larval migration (9–12 days after egg ingestion)&lt;br /&gt;patients may develop a nonproductive cough, fever, eosinophilia, and pleuritic chest&lt;br /&gt;pain. Eosinophilic pneumonia syndrome (Lцffler’s syndrome) is characterized by symptoms&lt;br /&gt;and lung infiltrates. Meningitis is not a known complication of ascariasis but can&lt;br /&gt;occur with disseminated strongyloidiasis in an immunocompromised host.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 64. В развитом мире, seroprevalence (серологическая распространенность) инфекции Helicobacter пилори- в настоящее время&lt;br /&gt;A. уменьшение&lt;br /&gt;B. увеличение&lt;br /&gt;C. оставаясь то же самое&lt;br /&gt;D. неизвестный&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;H. pylori is a disease of overcrowding. Transmission has&lt;br /&gt;therefore decreased in the United States as the standard of living has increased. It is predicated&lt;br /&gt;that the percentage of duodenal ulcers due to factors other than H. pylori (e.g., use&lt;br /&gt;of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) will increase over the upcoming decades. Controversial,&lt;br /&gt;but increasing, evidence suggests that H. pylori colonization may provide some&lt;br /&gt;protection from recent emerging gastrointestinal disorders, such as gastroesophageal reflux&lt;br /&gt;disease (and its complication, esophageal carcinoma). Therefore, the health implications&lt;br /&gt;of H. pylori eradication may not be simple.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 65. 87-летний житель дома престарелых доставлен санитарной машиной к местному отделению неотложной помощи. Он притуплен и выглядит больным. Со слов штата дома престарелых, пациент испытал низкосортные температуры, слабый аппетит, и летаргию более чем несколько дней. Поясничная пункция выполнена, и Окрашивание по Граму возвращается с грамположительными палочками, и много лейкоцитов. Менингит Listeria диагностирован, и адекватные антибиотики начаты. Что из следующего лучшего описывает клиническое различие между Listeria менингит и другими причинами бактериального менингита?&lt;br /&gt;A. Более частая выйная ригидность.&lt;br /&gt;B. Больше нейтрофилов присутствует на цереброспинальной жидкости (КСМ) дифференциал.&lt;br /&gt;C. Фотофобия является более общей.&lt;br /&gt;D. Презентациячасто более подостро.&lt;br /&gt;E. Белая клетка крови (лейкоцитарная формула) счет часто более увеличивается{поднимается} в КСМ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;Listeria meningitis typically affects the elderly and the&lt;br /&gt;chronically ill. It is frequently a more subacute (developing over days) illness than other&lt;br /&gt;etiologies of bacterial meningitis. It may be mistaken for aseptic meningitis. Meningeal&lt;br /&gt;signs, including nuchal rigidity, are less common, as is photophobia, than in other, more&lt;br /&gt;acute causes of bacterial meningitis. Typically WBC counts in the CSF range from 100–&lt;br /&gt;5000/ìL with a less pronounced neutrophilia. 75% of patients will have a WBC count&lt;br /&gt;&lt;1000/ìl.&gt;250/ìL would be diagnostic of bacterial peritonitis even if&lt;br /&gt;Gram’s stain were negative. The paracentesis also might provide microbiologic confirmation.&lt;br /&gt;CT of the head would be useful for the diagnosis of cerebral edema associated with&lt;br /&gt;severe hepatic encephalopathy or in the presence of focal neurologic findings suggesting&lt;br /&gt;an epidural bleed. Cirrhotic patients are at great risk of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and&lt;br /&gt;it may worsen hepatic encephalopathy by increasing the protein load in the colon. Esophagastroduodenoscopy&lt;br /&gt;would be a reasonable course of action, particularly if stools were&lt;br /&gt;guaiac positive or there was gross evidence of hematemesis or melena. In this case, there&lt;br /&gt;is no evidence of GI bleeding and there is mild hemoconcentration, possibly from peritonitis.&lt;br /&gt;Lactulose, and possibly neomycin or rifaximin, is a logical therapeutic trial in this&lt;br /&gt;patient if peritonitis is not present. Serum ammonia level may suggest hepatic encephalopathy,&lt;br /&gt;if elevated, but does not have sufficient predictive value on its own to rule in or&lt;br /&gt;rule out this diagnosis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 94. 64-летняя женщина госпитализирована с измененным психическим статусом. Она недавно возвратилась из летней поездки спуска на плотах в Колорадо. Ее муж сообщает об увеличивающемся беспорядке {замешательстве}, переменной летаргии и ажитации {волнении}, и визуальных галлюцинациях за прошлые 3 дня. Нет никакой истории злоупотребления наркотиками или психиатрических заболеваний. Она не принимает никаких лекарственных препаратов. При осмотре температура 39°C (102.2°F), миоклонические судороги и гиперрефлексия. Она делириозна и ориентирована в личности только при пробуждении. Нет никакой шейной ригидности. Цереброспинальная жидкость -показывает прозрачную жидкость, лейкоциты 15 cells/µL с 100%-ыми лимфоцитами, белок 1.0 г/л (100 мг/дл), и глюкоза 4.4 ммоль/л (80 мг / dL). Окрашивание по Граму цереброспинальной жидкости не показывает никаких организмов. Вы подозреваете инфекцию с Западным Нильским вирусом. Какое из следующих исследований будет самым полезным в создании того диагноза?&lt;br /&gt;A. Культура ЦСЖ&lt;br /&gt;B. ЦСЖ антитела IgM&lt;br /&gt;C. ЯМР CNS&lt;br /&gt;D. ЦНС PCR&lt;br /&gt;E. Посев кала&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Since its introduction to the United States in 1999, West&lt;br /&gt;Nile virus (WNV) causes ~1000–3000 cases of encephalitis with 300 deaths annually. It is&lt;br /&gt;a flavivirus of the same family as the causative agents of St. Louis and Japanese encephalitis.&lt;br /&gt;Cases typically occur in the summer, often in community outbreaks, associated with&lt;br /&gt;dead crows. It is estimated that 1% of infections cause encephalitis, with the remainder&lt;br /&gt;being subclinical or having self-limited West Nile fever. The elderly, diabetics, and patients&lt;br /&gt;with prior central nervous system (CNS) disease are at greater risk of encephalitis.&lt;br /&gt;WNV cannot be cultured, and there is not yet a polymerase chain reaction test. IgM antibodies&lt;br /&gt;normally do not cross the blood-brain barrier, and so their presence in the CSF is&lt;br /&gt;due to intrathecal production during acute infection with WNV. MRI is abnormal in&lt;br /&gt;only 30% of cases of WNV, significantly less often than is the case in herpes simplex virus&lt;br /&gt;encephalitis. Stool culture may be useful in the diagnostic evaluation of enteroviral meningitis&lt;br /&gt;or encephalitis but not in cases of WNV.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 95. Какое из следующего представляет редкое, но серьезное экстрапульмонарное осложнение инфекции гриппа?&lt;br /&gt;A. Распространенное экзематозное высыпание&lt;br /&gt;B. Миозит&lt;br /&gt;C. Олигоартрит&lt;br /&gt;D. Гнойный конъюнктивит&lt;br /&gt;E. Вторичная бактериальная пневмония, вызванная Staphylococcus aureus&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Myositis and subsequent rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria&lt;br /&gt;represent a rare but severe complication of influenza infection. Renal failure may&lt;br /&gt;occur. Myalgias are a prominent symptom of influenza infection, but myositis characterized&lt;br /&gt;by elevated creatine phosphokinase and marked tenderness of the muscles is very infrequent.&lt;br /&gt;The pathogenesis of this complication is unknown. Other extrapulmonary&lt;br /&gt;complications of influenza including encephalitis, transverse myelitis, and Guillain-Barrй&lt;br /&gt;syndrome have been reported, although the etiologic relationship to influenza virus infection&lt;br /&gt;is uncertain.Myocarditis and pericarditis were reported during the 1918–1919 influenza&lt;br /&gt;pandemic. The most serious complication of influenza is secondary bacterial&lt;br /&gt;pneumonia, such as caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Arthritis, conjunctivitis, and eczematous&lt;br /&gt;rashes have not been described as complications of influenza infection.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 96. Вы - врач для студентов последнего курса университета в Аризоне. Вы осмотрели трех студентов со сходными жалобами лихорадки, недомогания, диффузных артралгий, кашля без кровохарканья, и дискомфорта груди, и одна из пациентов имеет кожные высыпания на конечностях, совместимых с мультиформной эритемой. Рентгенограмма легких сходна у всех трех, с воротной аденопатией и небольшими плевральными выпотами. После дальнейшего опроса Вы узнаете, что все три студента находятся в том же самом классе археологии и участвовали в раскопках 1 неделю назад. Ваш ведущий диагноз&lt;br /&gt;A. мононуклеоз&lt;br /&gt;B. первичный легочный аспергиллез&lt;br /&gt;C. первичный легочный coccidioidomycosis&lt;br /&gt;D. первичный легочный гистоплазмоз&lt;br /&gt;E. стрептококковая пневмония&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Coccidioides immitis is a mold that is found in the soil in&lt;br /&gt;the southwestern United States and Mexico. Case clusters of primary disease may appear&lt;br /&gt;10–14 days after exposure, and the activities with the highest risk include archaeologic excavation,&lt;br /&gt;rock hunting, military maneuvers, and construction work. Only 40% of primary&lt;br /&gt;pulmonary infections are symptomatic. Symptoms may include those of a hypersensitivity&lt;br /&gt;reaction such as erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, arthritis, or conjunctivitis. Diagnosis&lt;br /&gt;can be made by culture of sputum; however, when this organism is suspected, the&lt;br /&gt;laboratory needs to be notified as it is a biohazard level 3 fungus. Serologic tests of blood&lt;br /&gt;may also be helpful; however, seroconversion of primary disease may take up to 8 weeks.&lt;br /&gt;Skin testing is useful only for epidemiologic studies and is not done in clinical practice.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 97. 34-летний недавний иммигрант из Бурунди с лихорадкой, головной болью, тяжелыми миалгиями, фотофобией, конъюнктивальной инъекцией, и изнеможением. Он жил в лагере беженцев в течение предыдущих 10 лет. В лагере, его лечили от нескольких неизвестных лихорадочных болезней. Начиная с прибытия в Соединенные Штаты 7 лет назад, он работал как компьютерный аналитик и жил только в столичном Северо-западном городе без значительного путешествия. Начальные бактериологические исследования крови отрицательны. Пять дней в болезнь он развивает гипотензию, пневмонит, энцефалопатию, и гангрену дистальных фаланг {пальцев} так же как petechial, геморрагическое высыпание по его всему телу за исключением лица. Биопсия его высыпания показывает иммуногистохимические изменения, совместимые с риккетсиозной инфекцией. Какой из следующих риккетсиозных инфекционных агентов является наиболее вероятным в этом пациенте?&lt;br /&gt;A. Coxiella burnetii (Q лихорадка)&lt;br /&gt;B. Rickettsia africae (африканская передаваемая клещами лихорадка)&lt;br /&gt;C. Rickettsia prowazekii (передаваемый вошью сыпной тиф)&lt;br /&gt;D. Rickettsia rickettsii (лихорадка скалистых гор)&lt;br /&gt;E. Rickettsia typhi (крысиный сыпной тиф)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Only two rickettsial infections, R. prowazekii and C. burnetii,&lt;br /&gt;have a recrudescent or chronic stage. This patient has louse-borne (epidemic) typhus&lt;br /&gt;caused by R. prowazekii. Louse-borne typhus occurs most commonly in outbreaks&lt;br /&gt;in overcrowded, poorly hygienic areas such as refugee camps. There was an outbreak of&lt;br /&gt;~100,000 people living in refugee camps in Burundi in 1997. It is the second most severe&lt;br /&gt;form of rickettsial disease and can recur years after acute infection, as in this patient. This&lt;br /&gt;is thought to occur as a result of waning immunity. Rocky Mountain spotted fever would&lt;br /&gt;be consistent with this patient’s presentation but he has no epidemiologic risk factors apparent&lt;br /&gt;for this disease. African tick-borne fever is considerably less severe and is often associated&lt;br /&gt;with a black eschar at the site of a tick bite. Murine typhus is usually less severe&lt;br /&gt;and does not exist in a recrudescent form. Q fever can cause chronic disease but this is almost&lt;br /&gt;always in the form of endocarditis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 98. Вы - врач по вызову, практикующий в пригородном сообществе. Вы получаете запрос от 28-летней женщины с прошлой медицинской историей, значительной для саркоидоза, не находящейся в настоящее время ни на каком лечении. Она жалуется на острое начало судорожной диффузной боли в животе и многократные эпизодов некровавой рвоты. Не было головокружения с положением или потерей сознания. При дальнейшем опросе, пациент заявляет, что ее последняя пища была 5 часами ранее, когда она присоединилась к ее друзьям на завтрак в местном китайском ресторане. Она поела в буфете, который включал различные блюда домашней птицы и жареный рис. Что Вы должны сделать для этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;A. Попросить, чтобы пациент пошел в самое близкое отделение реанимации для возвращения к жизни с IV жидкостями.&lt;br /&gt;B. Принятая{Начатая} антибиотикотерапия с azithromycin.&lt;br /&gt;C. Заверить пациента, что ее болезнь является самоограничивающейся, и никакое дальнейшее лечение не необходимо, если она может поддержать адекватную гидратацию.&lt;br /&gt;D. Отнести пациента для КТ, чтобы оценить для аппендицита.&lt;br /&gt;E. Отнести пациента за входную плату{допуск} для IV vancomycin и ceftriaxone из-за ее состояния immunocompromised, следующего из саркоидоза.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;The patient most likely has food poisoning because of&lt;br /&gt;contamination of the fried rice with Bacillus cereus. This toxin-mediated disease occurs&lt;br /&gt;when heat-resistant spores germinate after boiling. Frying before serving may not destroy&lt;br /&gt;the preformed toxin. The emetic form of illness occurs within 6 h of eating and is selflimited.&lt;br /&gt;No therapy is necessary unless the patient develops severe dehydration. This patient&lt;br /&gt;currently has no symptoms consistent with volume depletion; therefore, she does not&lt;br /&gt;need IV fluids at present. Sarcoidosis does not predispose patients to infectious diseases.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 99. исследование серологии на Боррелия burgdorferi показана для которого из следующих пациентов, проживающих в эндемических Лаймом областях?&lt;br /&gt;A. 19-летний жен. консультант лагеря, у которой второй эпизод воспаленния, покраснения и левого колена и правой лодыжки {голеностопного сустава}&lt;br /&gt;B. 23-летний мужской маляр, который дарит первичную эжритему migrans поражению на участке{сайте} засвидетельствованного укуса клеща&lt;br /&gt;C. 36-летний женский государственный смотритель парка, который дарит скуловое высыпание, разбросанные артралгии/артрит ее плеч, коленей, metacarpophalangeal и ближайшего{проксимального} соединения{сустава} interphalangeal; перикардит; и острый гломерулонефрит&lt;br /&gt;D. 42-летняя женщина с хронической усталостью, миалгиями, и артралгиями&lt;br /&gt;E. 46-летний муж. садовник, с лихорадкой, недомоганием, миграционными артралгиями/миалгиями, и три эритемы migrans поражения&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;Lyme serology tests should be done only in patients with&lt;br /&gt;an intermediate pretest probability of having Lyme disease. The presence of erythema&lt;br /&gt;migrans in both patient B and patient E is diagnostic of Lyme disease in the correct epidemiologic&lt;br /&gt;context. The diagnosis is entirely clinical. Patient C’s clinical course sounds&lt;br /&gt;more consistent with systemic lupus erythematosus, and initial laboratory evaluation&lt;br /&gt;should focus on this diagnosis. Patients with chronic fatigue, myalgias, and cognitive&lt;br /&gt;change are occasionally concerned about Lyme disease as a potential etiology for their&lt;br /&gt;symptoms. However, the pretest probability of Lyme is low in these patients, assuming&lt;br /&gt;the absence of antecedent erythema migrans, and a positive serology is unlikely to be a&lt;br /&gt;true positive test. Lyme arthritis typically occurs months after the initial infection and occurs&lt;br /&gt;in ~60% of untreated patients. The typical attack is large joint, oligoarticular, and&lt;br /&gt;intermittent, lasting weeks at a time. Oligoarticular arthritis carries a broad differential&lt;br /&gt;diagnosis including sarcoidosis, spondyloarthropathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis,&lt;br /&gt;and Lyme disease. Lyme serology is appropriate in this situation. Patients with&lt;br /&gt;Lyme arthritis usually have the highest IgG antibody responses seen in the infection.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 100. 39-летний наркоман (инъекции) с историей правостороннего эндокардита и ВИЧ инфекция отмечает боль в пояснице и лихорадки за прошлую неделю. Он имел абсцесс недавно на его правой руке, которую он дренировал самостоятельно. Он - часть программы обмена иглы и всегда очищает его руку перед инъекцией героина в вену в его антикубитальной ямке. На физической экспертизе, он имеет температуру 38.1°C, частота сердечных сокращений 124 ударов в минуту, и кровяное давление 75/30 мм рт.ст. Он находится в тяжелом состоянии и немного смущен. У него низкий шум по левой стернальной границе 4/6, который изменяется с дыхательным циклом. Его яремное венозное давление - monophasic и к челюсти, когда помещено в 90 градусов. В легких-чисто. Брюшная полость без патологии. Он очень нежен по его более низкому позвоночному столбу. Его конечности теплы. Сила мышц ног - 5/5 справа, с 4/5 слева, сгибание бедра и разгибание, 3/5 слева коленное сгибание и разгибание, и 3/5, разгибание стопы. Его рефлекс Babinski - upgoing слева и downgoing справа. Каков следующий шаг ведения больного?&lt;br /&gt;A. Предотвращение антибиотиков до более категорических данных культуры получено; последовательные неврологические экспертизы&lt;br /&gt;B. Срочный ЯМР и нейрохирургическая консультация; vancomycin после бактериологических исследований крови оттянуты&lt;br /&gt;C. Срочный ЯМР и нейрохирургическая консультация; vancomycin плюс cefepime после бактериологических исследований крови отсрочено.&lt;br /&gt;D. Срочный ЯМР и нейрохирургическая консультация; предотвращение антибиотиков до более категорических данных культуры получено&lt;br /&gt;E. Vancomycin плюс cefepime после бактериологических исследований крови оттянуты; последовательные неврологические экспертизы&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;This patient has at minimum severe sepsis and has a very&lt;br /&gt;high pretest probability of an epidural abscess compressing his spinal cord, based on the&lt;br /&gt;development of weakness and upper motor neuron signs. Both represent true emergencies.&lt;br /&gt;From a sepsis standpoint, the most likely organisms are gram-positive skin flora&lt;br /&gt;with methicillin-resistant or sensitive Staphylococcus aureus representing a distinct possibility.&lt;br /&gt;Vancomycin given intravenously is therefore imperative. However, other gramnegative&lt;br /&gt;organisms such as Pseudomonas and the HACEK organisms are sometimes&lt;br /&gt;causes of bacteremia and endocarditis in injection drug users. Given this patient’s unstable&lt;br /&gt;hemodynamic state, it would be sensible to empirically cover gram-negative rods as&lt;br /&gt;well with cefepime. As the infection is life threatening, it would not be prudent to await&lt;br /&gt;operative culture data prior to starting broad-spectrum antibiotics. An epidural abscess&lt;br /&gt;needs to be diagnosed and surgically decompressed as rapidly as possible to prevent permanent&lt;br /&gt;loss of neurologic function.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 101. ВИЧ-положительный пациент со счетом CD4 110/uL, кто не принимает никакого лечения - в центре срочной бесплатной медицинской помощи с жалобами головной боли в течение прошлой недели. Он также отмечает тошноту и периодически размытое зрение. Экспертиза известна нормальным показателям жизненно важных функций без лихорадки, но умеренного отека диска зрительного нерва (папилледема). КТ головы не показывает расширенные желудочки. Категорический диагностический тест для этого пациента&lt;br /&gt;A. Культура цереброспинальной жидкость (КСМ)&lt;br /&gt;B. ЯМР с отображением гадолиния&lt;br /&gt;C. офтальмологическая экспертиза, включая визуальное испытание в полевых условиях&lt;br /&gt;D. сыворотка cryptococcal испытание антигена&lt;br /&gt;E. бактериологическое исследование мочи&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis presents with early&lt;br /&gt;manifestations of headache, nausea, gait disturbance, confusion, and visual changes. Fever&lt;br /&gt;and nuchal rigidity are often mild or absent. Papilledema is present in ~30% of cases.&lt;br /&gt;Asymmetric cranial nerve palsies occur in 25% of cases. Neuroimaging is often normal. If&lt;br /&gt;there are focal neurologic findings, an MRI may be used to diagnose cryptococcomas in&lt;br /&gt;the basal ganglia or caudate nucleus, although they are more common in immunocompetent&lt;br /&gt;patients with C. neoformans var. gattii. Imaging does not make the diagnosis. The&lt;br /&gt;definitive diagnosis remains CSF culture. However, capsular antigen testing in both the&lt;br /&gt;serum and the CSF is very sensitive and can provide a presumptive diagnosis. Approximately&lt;br /&gt;90% of patients, including all with a positive CSF smear, and the majority of AIDS&lt;br /&gt;patients have detectable cryptococcal antigen. The result is often negative in patients with&lt;br /&gt;pulmonary disease. However, because of a very small false-positive rate in antigen testing,&lt;br /&gt;CSF culture remains the definitive diagnostic test. In this condition C. neoformans often&lt;br /&gt;can also be cultured from the urine; however, other testing methods are more rapid and&lt;br /&gt;useful.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 102. Что из  следующего полезно для диагноза острого бактериального эпидидимита?&lt;br /&gt;A. Твердая ненежная тестикулярная масса&lt;br /&gt;B. Отсутствие кровотока на экспертизе Допплера&lt;br /&gt;C. Параллельное {Конкурентное} уретральное выделение&lt;br /&gt;D. Возвышение яичка в пределах скротального мешка {кисты}&lt;br /&gt;E. Нехватка реакции на ceftriaxone плюс терапия доксициклина&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Acute epididymitis almost always causes unilateral painful&lt;br /&gt;swelling of the epididymis. In young men, epididymitis is usually an extension of a primary&lt;br /&gt;sexually transmitted infection, and urethral discharge is therefore very suggestive of&lt;br /&gt;the diagnosis. The differential diagnosis includes testicular torsion, which is a surgical&lt;br /&gt;emergency. An elevated testicle and lack of blood flow on Doppler study suggest this diagnosis.&lt;br /&gt;Testicular cancer, unlike epididymitis, does not usually cause tenderness and pain.&lt;br /&gt;This is an important consideration in any male with a testicular mass. Response to cefpodoxime&lt;br /&gt;and doxycycline should suggest bacterial epididymitis, rather than rule it out.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 103. 19-летняя женщина приезжает в ваш офис, укушенная летучей мышью в ухо, располагаясь лагерем в примитивном убежище. Она не способна вспомнить о прививках. На физической экспертизе, она является безлихорадочной и появляется хорошо. Есть два маленьких следа укуса на наружном ухе ее левого уха. Что такое - адекватная стратегия прививки в этом контексте?&lt;br /&gt;A. Внутривенный ribavirin&lt;br /&gt;B. Никакая прививка&lt;br /&gt;C. Иммуноглобулины бешенства&lt;br /&gt;D. Бешенство инактивировало вирусную вакцину&lt;br /&gt;E. Инактивированная вирусную вакцина против бешенства плюс иммуноглобулины&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;In recent years, rabies virus has been most frequently&lt;br /&gt;transmitted by bats in the United States. Usually a bite is noted, but not always. Therefore,&lt;br /&gt;patients who have unexpected, unmonitored (i.e., while they are asleep) close contact&lt;br /&gt;with bats should be told to seek medical attention and likely vaccination. A bite is a&lt;br /&gt;clear indication for the most effective immunization strategy involving both active (inactivated&lt;br /&gt;virus vaccine) and passive (human rabies immunoglobulins) immune activation,&lt;br /&gt;unless the offending bat is captured and found to be rabies negative with further testing.&lt;br /&gt;The vaccination schedule for nonimmunes is intensive, with doses at 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28&lt;br /&gt;days. While there has been at least one report of successful antiviral treatment of rabies,&lt;br /&gt;there is no indication for prophylactic antiviral therapy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 104.  У 26-летней женщины во время пребывания в клинике обнаружен положительный быстрый плазмин-реагирующий тест (1:4) и положительный флуоресцентный тест абсорбции антител на трепонему (FTA-ABS). Ее никогда не лечили от сифилиса. Она вспоминает большую безболезненную язву на ее малых половых губах 9 месяцами ранее, за которыми следуют 2 месяца спустя диффузная сыпь и образования во рту, которые это также решило. Она имела пять половых контактов в прошлом году. В дополнение к лечению пациента нужно рассмотреть всех следующих дополнительных вмешательств, кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. эхокардиограмма, смотрящая на дугу аорты&lt;br /&gt;B. ВИЧ рекомендация и испытание&lt;br /&gt;C. испытание беременности&lt;br /&gt;D. экранирование и обработка {лечение} всех недавних половых контактов&lt;br /&gt;E. экранирование для других болезней, передающихся половым путем (СТАНД.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;This patient has syphilis of &lt;1&gt;1 year duration,&lt;br /&gt;but not for neurosyphilis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 117. 26-летняя студентка колледжа поступает с увеличенными epitrochlear и подмышечном лимфатическими узлами до 3 см на ее левой стороне. Она имеет безболезненный узелок на 0.5 см на ее левом втором пальце. Она сообщает о низкотемпературной лихорадке и недомогании более чем 2 недели. Она занимается озеленением, экзотическим сбором рыбы, и имеет несколько домашних животных, включая рыбок, котят, и щенка. Она сексуально активна с одним партнером. Она путешествовала экстенсивно всюду по сельской Юго-Восточной Азии за 2 года до ее текущей болезни. Отличительный диагноз включает все следующее кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. Бартонелла henselae инфекция&lt;br /&gt;B. лимфома&lt;br /&gt;C. Sporothrix schenkii инфекция&lt;br /&gt;D. Стафилококковая инфекция&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C                                                                                                                                                                                                   &lt;br /&gt;Although the patient’s gardening puts her at risk for&lt;br /&gt;Sporothrix infection, this infection typically causes a more localized streaking nodular&lt;br /&gt;lymphadenitis affecting the forearm. The differential diagnosis for nodular adenitis includes&lt;br /&gt;Sporothrix schenckii, Nocardia brasiliensis, Mycobacterium marinum, Leishmania&lt;br /&gt;braziliensis, and Francisella tularensis and is based on direct inoculation of organism due&lt;br /&gt;to contact from the soil, marine environment, insect bite, or animal bite. This patient has&lt;br /&gt;regional lymphadenitis involving larger lymph nodes that drain the site of inoculation.&lt;br /&gt;Most likely in her case is cat scratch disease due to Bartonella henselae, based on the kittens&lt;br /&gt;in her home, but lymphoma and staphylococcal infection must also be considered&lt;br /&gt;and oftentimes a lymph node biopsy is required to make this distinction. Most cases of&lt;br /&gt;cat scratch disease resolve without therapy. In immunocompetent patients, antibiotic&lt;br /&gt;therapy has minimal benefit but may expedite resolution of lymphadenopathy. Antimicrobial&lt;br /&gt;therapy, usually with azithromycin, is indicated in immunosuppressed patients.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 118. Человек с болезнью печени, вызванной Schistosoma mansoni, наиболее вероятно, имел бы&lt;br /&gt;A. асцит&lt;br /&gt;B. пищеводный варикоз&lt;br /&gt;C. гинекомастия&lt;br /&gt;D. желтуха&lt;br /&gt;E. невусы паукообразной гемангиомы&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Schistosoma mansoni infection of the liver causes cirrhosis&lt;br /&gt;from vascular obstruction resulting from periportal fibrosis but relatively little hepatocellular&lt;br /&gt;injury. Hepatosplenomegaly, hypersplenism, and esophageal varices develop&lt;br /&gt;quite commonly, and schistosomiasis is usually associated with eosinophilia. Spider nevi,&lt;br /&gt;gynecomastia, jaundice, and ascites are observed less commonly than they are in alcoholic&lt;br /&gt;and postnecrotic fibrosis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 119. Предварительно здоровый 28-летний мужчина описывает несколько эпизодов лихорадки, миалгии, и головной боли, которые сопровождались болью в животе и поносом. У него до 10 испражнений в день. Физическая экспертиза не отягощена. Лабораторные результаты исследования известны только немного повышенному счету лейкоцита и повышенной реакции оседания эритроцитов. Окраска мастера фекального образца показывает наличие нейтрофилов. Колоноскопия показывает воспаленную слизистую оболочку. Биопсия поврежденной области раскрывает относящуюся к слизистой оболочке инфильтрацию с нейтрофилами, моноцитами, и эозинофилами; эпителиальное повреждение, включая потерю слизи; железистая дегенерация; и абсцессы крипт. Пациент отмечает, что несколько месяцев назад он был на церковном барбекю, где у нескольких человек развилась вызывающую понос болезнь. Хотя этот пациент мог иметь воспалительную болезнь кишки, которая из следующих инфекционных агентов, наиболее вероятно, будет ответственна за его болезнь?&lt;br /&gt;A. Campylobacter&lt;br /&gt;B. Escherichia coli&lt;br /&gt;C. Норуолкское средство{агент}&lt;br /&gt;D. Staphylococcus aureus&lt;br /&gt;E. Сальмонелла&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;Campylobacters are motile, curved gram-negative rods.&lt;br /&gt;The principal diarrheal pathogen is C. jejuni. This organism is found in the gastrointestinal&lt;br /&gt;tract of many animals used for food production and is usually transmitted to humans&lt;br /&gt;in raw or undercooked food products or through direct contact with infected animals.&lt;br /&gt;Over half the cases are due to insufficiently cooked contaminated poultry. Campylobacter&lt;br /&gt;is a common cause of diarrheal disease in the United States. The illness usually occurs&lt;br /&gt;within 2–4 days after exposure to the organism in food or water. Biopsy of an affected patient's&lt;br /&gt;jejunum, ileum, or colon reveals findings indistinguishable from those of Crohn's&lt;br /&gt;disease and ulcerative colitis. Although the diarrheal illness is usually self-limited, it may&lt;br /&gt;be associated with constitutional symptoms, lasts more than 1 week, and recurs in 5–10%&lt;br /&gt;of untreated patients. Complications include pancreatitis, cystitis, arthritis, meningitis,&lt;br /&gt;and Guillain-Barrй syndrome. The symptoms of Campylobacter enteritis are similar to&lt;br /&gt;those resulting from infection with Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia; all these agents&lt;br /&gt;cause fever and the presence of fecal leukocytes. The diagnosis is made by isolating&lt;br /&gt;Campylobacter from the stool, which requires selective media. E. coli (enterotoxigenic)&lt;br /&gt;generally is not associated with the finding of fecal leukocytes; nor is the Norwalk agent.&lt;br /&gt;Campylobacter is a far more common cause of a recurrent relapsing diarrheal illness that&lt;br /&gt;could be pathologically confused with inflammatory bowel disease than are Yersinia, Salmonella,&lt;br /&gt;Shigella, and enteropathogenic E. coli.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 120. Дефицит мембраны комплемента атакующем комплексе (C5-8) связан с текущими инфекциями какой разнообразие?&lt;br /&gt;A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;br /&gt;B. Положительные каталазой бактерии&lt;br /&gt;C. Стрептококк pneumoniae&lt;br /&gt;D. Сальмонелла spp.&lt;br /&gt;E. Менингит Neisseria&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;Deficiencies in the complement system predispose patients&lt;br /&gt;to a variety of infections. Most of these deficits are congenital. Patients with sickle&lt;br /&gt;cell disease have acquired functional defects in the alternative complement pathway. They&lt;br /&gt;are at risk of infection from S. pneumoniae and Salmonella spp. Patients with liver disease,&lt;br /&gt;nephrotic syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus may have defects in C3. They are&lt;br /&gt;at particular risk for infections with Staphylococcus aureus, S. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas&lt;br /&gt;spp, and Proteus spp. Patients with congenital or acquired (usually systemic lupus erythematosus)&lt;br /&gt;deficiencies in the terminal complement cascade (C5-8) are at particular risk of&lt;br /&gt;infection from Neisseria spp such as N. meningitis or N. gonorrhoeae.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 121. Предварительно здоровая 17-летняя женщина представляет в начале октября с глубокой усталостью и недомоганием, лихорадками, головной болью, выйной ригидностью, диффузной артралгией и высыпанием. Она живет в маленьком городе в штате Массачусетс, и провела лето как вожатый лагеря в местном детском саду. Она участвовала на ежедневных экскурсиях в лесу, но не путешествовала вне области в течение лета. Физическая экспертиза показывает хорошо развитую молодую женщину, которая кажется чрезвычайно изнуренной, но не в крайнем случае. Ее температура - 37.4°C; пульс - 86 ударов в минуту; кровяное давление - 96/54 мм рт.ст.; частота дыхания - 12 дыханий в минуту. Физические документы экспертизы ясные звуки дыхания, нет сердечных шумов, нормальные перистальтические шумы, пальпация живота безболезненна, никакой organomegaly, и никаких признак синовита. Несколько кожных поражений отмечены на ее нижних конечностях, двусторонне-подмышечные впадины, правое бедро, и левый пах (иллюстрация  IV 121,). Все следующее - возможные осложнения ее текущего состояния болезни кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. Паралич Белла&lt;br /&gt;B. большой объединенный малосуставной артрит&lt;br /&gt;C. менингит&lt;br /&gt;D. прогрессивная деменция&lt;br /&gt;E. сердечный блок третьей степени&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;This patient’s rash is a classic erythema migrans lesion&lt;br /&gt;and is diagnostic for Lyme disease in her geographic region. In the United States, Lyme&lt;br /&gt;disease is due to Borrelia burgdorferi. Partial central clearing, a bright red border, and a&lt;br /&gt;target center are very suggestive of this lesion. The fact that multiple lesions exist implies&lt;br /&gt;disseminated infection, rather than a primary tick bite inoculation where only one lesion&lt;br /&gt;is present. Potential complications of secondary Lyme disease in the United States include&lt;br /&gt;migratory arthritis, meningitis, cranial neuritis, mononeuritis multiplex, myelitis, varying&lt;br /&gt;degrees of atrioventricular block, and, less commonly myopericarditis, splenomegaly,&lt;br /&gt;and hepatitis. Third-degree or persistent Lyme disease is associated with oligoarticular&lt;br /&gt;arthritis of large joints and subtle encephalopathy but not frank dementia. Borrelia garinii&lt;br /&gt;infection is seen only in Europe and can cause a more pronounced encephalomyelitis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 122. В пациенте, описанном выше, какое из следующего является адекватной терапией?&lt;br /&gt;A. Azithromycin, 500 мг, ПОЧТОВЫХ ежедневно&lt;br /&gt;B. Ceftriaxone, 2 г IV ежедневно&lt;br /&gt;C. Cephalexin, ПОЧТОВОЕ предложение на 500 мг&lt;br /&gt;D. Доксициклин, п/о100 мг&lt;br /&gt;E. Vancomycin, 1 г IV предлагал цену&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;As shown in Figure IV-121 (Color Atlas), acute Lyme&lt;br /&gt;disease involving the skin and/or joints is treated with oral doxycycline unless the patient&lt;br /&gt;is pregnant or &lt;9&gt;1 month to 1 year posttransplant. Wound infections or mediastinitis&lt;br /&gt;from skin organisms may complicate the early transplant (&lt;1 hbalc =" 13.3"&gt;100&lt;br /&gt;WBCs/ìL with &gt;50% neutrophils. Vancomycin is necessary in areas where methicillinresistant&lt;br /&gt;S. aureus is common. Intraperitoneal loading doses of this drug are typically&lt;br /&gt;given. Though gram-negative and Candida infections do occur and should be covered&lt;br /&gt;prior to the return of culture data, they are less common. The presence of more than one&lt;br /&gt;species in culture should prompt an evaluation for secondary peritonitis. Once definitive&lt;br /&gt;culture data are returned, then antibiotics can be narrowed towards only the offending&lt;br /&gt;pathogen. If there is no symptomatic improvement within 48 h or the patient appears&lt;br /&gt;septic, then catheter removal is standard. These infections are in many ways similar to&lt;br /&gt;vascular catheter infections, and their management therefore has many parallels.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 133.  Какой побочный эффект имеется у Indinavir - протеазного ингибитора, который является уникальным для ВИЧ -антиретровиральных средств?&lt;br /&gt;A. Патологические мечты&lt;br /&gt;B. Доброкачественная гипербилирубинемия&lt;br /&gt;C. Печеночный некроз в беременных женщинах&lt;br /&gt;D. Нефролитиаз&lt;br /&gt;E. Панкреатит&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;Indinavir is the only agent to cause nephrolithiasis. Nucleoside&lt;br /&gt;reverse transcriptase inhibitors, particularly stavudine and didanosine (d4T and&lt;br /&gt;ddI), are associated with mitochondrial toxicity and pancreatitis. Nevirapine can cause&lt;br /&gt;hepatic necrosis in women, particularly with a CD4+ lymphocyte count &gt;350/ìL.&lt;br /&gt;Efavirenz, a very commonly used agent, causes dream disturbances that usually, but not&lt;br /&gt;always, subside after the first month of therapy. Both indinavir and atazanavir cause a benign&lt;br /&gt;indirect hyperbilirubinemia reminiscent of Gilbert’s syndrome.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 134. 28-летняя женщина с лихорадкой, головной болью, потоотделением, и болью в животе спустя 2 дня после возвращения из миссии помощи на побережье Папуа-Новой Гвинеи. Несколько из ее поддерживающих ассистентов заболевали малярией, в то время как за границей, и она остановила ее профилактику доксициклина из-за реакции фоточувствительности в течение 5 предшествующих дней. Вы посылаете бактериологические исследования крови, обычные лаборатории, и толстый и тонкий мазок, чтобы оценить источник ее лихорадок. Какое из следующих утверждений является точным в ссылке{рекомендации} на диагноз малярии?&lt;br /&gt;A. Толстый мазок выполнен, чтобы увеличить чувствительность по сравнению с тонким мазком, но может только быть выполнен в центрах с опытным лабораторным персоналом и имеет более длинную продолжительность обработки.&lt;br /&gt;B. Тщательный анализ тонкого мазка крови учитывает предсказание, основанное на оценке паразитемии и морфологии эритроцитов.&lt;br /&gt;C. В отсутствии быстрой диагностической информации, нужно настоятельно рассмотреть эмпирическое лечение для малярии.&lt;br /&gt;D. Морфология на мазке крови - текущий критерий, используемый, чтобы дифференцировать четыре разновидности Плазмодия, которые заражают людей.&lt;br /&gt;E. Все вышеупомянутое верно.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;Thick and thin smears are a critical part of the evaluation&lt;br /&gt;of fever in a person with recent time spent in a Plasmodium-endemic region. Thick&lt;br /&gt;smears take a longer time to process but increase sensitivity in the setting of low parasitemia.&lt;br /&gt;Thin smears are more likely to allow for precise morphologic evaluation to differentiate&lt;br /&gt;between the four different types of Plasmodium infection and also allow for&lt;br /&gt;prognostic calculation of parasitemia. If clinical suspicion is high, repeat smears should&lt;br /&gt;be performed if initially negative. If personnel are not available to rapidly interpret a&lt;br /&gt;smear, empirical therapy should be strongly considered to ward off the most severe manifestation&lt;br /&gt;of P. falciparum infection. Antibody-based diagnostic tests that are sensitive&lt;br /&gt;and specific for P. falciparum infection have been introduced. They will remain positive&lt;br /&gt;for weeks after infection and do not allow quantification of parasitemia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 135. 34-летний наркоман с 2-дневной историей нечленораздельно речи, расплывчатого зрения, которое ухудшается с двусторонним отклонением пристального взгляда, ксеростомией, и затруднениями глотания жидкой и твердой пищи. Он заявляет, что чувствует слабость в руках, но отрицает любые сенсорные дефициты. Он не имел никакой недавней болезни, но описывает хроническую язву на его левой голени, которая чувствовала себя немного теплой и нежной в последнее время. Он часто вводит героин в края язвы. ри системном осмотре, он сообщает об умеренной одышке, но отрицает любые желудочно-кишечные симптомы, задержку мочи, или потерю контроля над деятельностью мочевого пузыря или кишки. Физическая экспертиза показывает расстроенного, нетоксичного появляющегося мужчину, который является аварийным и ориентируемым, но с заметной дизартрией. Он является безлихорадочным, с устойчивыми показателями жизненно важных функций. Экспертиза черепно-мозговых нервов показывает двустороннюю недостаточность функции шестой пары и неспособность поддерживать средний пристальный взгляд в обоих глазах. Он имеет умеренный двусторонний птоз, и оба зрачка являются реактивными, но вялыми. Его сила мышц - 5/5 во всех конечностях за исключением пожатия плеча, которое является 4/5. Сенсорная экспертиза и глубокие сухожильные рефлексы - в пределах нормы во всех четырех конечностях. Его ротоглотка суха. Сердечно-сосудистая, дыхательная и ЖКТ при осмотре -без патологии. Он имеет 4 x 5 см хорошо-гранулированную язву нижней конечности с краснотой, теплотой, и эритемой, отмеченной на верхнем краю язвы. Какова обработка{лечение} выбора?&lt;br /&gt;A. Глюкокортикоиды&lt;br /&gt;B. Лошадиный антитоксин к Clostridium botulinum нейротоксин&lt;br /&gt;C. Внутривенный гепарин&lt;br /&gt;D. Naltrexone&lt;br /&gt;E. Плазмоферез&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;This patient most likely has wound botulism. The use of&lt;br /&gt;“black-tar” heroin has been identified as a risk factor for this form of botulism. Typically&lt;br /&gt;the wound appears benign, and unlike in other forms of botulism, gastrointestinal symptoms&lt;br /&gt;are absent. Symmetric descending paralysis suggests botulism, as does cranial nerve&lt;br /&gt;involvement. This patient’s ptosis, diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, lack of fevers, normal&lt;br /&gt;reflexes, and lack of sensory deficits are all suggestive. Botulism can be easily confused&lt;br /&gt;with Guillain-Barrй syndrome (GBS), which is often characterized by an antecedent infection&lt;br /&gt;and rapid, symmetric ascending paralysis and treated with plasmapheresis. The&lt;br /&gt;Miller Fischer variant of GBS is known for cranial nerve involvement with ophthalmoplegia,&lt;br /&gt;ataxia, and areflexia being the most prominent features. Elevated protein in the&lt;br /&gt;cerebrospinal fluid also favors GBS over botulism. Both botulism and GBS can progress&lt;br /&gt;to respiratory failure, so making a diagnosis by physical examination is critical. Other diagnostic&lt;br /&gt;modalities that may be helpful are wound culture, serum assay for toxin, and examination&lt;br /&gt;for decreased compound muscle action potentials on routine nerve&lt;br /&gt;stimulation studies. Patients with botulism are at risk of respiratory failure due to respiratory&lt;br /&gt;muscle weakness or aspiration. They should be followed closely with oxygen saturation&lt;br /&gt;monitoring and serial measurement of forced vital capacity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 136. У ВИЧ-инфицированного пациента инфекция Isospora belli отличается от инфекции Cryptosporidium в котором из следующих путей?&lt;br /&gt;A. Isospora вызывает более молниеносный вызывающий понос синдром, приводящий к быстрой дегидратации и даже смерть в отсутствии быстрой перегидратации.&lt;br /&gt;B. Инфекция Isospora может вызвать желчную болезнь тракта, тогда как cryptosporidiosis строго ограничен полостью{просветом} маленькой и толстой кишки.&lt;br /&gt;C. Isospora, более вероятно, заразит иммунокомпетентных организмов чем Cryptosporidium.&lt;br /&gt;D. Isospora менее оспаривает, чтобы лечить и вообще отвечает хорошо на лечение trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.&lt;br /&gt;E. Isospora иногда вызывает большие вспышки среди общего населения.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;Isospora and Cryptosporidium cause very similar clinical&lt;br /&gt;disease in AIDS patients that ranges from intermittent, self-resolved watery diarrhea with&lt;br /&gt;abdominal cramping and sometimes nausea, to a potentially fatal cholera-like presentation&lt;br /&gt;in the most immunocompromised hosts. Cryptosporidium may cause biliary disease&lt;br /&gt;and can lead to cholangitis. Isospora is limited to the gut lumen. Cryptosporidium is not&lt;br /&gt;always an opportunistic infection and has led to widespread community outbreaks. Isospora&lt;br /&gt;is not seen in immunocompetent hosts. Finally, treatment for Isospora is usually successful.&lt;br /&gt;In fact, this infection is rarely seen in the developed world because trimethoprim/&lt;br /&gt;sulfamethoxazole, which is commonly used for Pneumocystis prophylaxis, tends to eradicate&lt;br /&gt;Isospora. Cryptosporidiosis, on the other hand, is very difficult to cure and interventions&lt;br /&gt;are controversial. Some clinicians favor nitazoxanone, but cure rates are mediocre&lt;br /&gt;and immune reconstitution with antiretroviral therapy is ultimately critical to cure the&lt;br /&gt;gastrointestinal disease.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 137. В пациенте с ВИЧ инфекцией, все следующее - определяющий СПИД критерий кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. активный легочный туберкулез&lt;br /&gt;B. CD4 + счет лимфоцита &lt;200/µl&gt;35&lt;br /&gt;mmHg decrease mortality. Glucocorticoids should be given for a total duration of 3&lt;br /&gt;weeks. Patients often do not improve until many days into therapy and often initially&lt;br /&gt;worsen; steroids should be used as soon as hypoxemia develops rather than wait for lack&lt;br /&gt;of improvement. Pneumothoraces and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are&lt;br /&gt;common feared complications of Pneumocystis infection. If patients present with ARDS&lt;br /&gt;due to Pneumocystis pneumonia, they would meet the criterion for adjunct glucocorticoids&lt;br /&gt;due to the severe nature of disease.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 143. Caspofungin - средство первой линии для который из следующих состояний?&lt;br /&gt;A. Candidemia&lt;br /&gt;B. Гистоплазмоз&lt;br /&gt;C. Инвазивный аспергиллез&lt;br /&gt;D. Mucormycosis&lt;br /&gt;E. Паракокцидиомикоз&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;Caspofungin and the other echinocandins (anidulafungin,&lt;br /&gt;micafungin) inhibit fungal synthesis of B-1,3-glucan synthase, a necessary enzyme for&lt;br /&gt;fungal cell wall synthesis that does not have a human correlate. These agents are available&lt;br /&gt;only parentally, not orally. They are fungicidal for Candida species and fungistatic against&lt;br /&gt;Aspergillus species. Caspofungin is as at least equivalently effective as amphotericin B for&lt;br /&gt;disseminated candidiasis and is as effective as fluconazole for candidal esophagitis. It is not&lt;br /&gt;a first-line therapy for Aspergillus infection but may be used as salvage therapy. The echinocandins,&lt;br /&gt;including caspofungin, have an extremely high safety profile. They do not have&lt;br /&gt;activity against mucormycosis, paracoccidiomycosis, or histoplasmosis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 144. 19-летний студент колледжа поступает в отделение неотложной хирургии с судорожной болью в животе и водянистым поносом, который ухудшил более чем 3 дня. Он недавно возвратился из поездки волонтером в Мексику. Он не имеет никакой прошлой медицинской истории и чувствовавший хорошо в течение поездки. Экспертиза кала показывает маленькие кисты, содержащие четыре ядра, и иммунологический анализ антигена кала уверен для Giardia. Какое из следующего является эффективным режимом обработки{лечения}?&lt;br /&gt;A. Альбендазол&lt;br /&gt;B. Clindamycin&lt;br /&gt;C. Giardiasis является самоограничивающимся и не требует никакой антибиотикотерапии&lt;br /&gt;D. Metronidazole&lt;br /&gt;E. Paromomycin&lt;br /&gt;F. Тинидазол&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D или F&lt;br /&gt;Giardiasis is diagnosed by detection of parasite antigens,&lt;br /&gt;cysts, or trophozoites in feces. There is no reliable serum test for this disease. As a&lt;br /&gt;wide variety of pathogens are responsible for diarrheal illness, some degree of diagnostic&lt;br /&gt;testing beyond the history and physical examination is required for definitive diagnosis.&lt;br /&gt;Colonoscopy does not have a role in diagnosing Giardia. Giardiasis can persist in symptomatic&lt;br /&gt;patients and should be treated. Cure rates with 5 days of oral metronidazole tid&lt;br /&gt;are &gt;90%. A single oral dose of tinidazole is reportedly at least as effective as metronidazole.&lt;br /&gt;Paromomycin, an oral poorly absorbed aminoglycoside, can be used for symptomatic&lt;br /&gt;patients during pregnancy, but its efficacy for eradicating infection is not known.&lt;br /&gt;Clindamycin and albendazole do not have a role in treatment of giardiasis. Refractory&lt;br /&gt;disease can be treated with longer duration of metronidazole.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 145. 76-летняя женщина приведена в клинику ее сыном. Она жалуется на хронический непроизводительный кашель и усталость. Ее сын добавляет, что она имела низкотемпературную лихорадку, прогрессивная потеря в весе за месяцы, и "не походит на себя." КТ груди показывает расширение бронхов и маленький (&lt;5&gt;90% of cases), myalgias, headache, and malaise.&lt;br /&gt;Thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and elevated aminotransaminase activity is common.&lt;br /&gt;Adult respiratory distress syndrome, toxic shock–like syndrome, and opportunistic&lt;br /&gt;infections may occur, particularly in the elderly. Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis&lt;br /&gt;should be considered on the differential of a flulike illness during May through December&lt;br /&gt;in endemic regions. Morulae, intracytoplasmic inclusions, are seen in the neutrophils of&lt;br /&gt;up to 80% of cases of human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis on peripheral blood smear&lt;br /&gt;and are diagnostic in the appropriate clinical context. This patient has high epidemiologic&lt;br /&gt;risk based on his long periods of time outside in an endemic region. Human monocytotropic&lt;br /&gt;ehrlichiosis, which can be a more severe illness, has morulae in mononuclear&lt;br /&gt;cells (not neutrophils) in a minority of cases. Lyme disease, which may be difficult to distinguish&lt;br /&gt;from human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis or human monocytotropic&lt;br /&gt;ehrlichiosis, will not cause morulae. Treatment of human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis&lt;br /&gt;is with doxycycline.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 154. 26-летний астматик продолжает иметь кашляющие приступы и одышку несмотря на многочисленные тонкие свечи стероида и частое использование albuterol за прошлые несколько месяцев. Постоянные инфильтраты замечены на рентгенограмме груди. Легочная консультация предлагает оценку для аллергического бронхопульмонарного аспергиллеза. Каков диагностический тест выбора?&lt;br /&gt;A. Бронхоальвеолярный лаваж (ШАХТА) с грибковой культурой&lt;br /&gt;B. Иммунологический анализ фермента Galactomannan (EIA)&lt;br /&gt;C. КТ с высокой разрешающей способностью&lt;br /&gt;D. Исследования функции легких&lt;br /&gt;E. Сыворотка уровень IgE&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is not a&lt;br /&gt;true infection but rather a hypersensitivity immune response to colonizing Aspergillus&lt;br /&gt;species. It occurs in ~1% of patients with asthma and in up to 15% of patients with cystic&lt;br /&gt;fibrosis. Patients typically have wheezing that is difficult to control with usual agents, infiltrates&lt;br /&gt;on chest radiographs due to mucus plugging of airways, a productive cough often&lt;br /&gt;with mucus casts, and bronchiectasis. Eosinophilia is common if glucocorticoids have&lt;br /&gt;not been administered. The total IgE is of value if &gt;1000 IU/mL in that it represents a significant&lt;br /&gt;allergic response and is very suggestive of ABPA. In the proper clinical context, a&lt;br /&gt;positive skin test for Aspergillus antigen or detection of serum Aspergillus-specific IgG or&lt;br /&gt;IgE precipitating antibodies are supportive of the diagnosis. Galactomannan EIA is useful&lt;br /&gt;for invasive aspergillosis but has not been validated for ABPA. There is no need to try to&lt;br /&gt;culture an organism via BAL to make the diagnosis of ABPA. Chest CT, which may reveal&lt;br /&gt;bronchiectasis, or pulmonary function testing, which will reveal an obstructive defect,&lt;br /&gt;will not be diagnostic.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 155. Пациента, который перенес протезную хирургию клапана 6 недель назад, повторно госпитализируют с признаками и симптомами, совместимыми с инфекционным эндокардитом. Какое из следующего является наиболее вероятным этиологическим организмом?&lt;br /&gt;A. Candida albicans&lt;br /&gt;B. Coagulase-отрицательный стафилококк&lt;br /&gt;C. Enterococcus&lt;br /&gt;D. Escherichia coli&lt;br /&gt;E. Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Prosthetic cardiac valves are at high risk of developing&lt;br /&gt;endocarditis after bacteremia. Patients who develop endocarditis within 2 months of&lt;br /&gt;valve surgery most likely have acquired their infection nosocomially as a result of intraoperative&lt;br /&gt;contamination of the prosthesis or of a bacteremic postoperative event. Coagulase-&lt;br /&gt;negative staphylococci are the most common (33%) nosocomial pathogens during&lt;br /&gt;this time frame, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (22%), facultative gram-negative bacilli&lt;br /&gt;(13%), enterococci (8%), diphtheroids (6%), and fungi (6%) (see Table IV-155). The&lt;br /&gt;modes of infection and typical organisms causing prosthetic valve endocarditis &gt;12&lt;br /&gt;months after surgery are similar to those in community-acquired endocarditis. Both sets&lt;br /&gt;of pathogens must be considered in the intermediate 2–12 months after surgery.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 156. 28-летний мужчина диагностирован с ВИЧ инфекцией в течение посещения клиники. Он не имеет никаких симптомов условно-патогенной инфекции. Его CD4 + счет лимфоцита - 150/µL. Все следующее - одобренные режимы для первичной профилактики против Pneumocystis jiroveci инфекция кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. аэрозольный pentamidine, 300 мг ежемесячно&lt;br /&gt;B. atovaquone, 1500 мг, ПОЧТОВЫХ ежедневно&lt;br /&gt;C. clindamycin, 900 мг п/о q8h, плюс primaquine, 30 мг, п/о ежедневно&lt;br /&gt;D. dapsone, 100 мг, ПОЧТОВЫХ ежедневно&lt;br /&gt;E. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 1 таблетка единственной прочности, ПОЧТОВАЯ ежедневно&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Clindamycin plus primaquine is a therapeutic, not prophylactic,&lt;br /&gt;regimen for mild to moderate disease due to Pneumocystis infection. Trimethoprim/&lt;br /&gt;sulfamethoxazole is usually given as a first-line agent but carries a significant sideeffect&lt;br /&gt;profile including hyperkalemia, renal insufficiency, elevation of serum creatinine,&lt;br /&gt;granulocytopenia, hemolysis in persons with G6PD insufficiency, and frequent allergic&lt;br /&gt;reactions, particularly in those with severe T cell deficiency. Atovaquone is a common alternative&lt;br /&gt;that is given at the same dose for Pneumocystis prophylaxis as for therapy. Gastrointestinal&lt;br /&gt;symptoms are common with atovaquone. Aerosolized pentamidine can be&lt;br /&gt;given on a monthly basis with a risk of bronchospasm and pancreatitis. Patients who develop&lt;br /&gt;Pneumocystis pneumonia while receiving aerosolized pentamidine often have upper&lt;br /&gt;lobe–predominant disease. Dapsone is commonly used for Pneumocystis prophylaxis;&lt;br /&gt;however, the physician must be aware of the possibility of methemoglobinemia, G6PDmediated&lt;br /&gt;hemolysis, rare hepatotoxicity, and rare hypersensitivity reaction when using&lt;br /&gt;this medicine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 157. В течение конца 1990-ых, был всплеск всех следующих бактериальных сексуально переданных инфекций (STIs) среди гомосексуальных мужчин кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. chlamydia&lt;br /&gt;B. гонорея&lt;br /&gt;C. лимфогранулема venereum&lt;br /&gt;D. сифилис&lt;br /&gt;E. все вышеупомянутые имели всплеск&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;All of the listed bacterial STIs have had an impressive resurgence&lt;br /&gt;among homosexual men in North America and Europe since 1996. This is in&lt;br /&gt;part due to the phenomena of serosorting, an imperfect process among many homosexual&lt;br /&gt;men who seek sexual partners of the same HIV serostatus. This method allows for no&lt;br /&gt;protection against other STIs, and in fact may allow for concentration of these infections&lt;br /&gt;among high-risk networks of men. HIV prevalence has unfortunately also increased&lt;br /&gt;among homosexual men. Lymphogranuloma venereum, an uncommon chlamydial infection&lt;br /&gt;that had virtually disappeared prior to the AIDS era, has been reported in outbreaks&lt;br /&gt;amongst homosexual men.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 158. 47-летняя женщина с известным ВИЧ/СПИД (CD4 + лимфоцит = 106/µL и вирусный груз = 35,000/мл) с болезненный образованием на стороне ее языка (иллюстрация{фигура;число} IV 158, Цветной Атлас). Каков наиболее вероятный диагноз?&lt;br /&gt;A. Ящурные язвы&lt;br /&gt;B. Волосяной leukoplakia&lt;br /&gt;C. Стоматит герпеса&lt;br /&gt;D. Устный кандидоз&lt;br /&gt;E. Саркома устного Капоши&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Oral hairy leukoplakia is due to severe overgrowth of Epstein-&lt;br /&gt;Barr virus infection in T cell–deficient patients. It is not premalignant, is often un-&lt;br /&gt;recognized by the patient, but is sometimes a cosmetic, symptomatic, and therapeutic&lt;br /&gt;nuisance. The white thickened folds on the side of the tongue can be pruritic or painful&lt;br /&gt;and sometimes resolve with acyclovir derivatives or topical podophyllin resin. Ultimate&lt;br /&gt;resolution occurs after immune reconstitution with antiretroviral therapy. Oral candidiasis&lt;br /&gt;or thrush is a very common, relatively easy-to-treat condition in HIV patients and takes&lt;br /&gt;on an appearance of white plaques on the tongue, palate, and buccal mucosa that bleed&lt;br /&gt;with blunt removal. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrences or aphthous ulcers present&lt;br /&gt;as painful ulcerating lesions. The latter should be considered when oral ulcers persist, do&lt;br /&gt;not respond to acyclovir, and do not culture HSV. Kaposi’s sarcoma is uncommon in the&lt;br /&gt;oropharynx and takes on a violet hue, suggesting its highly vascularized content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 159. 45-летний пациент с ВИЧ/СПИД представляет отделению реанимации. Он жалуется на высыпание, которое медленно распространяло его правую руку и теперь очевидно на его груди и спине. Высыпание состоит из маленьких узелков, которые имеют красновато-синий внешний вид. Некоторые из них изъязвлены, но есть минимальное флюктуирование или дренаж. Он неуверен, когда они начались. Он не отмечает никакого иностранного путешествия или необычных выделений. Он является бездомным и безработным, но иногда получает работу как поденщик, делающий садостроительство и рытье. Культура поражения кожи выращивает Mycobacterium через 5 дней. Какое из следующего является наиболее вероятным организмом?&lt;br /&gt;A. M. abscessus&lt;br /&gt;B. M. avium&lt;br /&gt;C. M. kansasii&lt;br /&gt;D. M. marinum&lt;br /&gt;E. M. ulcerans&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) were originally&lt;br /&gt;classified into “fast-growers” and “slow-growers” based on the length of time they took to&lt;br /&gt;grow in culture. While more sophisticated tests have been developed, this classification&lt;br /&gt;scheme is still used and is of some benefit to the clinician. Fast-growing NTM include M.&lt;br /&gt;abscessus,M. fortuitum, and M. chelonae. They will typically take 7 days or less to grow on&lt;br /&gt;standard media, allowing relatively fast identification and drug-resistance testing. Slowgrowing&lt;br /&gt;NTM include M. avium, M. marinum, M. ulcerans, and M. kansasii. They often&lt;br /&gt;require special growth media and therefore a high pretest suspicion. The patient described&lt;br /&gt;above likely has a cutaneous infection from one of the “fast-growing” NTM,&lt;br /&gt;which could be diagnosed with tissue biopsy, Gram stain, and culture.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 160. 25-летний мужчина в отделении реанимации с симптомами лихорадки и брюшного набухания {припухлости}, раннего насыщения и потери в весе. Его симптомы начались резко 2 недели назад. Он был предварительно здоров и не получал никакого лечения. Он отрицает использование наркотиков, и недавно иммигрировал в Соединенные Штаты из Бангладеш. На физической экспертизе, температура - 39.0°C (102.2°F), и пульс - 120, с нормальным кровяным давлением и частотой дыхания. Обнаружена кахексия и растянутый живот с  массивно увеличенной селезенкой. Селезенка нежна и мягка. Печень не пальпируется. Умеренная периферическая аденопатия присутствует. Какое из следующих утверждений является правильным относительно этого пациента с предполагаемым kala azar leishmaniasis?&lt;br /&gt;A. Он вероятно имеет нормальную ячейку{клетку}, рассчитывает на периферический мазок крови.&lt;br /&gt;B. Leishmania donovani не является эндемическим в Бангладеш.&lt;br /&gt;C. Leishmania-определенный клеточный иммунитет вероятно присутствует.&lt;br /&gt;D. Селезеночная аспирация предлагает самый высокий диагностический ответ.&lt;br /&gt;E. Обработка{Лечение} может быть отсрочена, пока диагноз не подтвержден.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;This patient comes from an area endemic for visceral&lt;br /&gt;leishmaniasis that includes Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sudan, and Brazil. Although many&lt;br /&gt;species can cause cutaneous or mucosal disease, the L. donovani complex generally is associated&lt;br /&gt;with visceral leishmaniasis. The organism is transmitted by the bite of the sandfly&lt;br /&gt;in the majority of cases. Although many patients remain asymptomatic, malnourished&lt;br /&gt;persons are at particular risk for progression to symptomatic disease or kala azar, the lifethreatening&lt;br /&gt;form. The presentation of this disease generally includes fever, cachexia, and&lt;br /&gt;splenomegaly. Hepatomegaly is rare compared with other tropical diseases associated&lt;br /&gt;with organomegaly, such as malaria, miliary tuberculosis, and schistosomiasis. Pancytopenia&lt;br /&gt;is associated with severe disease, as are hypergammaglobulinemia and hypoalbuminemia.&lt;br /&gt;Although active investigation is under way to determine a means of diagnosing&lt;br /&gt;leishmaniasis by molecular techniques, the current standard remains demonstration of&lt;br /&gt;the organism on a stained slide or in tissue culture of a biopsy specimen. Splenic aspiration&lt;br /&gt;has the highest yield, with reported sensitivity of 98%. In light of the high mortality&lt;br /&gt;associated with this disease, treatment should not be delayed. The mainstay of therapy is&lt;br /&gt;a pentavalent antimonial, but newer therapies including amphotericin and pentamidine&lt;br /&gt;can be indicated in certain situations. In this case it would be prudent to rule out malaria&lt;br /&gt;with a thick and a thin smear. Rarely, the intracellular amastigote forms of Leishmania&lt;br /&gt;spp. can be seen on a peripheral smear.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 161. Все следующее - примеры показания чтобы проверить генотип ВИЧ-устойчивости кроме&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. 23-летний мужчина представляет клинике с новым диагнозом ВИЧ инфекции.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;B. 34-летний мужчина с ВИЧ 1 инфекцией был начат на антиретровиральной терапии  [tenofovir (TDF), emtricitabine , efavirenz (EFV)] 1 месяц назад. Тогда его CD4 + счет лимфоцита был 213/µL, и ВИЧ 1 вирусный груз был 65 000 (4.8 бревна). По перепроверке 1 месяц спустя, его ВИЧ 1 вирусный груз - 37 000 (4.6 бревна). Он заявляет, что он принимает его лекарство 100 % времени.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C. 42-летний мужчина с ВИЧ/СПИД, который был начат на ART [TDF, FTC, и ritonavir-повышен atazanavir (ATV/r)] 1 год назад, был потерян к последующей деятельности. Первоначально его ВИЧ- 1 вирусный груз был 197 000 (log 5.3) и CD4 + лимфоциты был 11/µL. Он был на 100 % совместим с его препаратами, пока он не исчерпал лекарства 2 месяца назад. Вирусный груз по перепроверке - 184 000 (log 5.3) с CD4 + счет лимфоцита 138/µL.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;D. 52-летняя женщина, которая имела полную вирусную супрессию (ВИЧ 1 вирусный груз &lt;30/мл)&gt;1g/dL, LDH greater than serum LDH, glucose &lt;50&gt; 14 дней&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;Ecthyma gangrenosum is a disseminated collection of geographic,&lt;br /&gt;painful, reddish, maculopapular lesions that rapidly progress from pink to purple and&lt;br /&gt;finally to a black, dry necrosis. They are teeming with causative bacteria. In reviews on&lt;br /&gt;ecthyma, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common isolate from blood and skin lesions.&lt;br /&gt;However, many organisms can cause this foreboding rash. Neutropenic patients and AIDS patients&lt;br /&gt;are at highest risk, but diabetics and intensive care unit (ICU) patients are also affected.&lt;br /&gt;Pseudomonal sepsis is severe with a high mortality. Its presentation is otherwise difficult to&lt;br /&gt;discern from other severe sepsis syndromes, with hypothermia, fever, hypotension, organ&lt;br /&gt;damage, encephalopathy, bandemia, and shock being common findings. Though antibiotic&lt;br /&gt;use, severe burns, and long ICU stays increase the risk for Pseudomonas infection, these exposures&lt;br /&gt;are also risk factors for other bacterial infections, many of which also carry daunting resistant&lt;br /&gt;profiles. Because of P. aeruginosa’s propensity for multidrug resistance, two agents&lt;br /&gt;(usually an anti-pseudomonal â-lactam plus an aminoglycoside or ciprofloxacin) are warranted&lt;br /&gt;until culture data return confirming sensitivity to one or both agents. At this point the&lt;br /&gt;choice to narrow to one antibiotic or not is still debated and is largely physician preference.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 167. Какое из следующих утверждений относительно инфекции опоясывающего лишая ветряной оспы (varicella-zoster) после гематопоэтического трансплантата стволовой клетки является верным?&lt;br /&gt;A. Профилактика Acyclovir не гарантирована для пациентов с положительными предтрансплантационными серологиями вируса опоясывающего лишая ветряной оспы, поскольку норма{разряд} реактивации опоясывающего лишая низко следует за трансплантацией.&lt;br /&gt;B. Устойчивость{Сопротивление} опоясывающего лишая герпеса - общая проблема, и изменение{замена} от acyclovir до foscarnet часто требуется.&lt;br /&gt;C. Мультикожный и диссеминированный опоясывающий лишай может встречаться в пациентах трансплантата, которые не получают адекватную антивирусную терапию.&lt;br /&gt;D. Опоясывающий лишай встречается более обычно после аутогенного трансплантата стволовых клеток чем аллогенный трансплантат стволовых клеток.&lt;br /&gt;E. Опоясывающий лишай встречается наиболее часто в течение первого месяца после трансплантата.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Reactivation zoster is almost a predictable event&lt;br /&gt;after stem cell transplant, occurring in 40% of allogeneic transplants and in 25% of autologous&lt;br /&gt;transplants. Patients can develop zoster immediately, but the highest risk period is several&lt;br /&gt;months after transplant. Usually just a very painful local infection in the&lt;br /&gt;immunocompetent host, transplant recipients’ zoster can disseminate systemically from local&lt;br /&gt;disease and cause multiorgan disease with effects on the lungs, liver, and central nervous&lt;br /&gt;system. Therefore, acyclovir or ganciclovir prophylaxis is the standard of care at most transplant&lt;br /&gt;centers. Some data suggest that low doses of acyclovir for a year posttransplant is effective&lt;br /&gt;and may eliminate most cases of posttransplant zoster. Acyclovir is still extremely&lt;br /&gt;reliable for prophylaxis and treatment of varicella zoster virus, with resistance being a very&lt;br /&gt;rare event. Foscarnet would be the drug of choice under these very rare circumstances.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 168. Все следующие факторы влияют на вероятность передачи активного туберкулеза кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. продолжительность контакта с зараженным{инфицированным} человеком&lt;br /&gt;B. среда, в которой встречается контакт&lt;br /&gt;C. наличие экстрапульмонарного туберкулеза&lt;br /&gt;D. наличие гортанного туберкулеза&lt;br /&gt;E. вероятность контакта с инфекционным человеком&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Tuberculosis is most commonly transmitted from person&lt;br /&gt;to person by airborne droplets. Factors that affect likelihood of developing tuberculosis&lt;br /&gt;infection include the probability of contact with an infectious person, the intimacy and&lt;br /&gt;duration of contact, the degree of infectiousness of the contact, and the environment in&lt;br /&gt;which the contact takes place. The most infectious patients are those with cavitary pulmonary&lt;br /&gt;or laryngeal tuberculosis with about 105–107 tuberculous bacteria per milliliter&lt;br /&gt;of sputum. Individuals who have a negative AFB smear with a positive culture for tuberculosis&lt;br /&gt;are less infectious but may transmit the disease. However, individuals with only&lt;br /&gt;extrapulmonary (e.g., renal, skeletal) tuberculosis are considered noninfectious.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 169. Кто из следующих людей с известной историей предшествующей скрытой инфекции туберкулеза (без терапии) имеет самую большую вероятность развивающегося туберкулеза реактивации?&lt;br /&gt;A. 28-летняя женщина с анорексией, индекс массы тела 16 kg/m2, и сывороточного альбумина 2.3 g/dL&lt;br /&gt;B. 36-летний внутривенный пользователь лекарственного средства, который не имеет ВИЧ, но бездомный&lt;br /&gt;C. 42-летний человек{мужчина}, который является ВИЧ-позитивным со счетом CD4 350/µL на очень активной антиретровиральной терапии&lt;br /&gt;D. 68-летний человек{мужчина}, который работал как каменщик много лет и имеет силикоз&lt;br /&gt;E. 73-летний человек{мужчина}, который был заражен{инфицирован} в то время как размещено в Корее в 1958&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;While all the patients listed have an increased risk of developing&lt;br /&gt;reactivation tuberculosis, the greatest risk factor for development of active tuberculosis&lt;br /&gt;is HIV positivity. The risk of developing active infection is greatest in those&lt;br /&gt;with the lowest CD4 counts; however, having a CD4 count above a threshold value does&lt;br /&gt;not negate the risk of developing an active infection. The reported incidence of developing&lt;br /&gt;active tuberculosis in HIV-positive individuals with a positive PPD is 10% per year,&lt;br /&gt;compared to a lifetime risk of 10% in immunocompetent individuals. The relative risk of&lt;br /&gt;developing active tuberculosis in an HIV-positive individual is 100 times that of an immunocompetent&lt;br /&gt;individual. All of the individuals listed as choices have risk factors for&lt;br /&gt;developing active tuberculosis. Malnutrition and severe underweight confers a twofold&lt;br /&gt;greater risk of developing active tuberculosis, whereas IV drug use increases the risk 10–&lt;br /&gt;30 times. Silicosis also increases the risk of developing active tuberculosis 30 times.While&lt;br /&gt;the risk of developing active tuberculosis is greatest in the first year after exposure, the&lt;br /&gt;risk also increases in the elderly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 170. 42-летний нигериец приезжает в отделение неотложной хирургии из-за лихорадок, усталости, потери в весе, и кашля в течение 3 недель. Он жалуется на лихорадки и 4.5-килограммовую потерю в весе. Он описывает его мокроту как желтую в цвете. Это редко была пронесенная кровь. Он эмигрировал в Соединенные Штаты, 1-год назад и является нелегальным иностранцем. Его никогда не лечили от туберкулеза, никогда не имел purified protein derivative (PPD) кожной пробы, и не вспоминает получения прививки БЦЖ. Он отрицает ВИЧ факторы риска. Он женат и не сообщает ни о каких плохих контактах. Он курит пачку сигарет ежедневно и пьет пинту водки каждый день. На физической экспертизе, он кажется хронически больным с истощением. Его индекс массы тела - 21 kg/m2. Показатели жизненно важных функций: кровяное давление 122/68 мм рт.ст., частота сердечных сокращений 89 ударов/минут, частота дыхания 22 дыхания/минуты, Sao2 95 % на воздухе комнаты, с температурой 37.9°C. Есть амфорические звуки дыхания сзади в правом верхнем легочном поле с несколькими рассеянными потрескиваниями в этой области. Никакое утолщение концевых фаланг пальцев не присутствует. Экспертиза других систем неотягощенна. Часть просмотра КТ его легких показывают.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Окраска для кислотоустойчивых бацилл отрицательна. Какой самый адекватный подход к продолжению  ведения этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;A. Госпитализировать пациента на воздушно-капельной изоляции, пока три не исследования мокроты не покажут никакого доказательства кислотоустойчивых бацилл.&lt;br /&gt;B. Допустить{Госпитализировать} пациента без изоляции, поскольку он вряд ли будет заразен с отрицательным кислотоустойчивым мазком.&lt;br /&gt;C. Выполнить биопсию поражения и консультируйтесь с онкологией.&lt;br /&gt;D. Поместить тест{испытание} УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПЛАНИРОВАНИЯ в его предплечье и сделать так, чтобы он возвратился для оценки через 3 дня.&lt;br /&gt;E. Начать 6-недельный курс{течение} антибиотикотерапии для анаэробного бактериального абсцесса.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;The CT scan shows a large cavitary lesion in the right upper&lt;br /&gt;lobe of the lung. In this man from an endemic area for tuberculosis, this finding&lt;br /&gt;should be treated as active pulmonary tuberculosis until proven otherwise. In addition,&lt;br /&gt;this patient’s symptoms suggest a chronic illness with low-grade fevers, weight loss, and&lt;br /&gt;temporal wasting that would be consistent with active pulmonary tuberculosis. If a patient&lt;br /&gt;is suspected of having active pulmonary tuberculosis, the initial management&lt;br /&gt;should include documentation of disease while protecting health care workers and the&lt;br /&gt;population in general. This patient should be hospitalized in a negative-pressure room&lt;br /&gt;on airborne isolation until three expectorated sputum samples have been demonstrated&lt;br /&gt;to be negative. The samples should preferably be collected in the early morning as the&lt;br /&gt;burden of organisms is expected to be higher on a more concentrated sputum. The sensitivity&lt;br /&gt;of a single sputum for the detection of tuberculosis in confirmed cases is only 40–&lt;br /&gt;60%. Thus, a single sputum sample is inadequate to determine infectivity and the presence&lt;br /&gt;of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Skin testing with a PPD of the tuberculosis mycobacterium&lt;br /&gt;is used to detect latent infection with tuberculosis and has no role in&lt;br /&gt;determining whether active disease is present.&lt;br /&gt;The cavitary lung lesion shown on the CT imaging of the chest could represent malignancy&lt;br /&gt;or a bacterial lung abscess, but given that the patient is from a high-risk area for tuberculosis,&lt;br /&gt;tuberculosis would be considered the most likely diagnosis until ruled out by&lt;br /&gt;sputum testing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 171. 50-летний человек{мужчина} госпитализирован с активным легочным туберкулезом с положительной мокротой на мазок кислотоустойчивый бацилл. Он ВИЧ позитивен со счетом CD4 н5/µL и не находится на очень активной антиретровиральной терапии. В дополнение к легочной болезни, он найден, чтобы иметь болезнь в теле позвонка L4. Какова самая адекватная начальная терапия?&lt;br /&gt;A. Изониазид, rifampin, ethambutol, и pyrazinamide&lt;br /&gt;B. Изониазид, rifampin, ethambutol, и pyrazinamide; начните{введите} антиретровиральную терапию&lt;br /&gt;C. Изониазид, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, и стептомицин&lt;br /&gt;D. Изониазид, rifampin, и ethambutol&lt;br /&gt;E. Отказать в терапии, пока чувствительность не доступна.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;Initial treatment of&lt;br /&gt;active tuberculosis associated with HIV disease does not differ from that of a non-HIV infected&lt;br /&gt;person. The standard treatment regimen includes four drugs: isoniazid, rifampin,&lt;br /&gt;pyrazinamide, and ethambutol (RIPE). These drugs are given for a total of 2 months in&lt;br /&gt;combination with pyridoxine (vitamin B6) to prevent neurotoxicity from isoniazid. Following&lt;br /&gt;the initial 2 months, patients continue on isoniazid and rifampin to complete a total&lt;br /&gt;of 6 months of therapy. These recommendations are the same as those of non-HIV&lt;br /&gt;infected individuals. If the sputum culture remains positive for tuberculosis after 2&lt;br /&gt;months, the total course of antimycobacterial therapy is increased from 6 to 9 months. If&lt;br /&gt;an individual is already on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the time of diagnosis of tuberculosis,&lt;br /&gt;it may be continued, but often rifabutin is substituted for rifampin because of&lt;br /&gt;drug interactions between rifampin and protease inhibitors. In individuals not on ART at&lt;br /&gt;the time of diagnosis of tuberculosis, it is not recommended to start ART concurrently because&lt;br /&gt;of the risk of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) and an increased&lt;br /&gt;risk of medication side effects. IRIS occurs as the immune system improves with&lt;br /&gt;ART and causes an intense inflammatory reaction directed against the infecting organism(&lt;br /&gt;s). There have been fatal cases of IRIS in association with tuberculosis and initiation&lt;br /&gt;of ART. In addition, both ART and antituberculosis drugs have many side effects. It can be&lt;br /&gt;difficult for a clinician to decide which medication is the cause of the side effects and may&lt;br /&gt;lead unnecessarily to alterations in the antituberculosis regimen. For these reasons, it is&lt;br /&gt;recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to await a response to&lt;br /&gt;treatment for tuberculosis prior to initiating ART. Three-drug regimens are associated&lt;br /&gt;with a higher relapse rate if used as a standard 6-month course of therapy and, if used, require&lt;br /&gt;a total of 9 months of therapy. Situations in which three-drug therapy may be used&lt;br /&gt;are pregnancy, intolerance to a specific drug, and in the setting of resistance. A five-drug&lt;br /&gt;regimen using RIPE plus streptomycin is recommended as the standard re-treatment regimen.&lt;br /&gt;Streptomycin and pyrazinamide are discontinued after 2 months if susceptibility&lt;br /&gt;testing is unavailable. If susceptibility testing is available, the treatment should be based&lt;br /&gt;upon the susceptibility pattern. In no instance is it appropriate to withhold treatment in&lt;br /&gt;the setting of active tuberculosis to await susceptibility testing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 172. Все следующие люди, получающие кожную пробу с очищенным белковым дериватом туберкулина (PPD) ( Манту?) нужно лечить от скрытого туберкулеза кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. 23-летний наркоман, который является ВИЧ отрицательным, имеет реакцию PPD на 12 мм.&lt;br /&gt;B. 38-летний преподаватель имеет реакцию PPD на 7 мм и нет никаких известные проявлений  активного туберкулеза. Она никогда не проверялась с PPD предварительно.&lt;br /&gt;C. 43-летний человек в Мирном Корпусе, работающем в Африке Района Сахары имеет реакцию PPD на 10 мм. 18 месяцев назад, реакция PPD была 3 мм.&lt;br /&gt;D. 55-летний мужчина, который является ВИЧ уверенным, имеет отрицательное PPD Его партнер был недавно диагностирован с cavitary туберкулезом.&lt;br /&gt;E. 72-летний человек{мужчина}, который получает химиотерапию для лимфомы не-Ходжкина, имеет реакцию PPD на 16 мм.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;The aim of treatment of latent tuberculosis is to prevent&lt;br /&gt;development of active disease, and the tuberculin skin test (PPD) is the most common&lt;br /&gt;means of identifying cases of latent tuberculosis in high-risk groups. To perform a tuberculin&lt;br /&gt;skin test, 5 tuberculin units of PPD are placed subcutaneously in the forearm. The&lt;br /&gt;degree of induration is determined after 48–72 h. Erythema only does not count as a positive&lt;br /&gt;reaction to the PPD. The size of the reaction to the tuberculin skin test determines&lt;br /&gt;whether individuals should receive treatment for latent tuberculosis. In general, individuals&lt;br /&gt;in low-risk groups should not be tested. However, if tested, a reaction &gt;15 mm is required&lt;br /&gt;to be considered as positive. School teachers are considered low-risk individuals.&lt;br /&gt;Thus, the reaction of 7 mm is not a positive result, and treatment is not required.&lt;br /&gt;A size of ?10 mm is considered positive in individuals who have been infected within 2&lt;br /&gt;years or those with high-risk medical conditions. The individual working in an area&lt;br /&gt;where tuberculosis is endemic has tested newly positive by skin testing and should be&lt;br /&gt;treated as a newly infected individual. High-risk medical conditions for which treatment&lt;br /&gt;of latent tuberculosis is recommended include diabetes mellitus, injection drug use, endstage&lt;br /&gt;renal disease, rapid weight loss, and hematologic disorders.&lt;br /&gt;PPD reactions ?5 mm are considered positive for latent tuberculosis in individuals&lt;br /&gt;with fibrotic lesions on chest radiograph, those with close contact with an infected person,&lt;br /&gt;and those with HIV or who are otherwise immunosuppressed.&lt;br /&gt;There are two situations in which treatment for latent tuberculosis is recommended regardless&lt;br /&gt;of the results on skin testing. First, infants and children who have had close contact&lt;br /&gt;with an actively infected person should be treated. After 2 months of therapy, a skin&lt;br /&gt;test should be performed. Treatment can be discontinued if the skin test remains negative&lt;br /&gt;at that time. Also, individuals who are HIV positive and have had close contact with an&lt;br /&gt;infected person should be treated regardless of skin test results.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 173. 34-летний мужчина обратился за советом к своему врачу  из-за бессимптомного высыпания на груди. Там сочетаются светло-коричневые и оранжево-розовому {цв. красной рыбы} макулы. Произведен соскоб поражений и рассмотрение влажного препарата с 10%-ым раствором  гидроксида калия. Есть и гифы и  споровые формы, дающие картину  "спагетти и фрикаделек." Кроме того, поражения флуорисцирует желто-зеленым под лампой Вуда. Диагностирован разноцветный лишай. Какой из следующих микроорганизмов является ответственным за эту инфекцию кожи?&lt;br /&gt;A. Fusarium solani&lt;br /&gt;B. Malassezia furfur&lt;br /&gt;C. Sporothrix schenkii&lt;br /&gt;D. Trichophyton ruhrum&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Tinea versicolor is the most common superficial skin infection.&lt;br /&gt;It is caused by lipophilic yeasts of the genus Malassezia, most commonly M. furfur.&lt;br /&gt;In tropical areas, the prevalence of tinea versicolor is 40–60%, whereas in temperate&lt;br /&gt;areas it is about 1%. In general, most individuals seek evaluation for cosmetic reasons as&lt;br /&gt;the lesions in tinea versicolor are asymptomatic or only mildly pruritic. The lesions typically&lt;br /&gt;appear as patches of pink or coppery-brown skin, but the areas may be hypopigmented&lt;br /&gt;in dark-skinned individuals. Diagnosis can be made by demonstrating the&lt;br /&gt;organism on potassium hydroxide preparation where a typical “spaghetti and meatballs”&lt;br /&gt;appearance may be seen. This is due to the presence of both spore forms and hyphal&lt;br /&gt;forms within the skin. Under long-wave UVA light (Wood’s lamp), the affected areas fluoresce&lt;br /&gt;to yellow-green. The organism is sensitive to a variety of antifungals. Selenium sulfide&lt;br /&gt;shampoo, topical azoles, terbinafine, and ciclopirox have all been used with success.&lt;br /&gt;A 2-week treatment regimen typically shows good results, but the infection typically recurs&lt;br /&gt;within 2 years of initial treatment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 174. 68-летняя женщина ищет оценку для язвенного поражения на ее правой руке. Она сообщает, что область в конце ее правой руки была первоначально красна и безболезненна. Казалось, была проникающая рана в центре области, и она думала, что  получила простую ссадину во время работы в саду.  За следующие несколько дней, поражение стало бородавчатым и язвенным. Теперь пациентка заметила несколько узловых областей по руке, одна из них изъязвилась и начала дренировать серозную жидкость сегодня. Она также отмечала, что появился увеличенный и болезненный эпитрохлеарный лимфатический узел на правой руке. Биопсия края поражения показывает яйцевидный и сигарообразный yeasts(дрожжеподобные грибы?). Sporotrichosis диагностирован. Какова самая адекватная терапия для этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;A. Амфотерицин B внутривенно&lt;br /&gt;B. Caspofungin внутривенно&lt;br /&gt;C. Clotrimazole местно&lt;br /&gt;D. Itraconazole перорально&lt;br /&gt;E. Сульфид селена местно&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;Sporothrix schenkii is a thermally dimorphic fungus found in&lt;br /&gt;soil, plants, and moss and occurs most commonly in gardeners, farmers, florists, and for&lt;br /&gt;estry workers. Sporotrichosis develops after inoculation of the organism into the skin&lt;br /&gt;with a contaminated puncture or scratch. The disease typically presents as a fixed cutaneous&lt;br /&gt;lesion or with lymphocutaneous spread. The initial lesion typically ulcerates and become&lt;br /&gt;verrucous in appearance. The draining lymphatic channels become affected in up&lt;br /&gt;to 80% of cases. This presents as painless nodules along the lymphatic channel, which ulcerate.&lt;br /&gt;A definitive diagnosis is made by culturing the organism. A biopsy of the lesion&lt;br /&gt;may show ovoid or cigar-shaped yeast forms. Treatment for sporotrichosis is systemic&lt;br /&gt;therapy. Options include oral itraconazole, saturated solution of potassium iodide, and&lt;br /&gt;terbinafine. However, terbinafine has not been approved for this indication in the United&lt;br /&gt;States. Topical antifungals are not effective. In cases of serious system disease such as pulmonary&lt;br /&gt;sporotrichosis, amphotericin B is the treatment of choice. Caspofungin is not effective&lt;br /&gt;against S. schenkii.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 175. 44-летний человек{мужчина} представляет отделению неотложной хирургии для оценки тяжелой ангины. Его симптомы начались этим утром с умеренного раздражения при глотании и стали прогрессивно тяжелыми в течение 12 часов. У него была температура 39°C и он также сообщает о прогрессивной одышке. Он отрицает предшествующую ринорею или боль челюсти или зуб. Он не имел никаких плохих контактов. На физической экспертизе: пациент в респираторном дистресс-синдроме с использованием добавочных дыхательных мышц. Дыхательный стридор присутствует. Он сидит, наклоняясь вперед, с вытянутой шеей, со слюнотечением. Его показатели жизненно важных функций следующие: температура 39.5°C, кровяное давление 116/60 мм рт.ст., частота сердечных сокращений 118 ударов/минут, частота дыхания 24 дыхания / минута, Sao2 95 % на воздухе комнаты{места}. Экспертиза его ротоглотки показывает эритему задней ротоглотки без выпотов или тонзиллярного расширения. Небный язычок по средней линии. Нет никакой болезненности синусов и никакой цервикальной лимфаденопатии. Его легочные поля ясны к выслушиванию, и сердечно-сосудистая экспертиза показывает, что регулярная {правильная} тахикардия с систолическим шумом изгнания II/VI слышен по правой верхней стернальной границе. Брюшная полость, конечности и неврологическая экспертиза нормальны. Лабораторные исследования показывают лейкоцитоз 17 000 µL с формулой: 87%- нейтрофилов, 8% палочкоядерных форм, 4%- лимфоцитов, и 1%-ых моноцитов. Гемоглобин - 13.4 g/dL с гематокритом 44.2 %. Артериальный газ крови на воздухе комнаты 7.32, PaC02 48 мм рт.ст., и Pao2 92 мм рт.ст. Боковой снимок  шеи - отечный надгортанник. Каков следующий самый адекватный шаг в оценке и обработке этого человека?&lt;br /&gt;A. Ампициллин, 500 мг IV каждые 6 часов&lt;br /&gt;B. Ceftriaxone, 1 г IV q24h&lt;br /&gt;C. Эндотрахеальное зондирование и ампициллин, 500 мг IV каждые 6 часов&lt;br /&gt;D. Эндотрахеальное зондирование, ceftriaxone, 1 г IV q24h, и clindamycin, 600 мг IV каждые 6 часов&lt;br /&gt;E. Ларингоскопия и близкое наблюдение&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;Generally thought of as a disease of children, epiglottitis&lt;br /&gt;is increasingly becoming a disease of adults since the wide use of Haemophilus influenzae&lt;br /&gt;type B vaccination. Epiglottitis can cause life-threatening airway obstruction due to cellulitis&lt;br /&gt;of the epiglottis and supraglottic tissues, classically due to H. influenzae type B infection.&lt;br /&gt;However, other organisms are also common causes including nontypeable H.&lt;br /&gt;influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. parainfluenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and viral&lt;br /&gt;infection. The initial evaluation and treatment for epiglottitis in adults includes airway&lt;br /&gt;management and intravenous antibiotics. The patient presented here is demonstrating&lt;br /&gt;signs of impending airway obstruction with stridor, inability to swallow secretions, and&lt;br /&gt;use of accessory muscles of inspiration. A lateral neck x-ray shows the typical thumb sign&lt;br /&gt;indicative of a swollen epiglottis. In addition, the patient has evidence of hypoventilation&lt;br /&gt;with carbon dioxide retention. Thus, in addition to antibiotics, this patient should also&lt;br /&gt;be intubated and mechanically ventilated electively under a controlled setting as he is at&lt;br /&gt;high risk for mechanical airway obstruction. Antibiotic therapy should cover the typical&lt;br /&gt;organisms outlined above and include coverage for oral anaerobes.&lt;br /&gt;In adults presenting without overt impending airway obstruction, laryngoscopy would&lt;br /&gt;be indicated to assess airway patency. Endotracheal intubation would be recommended&lt;br /&gt;for those with &gt;50% airway obstruction. In children, endotracheal intubation is often&lt;br /&gt;recommended as laryngoscopy in children has provoked airway obstruction to a much&lt;br /&gt;greater degree than adults, and increased risk of mortality has been demonstrated in&lt;br /&gt;some series in children when the airway is managed expectantly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 176. 45-летний человек{мужчина} из западного штата Кентукки поступил в отделение неотложной хирургии в сентябре, жалуясь на лихорадку, головные боли, и боли в мышцах. Он недавно был в поездке в кемпинг с несколькими друзьями, в течение которых они охотились для их пищи, включая рыбу, белок, и кроликов. Он не вспоминал никаких укусов клеща в течение поездки, но действительно вспоминает наличие нескольких комариных укусов. В течение прошлой недели у него образовалась язва на его правой руке с краснотой и болью. Он также заметил некоторую боль и набухание около его правого локтя. Ни один из друзей, с которыми он разбил лагерь, заболел. Его показатели жизненно важных функций: кровяное давление 106/65 мм рт.ст., частота сердечных сокращений 116 ударов/минут, частота дыхания 24 дыхания/минуту, и температура 38.7°C. Его насыщенность кислорода - 93 % на воздухе комнаты. У него незначительное тахипноэ. Нет инъекций конъюнктивы, и его слизистые сухи. Экспертиза груди показывает хрипы в средних отделах право легкого и в основании левого легкого. Его частота сердечных сокращений является тахикардической, но регулярной{правильной}. Есть систолический шум изгнания II/VI, который слышат лучше всего в более низкой левой стернальной границе. Его брюшная экспертиза неотягощенна. На правой руке, есть эритематозная язва с изъязвленным центром, покрытым черным струпом. Он не имеет никакой цервикальной лимфаденопатии, но заметно увеличены лимфатические узлы в правой подмышечной впадинах и epitrochlear областях. epitrochlear узел имеет некоторое флюктуирование с пальпацией. Рентгенография грудной клетки показывает облаковидные двусторонние альвеолярные инфильтраты. По первым 12 часам его госпитализации, пациент становится прогрессивно гипотензивным и гипоксическим, требуя зондирования и искусственной вентиляции легких. Какова самая адекватная терапия для этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;A. Ампициллин, 2 г IV каждые 6 часов&lt;br /&gt;B. Ceftriaxone, 1 г IV ежедневно&lt;br /&gt;C. Ciprofloxacin, 400 мг IV два раза в день&lt;br /&gt;D. Доксициклин, 100 мг IV два раза в день&lt;br /&gt;E. Гентамицин, 5 мг/кг два раза в день&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;The most likely infecting organism in this patient is Francisella&lt;br /&gt;tularensis. Gentamicin is the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of tularemia.&lt;br /&gt;Fluoroquinolones have shown in vitro activity against F. tularensis and have successfully&lt;br /&gt;been used in a few cases of tularemia. Currently, however, it cannot be recommended as&lt;br /&gt;first-line therapy as data are limited in regards to its efficacy relative to gentamicin, but&lt;br /&gt;can be considered if an individual is unable to tolerate gentamicin. To date, there have&lt;br /&gt;been no clinical trials of fluoroquinolones to definitively demonstrate equivalency with&lt;br /&gt;gentamicin. Third-generation cephalosporins have in vitro activity against F. tularensis.&lt;br /&gt;However, use of ceftriaxone in children with tularemia resulted in almost universal failure.&lt;br /&gt;Likewise, tetracycline and chloramphenicol also have limited usefulness with a&lt;br /&gt;higher relapse rate (up to 20%) when compared to gentamicin. F. tularensis is a small&lt;br /&gt;gram-negative, pleomorphic bacillus that is found both intra- and extracellularly. It is&lt;br /&gt;found in mud, water, and decaying animal carcasses, and ticks and wild rabbits are the&lt;br /&gt;source for most human infections in the southeast United States and Rocky Mountains.&lt;br /&gt;In western states, tabanid flies are the most common vectors. The organisms usually enter&lt;br /&gt;the skin through the bite of a tick or through an abrasion. On further questioning, the&lt;br /&gt;patient above reported that during the camping trip he was primarily responsible for&lt;br /&gt;skinning the animals and preparing dinner. He did suffer a small cut on his right hand at&lt;br /&gt;the site where the ulceration is apparent. The most common clinical manifestations of F.&lt;br /&gt;tularensis are ulceroglandular and glandular disease, accounting for 75–85% of cases. The&lt;br /&gt;ulcer appears at the site of entry of the bacteria and lasts for 1–3 weeks and may develop a&lt;br /&gt;black eschar at the base. The draining lymph nodes become enlarged and fluctuant. They&lt;br /&gt;may drain spontaneously. In a small percentage of patients, the disease becomes systemically&lt;br /&gt;spread, as is apparent in this case, with pneumonia, fevers, and sepsis syndrome.&lt;br /&gt;When this occurs, the mortality rate approaches 30% if untreated. However, with appropriate&lt;br /&gt;antibiotic therapy the prognosis is very good. Diagnosis requires a high clinical&lt;br /&gt;suspicion as demonstration of the organism is difficult. It rarely seen on Gram’s stain because&lt;br /&gt;the organisms stain weakly and are so small that they are difficult to distinguish&lt;br /&gt;from background material. On polychromatically stained tissue, they may be seen both&lt;br /&gt;intra- and extracellularly, singly or in clumps. Moreover, F. tularensis is a difficult organism&lt;br /&gt;to culture and requires cysteine-glucose–blood agar. However, most labs do not attempt&lt;br /&gt;to culture the organism because of the risk of infection in laboratory workers,&lt;br /&gt;requiring biosafety level 2 practices. Usually the diagnosis is confirmed by agglutination&lt;br /&gt;testing with titers &gt;1:160 confirming diagnosis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 177. 24-летний мужчина поступил для оценки безболезненных относящихся к половому члену язвенных образований. Он отметил первое поражение приблизительно 2 недели назад, и с этого времени, две смежных области также развили образование язвы. Он заявляет, что была кровь, окрашивающая его нижнее белье от небольшого просачивания язв. Он не имеет никакой прошлой медицинской истории и не получал никакого лечения. Он возвратился 5 недель назад из каникул в Бразилии, где он действительно имел незащищенный половой акт с местной женщиной. Он отрицает другие рискованные половые поведения и никогда не имел секса с проститутками. Он последний раз проверялся на ВИЧ 2 года назад. Он никогда не имел chlamydial или гонококковой инфекции. На экспертизе, есть три четких красных, рыхлых поражения, размером 5 мм или меньше на половом члене. Они кровоточат легко с любой манипуляцией. Нет никакой боли с пальпацией. Есть shotty паховая лимфаденопатия. На биопсии одного поражения, есть видное интрацитоплазматическое включение биполярных организмов в увеличенной мононуклеарной клетке. Дополнительно, есть эпителиальная пролиферация клетки с увеличенным количеством плазматических клеток и немногих нейтрофилов. Быстрая плазма реагин-тест отрицательный. Культуры не выращивают никаких организмов. Каков наиболее вероятный болезнетворный организм?&lt;br /&gt;A. Calymmatobacterium granulomatis (donovanosis)&lt;br /&gt;B. Chlamydia trachomatis (лимфогранулема venereum)&lt;br /&gt;C. Haemophilus ducreyi (мягкий шанкр)&lt;br /&gt;D. Leishmania amazonensis (кожный leishmaniasis)&lt;br /&gt;E. Трепонема pallidum (вторичный сифилис)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;Donovanosis is caused by the intracellular organism Calymmatobacterium&lt;br /&gt;granulomatis and most often presents as a painless erythematous genital&lt;br /&gt;ulceration after a 1–4 week incubation period. However, incubation periods can be as&lt;br /&gt;long as 1 year. The infection is predominantly sexually transmitted, and autoinoculation&lt;br /&gt;can lead to formation of new lesions by contact with adjacent infected skin. Typically the&lt;br /&gt;lesion is painless but bleeds easily. Complications include phimosis in men and pseudoelephantiasis&lt;br /&gt;of the labia in women. If the infection is untreated, it can lead to progressive&lt;br /&gt;destruction of the penis or other organs. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of Donovan&lt;br /&gt;bodies within large mononuclear cells on smears from the lesion. Donovan bodies refers&lt;br /&gt;to the appearance of multiple intracellular organisms within the cytoplasm of&lt;br /&gt;mononuclear cells. These organisms are bipolar and have an appearance similar to a&lt;br /&gt;safety pin. On histologic examination, there is an increase in the number of plasma cells&lt;br /&gt;with few neutrophils; additionally, epithelial hyperplasia is present and can resemble neoplasia.&lt;br /&gt;A variety of antibiotics can be used to treat donovanosis including macrolides, tetracyclines,&lt;br /&gt;trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol. Treatment should be&lt;br /&gt;continued until the lesion has healed, often requiring ?5 weeks of treatment.&lt;br /&gt;All of the choices listed in the question above are in the differential diagnosis of penile&lt;br /&gt;ulcerations. Lymphogranuloma venereum is endemic in the Caribbean. The ulcer of primary&lt;br /&gt;infection heals spontaneously, and the second phase of the infection results in&lt;br /&gt;markedly enlarged inguinal lymphadenopathy, which may drain spontaneously. H. ducreyi&lt;br /&gt;results in painful genital ulcerations, and the organism can be cultured from the lesion.&lt;br /&gt;The painless ulcerations of cutaneous leishmaniasis can appear similarly to those of&lt;br /&gt;donovanosis but usually occur on exposed skin. Histologic determination of intracellular&lt;br /&gt;parasites can distinguish leishmaniasis definitively from donovanosis. Finally, it is unlikely&lt;br /&gt;that the patient has syphilis in the setting of a negative rapid plasma reagin test, and&lt;br /&gt;the histology is inconsistent with this diagnosis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 178. 75-летний пациент с лихорадкой и истощением. Он описывает усталость и недомогание за прошлые несколько месяцев и{обеспокоен, что он похудел. На экспертизе, он отмечен, чтобы иметь низкотемпературную лихорадку, и мягкий диастолический шум в сердце. Лабораторные исследования показывают нормоцитарную, нормохромную анемию. Три отдельных бактериологических исследования крови выращивают Cardiobacterium hominis. Какое из следующих утверждений{заявлений} является верным о клиническом условии{состоянии} этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;A. Антибиотики вряд ли улучшат его условие{состояние}.&lt;br /&gt;B. Эхокардиограмма вероятно будет нормальна.&lt;br /&gt;C. Он имеет форму эндокардита с высоким риском эмболизации.&lt;br /&gt;D. Он будет вероятно нуждаться в хирургии.&lt;br /&gt;E. Положительные посевы крови вероятны примесь кожи.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;This patient has subacute bacterial endocarditis due to&lt;br /&gt;infection with one of the HACEK organisms. The HACEK organisms (Haemophilus, Actinobacillus,&lt;br /&gt;Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella) are gram-negative rods that reside&lt;br /&gt;in the oral cavity. They are responsible for about 3% of cases of infective endocarditis in&lt;br /&gt;most series. They are the most common cause of gram-negative endocarditis in non-drug&lt;br /&gt;abusers.Most patients have a history of poor dentition or recent dental procedure. Often,&lt;br /&gt;patients are initially diagnosed with culture-negative endocarditis, as these organisms&lt;br /&gt;may be slow growing and fastidious. Cultures must be specified for prolonged culture of&lt;br /&gt;fastidious organisms. HACEK endocarditis is typically subacute, and the risk of embolic&lt;br /&gt;phenomena to the bone, skin, kidneys, and vasculature is high. Vegetations are seen on&lt;br /&gt;~85% of transthoracic echocardiograms. Cure rates are excellent with antibiotics alone;&lt;br /&gt;native valves require 4 weeks and prosthetic valves require 6 weeks of treatment. Ceftriaxone&lt;br /&gt;is the treatment of choice, with ampicillin/gentamicin as an alternative. Sensitivities&lt;br /&gt;may be delayed due to the organism’s slow growth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 179. 38-летняя женщина с частыми госпитализациями, связанными с хроническим алкоголизмом приезжает в отделение неотложной хирургии, укушенная собакой. Есть открытые раны на ее руках и правой кисти, являются гнойными и имеют некротические границы. Она является гипотензивной и госпитализируется в отделению интенсивной терапии. Обнаружено, что она развивает диссеминированное внутрисосудистое свертывание и скоро разовьет полиорганную недостаточность. Какой из следующих микроорганизмов  наиболее вероятно привел к столь быстрому регрессу?&lt;br /&gt;A. Aeromonas spp.&lt;br /&gt;B. Capnocytophaga spp.&lt;br /&gt;C. Eikenella spp.&lt;br /&gt;D. Haemophilus spp.&lt;br /&gt;E. Стафилококк spp.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Capnocytophaga canimorsus is the most likely organism&lt;br /&gt;to have caused fulminant disease in this alcoholic patient following a dog bite. Eikenella&lt;br /&gt;and Haemophilus are common mouth flora in humans but not in dogs. Staphylococcus&lt;br /&gt;can cause sepsis but is less likely in this scenario.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 180. 39-летний здоровый человек{мужчина} планирует поехать в Малайзию и приезжает к клинике для получения адекватных прививок. Он не может вспомнить, какие вакцины он получал в прошлом, но сообщения, имевшие "все обычные" в детстве. Какое из следующего представляет самую общую вакцинную-предотвратимую инфекцию у путешественников?&lt;br /&gt;A. Грипп&lt;br /&gt;B. Корь&lt;br /&gt;C. Бешенство&lt;br /&gt;D. Столбняк&lt;br /&gt;E. Желтая лихорадка&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;Influenza occurs year round in the tropics and is the most&lt;br /&gt;common vaccine-preventable infection in travelers. Documentation of vaccination against&lt;br /&gt;yellow fever is required in many countries. Measles is prevalent in much of the developing&lt;br /&gt;world, and all travelers should have documented vaccination. Tetanus should be up to date&lt;br /&gt;for international travelers, and rabies vaccination should be discussed with patients.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 181. 19-летний мужчина планирует путешествовать через Центральную Америку на автобусе. Он приезжает в клинику, интересуясь советом  для путешествия и любыми прививками, в которых он, возможно, нуждается. Он не имеет никакой медицинской истории и не принимает никаких лекарств. В дополнение к DEET и москитной сетке, которая из следующих рекомендаций была бы важной для профилактики против малярии?&lt;br /&gt;A. Atovaquone&lt;br /&gt;B. Хлорохин&lt;br /&gt;C. Доксициклин&lt;br /&gt;D. Mefloquine&lt;br /&gt;E. Primaquine&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Malaria prophylaxis recommendations vary by region.&lt;br /&gt;Currently the recommended malaria prophylaxis for Central America is chloroquine. In&lt;br /&gt;contrast, due to chloroquine resistance of falciparum malaria, prophylaxis in India and&lt;br /&gt;most areas in Africa is with atovaquone/proguanil, doxycycline, or mefloquine. The following&lt;br /&gt;table represents the chemoprophylaxis regimens for malaria arranged by country&lt;br /&gt;as currently recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 182. Что из следующего является самым общим источником лихорадки в путешественниках, возвращающихся из Юго-Восточной Азии?&lt;br /&gt;A. Dengue fever (лихорадка Денге)&lt;br /&gt;B. Малярия&lt;br /&gt;C. Мононуклеоз&lt;br /&gt;D. Сальмонелла&lt;br /&gt;E. Желтая лихорадка&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;The causes of fever in travelers vary by geography. In&lt;br /&gt;general, all febrile travelers returning from malaria-endemic regions should be assumed&lt;br /&gt;to have malaria until ruled out or another diagnosis established, since falciparum malaria&lt;br /&gt;may be life-threatening and effective therapy is available. Dengue is particularly common&lt;br /&gt;in Southeast Asia. Most cases are self-limited and require supportive therapy. A small&lt;br /&gt;proportion, however, can develop hemorrhagic fever or a shock syndrome. The table below&lt;br /&gt;lists the most common causes of febrile illness in returning travelers by country.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 183. 54-летняя женщина представляет жалобе отделения неотложной хирургии на боль и покраснение ее лица слева и щеки. Покраснение началось резко, вчера. Тогда, область была приблизительно 5 mm2 около носогубной складки. Была быстрая прогрессия красноты к области, которая является теперь приблизительно 5 cm2. Кроме того, она жалуется на интенсивную боль в этой области. На экспертизе, есть хорошо-разграниченный 5 cm2 область эритемы по ее левому носогубной складке. Границы приподняты и индурированы. Вся область очень чувствительна при прикосновении. За следующие 24 часа, на поврежденной область начинает развиваться вялуя булла. Какое самая адекватное лечение для этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;A. Acyclovir&lt;br /&gt;B. Clindamycin&lt;br /&gt;C. Clindamycin и пенициллин&lt;br /&gt;D. Пенициллин&lt;br /&gt;E. Триметоприм и sulfamethoxazole&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;Erysipelas is a soft tissue infection caused by Streptococcus&lt;br /&gt;pyogenes that occurs most frequently on the face or extremities. The infection is&lt;br /&gt;marked by abrupt onset of fiery-red swelling with intense pain. The infection progresses&lt;br /&gt;rapidly and is marked by well-defined and indurated margins. Flaccid bullae may develop&lt;br /&gt;on the second or third day. Only rarely does the infection involve the deeper soft tissues.&lt;br /&gt;Penicillin is the treatment of choice. However, swelling may progress despite appropriate&lt;br /&gt;treatment with desquamation of the affected area.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 184. 68-летний мужчина поступил в отделение неотложной помощи с измененным психическим статусом, лихорадкой, и болью в ноге. Его жена сообщает, что он сначала жаловался на боль в ноге вчера, и в этой области была некоторая небольшая краснота. За ночь у него развилась лихорадка до 39.8°C и он стал заторможенным этим утром. В этот момент его семья доставила его в отделение неотложной хирургии. По прибытию, он не отзывается на голос и чувствителен к боли. Показатели жизненно важных функций: кровяное давление 88/40 мм рт.ст., частота сердечных сокращений 126 ударов/минуту, частота дыхания 28 дыханий/минуту, температура 39.3°C, и 95 % SaO2 на воздухе комнаты. Экспертиза правой ноги показывает диффузное набухание с бурым отеком. У пациента появляются гримасы боли, когда область затронута. Есть несколько булл, заполненных сине - фиолетовой жидкостью. Лабораторные исследования: pH 7.22, PaCO2 28 мм рт.ст., PaO2 93 мм рт.ст. Креатинин - 3.2 мг/дл. Лейкоцитоз до 22,660/µL с дифференциалом 70%-полиморфнонуклеарных клеток, 28%- палочкоядерных форм, и 2%- лимфоцитов. Булла аспирирована, и окрашивание по Граму показывает грамположительные кокки в цепях. Какова самая адекватная терапия для этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;A. Ампициллин, clindamycin, и гентамицин&lt;br /&gt;B. Clindamycin и пенициллин&lt;br /&gt;C. Clindamycin, пенициллин, и хирургическая обработка раны&lt;br /&gt;D. Пенициллин и хирургическая обработка раны&lt;br /&gt;E. Vancomycin, пенициллин, и хирургическая обработка раны&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;This patient is presenting with septic shock secondary to&lt;br /&gt;necrotizing fasciitis with group A streptococcus. Necrotizing fasciitis presents with fever&lt;br /&gt;and pain of the affected area that progresses rapidly to severe systemic symptoms. Swelling&lt;br /&gt;and brawny edema may be present early in the disease, progressing rapidly to darkred&lt;br /&gt;induration with bullae filled with bluish to purple fluid. Pathologically, the underlying&lt;br /&gt;dermis shows extensive thrombosis of vessels in the dermis. Necrotizing fasciitis is&lt;br /&gt;commonly caused by group A streptococcus, specifically S. pyogenes, or mixed aerobicanaerobic&lt;br /&gt;infections. In this patient, the presence of gram-positive cocci in chains suggests&lt;br /&gt;S. pyogenes as the underlying cause. The initial treatment of patients with necrotizing&lt;br /&gt;fasciitis is surgical debridement of the affected area. The area of debridement is&lt;br /&gt;frequently very large. During surgery, all necrotic tissue should be removed and any increased&lt;br /&gt;compartment pressure should be relieved. In addition, appropriate antibiotics&lt;br /&gt;should be initiated. For group A streptococcus, the combination of clindamycin and penicillin&lt;br /&gt;should be used. Penicillin is bacteriocidal for streptococcus as is clindamycin. Clindamycin&lt;br /&gt;also neutralizes the toxins produced by group A streptococcus. Antibiotic&lt;br /&gt;therapy alone should not be used as necrotizing fasciitis is rapidly fatal without surgical&lt;br /&gt;intervention. Vancomycin is not a first-line antibiotic in necrotizing fasciitis and should&lt;br /&gt;be considered only for those with penicillin allergy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 185. В клинике экстренной помощи, Вы оцениваете 47-летнюю женщину с плохо контролируемым сахарным диабетом, которая имеет главную жалобу на "синусит". Она не имеет истории атопии. Она сначала заметила головную боль 2 дня назад и теперь чувствует застой в верхних носовых путях. Она имеет гиперестезию по носовому мосту также и спрашивает об антибиотиках, чтобы лечить ее инфекцию. У нее имеется кровавое носовое выделение со случайными черными точками. На экспертизе, синусы полны и нежны. Температуру 38.3°C. При осмотре полости рта виден черный струп на небе, окруженного обесцвеченными и гиперемированными областями на небе. Каково самое адекватное вмешательство в это время?&lt;br /&gt;A. Ciprofloxacin и карантин на возможную сибирскую язву&lt;br /&gt;B. Консультация ENT, если никакое выздоровление с устными антибиотиками&lt;br /&gt;C. Немедленная биопсия вовлеченных областей и lipid amphotericin&lt;br /&gt;D. Непосредственная{Немедленная} биопсия поражения и voriconazole&lt;br /&gt;E. Внутриносовые противозастойные средства и близкое продолжение&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;This patient has signs and symptoms of mucormycosis.&lt;br /&gt;Although mucormycosis is a relatively uncommon invasive fungal infection, patients&lt;br /&gt;with poorly controlled diabetes, patients receiving glucocorticoids, immunocompromised&lt;br /&gt;patients, or patients with iron overload syndromes receiving desferrioxamine have&lt;br /&gt;an enhanced susceptibility to this devastating infection. The “gold standard” diagnosis is&lt;br /&gt;tissue culture, but a common hallmark is the black eschar noted on the palate, which represents&lt;br /&gt;invasion of the fungus into tissue, with necrosis. The black eschar in this scenario&lt;br /&gt;should prompt the clinician to do more than prescribe treatment for sinusitis. Black eschars&lt;br /&gt;on the extremities can be found with anthrax infection or spider bites. Given the&lt;br /&gt;mortality associated with this infection and the rapidity with which it progresses, it is not&lt;br /&gt;prudent to wait for an ENT consultation after a course of antibiotics. The infection is&lt;br /&gt;usually fatal. Successful therapy requires reversal of the underlying predisposition (glucose&lt;br /&gt;control in this case), aggressive surgical debridement, and early initiation of antifungal&lt;br /&gt;therapy. Voriconazole is not thought to be effective in the treatment of mucormycosis.&lt;br /&gt;Posaconazole, an experimental azole antifungal, has been shown to be effective in mouse&lt;br /&gt;models of the disease and has been used in patients unable to tolerate amphotericin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV 186. 63-летний мужчина из Миссисипи приезжает в ваш офис для оценки хронической раны на его бедре. Он имеет открытую рану на его передней поверхности бедра, которая дренировала гнойный материал в течение многих месяцев. Бедро ненежно, но горячее при прикосновении. Отделяемое гнойное и плохо пахнет. Ему дали многократные антибиотические курсы и недавно закончил курс itraconazole без облегчения симптомов. Он имеет интактную нейроваскулярную экспертизу его нижних конечностей. Его скорость оседания эритроцитов - 64, лейкоциты крови - 15,000/µL, и гемоглобин - 8 мг/дл. Простая рентгенограмма поврежденного бедра показывает периостальную реакцию бедренной кости с нарушением остеогенеза. Есть указание на наличие синусового тракта между бедренной костью и кожей. Окрашивание по Граму гноя показывает обширные  дрожжи, и Вы делаете предполагаемый диагноз бластомикозного остеомиелита (blastomyces osteomyelitis). Каково лечение выбора для этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;A. Амфотерицин B&lt;br /&gt;B. Caspofungin&lt;br /&gt;C. Itraconazole&lt;br /&gt;D. Moxifloxacin&lt;br /&gt;E. Voriconazole        &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;( OTV-A)&lt;br /&gt;Although spontaneous cures of pulmonary infection&lt;br /&gt;with Blastomyces dermatitidis have been well documented, almost all patients with blastomycosis&lt;br /&gt;should be treated since there is no way to distinguish which patients will progress&lt;br /&gt;or disseminate. Extrapulmonary disease should always be treated, especially if the patient&lt;br /&gt;is immunocompromised. Itraconazole is indicated for non-central nervous system extrapulmonary&lt;br /&gt;disease in mild to moderate cases. Otherwise, amphotericin B is the treatment&lt;br /&gt;of choice, especially if there has been treatment failure with itraconazole. The&lt;br /&gt;echinocandins have variable activity against B. dermatitidis and are not recommended for&lt;br /&gt;blastomycosis. The triazole antifungals have not been studied extensively in human cases&lt;br /&gt;of blastomycosis. 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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2009/12/4-harrison-14-infect.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-8921785466760556160</guid><pubDate>Sat, 26 Dec 2009 10:08:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-12-26T02:09:43.476-08:00</atom:updated><title>3 harrissin17</title><description>&lt;div&gt;III. ОНКОЛОГИЯ И ГЕМАТОЛОГИЯ&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ВОПРОСЫ&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;-l. 73-летний мужчина обратился в клинику в связи с все усиливающейся болью в пояснице в течение 3 месяцев. Указанная локализация боли – поясничный отдел позвоночника. Боль ухудшается ночью при лежании, облегчается в течение дня при двигательной активности. В анамнез артериальная гипертензия и курение сигарет в прошлом. Физикальное обследование без особенностей. Лабораторные исследования: повышение щелочной фосфатазы. Рентгенограмма поясничного отдела показывает литическое поражение L3. Какое из следующих злокачественных заболеваний наиболее вероятно?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Рак желудка &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Немелкоклеточный рак легкого &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Остеогенная саркома&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Рак поджелудочной железы&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Рак щитовидной железы&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Bone pain resulting from metastatic lesions may be difficult&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to distinguish from degenerative disease, osteoporosis, or disk disease in the elderly.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Generally, these patients present with insidious worsening localized pain without fevers&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;or signs of infection. In contrast to pain related to disk disease, the pain of metastatic disease&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is worse when the patient is lying down or at night. Neurologic symptoms related to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;metastatic disease constitute an emergency. Lung, breast, and prostate cancers account&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for approximately 80% of bone metastases. Thyroid carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lymphoma, and bladder carcinoma may also metastasize to bone. Metastatic lesions may&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be lytic or blastic. Most cancers cause a combination of both, although prostate cancer is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;predominantly blastic. Either lesion may cause hypercalcemia, although lytic lesions&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;more commonly do this. Lytic lesions are best detected with plain radiography. Blastic lesions&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are prominent on radionuclide bone scans. Treatment and prognosis depend on the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;underlying malignancy. Bisphosphonates may reduce hypercalcemia, relieve pain, and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;limit bone resorption.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2. Пациенты из каких регионов не нуждаются в скрининге дефицита дегидрогеназы глюкозо-6-фосфата (G6PD) перед лечением лекарственным средством, имеющим риск G6PD-связанного гемолиза?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Бразилия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Россия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Юго-Восточная Азия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Южная Европа&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Африка района Сахары&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;F. Ни одно из вышеупомянутого&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;3. Все следующее - факторы витамин K-зависимой коагуляции,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. фактор X&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. фактор VII&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. белок C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. S-белок&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. фактор VIII&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;4. 31-летнего мужчину с гемофилией A госпитализируют с постоянной макрогематурией. Он отрицает недавнюю травму или любую патологию мочеполовой системы в анамнезе. Экспертиза неотягощенна. Гематокрит - 28 %. Все следующее - подходящее лечение гемофилии, кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. десмопрессин (DDAVP)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. свежезамороженная плазма (FFP)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. криопреципитат&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. рекомбинантный фактор VIII&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. плазмоферез&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;5. Какое из следующих утверждений относительно возникновения и факторов риска развития гепатоцеллюлярного рака является верным?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Химический токсин, произведенный разновидностями Aspergillus, афлатоксин B, имеет сильную ассоциацию с развитием гепатоцеллюлярного рака и может быть обнаружен в зернах, хранившихся в горячих, влажных местах.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. В Соединенных Штатах уменьшается частота случаев гепатоцеллюлярного рака.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Безалкогольный steatohepatitis не связан с увеличенным риском для гепатоцеллюлярного канцерогена.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Менее чем у 5 % людей с диагностированных гепатоцеллюлярным раком в Соединенных Штатах нет фонового цирроза.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Риск развития гепатоцеллюлярного рака у людей с гепатитом C - 50 %.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;6. Вас просят посмотреть мазок периферической крови пациента с анемией. Лактатдегидрогеназа сыворотки увеличена, есть гемоглобинурия. Что, вероятно, будет обнаружено при обследовании этого пациента? (См. иллюстрацию 6, Цветной Атлас.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Зоб&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Кровь-позитивный стул&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Механический второй сердечный тон&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Спленомегалия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Утолщение свода черепа&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This blood smear shows fragmented red blood cells of varying&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;size and shape. In the presence of a foreign body within the circulation (prosthetic heart&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;valve, vascular graft), red blood cells can become destroyed. Such intravascular hemolysis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;will also cause serum lactate dehydrogenase to be elevated and hemoglobinuria. In isolated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;extravascular hemolysis, there is no hemoglobin or hemosiderin released into the urine.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The characteristic peripheral blood smear in splenomegaly is the presence of Howell-Jolly&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bodies (nuclear remnants within red blood cells). Certain diseases are associated with extramedullary&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hematopoiesis (e.g., chronic hemolytic anemias), which can be detected by an&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;enlarged spleen, thickened calvarium, myelofibrosis, or hepatomegaly. The peripheral&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;blood smear may show tear-drop cells or nucleated red blood cells. Hypothyroidism is associated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with macrocytosis, which is not demonstrated here. Chronic gastrointestinal blood&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;loss will cause microcytosis, not schistocytes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;7. Вся виды дефицита энзимов, приводящие к порфирии, унаследованы по аутосомно-доминантному или аутосомно-рецессивному типу, с одним исключением. Что из следующего обычно встречается спорадически?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Порфирия, связанная с дефицитом 5- ALA -дегидратазы&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Острая интермиттирующая порфирия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Эритропоэтическая порфирия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Порфирия кожная поздняя&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Разнообразная порфирия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;8. 55-летняя женщина с прогрессивным нарушением координации. Физикальное исследование: нистагм, умеренная дизартрия, замедление (?) при пальце-носовой пробе, неустойчивая походка. ЯМР: атрофия обеих долей мозжечка. Серология: Анти-Yо антитела. Что является наиболее вероятной причиной данного клинического синдрома?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Немелкоклеточный рак легкого&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Мелкоклеточный рак легкого&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Рак молочной железы&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Неходжкинская лимфома&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Рак толстой кишки&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;One of the better characterized paraneoplastic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;neurologic syndromes is cerebellar ataxia caused by Purkinje cell drop-out in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the cerebellum; it is manifested by dysarthria, limb and gait ataxia, and nystagmus. Radiologic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;imaging reveals cerebellar atrophy. Many antibodies have been associated with this&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;syndrome, including anti-Yo, anti-Tr, and antibodies to the glutamate receptor. Although&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lung cancer, particularly small-cell cancer, accounts for a large number of patients with&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;neoplasm-associated cerebellar ataxia, those with the syndrome who display anti-Yo antibodies&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the serum typically have breast or ovarian cancer.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;9. 36-летняя Афро-Американская женщина с системной красной волчанкой с внезапной  летаргией и желтухой. При начальном обследовании: тахикардия, гипотензия, бледность, одышка, затруднение пробуждения, спленомегалия. Гемоглобин - 6 g/dL, Лейкоциты - 6300,  тромбоциты - 294,000. Общий билирубин - 4 g/dL, ретикулоциты - 18 %, гаптоглобин не выявлен. Почечная функция и анализ мочи нормальны. Что выявится при анализе мазка периферической крови?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Макроцитоз и полиморфонуклеары с гиперсегментированными ядрами&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Mикросфероциты&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Шизоциты&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Серповидные клетки&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Клетки-мишени&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This patient’s lupus and her rapid development&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of truly life-threatening hemolytic anemia are both very suggestive of autoimmune&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hemolytic anemia. Diagnosis is made by a positive Coomb’s test documenting antibodies to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the red cell membrane, but smear will often show microspherocytes, indicative of the damage incurred to the red cells in the spleen. Schistocytes are typical for microangiopathic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hemolytic anemias such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) or thrombocytopenic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thrombotic purpura (TTP). The lack of thrombocytopenia makes these diagnoses considerably&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;less plausible. Macrocytosis and PMN’s with hypersegmented nuclei are very suggestive&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of vitamin B12 deficiency, which causes a more chronic, non-life-threatening anemia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Target cells are seen in liver disease and thalassemias. Sickle cell anemia is associated with&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;aplastic crises, but she has no known diagnosis of sickle cell disease and is showing evidence&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of erythropoietin response based on the presence of elevated reticulocyte count.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;10. Вы ищете причину анемии пациента. 50-летний мужчина с гематокритом 25 %, выявленным при рутинном обследовании. Гематокрит год назад был 47 %. Средний гематокрит - 80, средняя концентрация гемоглобина в эритроците - 25, средний корпускулярный гемоглобин - 25. Ретикулоциты - 5 %. При исследовании периферической крови - значительные количества полихроматофильных макроцитов. Ферритин - 340 g/L. Какова причина анемии у данного пациента?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Дефектная эритроидная пролиферация в костном мозге&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Внесосудистый гемолиз&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Внутрисосудистый гемолиз&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Железодефицитная анемия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Cкрытое  желудочно-кишечное кровотечение&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;An accurate reticulocyte count is a critical component of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the laboratory workup of anemia. There are two corrections that need to be made to the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;reticulocyte count when it is being used to estimate the marrow’s response to anemia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The first correction adjusts the reticulocyte count for the number of circulating red cells&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(i.e., the percentage of reticulocytes may be increased although the absolute number is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;unchanged). The absolute reticulocyte count = reticulocyte count * (hematocrit/expected&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hematocrit). Second, when there is evidence of prematurely released reticulocytes on the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;blood smear (polychromatophilia), prolonged maturation in the serum may cause a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;falsely high estimate of daily red blood cell production. Correction is achieved by dividing&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;by a “maturation time correction,” usually 2 if the hematocrit is between 25% and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;35%. In this example, the reticulocyte production index is: 5 * (25/45)/2, or 1.4. If a reticulocyte&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;production index is &lt;2&gt;&lt;div&gt;must be present. Gastrointestinal bleeding should be considered in this&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;demographic; however, a low reticulocyte count with normal iron stores argues strongly&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for a defect in erythroid proliferation. A ferritin &gt;200 ìg/L indicates that there are some&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;iron stores present. Clues for extravascular hemolysis include an elevated lactate dehydrogenase,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;spherocytes on the peripheral blood smear, and hepatosplenomegaly. Intravascular&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hemolysis (disseminated intravascular coagulation, mechanical heart valve,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura) will show schistocytes on peripheral smear.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;11. Все следующее связано с чистой эритроцитарной аплазией, кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. объемное образование в переднем средостении&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. нарушения соединительной ткани&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. гигантские пронормабласты (pronormoblasts)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. низкие уровни эритропоэтина&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. инфекция парвовирус B19&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pure red cell aplasia is a normochromic, normocytic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;anemia with absent erythroblasts on the bone marrow, hence the diminished number or&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lack of reticulocytes. The bone marrow shows red cell aplasia and the presence of giant&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pronormoblasts. Several conditions have been associated with pure red cell aplasia, including&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;viral infections such as B19 parvovirus (which can have cytopathic bone marrow&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;changes), HIV, EBV, HTLV, and hepatitis B virus; malignancies such as thymomas and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lymphoma (which often present with an anterior mediastinal mass); connective tissue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;disorders such as SLE and rheumatoid arthritis (RA); pregnancy; drugs; and hereditary&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;disorders. Erythropoietin levels are elevated because of the anemia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;12. 73-летний мужчина госпитализирован после 3 недель недомогания и лихорадки. В анамнезе артериальная гипертензия, принимает тиазидовые диуретики. Курит одну пачку сигарет в день. Работает поверенным. Физикально: недавний систолический шум в сердце, выслушиваемый лучше всего в митральной области. Лабораторно: анемии средней степени тяжести, лейкоцитоз и единичные эритроциты в анализе мочи. Бактериологическое исследование крови: рост Streptococcus bovis. Эхокардиограмма: вегетации менее 1 см на митральном клапане. Какое дополнительное обследование должно быть назначено пациенту?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Колоноскопия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Головной просмотр КТ&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Пульмонарный эмболизм КТ протокола эмболии&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Почечная биопсия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Экран токсиколгии&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This patient has Streptococcus bovis endocarditis. For unknown&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;reasons, individuals who develop endocarditis or septicemia from this fecal organism&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;have a high frequency of having occult colorectal carcinomas. Upper gastrointestinal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tumors have been described as well. All patients with S. bovis endocarditis should receive&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;colonoscopy after stabilization. Tobacco use has been linked to the development of colorectal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;adenomas, particularly after &gt;35 years of tobacco use, again for unknown reasons.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Patients with illicit drug use (diagnosed by toxicology screen) are at risk of endocarditis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;due to Staphylococcus aureus. A head CT scan looking for embolic lesions is not necessary&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the absence of physical findings or large vegetations that are prone to embolize. Patients&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with endocarditis often have renal abnormalities, including microscopic hematuria&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from immune complex deposition, but a renal biopsy to evaluate for glomerulonephritis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is not indicated in the presence of documented endocarditis. A pulmonary embolus,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;while certainly a possible event during hospitalization, would not be associated with the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;acute presentation of S. bovis endocarditis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;13. 58-летняя женщина в отделении неотложной хирургии жалуется на желтуху. Она сначала заметила желтоватое изменение цвета кожи, приблизительно 3 дня назад, с прогрессивным ухудшением. Вместе с ухудением желтухи, отмечала кал цвета глины и зуд. Отрицает боль в животе, лихорадку, простуду, ночные поты. В анамнезе злоупотребление алкоголем, с воздержанием в течение прошлых 10 лет. Диагноз цирроз печени не выставлялся. Физикально: лихорадки нет, показатели жизненно важных функций нормальны,  желтушность, кишечные шумы нормальны, живот мягкий, безболезненный.  Перкуторный размер печени - 12 см, печень пальпируется в правом подреберье. Селезенка не пальпируется. Исследование функции печени:  АСТ- 122 IU/L, АЛТ- 168 IU/L, щелочная фосфатаза 483 U/L, общий билирубин 22.1 мг/дл, прямой билирубин 19.2 мг/дл. При УЗИ в правом верхнем квадрант не визуализируется желчный пузырь, и есть дилатация внутрипеченочных желчных протоков, но не общего желчного протока. Какой диагноз наиболее вероятен?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Холангиокарцинома&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Холецистит&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Рак желчного пузыря&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Гепатоцеллюлярный рак&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Панкреатический рак&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;presenting with painless jaundice and acholic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stools. On right upper quadrant ultrasound, the gallbladder cannot be visualized, suggesting&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;collapse of the gallbladder. In addition, there is dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts, but&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;not the common bile duct, suggesting a tumor at the bifurcation of the common bile duct.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This tumor is a type of cholangiocarcinoma called a Klatskin tumor. The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;appears to be increasing. In general, the cause of most cholangiocarcinoma&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is unknown, but there is an increased risk in primary sclerosing cholangitis, liver&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;flukes, alcoholic liver disease, and any cause of chronic biliary injury. Cholangiocarcinoma&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;typically presents as painless jaundice. Imaging usually shows dilatation of the bile ducts,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and the extent of dilatation depends upon the site of obstruction. Diagnosis is usually made&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), which defines the biliary&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tree and allows a biopsy to be taken. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is resectable in about 30% of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;patients, and the mean survival is ~24 months. Cholecystitis is typically associated with fever,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;chills, and abdominal pain. The degree of jaundice would not be expected to be as high&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as is seen in this patient. Gallbladder cancer should present with a gallbladder mass rather&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;than a collapsed gallbladder, and chronic right upper quadrant pain is usually present. Hepatocellular&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;carcinoma may be associated with painless jaundice but is not associated with dilatation&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of intrahepatic bile ducts and the marked elevation in alkaline phosphatase.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Malignancy at the head of the pancreas may present in a similar fashion but should not result&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in gallbladder collapse. In addition, the common bile duct should be markedly dilated.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;14. 81-летний мужчина госпитализирован в связи с  измененным психическим статусом. Он был найден сыном дома, дезориентирован, летаргичен. В анамнезе метастатический рак простаты. Лечение пациента включает периодические внутримышечные инъекции goserelin. Физикально: лихорадки нет, АД 110/50 мм рт.ст., и частота пульса 110 ударов/минуту. Летаргичен, минимально чувствительным к стернальному трению (грудина трется костяшками пальцев, сжатых в кулак). У него битемпоральное истощение (??), сухие слизистые. Неврологический статус: притупление (рефлексов??). Глоточный рефлекс интактен, при болевом раздражении отдергивает все конечности. Ректальный тонус нормален. Лабораторно:  креатинин 4.2 мг/дл, кальций 12.4 meq/L, белок 2.6 g/dL. Все следующее - адекватные начальные меры коррекции состояния, кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. физраствор&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. pamidronate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. фуросемид при эуволемии&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. кальцитонин&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. дексаметазон&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hypercalcemia is a common oncologic complication&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of metastatic cancer. Symptoms include confusion, lethargy, change in mental status,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fatigue, polyuria, and constipation. Regardless of the underlying disease, the treatment is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;similar. These patients are often dehydrated, as hypercalcemia may cause a nephrogenic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;diabetes insipidus, and are often unable to take fluids orally. Therefore, the primary management&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;entails reestablishment of euvolemia. Often hypercalcemia will resolve with hydration&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;alone. Bisphosphonates are another mainstay of therapy as they stabilize osteoclast&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;resorption of calcium from the bone. However, their effects may take 1 to 2 days to manifest.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Care must be taken in cases of renal insufficiency as rapid administration of pamidronate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;may exacerbate renal failure. Once euvolemia is achieved, furosemide may be given to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;increase calciuresis. Nasal or subcutaneous calcitonin further aids the shift of calcium out&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the intravascular space. Glucocorticoids may be useful in patients with lymphoid malignancies&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as the mechanism of hypercalcemia in those conditions is often related to excess&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hydroxylation of vitamin D. However, in this patient with prostate cancer, dexamethasone&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;will have little effect on the calcium level and may exacerbate the altered mental status.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;15. Какое из следующих утверждений описывает связь между тестикулярными опухолями и серологическими маркерами?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Чистые семиномы производят фетопротеин  или бета-человеческий хориальный гонадотропин (β-hCG) в более чем 90 % случаев.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Более 40 % несеминоматозных герминативных опухолей не производят никаких маркеров.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. И β-hCG и Альфафетопротеин должны быть измерены при наблюдении за прогрессией опухоли.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Измерение маркеров опухоли через день после операции при локализованном поражении полезно для определения законченности резекции.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Ценность β-hCG как маркер ограничена, так как он идентичен лютеинизирующему гормону.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;16. Женщина с раком молочной железы, лечившаяся тамоксифеном, в отделении реанимации с тошнотой и рвотой. Она хорошо перенесла лечение, но в течение прошлых 3 дней заметила тошноту, рвоту и боль в животе. Эти симптомы не связаны с питанием, испражнения нормальны. Лихорадки и сыпи нет. Ее лечение включает тамоксифен, alendronate, megestrol ацетат и поливитамины. При пальпации живота небольшая диффузная болезненность, напряжения нет. Перистальтические шумы нормальны. Рентгенограммы и КТ брюшной полости без особенностей. Лабораторно: лейкоциты – норма, натрий - 130 meq/L, калий 4.9 meq/L, хлориды 99 meq/L, бикарбонат 29 meq/L, азот мочевины 15 мг/дл, креатинин 0.7 мг / dL. Каков следующий самый адекватный шаг в лечении этого пациента?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Противорвотные средства &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Лапароскопия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Кортизол Сыворотки&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Пассаж тонкой кишки &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Верхняя эндоскопия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Abdominal pain can be a sign of an oncologic emergency,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;both obstructive or metabolic. The differential diagnosis is broad; however, when there is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;obstruction, constipation and colicky abdominal pain are prominent. The pain may also&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be exacerbated postprandially. Normal imaging, moreover, suggests the abnormality is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;metabolic or may be due to peritoneal metastases too small to be seen on standard imaging.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Adrenal insufficiency is suggested by mild hyponatremia and hyperkalemia, the history&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of breast cancer and use of megestrol acetate. Adrenal insufficiency may go&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;unrecognized because the symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, orthostasis, or hypotension&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;may be mistakenly attributed to progressive cancer or to therapy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;17. Здоровая 62-летняя женщина возвращается в вашу клинику после обычной колоноскопии.  Результаты исследования: две неподвижные ворсинчатые аденомы (с плоским основанием) 1.3 см в восходящей ободочной кишке, которые были удалены в течение процедуры. Каков следующий шаг в лечении?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Колоноскопия через 3 месяца&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Колоноскопия через 3 года&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Колоноскопия через 10 лет&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. КТ брюшной полости&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Частичная колэктомия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;F. Повтор процедуры, чтобы убедиться в  правильности действий&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;18. Какое из следующих утверждений относительно истинной полицитемии верно?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Повышенный плазменный уровень эритропоэтина исключает диагноз.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Часто трансформируется в острый лейкоз.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Тромбоцитоз  сильно коррелирует с тромботическим риском.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Аспирин должен назначаться всем пациентам для уменьшения риска тромбозов.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Венотомия используется только после пробного лечения гидроксимочевиной и интерфероном &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Polycythemia vera (PV) is a clonal disorder that involves&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cell. Clinically, it is characterized by a proliferation&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of red blood cells, granulocytes, and platelets. The precise etiology is unknown.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Erythropoiesis is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin. Hypoxia is the physiologic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stimulus that increases the number of cells that produce erythropoietin. Erythropoietin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;may be elevated in patients with hormone-secreting tumors. Levels are usually “normal”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in patients with hypoxic erythrocytosis. In polycythemia vera, however, because erythrocytosis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;occurs independently of erythropoietin, levels of the hormone are usually low.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Therefore, an elevated level is not consistent with the diagnosis. Polycythemia is a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;chronic, indolent disease with a low rate of transformation to acute leukemia, especially&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the absence of treatment with radiation or hydroxyurea. Thrombotic complications&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are the main risk for PV and correlate with the erythrocytosis. Thrombocytosis, although&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sometimes prominent, does not correlate with the risk of thrombotic complications. Salicylates&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are useful in treating erythromelalgia but are not indicated in asymptomatic patients.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;There is no evidence that thrombotic risk is significantly lowered with their use in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;patients whose hematocrits are appropriately controlled with phlebotomy. Phlebotomy is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the mainstay of treatment. Induction of a state of iron deficiency is critical to prevent a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;reexpansion of the red blood cell mass. Chemotherapeutics and other agents are useful in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cases of symptomatic splenomegaly. Their use is limited by side effects, and there is a risk&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of leukemogenesis with hydroxyurea.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;19. 52-летняя женщина оценена на увеличение живота. КТ: асцит и, вероятно, перитонеальное распространение опухоли. Парацентез: аденокарцинома, но патолог не может провести дальнейшую дифференциацию. Физикально без особенностей (включая грудную и тазовую полости). СА 125 повышен. Тазовое УЗИ и маммография нормальны. Какое из следующих утверждений верно?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. По сравнению с другими женщинами с известным овариальным раком в подобной стадии, ожидается, что эта пациентка может иметь выживаемость меньше средней.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Показана уменьшающая объем операция.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C Показана уменьшающая объем операция плюс цисплатин и paclitaxel.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Двусторонняя мастэктомия и двусторонняя оофорэктомия улучшат выживание.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Менее 1 % пациентов с данным нарушением останется практически здоровым спустя 2 года после лечения.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The patient presents with symptoms suggestive of ovarian&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cancer. Although her peritoneal fluid is positive for adenocarcinoma, further speciation&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cannot be done. Surprisingly, the physical examination and imaging do not show a primary&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;source. Although the differential diagnosis of this patient’s disorder includes gastric&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cancer or another gastrointestinal malignancy and breast cancer, peritoneal carcinomatosis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;most commonly is due to ovarian cancer in women, even when the ovaries are normal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;at surgery. Elevated CA-125 levels or the presence of psammoma bodies is further suggestive&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of an ovarian origin, and such patients should receive surgical debulking and carboplatin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;or cisplatin plus paclitaxel. Patients with this presentation have a similar stagespecific&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;survival compared with other patients with known ovarian cancer. Ten percent of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;patients with this disorder, also known as primary peritoneal papillary serous carcinoma,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;will remain disease-free 2 years after treatment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;20. 34-летняя женщина с анамнезом серповидноклеточной анемии с  5-дневной историей усталости, летаргии, и одышки. Она отрицает боль в костях или боль в груди. В последнее время не путешествовала. Из примечания, 4-летняя дочь пациента болела "простудой" 2 недели назад. Физикально: бледная конъюнктива, желтухи нет, и небольшая тахикардия, живот без особенностей. Лабораторно: гемоглобин 3 g/dL;  начальный - 8 g/dL. Лейкоциты и тромбоциты в норме. Ретикулоциты не выявлены. Общий билирубин - 1.4 мг/дл. Лактат дегидрогеназа - в верхних пределах нормы. Периферический мазок крови показывает несколько серповидных клеток, но полное отсутствие ретикулоцитов. Пациентке переливают 2 единицы эритромассы и госпитализируют. Биопсия костного мозга: нормальный клеточный ряд, но отсутствие предшественников эритроида. Цитогенетика нормальна. Каков самый адекватный следующий шаг в лечении?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Принять меры для обменного переливания.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Определить тип ткани ее сибсов для возможного трансплантата костного мозга.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Проверить титры парвовируса.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Преднизон и циклоспорин.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Антибиотики широкого спектра действия.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a condition characterized&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;by the absence of reticulocytes and erythroid precursors. A variety of conditions may&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cause PRCA. It may be idiopathic. It may be associated with certain medications, such as&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and phenytoin. It can be associated with a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;variety of neoplasms, either as a precursor to a hematologic malignancy such as leukemia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;or myelodysplasia or as part of an autoimmune phenomenon, as in the case of thymoma.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Infections also may cause a pure red cell aplasia. Parvovirus B19 is a single-strand DNA&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;virus that is associated with erythema infectiosum, or fifth disease in children. It is also&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;associated with arthropathy and a flulike illness in adults. It is thought to attack the P antigen&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on proerythroblasts directly. Patients with a chronic hemolytic anemia, such as&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sickle cell disease, or with an immunodeficiency are less able to tolerate a transient drop&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in reticulocytes as their red blood cells do not survive in the peripheral blood for an adequate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;period. In this patient, her daughter had an illness before the appearance of her&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;symptoms. It is reasonable to check her parvovirus IgM titers. If they are positive, a dose&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of intravenous immunoglobulin is indicated. Because her laboratories and smear are not&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;suggestive of dramatic sickling, an exchange transfusion is not indicated. Immunosuppression&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with prednisone and/or cyclosporine may be indicated if another etiology of the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;PRCA is identified. However, that would not be the next step. Similarly, a bone marrow&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;transplant might be a consideration in a young patient with myelodysplasia or leukemia,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;but there is no evidence of that at this time. Antibiotics have no role in light of her normal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;white blood cell count and the lack of evidence for a bacterial infection.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;21. 22-летняя беременная женщина северно-европейского с первой беременностью 3 месяца жалуется на чрезвычайную усталость, бледность, и желтуху. Ранее здорова. Гемоглобин - 8 g/dL, Ретикулоциты - 9 %, непрямой билирубин - 4.9 мг/дл, гаптоглобин не обнаружен. Физикально: спленомегалия и нормальная 3-месячная матка. Периферический мазок представлен ниже. Каков наиболее вероятный диагноз? (См. иллюстрацию  21, Цветной Атлас.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Полип ободочной толстой кишки&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Дефицит G6PD&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Наследственный spherocytosis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Инфекция  Парвовирус B19&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Тромбическая тромбоцитопеническая пурпура&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hyperleukocytosis is a potentially fatal complication of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;acute leukemia when the blast count is &gt;100,000/ìL. Complications of the syndrome are&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mediated by hyperviscosity, tumor aggregates causing slow blood flow, and invasion of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the primitive leukemic cells, which cause hemorrhage. The brain and lungs are most&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;commonly involved. The pulmonary syndrome may lead to respiratory distress and progressive&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;respiratory failure. Chest radiographs may show either alveolar or interstitial infiltrates.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A common finding in patients with markedly elevated immature white blood&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cell counts is low arterial oxygen tension on arterial blood gas with a normal pulse oximetry.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This may actually be due to pseudohypoxemia, because white blood cells rapidly&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;consume plasma oxygen during the delay between collecting arterial blood and measuring&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;oxygen tension, causing a spuriously low measured oxygen tension. Placing the arterial&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;blood gas immediately in ice will prevent the pseudohypoxemia. The bcr-abl&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mutation is found in up to 25% of patients with ALL. In addition, as tumor cells lyse, lactate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dehydrogenase levels can rise rapidly. Methemoglobinemia is usually due to exposure&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to oxidizing agents such as antibiotics or local anesthetics. Respiratory symptoms may&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;develop when methemoglobin levels are &gt;10–15% (depending on hemoglobin concentration).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Typically arterial PaO2 is normal and measured SaO2 is inappropriately reduced&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;because pulse oximetry is inaccurate with high levels of methemoglobin.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;22. Пациент с острым лимфоидным лейкозом (ALL) госпитализируется с респираторным дистресс-синдромом и болью в груди. Пациент сообщает об 1 дне одышки, не связанной с кашлем. Контагиозные контакты отрицает, из начальных дыхательных симптомов вспоминает только усталость. Рентгенограмма грудного отдела: распространенные интерстициальные инфильтраты без легочного отека. Сердечная тень в норме. Артериальные газы крови:  PaO2 = 54 мм рт.ст., в то время как пульсоксиметрия - 97 % в комнатном воздухе. Уровень угарного газа (СО) нормален. Все следующие лабораторные нарушения возможны у этого пациента кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. bcr-abl мутация &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. бласты &gt; 100,000/µL&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. повышенные уровни лактатдегидрогеназы&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. увеличенная вязкость крови&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. метгемоглобинемия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hyperleukocytosis is a potentially fatal complication of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;acute leukemia when the blast count is &gt;100,000/ìL. Complications of the syndrome are&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mediated by hyperviscosity, tumor aggregates causing slow blood flow, and invasion of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the primitive leukemic cells, which cause hemorrhage. The brain and lungs are most&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;commonly involved. The pulmonary syndrome may lead to respiratory distress and progressive&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;respiratory failure. Chest radiographs may show either alveolar or interstitial infiltrates.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A common finding in patients with markedly elevated immature white blood&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cell counts is low arterial oxygen tension on arterial blood gas with a normal pulse oximetry.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This may actually be due to pseudohypoxemia, because white blood cells rapidly&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;consume plasma oxygen during the delay between collecting arterial blood and measuring&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;oxygen tension, causing a spuriously low measured oxygen tension. Placing the arterial&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;blood gas immediately in ice will prevent the pseudohypoxemia. The bcr-abl&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mutation is found in up to 25% of patients with ALL. In addition, as tumor cells lyse, lactate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dehydrogenase levels can rise rapidly. Methemoglobinemia is usually due to exposure&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to oxidizing agents such as antibiotics or local anesthetics. Respiratory symptoms may&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;develop when methemoglobin levels are &gt;10–15% (depending on hemoglobin concentration).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Typically arterial PaO2 is normal and measured SaO2 is inappropriately reduced&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;because pulse oximetry is inaccurate with high levels of methemoglobin.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;23. 48-летний мужчина оценивается центром скорой помощи из-за узелка на рентгенограмме легких. Три недели назад у него диагностировали  пневмонию после сообщения о 3 днях лихорадки, кашля, и выделения мокроты. Радиограмма груди показала небольшой альвеолярный инфильтрат в нижней доле правого легкого и круглый узелок 1.5 см в верхней доле левого легкого. Он лечился антибиотиками, в настоящий моменть бессимптомен. Повторная радиограмма груди показывает разрешение пневмонии в правой нижней доле, но присутствие узелка. Пациент курил одну пачку сигарет в день в течение 25 лет и бросил 3 года назад. Прежде не делал радиограмму груди. КТ: узелок - 1.5 х 1.7 см, расположен центрально в левой верхней доле, без кальциноза, контуры немного зубчатые. Нет аденопатии средостения и плеврального выпота. Что из следующего является адекватным следующим шагом в лечении?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Бронхоскопия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Медиастиноскопия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. ЯМР&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D18FDG PET сканирование&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Повторить КТ груди через 6 месяцев&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The evaluation of a solitary pulmonary nodule&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(SPN) remains a combination of art and science. Approximately 50% of SPNs (less than&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;3.0 cm) turn out to be malignant, but studies have found a range between 10 and 70%,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;depending on patient selection. If the SPN is malignant, surgical therapy can result in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;80% 5-year survival. Most benign lesions are infectious granulomas. Spiculated or scalloped&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lesions are more likely to be malignant, whereas lesions with central or popcorn&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;calcification are more likely to be benign. Masses (larger than 3.0 cm) are usually malignant.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;18FDG PET scanning has added a new test to the options for evaluating a SPN. PET&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;has over 95% sensitivity and 75% specificity for identifying a malignant SPN. False negatives&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;occur with small (less than 1 cm) tumors, bronchoalveolar carcinomas, and carcinoid&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tumors. False positives are usually due to inflammation. In this patient with a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;moderate risk of malignancy (age over 45, lesion larger than 1 cm, positive smoking history,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;suspicious lesion, no prior radiogram demonstrating the lesion) a PET scan would&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be the most reasonable choice. PET is also useful for staging disease. The diagnostic accuracy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of PET for malignant mediastinal lymph nodes approaches 90%. Another option&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;would be a transthoracic needle biopsy, with a sensitivity of 80 to 95% and a specificity of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;50 to 85%. Transthoracic needle aspiration has the best results and the fewest complications&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(pneumothorax) with peripheral lesions versus central lesions. Bronchoscopy has a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;very poor yield for lesions smaller than 2 cm. Mediastinoscopy would be of little value&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;unless PET or CT raised a suspicion of nodal disease. MRI scan will not add any information&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and is less able than CT to visualize lesions in the lung parenchyma. A repeat chest&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;CT is a reasonable option for a patient with a low clinical suspicion.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;24. Все следующие типы рака обычно метастазируют в центральную нервную систему (CNS) кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. овариальный&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. молочной железы&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. гипернефрома&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. меланома&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. острый лимфобластный лейкоз (ALL)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;25. 54-летняя женщина с предсердным трепетанием получает лечение варфарином, 5 мг ежедневно. Она перенесла инфекцию мочевых путей, в связи с чем ее первично был назначен ciprofloxacin, 250 мг перорально два раза в день в течение 7 дней. Сегодня она в отделении неотложной хирургии с жалобами на кровь в моче и синяки. Физическая экспертиза показывает экхимозы на руках. Моча на вид с кровью, но без сгустков. После промывания мочевого пузыря с 100 мл стерильного солевого раствора, наблюдается моча только с небольшим розовым оттенком. Анализ мочи показывает 3-5 лейкоцитов и много эритроцитов в поле зрения (?per high power field)  Бактерии не выявлены. Международное нормализованное отношение (INR) - 7.0. Какой лучший подход к лечению коагулопатии этого пациента?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. витамин K 10 мг IV.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. витамин K SC на 2 мг.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. витамин K 1 мг подъязычно.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Продолжить варфарин, пока INR не снизится до 2.0.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Перелить четыре единицы свежезамороженной плазмы.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Warfarin is the most widely used oral anticoagulant. Its&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mechanism of action is to interfere with production of the vitamin K–dependent procoagulant&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;factors (prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X) and anticoagulant factors (proteins&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C and S). Warfarin accumulates in the liver when it undergoes oxidative metabolism&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;by the CYP2C9 system. Multiple medications can interfere with the metabolism of warfarin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;by this system causing both over- and underdosing of warfarin. This patient has recently&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;been treated with a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is known to increase the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;prothrombin time and INR if the warfarin dose is not adjusted during treatment. When&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the INR is &gt;6, there is a greater risk of development of bleeding complications. However,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;if no evidence of bleeding is present at presentation, it is safe to hold warfarin and allow&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the INR to fall gradually into the therapeutic range before reinstituting therapy (DA Garcia:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;J Am Coll Cardiol 47:804, 2006; J Ansell et al: Chest 126:204S, 2004). In this patient,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;however, there is evidence of minor bleeding complications warranting treatment. She&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;likely has developed a degree of hemorrhagic cystitis due to over-anticoagulation in the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;setting of a urinary tract infection, which had already inflamed the bladder lining. In addition,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;she had developed multiple ecchymoses. Thus, treatment of the elevated INR is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;indicated. In the absence of life-threatening bleeding, treatment with vitamin K is indicated.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When the INR falls between 4.9 and 9, an oral dose of vitamin K, 1 mg, is usually&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;adequate to correct the INR without conferring vitamin K resistance, evidenced by decreased&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sensitivity to oral warfarin for an extended period. When a more rapid correction&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of anticoagulation is needed, vitamin K can be given by the IV or IM route. However,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;there is a risk of anaphylaxis, shock, and death. This can be minimized by delivering the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;drug slowly at a rate of ?1 mg/min. Additionally, fresh-frozen plasma is indicated to replete&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;coagulation factors when there is significant bleeding in the setting of an elevated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;INR. While the SC route for delivery of vitamin K has long been a primary route of correction,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a meta-analysis has shown the SC route to be no better than placebo and inferior&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to the oral and IV routes, which have similar efficacy (KJ Dezee et al.).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;26. Какое из следующих утверждений о кардиальной токсичности средств лечения рака верно?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Doxorubicin-основанная кардиальная токсичность является идиосинкратична и не зависит от дозы.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Вызванная антрациклином застойная сердечная недостаточность обратима со временем и при контроле факторов риска.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Средостенное облучение часто приводит к острому перикардиту в течение первых нескольких недель лечения.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Хронический стенозирующий перикардит часто симптоматично проявляется в течение 10 лет после лечения.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Частота возникновения коронарного атеросклероза у больных с анамнезом средостенного облучения идентична таковой в соответствующих возрастных группах.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality in the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;United States. Millions of Americans who are alive today have cancer in their past history.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Cardiac toxicity is typically related to prior treatment with anthracycline-based chemo&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;therapy or mediastinal irradiation. This is seen most commonly in patients who have&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;survived Hodgkin’s or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dose-dependent. About 5% of patients who receive more than 550 mg/m2 of doxorubicin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;will develop congestive heart failure (CHF). Rates are higher in those with other cardiac&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;risk factors and those who have received mediastinal irradiation. Unfortunately, anthracycline-&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;related CHF is typically not reversible. Intracellular chelators or liposomal formulations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the chemotherapy may prevent cardiotoxicity, but their impact on cure&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;rates is unclear. Radiation has both acute and chronic effects on the heart. It may result in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;acute and chronic pericarditis, myocardial fibrosis, and accelerated atherosclerosis. The&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mean time to onset of “acute” pericarditis is 9 months after treatment, and so caretakers&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;must be vigilant. Similarly, chronic pericarditis may manifest years later.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;27. 23-летняя женщина диагностирована с глубоким венозным тромбозом нижней конечности. Какое из следующих условий является противопоказание к терапии гепарином низко-молекулярной массы (LMWH)?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Беременность&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Ожирение&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Диализ-зависимая почечная недостаточность &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Неконтролируемый сахарный диабет&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Желтуха&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Low-molecular-weight heparins are cleared renally, and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;these drugs have been described as causing significant bleeding in patients on hemodialysis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;They should not be used in patients with dialysis-dependent renal failure. They are&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;class B drugs for pregnancy and dosage is weight-based. Their utility is not affected by diabetes&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mellitus or hepatic dysfunction. Thrombocytopenia is a rare side effect of both&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;unfractionated heparin and LMWH, but LMWH should not be used in someone with a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;documented history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;28. Какая из следующих пар химиотерапии и осложнения неправильна?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Daunorubicin- застойная сердечная недостаточность (CHF)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Bleomycin- интерстициальный фиброз&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Cyclophosphamide- гематурия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Цисплатин – печеночная недостаточность&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Ifosfamide- Синдром Fanconi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The focus of cancer care is cure. Many individuals who&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are fortunate enough to survive the malignancy will nevertheless bear chronic stigmata,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;both psychological and medical, of the treatment. Anthracyclines, which are used frequently&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the treatment of breast cancer, Hodgkin’s disease, lymphoma, and leukemia,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are toxic to the myocardium and, at high doses, can lead to heart failure. Bleomycin results&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in pulmonary toxicity. Pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary venoocclusive disease&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;may result. Liver dysfunction is common with a number of chemotherapy agents. However,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cisplatin primarily causes renal toxicity and acute renal failure. It may also cause&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;neuropathy and hearing loss, but liver dysfunction is not a common complication. Ifosfamide&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;may cause significant neurologic toxicity and renal failure. Also, it may cause a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;proximal tubular defect resembling Fanconi syndrome. Cyclophosphamide may result in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cystitis and increases the long-term risk of bladder cancer. Administration of mesna ameliorates&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;but does not completely eliminate this risk.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;29. 70-летнего мужчину госпитализируют в отделение кардиологии с жалобами давления в груди, в покое, с иррадиацией в левую руку, с потоотделением и предобморочным состоянием. Его электрокардиограмма  (ЭКГ) показала депрессии ST в V4-V6. Боль в груди и ЭКГ нормализуются после подъязычного нитроглицерина. Больной получает в/в гепарин, аспирин, метопролол и lisinopril. Катетеризация сердца показывает 90%- окклюзию левой передней спускающейся (descending) артерии, 80%- окклюзию дистальной огибающей артерии, и 99%- окклюзию правой коронарной артерии. Больной остается в кардиоотделении и ожидает шунтирования коронарных артерии. У него в анамнезе ревматическая болезнь сердца и механическая замена митрального клапана в 58 лет. При поступлении гемоглобин - 12.2 g/dL, гематокрит 37.1 %, лейкоциты 9800/µL,  тромбоциты 240,000/µL. Креатинин - 1.7 мг/дл. В четвертый стационарный день гемоглобин - 10.0, гематокрит 31 %, лейкоциты 7600/µL, тромбоциты 112,000/µL. Креатинин повысился до 2.9 мг/дл после катетеризации сердца. Самое адекватое лечение пациента в настоящее время?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Продолжить гепарин и сделать переливание тромбоцитов.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Прекратить вливание гепарина и начать argatroban.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Прекратить гепарин и начать lepirudin.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Прекратить гепарин и начать варфарин.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Взять сыворотку для оценки гепарин-тромбоцитарного (?) фактора 4 (PF4) IgG антитела и продолжить гепарин.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The most likely diagnosis in this patient is heparininduced&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thrombocytopenia (HIT), and heparin should be stopped immediately while&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;continuing anticoagulation with the direct thrombin inhibitor, argatroban. HIT should&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be suspected in individuals with a fall in platelet count by &gt;50% of pretreatment levels.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Usually the fall in platelet counts occurs 5–13 days after starting heparin, but it can occur&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;earlier if there is a prior exposure to heparin, which this patient undoubtedly has because&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of his mechanical mitral valve replacement. While a platelet count of &lt;100,000/μl&gt;&lt;div&gt;highly suggestive of HIT, in most individuals, the platelet count rarely falls this low. HIT&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is caused by IgG antibodies directed against antigens on PF4 that are exposed when heparin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;binds to this protein. The IgG antibody binds simultaneously to the heparin-PF4&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;complex and the Fc receptor on platelet surface and causes platelet activation, resulting in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a hypercoagulable state. Individuals with HIT are at increased risk of both arterial and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;venous thromboses, although venous thromboses are much more common. Demonstration&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of antibodies directed against the heparin–platelet factor complex is suggestive of,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;but not sufficient for, diagnosis because these antibodies may be present in the absence of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;clinical HIT. The serotonin release assay is the most specific test for determining if HIT is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;present. This assay determines the amount of serotonin released when washed platelets&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are exposed to patient serum and varying concentrations of heparin. In the cases of HIT,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;addition of patient serum to the test causes platelet activation and serotonin release due&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to the presence of heparin-PF4 antibodies. However, treatment of HIT should not be delayed&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;until definitive diagnosis as there is a high risk of thrombotic events if heparin is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;continued. The risk of thrombotic events due to HIT is increased for about 1 month after&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heparin is discontinued. Thus, all patients with HIT should be continued on anticoagulation &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;until the risk of thrombosis is decreased, regardless of whether there is additional&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;need of ongoing anticoagulation. Patients should not be switched to low-molecularweight&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heparin (LMWH). While the incidence of HIT is lower with LMWH, there is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cross-reactivity with heparin-PF4 antibodies, and thrombosis can occur. Choice of anticoagulation&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;should be with either a direct thrombin inhibitor or a factor Xa inhibitor.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The direct thrombin inhibitors include lepirudin, argatroban, and bivalirudin. In this patient,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;argatroban is the appropriate choice because the patient has developed acute renal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;failure in association with contrast dye administration for the cardiac catheterization. Argatroban&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is hepatically metabolized and is safe to give in renal failure, whereas lepirudin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is renally metabolized. Dosage of lepirudin in renal failure is unpredictable, and lepirudin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;should not be used in this setting. The factor Xa inhibitors, fondaparinux or danaparoid,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are also possible treatments for HIT, but due to renal metabolism, are also contraindicated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in this patient. Finally, warfarin is contraindicated as sole treatment for HIT as the fall&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in vitamin K–dependent anticoagulant factors, especially factor C, can further increase&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;risk of thrombosis and trigger skin necrosis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;30. 24-летняя женщина в отделении неотложной хирургии с жалобами на красное, нежное высыпание, которое распространилось по рукам и ногам за прошедшие 2 дня. Она также описывает тяжелую диффузную боль в мышцах, ухудшившуюся за более чем неделю. Описывает чувство, как если бы она не могла отдышаться. За прошлые несколько дней развился сухой кашель. Анамнез без особенностей, но больная вспоминает, что подобные симптомы уже возникали несколько лет назад, что было названо аллергической реакцией. Симптомы уменьшались с приемом глюкокортикоидов. Не принимает никаких лекарств, но употребляет множество разрешенных (?over-the-counter) пищевых добавок ежедневно. Она не может описать никакого аллергического триггера предыдущего или настоящего эпизода сыпи. Ее семейная история неотягощенна, близкие не больны. Она работает в офисе, не имеет домашних животных, не путешествовала. Лабораторно: лейкоциты 12100 / µL и эозинофилы 1100/µL. Что из следующего - наиболее вероятная причина ее симптомов?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Ранняя стадия  системной волчанки erythematosus&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Аллергия на глютен&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Употребление L-триптофана&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Отсутствие толерантности к лактозе&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Недавняя вирусная инфекция верхнего респираторного тракта&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This patient presents with signs and symptoms of eosinophilia-&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;myalgia syndrome, which is triggered by ingestion of contaminants in L-tryptophancontaining&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;products. This is a multisystem disease that can present acutely and can be fatal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The two clinical hallmarks are marked eosinophilia and myalgias without any obvious&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;etiology. Eosinophilic fasciitis, pneumonitis, and myocarditis may be present. Typical&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;eosinophil counts are &gt;1000/μL. Treatment includes withdrawal of all L-tryptophancontaining&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;products and administration of glucocorticoids. Lactose intolerance is very&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;common and typically presents with diarrhea and gas pains temporally related to ingestion&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of lactose-containing foods. While systemic lupus erythematosus can present in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;myriad ways, eosinophilia and myalgias are atypical of this illness. Celiac disease, also&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is characterized by malabsorption and weight loss&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and can present with non-gastrointestinal symptoms; these classically include arthritis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and central nervous system disturbance. The case above would not be compatible with&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;celiac disease.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;31. Женщина просит вашего совета относительно мазков Papanicolaou. Ей 36 лет, замужем, моногамна в течение 3 лет. Имела нормальные Мазки Папаниколау каждый год в течение прошлых 6 лет. Она хотела бы избежать ежегодного исследования. Дайте совет пациентке, основываясь на текущих принципах скрининга:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Она может прекратить скрининг в 50 лет, если она имела нормальные ежегодные Мазки Папаниколау в течение предыдущих 10 лет.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Она может расширить интервал скрининг до 1 раза в 2-3 года.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Она может расширить интервал скрининг до 1 раза в  5 лет, если она соглашается использовать средства защиты.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Она может прекратить скрининг Пап, если получит вакцину человеческого вируса папилломы (HPV) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Единственное показание для прекращения скрининга Пап – тотальная гистерэктомия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;32. Оценка в недавно диагностированном случае острого лимфоидного лейкоза (ALL) должна обычно включать все следующее кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. биопсия костного мозга&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Фенотипирование поверхности клеток  ячейки (cell-surface phenotyping)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Полная метаболическая панель&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. цитогенетическое исследование&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. поясничная пункция&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;F. вязкость плазмы&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-F&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Viscosity testing is typically reserved for cases of multiple&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;myeloma where paraproteins (particularly IgM) can lead to vascular sludging and subsequent&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tissue ischemia. ALL can lead to end-organ abnormalities in kidney and liver therefore&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;routine chemistry tests are indicated. A lumbar puncture must be performed in cases&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of newly diagnosed ALL to rule out spread of disease to the central nervous system. Bone&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;marrow biopsy reveals the degree of marrow infiltration and is often necessary for classification&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the tumor. Immunologic cell-surface marker testing often identifies the cell&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lineage involved and the type of tumor, information that is often impossible to discern&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from morphologic interpretation alone. Cytogenetic testing provides key prognostic information&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on the disease natural history.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;33. Какое из следующих утверждений о возникновении задержки уклона (??? Ваще жесть - lead-time&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Bias) верно?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Тест не влияет на естественную историю болезни; пациенты просто диагностируются в более ранний период.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Медленно растущие, менее агрессивные раки обнаруживается при скрининге; агрессивные раки не обнаруживаются при скрининге из-за смерти.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Скрининг идентифицирует аномалии, которые никогда не вызывали бы проблему в течение всей жизни человека.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Население, прошедшее скрининг, отличается значительно от общего населения, как более здоровое.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Тест  обнаруживает болезнь в более раннем и более излечимой стадии  болезни.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Lead-time bias, length-time bias, selection bias, overdiagnosis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bias, and avoidance bias can make a screening test appear to improve outcomes&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;when it does not. When lead-time bias occurs, survival appears increased, but life is not&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;truly prolonged. The test only lengthens the time that the patient, the physician, or the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;investigator is aware of the disease. When length-time bias occurs, aggressive cancers are&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;not detected during screening, presumably due to the higher mortality from these cancers&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and the length of the screening interval. Selection bias can occur when the test population&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is either healthier or at higher risk for developing the condition than the general&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;public. Overdiagnosis bias, such as with some indolent forms of prostate cancer, detects&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;conditions that will never cause significant mortality or morbidity during a person’s lifetime.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The goal of screening is to detect disease at an earlier and more curable stage.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;34. Что из следующего достаточно для определенного диагноза porphyria?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Приспособить клинический сценарий, включая положительный семейный анамнез&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Признак ферментного дефицита или генного дефекта&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Лабораторные исследования в крови, указывающие на накопление предшественников порфирина&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Лабораторные исследования в моче, указывающие на накопление предшественников порфирина во время симптомов&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Лабораторные исследования в стуле, указывающие на накопление предшественников порфирина во время симптомов&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The porphyrias are a group of metabolic disorders resulting&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from a specific enzyme deficiency in the heme synthesis pathway. All are inherited except&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), which is usually sporadic. The porphyrias are&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;classified as erythropoietic or hepatic, depending on the primary site of overproduction&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;or accumulation of porphyrins or precursors. The predominant symptoms of the hepatic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;porphyrias (e.g., acute intermittent porphyria, PCT) are neurologic including pain, neuropathy,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and mental disturbances. The erythropoietic porphyrias usually present with&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cutaneous photosensitivity at birth. However, PCT, which is a hepatic porphyria, usually&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;presents with skin lesions. The genetic mutations that cause each type of porphyria have&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;been elucidated, and demonstration of a specific gene defect or resulting enzyme deficiency&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is required for definitive diagnosis. Clinical symptoms of porphyria are notoriously&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;nonspecific with great overlap. Laboratory measurements of fecal, urinary, or&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plasma protoporphyrins, porphobilinogens, or porphyrins during a crisis will help guide&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;diagnosis but require further testing for confirmation. The symptoms of many of the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;porphyrias are exacerbated by a large number and wide variety of drugs.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;35. Все верно о волчаночном антикоагулянте (LA) кроме:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. волчаночный антикоагулянт обычно продлевает aPTT.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. 1:1 микс- исследование некорректно в присутствии волчаночного антикоагулянта.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. эпизоды кровотечения у больных с волчаночным антикоагулянтом могут быть тяжелыми и опасными для жизни.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Пациентки могут испытать текущие midtrimester (3 триместр) аборты.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. волчаночный антикоагулянт может встречаться в отсутствие других симптомов системной волчанки erythematosus (SLE).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Lupus anticoagulants cause prolongation of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;coagulation tests by binding to phospholipids. Although most often encountered in patients&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with SLE, they may develop in normal individuals. The diagnosis is first suggested&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;by prolongation of coagulation tests. Failure to correct with incubation with normal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plasma confirms the presence of a circulating inhibitor. Contrary to the name, patients&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with LA activity have normal hemostasis and are not predisposed to bleeding. Instead,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;they are at risk for venous and arterial thromboembolisms. Patients with a history of recurrent&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;unplanned abortions or thrombosis should undergo lifelong anticoagulation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The presence of lupus anticoagulants or anticardiolipin antibodies without a history of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thrombosis may be observed as many of these patients will not go on to develop a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thrombotic event.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;36. Самое общее наследственное протромботическое нарушение:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. устойчивость активизированного белка C &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. генная мутация протромбина&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. белка C дефицит&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. дефицит S-протеина&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. дефицит антитромбина&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;37. 34-летняя женщина ожидает обследования по поводу отека и боли левой  нижней конечности. Она страдает ожирением, родила 8 недель назад. Она недавно путешествовала 6 часов самолетом, чтобы посетить ее родителей с младенцем. Не было одышки, сердцебиений или обморка. Сейчас не принимает никакого лечения,кроме препаратов желез. В остальном здорова. Физикально: частота сердечных сокращений 86 ударов/минут, кровяное давление 110/80, температура 37.0°C, и частота дыхания 12 дыханий/минут. Ее вес - 98 кг, и высота - 170 см. Левая нижняя конечность раздута, чувствительна, теплая на ощупь. Признак Хомана присутствует, но нет пальпируемых тяжей. Нижняя конечность- Допплер - тромбоз в общих и поверхностных бедренных венах слева. Вы рассматриваете амбулаторное лечение эноксапарином. Все следующие утверждения относительно гепаринов низко-молекулярной массы (LMWH) верны кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. У больных с несложным глубоким венозным тромбозом (DVT), LMWH - безопасная и эффективная альтернатива IV гепарину и связан со сниженными затратами здравоохранения по сравнению с IV гепарином.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. LMWH может благополучно использоваться при беременности, но уровень фактора Xa должен быть проверен, чтобы гарантировать адекватность антикоагуляции.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Мониторинг уровней фактора Xa не нужен у большинства пациентов, так как есть предсказуемый дозозависимый эффект антикоагуляции.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Есть уменьшение в риске развития гепариновой тромбоцитопении при использовании LMWH.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Недавняя беременность этого пациента - противопоказание к использованию LMWH, потому что есть больший риск кровотечения при лечении LWMH, по сравнению с IV гепарином.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;38. 65-летний мужчина доставлен в отделение неотложной хирургии санитарной машиной после того, как его дочь нашла его сегодня без сознания. Она говорила с ним вчера, и он жаловался на 2 -дневную миалгию, головную боли и лихорадку. Он приписал это инфекции верхнего респираторного тракта и не собирался обращаться к врачу. Сегодня он не отвечал на звонки, и дочь нашла его лежащим в постели с запахом мочи. Он был минимально arousable (??), но казалось, был в состоянии двигать конечностями. В анамнезе артериальная гипертензия, гиперхолестеринемия, и хроническая обструктивная легочная болезнь. Он был обследован 2 недели назад в связи с преходящим ишемическим приступом после эпизода онемения и слабости левой руки и ноги, который прошел через 6 часов без вмешательства. Текущее лечение: аспирин, 81 мг ежедневно, clopidogrel, 75 мг ежедневно, atenolol, 100 мг ежедневно, atorvastatin, 20 мг ежедневно, и tiotropium, 1 р ежедневно. Он аллергичен к lisinopril, который вызвал болезнь Квинке. Он в прошлом курильщик и изредка пьет алкоголь.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Физикально: заторможен и минимально arousable. Лихорадка 38.9°C. АД 159/96 мм рт.ст., и частота сердечных сокращений - 98 ударов / мин. 24 дыханий/минут с насыщенностью кислорода при комнатном воздухе  95 %. Минимальная склеральная желтуха. Ротоглотка: сухие слизистые. Сердечно-сосудистая, легочная системы, живот без особенностей. Нет высыпаний. Неврологический статус оценить сложно. Патологии черепных нервов не выявлено. Он сопротивляется движению конечностей (??), но имеет нормальную мышечную силу. Глубокие сухожильные рефлексы оживлены, 3 + ,равные. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Лабораторно: гемоглобин 9.3 g/dL, гематокрит 29.1 %, лейкоциты 14,000/µL, тромбоциты 42,000/µL. 83%- нейтрофилов, 2%- палочкоядерные формы, 6%- лимфоциты, и 9%- моноциты. Натрий - 145 meq/L, калий 3.8 meq/L, хлорид 113 meq/L, бикарбонат 19 meq/L, азот мочевины крови 68 мг/дл, и креатинин 3.4 мг/дл. Билирубин - 2.4 мг/дл,  лактатдегидрогеназа - 450 U/L. Мазок периферической крови: уменьшение тромбоцитов и много шизоцитов. Каков следующий самый адекватный шаг в лечении этого пациента?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Прекратить clopidogrel.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Прекратить clopidogrel и начать плазмаферез.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Начать внутривенное введение иммуноглобулина.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Получить результаты КТ головы и начать лечение  фактором VIIa, если есть субарахноидальное кровотечение.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Выполнить поясничную пункцию и начать антибиотики широкого спектра действия, цефтазидим и vancomycin.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The patient has evidence of thrombotic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) from clopidogrel manifested as altered mental status,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fever, acute renal failure, thrombocytopenia, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The peripheral blood smear show anisocytosis with schistocytes and platelet clumping&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;consistent with this disease. Clopidogrel is a thienopyridine antiplatelet agent that is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;known to be associated with life-threatening hematologic effects, including neutropenia,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;TTP, and aplastic anemia. The true incidence of TTP associated with thienopyridine use&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is unknown, but it occurs with both clopidogrel and ticlopidine use. When compared to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ticlopidine, TTP associated with clopidogrel use occurs earlier (often within 2 weeks) and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tends to be less responsive to therapy with plasmapheresis. In addition, individuals with&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;TTP associated with clopidogrel generally have a higher platelet count and creatinine and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;their TTP is less likely to be associated with ADAMTS13 deficiency, a von Willebrand factor–&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cleaving protease implicated in the pathogenesis of idiopathic TTP. The mortality of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;TTP associated with thienopyridines is approximately 25–30%.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;39. Первичная опухоль которого из следующих органов наименее вероятно  будет метастазировать в кости?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Грудь&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Толстая кишка&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Почка&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Легкое&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Простата&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;40. Триада тромбоза портальной вены, гемолиза, и панцитопении предполагает какой из следующих диагнозов?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Острый промиелоцитарный лейкоз&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Гемолитический-уремический синдром (HUS)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Лептоспироз&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Пароксизмальная ночная гемоглобинурия (PNH)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Тромботическая пурпура тромбоцитопении (TTP)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Each of the listed diagnoses has a rather characteristic set&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of laboratory findings that are virtually diagnostic for the disease once the disease has&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;progressed to a severe stage. Both HUS and TTP cause hemolysis and thrombocytopenia,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as well as fevers. Cerebrovascular events and mental status change occur more commonly&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in TTP, and renal failure is more common in HUS. Severe leptospirosis, or Weil’s disease,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is notable for fevers, hyperbilirubinemia, and renal failure. Conjunctival suffusion is another&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;helpful clue. Acute promyelocytic leukemia is notable for anemia, thrombocytopenia, and either &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;elevated or decreased white blood cell count, all in the presence of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;disseminated intravascular coagulation. PNH is a rare disorder characterized by hemolytic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;anemia (particularly at night), venous thrombosis, and deficient hematopoiesis. It is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a stem cell–derived intracorpuscular defect. Anemia is usually moderate in severity, and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;there is often concomitant granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. Venous thrombosis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;occurs much more commonly than in the population at large. The intraabdominal veins&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are often involved, and patients may present with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Cerebral sinus&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thrombosis is a common cause of death in patients with PNH. The presence of pancytopenia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and hemolysis should raise suspicion for this diagnosis, even before the development&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of a venous thrombosis. In the past PNH was diagnosed by abnormalities on the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ham or sucrose lysis test; however, currently flow cytometry analysis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(GPI) linked proteins (such as CD55 and CD59) on red blood cells and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;granulocytes is recommended.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;41. 68-летний мужчина жалуется на усталость, потерю веса, и быстрого насыщения в течение приблизительно 4 месяцев. Физикально: селезенка заметно увеличена, твердая на ощупь и пересекает среднюю линию. Нижкий край селезенки достигает таза. Гемоглобин - 11.1 g/dL, и гематокрит - 33.7 %. Лейкоциты - 6200/µL, Тромбоциты - 220,000/µL. Лейкоциты: 75%- полиморфонуклеары, 8%- миелоциты, 4%- метамиелоциты, 8%- лимфоциты, 3%- моноциты, и 2%- эозинофилы. Периферическая кровь, мазок: слезообразные клетки, эритроциты с ядрами,  незрелые гранулоциты. Ревматоидный фактор положителен. Биопсия костного мозга предпринята, но клетки аспирировать не удалось. Признаки лейкоза или лимфомы не найдены. Какова наиболее вероятная причина спленомегалии?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Хронический идиопатический миелофиброз&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Хронический myelogenous лейкоз&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Ревматоидный артрит&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Системная волчанка erythematosus&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Туберкулез&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF) is the least common&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;myeloproliferative disorder and is considered a diagnosis of exclusion after other&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;causes of myelofibrosis have been ruled out. The typical patient with IMF presents in the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sixth decade, and the disorder is asymptomatic in many patients. Fevers, fatigue, night&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sweats, and weight loss may occur in IMF whereas these symptoms are rare in other myeloproliferative&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;disorders. However, no signs or symptoms are specific for the diagnosis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of IMF. Often marked splenomegaly is present and may extend across the midline and to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the pelvic brim. A peripheral blood smear demonstrates the typical findings of myelofibrosis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;including teardrop-shaped red blood cells, nucleated red blood cells, myelocytes,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and metamyelocytes that are indicative of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Anemia is usually&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mild, and platelet and leukocyte counts are often normal. Bone marrow aspirate is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;frequently unsuccessful because the extent of marrow fibrosis makes aspiration impossible.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When a bone marrow biopsy is performed, it demonstrates hypercellular marrow&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with trilineage hyperplasia and increased number of megakaryocytes with large dysplastic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;nuclei. Interestingly, individuals with IMF often have associated autoantibodies, including&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies, or a positive Coomb’s tests. To&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;diagnose someone as having IMF, it must be shown that they do not have another myeloproliferative&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;disorder or hematologic malignancy that is the cause of myelofibrosis. The&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;most common disorders that present in a similar fashion to IMF are polycythemia vera&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Other nonmalignant disorders that can cause myelofibrosis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;include HIV infection, hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, systemic lupus&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;erythematosus, tuberculosis, and marrow replacement in other cancers such as&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;prostate or breast cancer. In the patient described here, there is no other identifiable&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cause of myelofibrosis; thus chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis can be diagnosed.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;42. Самая частая причина гиперкальциемии онкологического пациента &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. эктопическая продукция паратгормона&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. прямая деструкция кости опухолевыми клетками&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. местная продукция фактора некроза опухоли и IL-6 метастазами в кости&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. высокие уровни 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. продукция паращитовидной железы вещества, подобного паратгормону &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Although it once was thought that most cases of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hypercalcemia of malignancy are due to a direct resorption of bone by the tumor, it is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;now recognized that 80% of such instances occur because of the production of a protein&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;called parathyroid hormone reactive protein (PTHrP) by the tumor. PTHrP shares 80%&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;homology in the first 13 terminal amino acids with native parathyroid hormone. The aberrantly&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;produced molecule is essentially functionally identical to native parathyroid hormone&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in that it causes renal calcium conservation, osteoclast activation and bone&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;resorption, renal phosphate wasting, and increased levels of urinary cyclic adenine&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;monophosphate (cAMP). Only about 20% of cases of the hypercalcemia malignancy are&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;due to local production of substances, such as transforming growth factor and IL-1 or IL-&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;6, which cause bone resorption at the local level and release of calcium from bony stores.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Although aggressive hydration with saline and administration of a loop diuretic are helpful&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the short-term management of patients with the hypercalcemia of malignancy, the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;most important therapy is the administration of a bisphosphonate, such as pamidronate,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that will control the laboratory abnormalities and the associated symptoms in the vast&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;majority of these patients. Symptoms of hypercalcemia are nonspecific and include fatigue,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lethargy, polyuria, nausea, vomiting, and decreased mental acuity.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;43. 72-летний мужчина с хронической обструктивной легочной болезнью и стабильной коронарной болезнью в отделении неотложной хирургии с несколькими днями ухудшения продуктивного кашля, лихорадки, недомогания, и диффузных болей в мышцах. Рентгенография грудной клетки демонстрирует новый долевой инфильтрат. Лабораторные исследования: лейкоциты 12100 /µL, с преобладанием нейтрофилов 86%- и 8%- палочкоядерных форм. Диагностирована пневмония, и антибиотикотерапия начата. В нормальных условиях какой процент всех нейтрофилов организма присутствует в кровообращении?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. 2 %&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. 10 %&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. 25 %&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. 40 %&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. 90 %&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Under normal or nonstress conditions, roughly 90% of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the neutrophil pool is in the bone marrow, 2–3% in the circulation, and the remainder&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the tissues. The circulating pool includes the freely flowing cells in the bloodstream&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and the others are marginated in close proximity to the endothelium. Most of the marginated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pool is in the lung, which has a vascular endothelium surface area. Margination&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the postcapillary venules is mediated by selectins that cause a low-affinity neutrophil–&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;endothelial cell interaction that mediates “rolling” of the neutrophils along the endothelium.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A variety of signals including interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor á, and other&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;chemokines can cause leukocytes to proliferate and leave the marrow and enter the circulation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Neutrophil integrins mediate the stickiness of neutrophils to endothelium and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are important for chemokine-induced cell activation. Infection causes a marked increase&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in bone marrow production of neutrophils that marginate and enter tissue. Acute&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;glucocorticoids increase neutrophil count by mobilizing cells from the bone marrow&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and marginated pool.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;44. Все следующие лабораторные показатели совместимы с внутрисосудистой гемолитической анемией кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. увеличенный гаптоглобин&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. увеличенная лактатдегидрогеназа (LDH)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. увеличенный счет ретикулоцита&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. увеличенный неконъюгированный билирубин&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. увеличенный в моче hemosiderin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Haptoglobin is an á globulin normally present in serum.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;It binds specifically to the globin portion of hemoglobin, and the complex is cleared by&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the mononuclear cell phagocytosis. Haptoglobin is reduced in all hemolytic anemias as it&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;binds free hemoglobin. It can also be reduced in cirrhosis and so is not diagnostic of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hemolysis outside of the correct clinical context. Assuming a normal marrow and iron&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stores, the reticulocyte count will be elevated as well to try to compensate for the increased&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;red cell destruction of hemolysis. Release of intracellular contents from the red&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cell (including hemoglobin and LDH) induces heme metabolism, producing unconjugated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bilirubinemia. If the haptoglobin system is overwhelmed, the kidney will filter free&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hemoglobin and reabsorb it in the proximal tubule for storage of iron by ferritin and hemosiderin.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hemosiderin in the urine is a marker of filtered hemoglobin by the kidneys.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In massive hemolysis, free hemoglobin may be excreted in urine.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;45. Все следующее соответствует схеме: противосвертывающее средство и его механизм действия, кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. abciximab- ингибиция рецептора GpIIb/IIIa&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. clopidogrel- ингибиция освобождения тромбоксана А2&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. fondaparinux- ингибиция фактора Xa&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. argatroban- ингибиция тромбина&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. варфарин- витамин K-зависимое карбоксилирование факторов коагуляции&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents act by a variety of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mechanisms. Platelet aggregation is dependent initially on the binding of von Willebrand&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;factor and platelet glycoprotein IB. This initiates the release of a variety of molecules, including&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thromboxane A2 and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), resulting in platelet aggregation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Glycoprotein IIB/IIIa receptors recognize the amino acid sequence that is present&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in adhesive proteins such as fibrinogen. Coagulation occurs by a convergence of different&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pathways on the prothrombinase complex, which mediates the conversion of fibrinogen&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to fibrin, thus forming the clot. Factor Xa and factor Va are two of the essential components&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the prothrombinase complex. Abciximab is a monoclonal antibody of human&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and murine protein that binds to GpIIb/IIIa. It and other inhibitors have been studied&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;extensively in patients with unstable angina, patients with MI, and those undergoing percutaneous&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;coronary intervention. Clopidogrel acts by inhibiting ADP-induced platelet&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;aggregation. It has been evaluated in many of the same settings either in place of or in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;conjunction with aspirin. Heparin acts to bind factor Xa and activate antithrombin. Lowmolecular-&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;weight heparins primarily act through anti–factor Xa activity. Fondaparinux&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is a synthetic pentasaccharide that causes selective indirect inhibition of factor Xa. Lepirudin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and argatroban are direct thrombin inhibitors. They are indicated in patients with&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Warfarin acts by inhibiting vitamin K–dependent&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, and X.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;46. Все следующее - поздние осложнения подготовки к пересадке костного мозга кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. замедление роста&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. азооспермия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. гипотиреоз&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. катаракта&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. деменция&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In addition to chronic GHVD, there are late complications&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of bone marrow transplantation that result from the chemotherapy and radiotherapy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;preparative regimen. Children may experience decreased growth velocity and delay&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the development of secondary sex characteristics. Hormone replacement may be necessary.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gonadal dysfunction is common. Men frequently become azoospermic, and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;women develop ovarian failure. Patients who receive total body irradiation are at risk for&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cataract formation and thyroid dysfunction. Although cognitive dysfunction may occur&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the peritransplant period for many reasons, there is no definitive evidence that dementia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;occurs at an increased frequency.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;47. Что из следующего лучше всего описывает механизм действия clopidogrel?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Активизирует антитромбин и ингибирует коагулирующие ферменты&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Связывается с активизированным рецептором GPIIb/IIIa на поверхности тромбоцита, чтобы блокировать прикрепление адгезивных молекул&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. ингибирует циклооксигеназу 1 (COX-1) на тромбоцитах, чтобы уменьшить продукцию тромбоксана  A2&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. ингибирует фосфодиэстеразу, чтобы блокировать распад циклического монофосфата аденозина (цАМФ), чтобы ингибировать активацию тромбоцита&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Необратимо блокирует P2Yl2, чтобы предотвратить агрегацию тромбоцитов, вызванную&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;дифосфат аденозином (АДФ) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Clopidogrel and ticlopidine are the two currently available&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;members of the thienopyridine class of antiplatelet agents. As demonstrated in the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;figure below, the mechanism of action of these agents is to prevent ADP-induced platelet&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;aggregation by irreversibly inhibiting the P2Y12 receptor. Both agents are prodrugs that&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;require hepatic activation by the cytochrome P450 system; in the usual dose they require&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;several days to reach maximal effectiveness. Clopidogrel is a more potent agent than&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ticlopidine with fewer associated side effects, and thus it has replaced ticlopidine in clinical&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;practice.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Other antiplatelet drugs act at other sites in the cascade that leads to platelet aggregation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Aspirin is the most commonly used antiplatelet agent. At the usual doses, aspirin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;inhibits COX-1 to prevent the production of thromboxane A2, a potent platelet agonist.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dipyridamole is a weak platelet inhibitor alone and acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In addition, dipyridamole blocks the uptake of adenosine by platelets. When combined&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with aspirin, dipyridamole has been shown to decrease the risk of stroke, but&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;because it acts as a vasodilator, there is concern that it might increase the risk of cardiac&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;events in severe coronary artery disease. A final class of antiplatelet agents is the glycoprotein&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;IIb/IIIa inhibitors, which include abciximab, eptifibatide, and tirofiban. Each&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of these agents has a slightly different site of action, but all decrease the ability of platelets&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to bind adhesive molecules such as fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor. Thus,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;these agents decrease platelet aggregation. Abciximab is a monoclonal antibody directed&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;against the activated form of GPIIb/IIIa. Tirofiban and eptifibatide are small&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;synthetic molecules that bind to various sites of the GPIIb/IIIa receptor to decrease&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;platelet aggregation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;48. 45-летний мужчина осматривается врачом в связи с жалобами раннего насыщения и потери в весе. Физикально:о селезенка на 10 см ниже левого реберного края, мягкая при пальпации. Лабораторные исследования: лейкоциты 125,000/µL 80%- нейтрофилов, 9%- bands (??), 3%-миелоцитов, 3%- метамиелоцитов, 1%-бластов, 1%- лимфоцитов, 1%- эозинофилов, и 1%- базофилов. Гемоглобин - 8.4 g/dL, гематокрит 26.8 %, тромбоцит 668,000/µL. Биопсия костного мозга демонстрирует увеличенную клеточность с увеличенным соотношением миелоид/эритроид. Какое из следующих цитогенетических расстройств, наиболее вероятно, будет найдено у этого пациента?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Делеция части длинного плеча хромосомы 5, del(5q)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Инверсия хромосомы 16, inv(16)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Взаимная транслокация между хромосомами 9 и 22 (Филадельфийская хромосома)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Транслокации длинных плеч хромосом 15 и 17&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Трисомия 12&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;49. 35-летний пациент с хронической железодефицитной анемией. У него терминальная стадия почечной недостаточности с гемодиализом, артериальная гипертензия, ревматоидный артрит. Его лечение включает ацетат кальция, поливитамины, nifedipine, аспирин, сульфат железа, и omeprazole. Его гемоглобин 6 месяцев назад был 8 мг/дл, а неделю назад 7.9 мг/дл. Ферритин - 8 мг/дл. Не сообщает о яркой красной крови в прямой кишке, стул гуйяк-отрицателен неоднократно отрицателен за прошлые 6 месяцев. Какова наиболее вероятная причина железодефицитной анемии этого пациента?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Целиакия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Рак толстой кишки&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Геморрой&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Эффект лечения&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Язвенная болезнь&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In a young person with no family history and without&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;signs or symptoms suggesting a bleeding colonic lesion, colon cancer would be very unlikely.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Similarly, although peptic ulcer disease and celiac sprue can cause iron deficiency&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;by hemorrhage and malabsorption, respectively, he has neither symptoms nor stool findings&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;consistent with gastrointestinal blood loss. Impaired iron absorption is commonly&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;caused by dietary composition. High amounts of calcium or lead or the lack of ascorbic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;acid or amino acids in the meal can impair iron absorption. Calcium can cause a substantial&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;decrease in iron absorption. This patient should be advised to make sure he does&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;not take his iron tablet at the same time as his calcium tablet.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;50. 32-летняя мужчина с жалобами на тестикулярную массу. Физикально: пальпируется  безболезненная масса около 2 см на поверхности левого яичка. Рентгенография грудной клетки без особенностей, на КТ  брюшной полости и таза не выявлены доказательства забрюшинной аденопатии. Фетопротеин увеличен до 400 нг/мл. Человеческий бета  хориальный гонадотропин (β-hCG) и ЛДГ в норме. Патологическое исследование: семинома, ограниченная яичком. Уровень  АФП уменьшается до нормы. Каково адекватное лечение на этой стадии?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Облучение забрюшинных лимфатических узлов&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Адьювантная химиотерапия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Гормональная терапия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Забрюшинное иссечение лимфатических узлов (RPLND)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Позитронная эмиссионная томография  (PET) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Testicular cancer occurs most commonly in the second&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and third decades of life. The treatment depends on the underlying pathology and the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stage of the disease. Germ cell tumors are divided into seminomatous and nonseminomatous&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;subtypes. Although the pathology of this patient’s tumor was seminoma, the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;presence of AFP is suggestive of occult nonseminomatous components. If there are any&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;nonseminomatous components, the treatment follows that of a nonseminomatous germ&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cell tumor. This patient therefore has a clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumor.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;As his AFP returned to normal after orchiectomy, there is no obvious occult disease.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;However, between 20 and 50% of these patients will have disease in the retroperitoneal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lymph nodes. Because numerous trials have indicated no survival difference in this cohort&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;between observation and RPLND and because of the potential side effects of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;RPLND, either approach is reasonable. Radiation therapy is the appropriate choice for&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stage I and stage II seminoma. It has no role in nonseminomatous lesions. Adjuvant chemotherapy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is not indicated in early-stage testicular cancer. Hormonal therapy is effective&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for prostate cancer and receptor positive breast cancer but has no role in testicular cancer.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;PET scan has no currently defined clinical role.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Radiation to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Adjuvant chemotherapy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Hormonal therapy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Positron emission tomography (PET) scan&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;51. Все следующие утверждения относительно использования табака и прекращения его употребления правильны кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Большинство американцев, бросавшие курить, делают это самостоятельно без участия в к организованной программе прекращения курения.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Более 80 % взрослых американцев, которые курят, начали до 18 лет.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Бездымный табак связан с резиной (?? – жевательной?) и болезнью десен, но не раком.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Сообщения о прекращении курения и программы более эффективны для легких курильщиков чем для тяжелых курильщиков.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Использование табака - самый поддающийся изменению фактор риска рака.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;52. У 29-летнего мужчину на обычной рентгенограмме легких, сделанной для оформления страхования жизни, обнаружена правая воротная аденопатия. В остальном здоров. Помимо биопсии лимфатических узлов, что из следующего показано?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Уровень ангиотензин-конвертирующего фермента (ACE) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. β-hCG&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Тироид- стимулирующий гормон (ТСГ)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. PSA&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. C-reactive белок&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The patient is a young man with asymmetric hilar adenopathy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The differential diagnosis would include lymphoma, testicular cancer, and, less&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;likely, tuberculosis or histoplasmosis. Because of his young age, testicular examination&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and ultrasonography would be indicated, as would measurement of â-hCG and AFP,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which are generally markedly elevated. In men with carcinoma of unknown primary&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;source, AFP and â-hCG should be checked as the presence of testicular cancer portends&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;an improved prognosis compared with possible primary sources. Biopsy would show&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;lymphoma. The ACE level may be elevated but is not diagnostic of sarcoidosis. Thyroid&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;disorders are not likely to present with unilateral hilar adenopathy. Finally, PSA is not indicated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in this age category, and C-reactive protein would not differentiate any of the disorders&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mentioned above. Biopsy is the most important diagnostic procedure.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;53. Что из следующего правильно относительно мелкоклеточного рака легкого по сравнению с немелкоклеточным раком ?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Мелкоклеточный рак легкого более радиочувствителен.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Мелкоклеточный рак легкого менее чувствителен к химиотерапии&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Мелкоклеточный рак легкого, более вероятно, будет обнаружен на периферии легкого.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Мелкоклеточный рак легкого происходит из альвеолярных клеток.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Вовлечение костного мозга чаще происходит при немелкоклеточном раке легкого.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;54. Какое из следующих утверждений относительно желудочного рака верно?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Курение сигарет и тяжелое спиртовое введение - синергичные факторы риска аденокарциномы.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Хронический желудочный рефлюкс - фактор риска для развития желудочного плоскоклеточного рака.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Желудочный рак является самым частым в средней трети пищевода.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Частота случаев плоскоклеточного рака уменьшилась за прошлые 30 лет, в то время как аденокарцинома продолжает увеличиваться.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Прогноз для пациентов с аденокарциномой лучше чем для больных плоскоклеточным раком.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;F. Все вышеупомянутое верно.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the United States, esophageal cancers are either squamous&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas. Esophageal cancer is a deadly cancer with a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;very high mortality rate, regardless of cell type. This is because diagnosis is usually made&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;well after patients develop symptoms, meaning that the mass is often large with frequent&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;spread to the mediastinum and paraaortic lymph nodes, by the time that endoscopy is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;considered for diagnosis. Smoking and alcohol consumption are synergistic risks for&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;squamous cell carcinoma, not adenocarcinoma. Other risks for squamous cell carcinoma&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;include nitrites, smoked opiates, mucosal injury (including ingestion of hot tea), and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;achalasia. The major risk for adenocarcinoma is chronic gastric reflux, gastric metaplasia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the esophagus (Barrett’s esophagus). These adenocarcinomas account for 60% of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;esophageal carcinomas and behave like gastric carcinomas. In recent years, the incidence&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of squamous carcinoma of the esophagus has declined while the incidence of adenocarcinoma&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;has increased, particularly in white men. Approximately 10% of esophageal carcinomas&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;arise in the upper third, 35% in the middle third, and 55% in the lower third.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fewer than 5% of patients with esophageal carcinoma survive 5 years. There is no consistent&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;advantage of one cell type over another. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are all options, but usually these interventions are palliative.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;55. Все следующие состояния связаны с увеличением частоты рака кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Синдром Дауна&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Анемия Фанкони&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Von Hippel-Lindau синдром&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. нейрофиброматоз&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. синдром ломкой X-хромосомы&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A small proportion of cancers occur in patients with a genetic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;predisposition. Roughly 100 syndromes of familial cancer have been reported. Recognition&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;allows for genetic counseling and increased cancer surveillance. Down’s syndrome,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;or trisomy 21, is characterized clinically by a variety of features, including moderate to severe&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;learning disability, facial and musculoskeletal deformities, duodenal atresia, congenital&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;heart defects, and an increased risk of acute leukemia. Fanconi’s anemia is a condition&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that is associated with defects in DNA repair. There is a higher incidence of cancer, with&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;leukemia and myelodysplasia being the most common cancers. Von Hippel–Lindau syndrome&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is associated with hemangioblastomas, renal cysts, pancreatic cysts and carcinomas, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and renal cell cancer. Neurofibromatosis (NF) type I and type II are both associated with&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;increased tumor formation. NF II is more associated with a schwannoma. Both carry a risk&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Fragile X is a condition associated with chromosomal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;instability of the X chromosome. These patients have mental retardation, typical&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;morphologic features including macroorchidism and prognathia, behavioral problems,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and occasionally seizures. Increased cancer incidence has not been described.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;56. 50-летние женщина в вашей клинике тромбоцитозом. Последний полный анализ крови - лейкоциты (лейкоцитарная формула) 7,000/mm3, гематокрит 34 %,  тромбоциты 600,000/mm3. Все следующее - общие причины тромбоцитоза кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. железодефицитная анемия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. эссенциальный тромбоцитоз&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. хронический миелоидный лейкоз&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. миелодисплазия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. пернициозная анемия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Thrombocytosis may be “primary” or “secondary.” Essential&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thrombocytosis is a myeloproliferative disorder that involves a multipotent hematopoietic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;progenitor cell. Unfortunately, there is no clonal marker that can reliably&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;distinguish it from more common nonclonal, reactive forms of thrombocytosis. Therefore,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the diagnosis is one of exclusion. Common causes of secondary thrombocytosis include&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;infection, inflammatory conditions, malignancy, iron deficiency, hemorrhage, and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;postsurgical states. Other myeloproliferative disorders, such as CML and myelofibrosis,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;may result in thrombocytosis. Similarly, myelodysplastic syndromes, particularly the 5qsyndrome,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;may cause thrombocytosis. Pernicious anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;does not typically cause thrombocytosis. However, correction of B12 deficiency or&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;folate deficiency may cause a “rebound” thrombocytosis. Similarly, cessation of chronic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ethanol use may also cause a rebound thrombocytosis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;57. 76-летний мужчина в неотложном отделении с болью в левой ноге в течение 4 дней. Он также описывает отек левой лодыжки, который мешал ему ходить. Он - активный курильщик и имеет медицинскую историю гастроэзофагеального рефлюкса, предшествующего глубокого венозного тромбоза (DVT) 9 месяцев назад, и хорошо-управляемой артериальной гипертензии. Физическая экспертиза показывает 2 + отек левой лодыжки . D-димер увеличен. Что из следующего делает D-димер менее прогнозирующим DVT у этого пациента?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Возраст&gt; 70&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. История активного использования табака&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Нехватка суггестивных клинических симптомов&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Отрицательный признак Хомана &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Предыдущий DVT в прошлом году&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D-Dimer is a degradation product of cross-linked fibrin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and is elevated in conditions of ongoing thrombosis. Low concentrations of D-dimer are&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;considered to indicate the absence of thrombosis. Patients over the age of 70 will frequently&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;have elevated D-dimers in the absence of thrombosis, making this test less predictive of acute&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;disease. Clinical symptoms are often not present in patients with DVT and do not affect interpretation&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of a D-dimer. Tobacco use, while frequently considered a risk factor for DVT,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and previous DVT should not affect the predictive value of D-dimer. Homan’s sign, calf pain&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;elicited by dorsiflexion of the foot, is not predictive of DVT and is unrelated to D-dimer.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;58. Пациент с давнишней ВИЧ инфекцией, хроническим алкоголизмом и астмой в отделении неотложной хирургии с 1-2 днями тяжелого хрипения. Он не принял никаких лекарств в течение многих месяцев. Он госпитализирован и получает небулайзер и системные глюкокортикоиды. Его счет CD4 - 8,  вирусная нагрузка &gt; 750 000. Его лейкоцитарная формула - 3200 /µL с 90%-ыми нейтрофилами. Он принят в стационарную программу лечения токсикомании, начата профилактика условно-патогенной инфекции, бронхолитические средства, преднизона более чем на 2 недели, ranitidine и высоко-активная антиретровиральная терапия. Центр восстановления сообщает Вам 2 недели спустя; обычное лабораторное исследлование показывает лейкоциты 900 /µL с 5%-ыми нейтрофилами. Какой из следующих новых препаратов наиболее вероятно объяснил бы нейтропению этого пациента?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Darunavir&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Efavirenz&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Ranitidine&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Преднизон&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Триметоприм-sulfamethoxazole&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; Many drugs can lead to neutropenia, most commonly via&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;retarding neutrophil production in the bone marrow. Of the list above, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is the most likely culprit. Other common causes of drug-induced neutropenia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;include alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide or busulfan, antimetabolites&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;including methotrexate and 5-flucytosine, penicillin and sulfonamide antibiotics, antithyroid&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;drugs, antipsychotics, and anti-inflammatory agents. Prednisone, when used&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;systemically, often causes an increase in the circulating neutrophil count as it leads to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;demargination of neutrophils and bone marrow stimulation. Ranitidine, an H2 blocker, is a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;well-described cause of thrombocytopenia but has not been implicated in neutropenia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor whose main side effects include&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a morbilliform rash and central nervous system effects including strange dreams and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;confusion. The presence of these symptoms does not require drug cessation. Darunavir is a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;new protease inhibitor that is well tolerated. Common side effects include a maculopapular&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;rash and lipodystrophy, a class effect for all protease inhibitors.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;59. Какой из следующих симптомов является наиболее суггестивным для пищеводного объемного образования?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Раннее насыщение&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Только жидкая фаза дисфагии&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Одинофагия (??) с болью в груди&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Ротоглоточная дисфагия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Твердая фаза дисфагии, прогрессирующая до жидкой фазы&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;60. Все следующее было связано с развитием лимфоидного злокачественного развития кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Целиакия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Инфекция  Helicobacter&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. гепатит B инфекция&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. ВИЧ инфекция&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. человеческий вирус герпеса 8  (HHV8)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;F. наследственные синдромы иммуннодефицита&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hepatitis B and C are both common causes of cirrhosis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and are strongly associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis C,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;but not hepatitis B, can also lead to a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, often in the spleen,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that resolves with cure of hepatitis C. Other infections are commonly implicated as causes&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of lymphoma. Epstein-Barr virus has been associated with a large number of lymphoid malignancies&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;including posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), Hodgkin’s disease,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;central nervous system lymphoma, and Burkitt’s lymphoma. H. pylori is necessary and sufficient&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma development, and cure&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can be achieved with eradication of the organism in some cases. HHV8 is a known cause of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;body cavity lymphoma, including primary pleural lymphoma. Celiac sprue has been associated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with gastrointestinal tract lymphoma. Many collagen vascular diseases and their&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;treatments (tumor necrosis factor á inhibitors) have also been associated with lymphomas,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as have acquired and inherited immunodeficiencies.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;61. 31-летняя женщина направлена в вашу клинику для оценки анемии. Она описывает 2-месячную историю усталости. Она отрицает боль в животе, но отмечает, что ее живот вздут в последние недели. Прошлая медицинская история не отягощена. Родители пациента живы, есть три здоровых сибса. Физическая экспертиза: бледная конъюнктива, селезенка на 4 см ниже левого реберного края. Гематокрит - 31 %,  билирубин нормален. Процент ретикулоцитов низок. Гаптоглобин и молочная дегидрогеназа (LDH) нормальны. Периферический мазок крови показывает многочисленные имеющие форму слезинки клетки красной крови, ядро-содержащие клетки красной крови и случайные миелоциты. Аспират костного мозга неудачен, но биопсия показывает гиперклеточный костный мозг с трехростковой гиперплазией и результатами исследования, совместимыми с предполагаемым диагнозом хронического идиопатического миелофиброза. Вы переливаете ее к гематокриту 40 %. Каков самый адекватный следующий шаг управления?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Применить эритропоэтин.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Наблюдать в течение 6 месяцев.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Химиотерапия объединенной методики института.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Определить HLA соответствие ее сибсов.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Выполнить спленэктомию.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis is a clonal disorder&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of a multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cell of unknown etiology that is characterized&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;by marrow fibrosis, myeloid metaplasia, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;splenomegaly. The peripheral blood smear reflects the features of extramedullary hematopoiesis,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with teardrop-shaped red cells, immature myeloid cells, and abnormal platelets.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Leukocytes and platelets may both be elevated. The median survival is poor at only 5&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;years. These patients eventually succumb to increasing organomegaly, infection, and possible&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;transformation to acute leukemia. There is no specific therapy for chronic idiopathic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;myelobrosis. Erythropoietin has not been shown to be consistently effective and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;may exacerbate splenomegaly. Supportive care with red blood cell transfusions is necessary&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as anemia worsens. Chemotherapy has no role in changing the natural history of the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;disease. Some newer agents, such as interferon and thalidomide, may play a role, but their&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;place is not clear. Splenectomy may be necessary in symptomatic patients with massive&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;splenomegaly. However, extramedullary hematopoiesis may worsen with rebound&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thrombocytosis and compensatory hepatomegaly. The only potential curative modality is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Morbidity and mortality are high, particularly&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in older patients. In light of this patient’s young age and the presence of three healthy siblings,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;HLA matching of her siblings is the most reasonable step.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;62. Все следующее является суггестивным для железодефицитной анемии кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. койлонихия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. извращенный аппетит&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. сниженный серологический ферритин&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. сниженная общая железосвязывающая способность (TIBC)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. низкая реакция ретикулоцитов&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;63. Какой источник стволовой клетки неправильно соединен с клиническим применением?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Костно-мозговые мезенхимальные стволовые клетки: Пересаженные клетки могут не дифференцироваться в желательный тип клетки&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Зародышевые стволовые клетки: Высокий потенциал, чтобы сформировать тератомы&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. органоспецифичные мультипотентные стволовые клетки: Трудно выделять из всех тканей, кроме костного мозга&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Стволовые клетки крови пуповины: Реакция "трансплантант против хозяина"&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;64. Вы наблюдаете пациента с повышенным гематокритом. Вы подозреваете полицитемию, истинную, основываясь на истории aquagenic зуда и спленомегалии. Какие из лабораторных показателей совместимы с диагнозом истинной полицитемии?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Повышенная масса эритроцита, высокие серологические уровни эритропоэтина, нормальная насыщенность кислородом&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Повышенная масса эритроцита, низкие серологические уровни эритропоэтина, нормальная насыщенность кислородом&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Нормальная масса эритроцита, высокие серологические уровни эритропоэтина, низко артериальная насыщенность кислорода&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Нормальная масса эритроцита, низкие серологические уровни эритропоэтина, низко артериальная насыщенность кислорода&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;65. 59-летнего мужчину госпитализируют с болезненным, горячим высыпанием на дорсальных сторонах обеих рук. Он имеет медицинскую историю хронического алкоголизма и признается в недавнем рецидиве:  пил запоем прошлую неделю. Его госпитализируют и стабилизируют. Диагноз porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) поставлен на основании увеличенных циркулирующих порфиринов в крови и сниженной активности URO-декарбоксилазы. Он выписан для дальнейшего восстановления и наблюдается в вашей клинике 2 недели спустя. Он воздерживался от алкоголя, но его высыпание сохранилось, и теперь он также имеет вздутия (пузыри??) на ногах и ступнях. Какая из следующих методик лечения наиболее адекватна?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Hydroxyurea&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. в/в железное вливание еженедельно, с контролем серологических железных уровней&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Внутрь железо плюс витамин C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Высыпание (PCT) может пройти только через несколько месяцев; пациент должен продолжить воздерживаться от алкоголя  и внимательно наблюдаться&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Еженедельная флеботомия до нормализации ферритина &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Any increase in hepatic iron will exacerbate PCT, and efforts&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;should be made to minimize iron overload. The first step in management of PCT is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to identify and discontinue any potential trigger (alcohol, estrogens, iron supplements).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;PCT that does not respond to these conservative measures requires weekly phlebotomy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with the goal of reducing hepatic iron. In the above case, conservative measures have not&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;led to remission and phlebotomy is necessary. Serum ferritin can be used as a gauge of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hepatic iron overload and should guide the course of phlebotomy. Iron infusion or oral&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;iron supplementation would result in an exacerbation of PCT by increasing iron stores.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hydroxyurea is used to treat sickle cell disease and some forms of essential thrombocytosis;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it has no role in the primary management of PCT.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;66. Какая из следующих гемолитических анемий может быть отнесена к экстракорпускулярным?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Овалоцитоз (эллиптоцитоз)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Пароксизмальная ночная гемоглобинурия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Дефицит пируват киназы&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D серповидноклеточная анемия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Тромботическая тромбоцитопеническая пурпура&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hemolytic anemias may be classified as intracorpuscular or&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;extracorpuscular. In intracorpuscular disorders, the patient’s red blood cells (RBCs) have an&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;abnormally short life span due to an intrinsic RBC factor. In extracorpuscular disorders, the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;RBC has a short life span due to a nonintrinsic RBC factor. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;purpura (TTP) is an acquired disorder where red cell and platelet destruction occur not because&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of defects of these cell lines, but rather as a result of microangiopathy leading to destructive&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;shear forces on the cells. Other clinical sign and symptoms include fever, mental&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;status change, and, less commonly, renal impairment. All cases of hemolysis in conjunction&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with thrombocytopenia should be rapidly ruled out for TTP by evaluation of a peripheral&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;smear for schistocytes as plasmapheresis is life-saving. Other causes of extravascular&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hemolytic anemia include hypersplenism, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, disseminated intravascular&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;coagulation, and other microangiopathic hemolytic anemias. The other four&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;disorders listed in the question all refer to some defect of the red blood cell itself that leads to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hemolysis. Elliptocytosis is a membranopathy that leads to varying degrees of destruction of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the red cell in the reticuloendothelial system. Sickle cell anemia is a congenital hemoglobinopathy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;classified by recurrent pain crises and numerous long-term sequelae that is due to a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;well-defined â globin mutation. Pyruvate kinase deficiency is a rare disorder of the glycolytic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pathway that causes hemolytic anemia. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is a form of acquired hemolysis due to an intrinsic abnormality of the red cell. It also often&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;causes thrombosis and cytopenias. Bone marrow failure is a feared association with PNH.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;67. Все следующее - препятствия более широко распространенному применению стволовых клеток для регенеративной медицины кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. контролирование миграций пересаженных стволовых клеток&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. идентификация болезней, подходящих для терапии стволовыми клетками  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. идентификация путей дифференциации стволовых клеток в определенные типы клеток&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. преодолевание этических беспокойств по их получению и использованию&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. предсказание реакции клеток на среду патологически измененного органа&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;68. Вас просят проконсультировать 34-летнего мужчину с тромбоцитопенией. Он подвергся столкновению с автомашиной 10 дней назад, что закончилось ударом, внутренним кровотечением и острым почечным отказом. Исследовательская лапаротомия была выполнена, показав разорванную селезенку, требующую спленэктомии. Он также перенес открытый перелом (??) и внутреннюю фиксацию левой бедренной кости. Тромбоциты были 260 000 cells/µL при поступлении. Сегодня  68 000 cells/µL. Получает лечение - oxacillin, морфий, подкожный гепарин. На экспертизе показатели жизненно важных функций устойчивы. На животе чистый заживающий рубец. Левая нога пациента в гипсе и поднята. Правая нога отечна. Ультразвук правой ноги показывает глубокий венозный тромбоз. Антитела антигепарина уверенны. Креатинин - 3.2 мг/дл. Каков самый адекватный следующий шаг в лечении?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Прекратить гепарин.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Остановить гепарин и начать эноксапарин.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Остановить гепарин и начать argatroban.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Остановить гепарин и начать lepirudin.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Наблюдать пациента.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is common in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;patients who receive heparin products. Because the risk of death is significantly increased&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in patients with HIT type II and thrombosis if no anticoagulation is given, observation or&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;simply discontinuation of heparin is not an option. Although enoxaparin and other lowmolecular-&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;weight heparins have less of a propensity to cause HIT, they are cross-reactive&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in patients who already have HIT and thus are contraindicated. Direct thrombin inhibitors &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are the treatment of choice. Lepirudin is a recombinant direct thrombin inhibitor. It&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;may be given intravenously or subcutaneously. It is excreted through the kidney and lacks&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;an antidote. Therefore, it is relatively contraindicated in patients with renal insufficiency.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Argatroban is another direct thrombin inhibitor. Because it is hepatically metabolized, it is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a reasonable option in patients with HIT and renal insufficiency.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;69. 64-летний мужчина с хроническим лимфоидным лейкозом (CLL) и хроническим гепатитом C  во время ежегодного наблюдения. Его счет белой клетки крови устойчив в 83000/µL, но гематокрит понизился от 35 % до 26 %, и тромбоциты также понизились от 178,000/µL до 69,000/µL.  Начальное обследование должно включить все следующее кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. АСТ, АЛТ, и время протромбина&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. биопсия костного мозга&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Проба Кумбса&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. периферический мазок крови&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. физикальное обследование&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are common, and a peripheral blood smear and a Coomb’s test help evaluate their presence.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hypersplenism is also seen in CLL as the spleen sequesters large numbers of circulating&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;blood cells and enlarges. Hence, a careful left upper quadrant examination looking&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for a palpable splenic tip is the standard of care in this situation. This patient is at risk of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hepatic decompensation as well, given his hepatitis C that can also cause anemia and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow infiltration of tumor cells can lead to cytopenias in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;CLL. However, this is in effect a diagnosis of exclusion. Once these three possibilities are&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ruled out, a bone marrow biopsy is a reasonable next step. This initial evaluation before&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;presuming spread of CLL is critical for therapy because each possibility will require different&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;therapy (glucocorticoids or retuximab for hemolysis, hepatology referral for liver&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;failure, and splenectomy for symptomatic hypersplenism).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;70. 64-летний мужчина с циррозом Child-Pugh класса B цирроз с жалобами гастроэнтерологу на потерю в весе и чувство брюшного переполнения. Цирроз и гепатит C диагностированы 5 лет назад. Предположено, что пациент заразился гепатитом C при переливании крови 20 лет назад после автомобильной катастрофы. Его начальные симптомы цирроза: перегрузка объемом и асцит. Он был успешно излечен ограничением натрия, spironolactone, и фуросемидом. Не имеет другой значительной медицинской истории. На экспертизе сегодня: его печень увеличена и тверда. Асцита нет. КТ брюшной полости показывает единичную опухоль в правой доле печени, 4 см в диаметре. Местоположение массы - около главных портальных ножек. Нет признаков сосудистой инвазии или метастатических поражений. Уровень фетопротеина - 384 нг/мл. Биопсия массы диагностирует гепатоцеллюлярный рак. Каков лучший подход  в лечении?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Трансплантация печени&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Радиочастотная абляция&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Резекция правой печеночной доли&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Системная химиотерапия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Трансартериальная хемоэмболизация&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Currently hepatocellular carcinoma can be staged using a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;variety of staging systems. The TNM system set up by the American Joint Commission for&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Cancer has been largely replaced by either the Okuda system or the Cancer of the Liver Italian&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Program (CLIP) system because these systems include the presence of cirrhosis as a part&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of staging. This patient would have stage II disease by the TNM system because he has a single&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tumor &gt;2 cm but without evidence of vascular invasion. By the CLIP system, the patient&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;would be classified as CLIP stage I because of the presence of Child-Pugh class B cirrhosis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Primary surgical resection of a solitary mass is reserved for those individuals with stage I or&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;II HCC or CLIP stage 0. However, because of the high rate of liver failure and mortality following&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;surgical resection in individuals with Child-Pugh class B or C cirrhosis, these individuals&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are not candidates for surgical resection. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTX) is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the treatment of choice in individuals with stage I or II disease and cirrhosis. Individuals&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;can be referred for OLTX if there is a single mass &lt;5&gt;&lt;div&gt;invasion is present. Radiofrequency ablation uses heat to cause necrosis of an ~7 cm&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;zone in a non-specific manner. This technique can be used effectively in single lesions that&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are 3–4 cm in size. However, tumors located near the main portal pedicles can lead to bile&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;duct injury and obstruction. Percutaneous ethanol injection (not listed) results in necrosis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the injected area and requires multiple injections. The maximum size of tumor that can&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be treated with percutaneous ethanol injection is 3 cm. Transarterial chemoembolization is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a form of regional chemotherapy in which a variety of chemotherapeutic agents are directly&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;injected into the hepatic artery. Two randomized trials have shown a survival advantage for&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;transarterial chemoembolization in a highly selected subset of patients. The technique is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;recommended for individuals who are not candidates for orthotopic liver transplantation,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;including individuals with multiple medical comorbidities, more than four lesions, lymph&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;node metastases, tumors &gt;5 cm, and gross vascular invasion. Systemic chemotherapy has&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;no effect on survival and has a &lt;25%&gt;&lt;div&gt;with HCC. Sorafenib is a novel agent that increases median survival from 6 months&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to 9 months in patients with advanced disease.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;71. Что из следующего показание для обследования на наследственный неполипозный рак толстой кишки у 32-летнего мужчины?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Отец, отеческая тетя, и отеческий кузен с раком толстой кишки с возрастами диагноза 54, 68, и 37 лет, соответственно&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Неисчислимые полипы, визуализируемые на обычной колоноскопии&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Кожно-слизистая пигментация&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Новый диагноз язвенного колита&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Ни одно из вышеупомянутого&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;72. Что из следующего имеет лучший прогноз при адекватном лечении?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Лимфома Беркитта&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Распространенная большая В-клеточная лимфома&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Фолликулярная лимфома&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Лимфома клеток мантии&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Узловая склерозирующая Болезнь Ходжкина&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;73. Вас просят проконсультировать 31-летнего мужчину с длительным кровотечением после процедуры хирургической стоматологии. Он не имеет предшествующей истории геморрагического диатеза или семейной истории нарушений коагуляции. Прошлая медицинская история пациента отмечает инфекцию человеческим вирусом иммуннодефицита, со счетом CD4 51/mL3. Экспертиза: пятнистая лимфаденопатия. Тромбоциты - 230 000 / мл. Международное нормализованное отношение (INR) - 1.5. Активизированное частичное время тромбопластина - 40 s. Периферический мазок крови не показывает шизоцитов и иначе неотягощен. 1:1 микс- исследование исправляет оба условия немедленно и после 2-h инкубации (??). Уровень фибриногена нормален. Время тромбина продлено. Каков диагноз?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Диссеминированное внутрисосудистое свертывание (ДВС)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Dysfibrinogenemia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Фактор V дефицит&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Болезнь печени&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Фактора XIII дефицит&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fibrinogen is a 340-kDa dimeric molecule made up of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;two sets of three covalently linked polypeptide chains. Thrombin cleaves multiple peptides&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to produce fibrin monomer that factor XIII stabilizes by cross-linking. Although fibrinogen&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is needed for platelet aggregation and fibrin formation, even severe fibrinogen&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;deficiency such as afibrinogenemia produces mild, rare bleeding episodes, most often after&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;surgery. Dysfibrinogenemia refers to a constellation of disorders that involve mutations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that alter the release of fibrinopeptides, affect the rate of polymerization of fibrin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;monomers, or alter the sites of fibrin cross-linking. Dysfibrinogenemia is either inherited&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in an autosomal dominant fashion or acquired. Patients with liver disease, hepatomas,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;AIDS, and lymphoproliferative disorders may develop an acquired form of dysfibrinogenemia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The presence of altered partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and prothrombin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;time (PT)/INR reflects an abnormality in coagulation from the prothrombinase complex&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;downstream to fibrin. Correction with a mixing study eliminates factor inhibition as a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cause of the coagulation disorder. Other causes of prolongation of the PT and PTT include&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;factor deficiencies in factor V or X, afibrinogenemia or dysfibrinogenemia, and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;consumption of coagulation factors from DIC. The absence of schistocytes from the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;blood smear makes DIC unlikely. The thrombin time tests the interaction with thrombin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;directly on fibrinogen. Its prolongation indicates an abnormality with that interaction&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and suggests a diagnosis of dysfibrinogenemia. Factor XIII deficiency is a bleeding disorder&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that manifests in childhood and is not consistent with this presentation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;74. Стратегии хемопрофилактики рака имеют переменные уровни успеха. Какая из следующих ассоциаций правильно идентифицирует  эффективную хемопрофилактику с ее целевым эффектом?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Аспирин: рак толстой кишки&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. â - Каротин: рак легкого&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Кальций: аденоматозные желудочно-кишечные полипы&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Isotretinoin: оральная leukoplakia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Тамоксифен: рак эндометрия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;75. 48-летняя женщина госпитализирована с анемией и тромбоцитопенией после жалобы на глубокую усталость. Ее начальный гемоглобин - 8.5 g/dL, гематокрит 25.7 %,  тромбоциты  42,000/µL. Лейкоциты - 9540/L, но 8%- бластов отмечено на периферическом мазке. Хромосомный анализ показывает взаимную транслокацию длинных плеч хромосом 15 и 17, t(15; 17), выставлен диагноз острого промиелоцитарного лейкоза. Режим индукции этого пациента должен включить какой из следующих препаратов:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. All -трансретиноевая кислота (ATRA, или triretinoin)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Мышьяк&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Cyclophosphamide, daunorubicin, винбластин, и преднизон&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Rituximab&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Общее облучение тела&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;76. Пациентка из предыдущего вопроса получает адекватный режим индукции. Две недели спустя после лечения у нее развивается острая одышка, лихорадка и боли в груди. Рентгенограмма груди показывает двусторонние альвеолярные инфильтраты и умеренный двусторонни1 плевральный выпот. Лейкоциты - теперь 22,300/uL, нейтрофилы 78 %, (bands ??)15 %, лимфоциты 7 %. Она переносит бронхоскопию с лаважем, который не выявляет бактериальные, грибковые или вирусные организмы. Каков наиболее вероятный диагноз у этого пациента?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Мышьяковое отравление&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Бактериальная пневмония&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Пневмония вируса цитомегалии&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Лучевой пневмонит&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Ретиноевый кислотный синдром&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;77. 76-летний мужчина госпитализирован с жалобами на усталость в течение 4 месяцев и лихорадку в течение прошлой  недели. Его температура была 38.3°C. Отмечает 5.5-килограммовую потерю в весе, сильные синяки при минимальной травме, и боли в костях. Он был у о врача 2 месяца назад с диагностированной анемией неясной этиологии. В анамнезе цереброваскулярный инцидент в бассейне левой средней мозговой артерии, с последующим снижением функционального статуса. Он в состоянии ходить с места на место в доме с использованием «ходока» и зависит от сиделки/помощника для удовлетворения/выполнения ежедневных потребностей.  Его показатели жизненно важных функций: кровяное давление 158/86 мм рт.ст., частота сердечных сокращений 98 ударов / минута, частота дыхания 18 дыханий/минут, SaO2 95 %, и температура 38°C. Он кажется болезненным с височным истощением мышцы. Он имеет петехии на твердом небе. Нет увеличения лимфатических узлов. На сердечно-сосудистой экспертизе - систолический шум изгнания II/VI.  Легкие ясны. Печень увеличена, пальпируется на 6 см ниже правого реберного края. Кроме того, селезенка также увеличена, с нижним краем на приблизительно 4 см ниже левого реберного края. Есть многочисленные гематомы и петехии на конечностях . &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Лабораторная экспертиза показывает следующее: гемоглобин 5.1 g/dL, гематокрит 15 %, тромбоциты 12,000/µL, лейкоцитарная формула 168,000/µL с 45%-бластов, 30%- нейтрофилов, 20%- лимфоцитов, и 5%- моноцитов. Обзор периферического мазка крови подтверждает острый миелолейкоз (подтип М 1, myeloblastic лейкоз без созревания) со сложными хромосомными расстройствами на цитогенетике. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Все следующее обещает слабый прогноз для этого пациента кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. пожилой возраст&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. сложные хромосомные расстройства на цитогенетике&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. гемоглобин &lt;7&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. длительный интервал между началом симптома и диагнозом&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Счет лейкоцитарной формулы&gt; 100,000/µL&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Patients with acute leukemia frequently present with nonspecific&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;symptoms of fatigue and weight loss. In addition, weight loss and anorexia are also&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;common. About half have had symptoms for &gt;3 months at the time of presentation. Fever&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is present in only about 10% of patients at presentation, and 5% have evidence of abnormal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hemostasis. On physical examination, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, sternal tenderness,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and evidence of infection or hemorrhage are common presenting signs. Laboratory&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;studies are confirmatory with evidence of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;often present. The median presenting leukocyte count at presentation is 15,000/ìL. About&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;20–40% will have presenting leukocyte counts of &lt;5000/ìl,&gt;&lt;div&gt;counts &gt;100,000/ìL. Review of the peripheral smear confirms leukemia in most cases. If&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Auer rods are seen, the diagnosis of AML is virtually certain. Thrombocytopenia (platelet&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;count &lt;100,000/ìl)&gt;75% of individuals with AML. Once the diagnosis of AML&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;has been confirmed, rapid evaluation and treatment should be undertaken. The overall&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;health of the cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, and renal systems should be evaluated as&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;chemotherapy has adverse effects that may cause organ dysfunction in any of these systems.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Among the prognostic factors that predict poor outcomes in AML, age at diagnosis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is one of the most important because individuals of advanced age tolerate induction chemotherapy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;poorly. In addition, advanced age is more likely to be associated with multiple&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;chromosomal abnormalities that predict poorer response to chemotherapy, although&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;some chromosomal markers predict a better response to chemotherapy. Poor performance &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;status independent of age also decreases survival in AML. Chromosome findings&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;at diagnosis are also very important in predicting outcomes in AML. Responsiveness to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;chemotherapy and survival are also worse if the leukocyte count &gt;100,000/ìL or the antecedent&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;course of symptoms is prolonged. Anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;present for &gt;3 months is a poor prognostic indicator. However, there is no absolute degree&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of anemia or thrombocytopenia that predicts worse outcomes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;78. Новый скрининг-тест для выявления скрытой формы рака щитовидной железы был введен в практику. На первом году, 1000 положительных тестов приводят к идентификации рака щитовидной железы в обследованной группе населения. За следующий год, 250 случаев рака щитовидной железы обнаружены среди тех, кто первоначально имел отрицательный тест. Какова чувствительность этой новой пробы для выявления скрытой формы заболевания?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. 25 %&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. 67 %&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. 80 %&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Недостаточно информации, чтобы вычислить&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;79. 56-летний пациент спрашивает о скрининге рака толстой кишки. Он не имеет факторов риска рака толстой кишки, кроме возраста. Какое из следующих утверждений верно относительно пробы для выявления скрытой формы заболевания, рекомендованной этому пациенту?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. 50 % пациентов с положительным исследованием кала на скрытую кровь имеют рак толстой кишки.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Колоноскопия обнаруживает более ранние поражения чем фекальное исследование того же периода на скрытую кровь с ректороманоскопией.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Частота перфорации для ректороманоскопии и колоноскопии эквивалентны.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Не доказано, что сигмоидоскопия уменьшает летальность.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E.Виртуальная колоноскопия столь же эффективна как эндоскопическая колоноскопия для того, чтобы обнаружить полипы &lt;5&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. 50% of patients with a positive fecal occult blood&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;testing have colon cancer.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. One-time colonoscopy detects more advanced lesions&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;than one-time fecal occult blood testing with&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sigmoidoscopy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Perforation rates for sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are equivalent.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Sigmoidoscopy has not been shown to reduce&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mortality.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Virtual colonoscopy is as effective as endoscopic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;colonoscopy for detecting polyps &lt;5&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;80. 65-летний мужчина жалуется на заложенность носа, головные боли, дисфагию, особенно когда он лежит на спине. Эти симптомы медленно ухудшались в течение прошлого месяца. Он не имеет носового отделяемого и лихорадки. Сообщает о недавней дисфонии и головокружении. В анамнезе умеренная артериальная гипертензия. Он работал подрядчиком кровли и курил 1 пачку/день сигарет, начиная с возраста 16. На физической экспертизе, Вы отмечаете лицевой отек. Ротоглотка также мягко отечна, миндалины без особенностей. Внешние и внутренние яремные вены наполнены кровью с двух сторон, на груди тоже заметны вены. Перкуссия груди показывает притупление в правом основании со сниженным голосовым дрожанием. Рентгенограмма груди показывает верхнюю массу правого легкого, что на биопсии оказывается немелкоклеточным раком легкого. Все следующие виды лечение могут помочь симптомам этого пациента кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. химиотерапия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. мочегонные средства&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. глюкокортикоиды&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. лучевая терапия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. венозное стентирование&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;81. Все следующие утверждения относительно эпидемиологии и факторов риска острых миелолейкозов верны кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Препараты типа алкилирующих агентов и ингибиторы топоизомеразы II - ведущая причина связанных с лекарственными средствами миелолейкозов.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Люди, подвергнувшиеся воздействию радиации большой дозы, - группа риска развития острого  миелолейкоза, в отличие от людей, получивших радиотерапию, если они также не лечатся алкилирующими агентами.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Мужчины имеют более высокую частоту возникновения острого миелолейкоза, чем женщины.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Частота возникновения острого миелолейкоза является самой большой у людей &lt;20&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Трисомия 21 (синдром Дауна) связана с увеличенным риском острого миелолейкоза.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Acute myeloid leukemias (AML) are a group of hematologic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;malignancies derived from hematologic stem cells that have acquired chromosomal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mutations that prevent differentiation into mature myeloid cells. The specific chromosomal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;abnormalities predict in which stage of differentiation the cell is arrested and are associated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with the several subtypes of AML that have been identified. In the United States,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&gt;16,000 new cases of AML are diagnosed yearly, and the numbers of new cases of AML has&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;increased in the past 10 years. Men are diagnosed with AML more frequently than women&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(4.6 cases per 100,000 population vs. 3.0 cases per 100,000). In addition, older age is associated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with increased incidence of AML, with an incidence of 18.6 cases per 100,000 population&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in those &gt;65 years. AML is uncommon in adolescents. Other known risk factors for&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;development of AML include hereditary genetic abnormalities, radiation and chemical exposures,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and drugs. The most common hereditary abnormality linked to AML is trisomy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;21 (Down syndrome). Other hereditary syndromes associated with an increase of AML include&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;diseases associated with defective DNA repair such as Fanconi anemia and ataxia telangiectasia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Survivors of the atomic bomb explosions in Japan were found to have a high&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;incidence of AML as have survivors of other high-dose radiation exposures. However,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;therapeutic radiation is not associated with an increased risk of AML unless the patient&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;was also treated concomitantly with alkylating agents. Anticancer drugs are the most common&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;causes of drug-associated AML. Of the chemotherapeutic agents, alkylating agents&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and topoisomerase II inhibitors are the drugs most likely to be associated with AML.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;82. 42-летний мужчина в больнице с болью в верхнем правом квадранте. У него многочисленные массы в печени, злокачественные при H&amp;amp;E (??) окрашивании образца биопсии. Физическая экспертиза и лабораторные испытания, включая определенный для простаты антиген, не показательны. КТ легких, живота и таза не отягощены. В остальном он здоровый человек без хронических медицинских проблем. Какие иммуногистохимические маркеры должны быть получены в ткани биопсии?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Фетопротеин&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Цитокератин&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Лейкоцитарный общий антиген&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Тиреоглобулин&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Фактор транскрипции щитовидной железы 1&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Patients with cancer from an unknown primary site&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;present a common diagnostic dilemma. Initial evaluation should include history, physical&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;examination, appropriate imaging, and blood studies based on gender (e.g., prostatespecific&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;antigen in men, mammography in women). Immunohistochemical staining of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;biopsy samples using antibodies to specific cell components may help elucidate the site of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the primary tumor. Although many immunohistochemical stains are available, a logical&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;approach is represented in the figure below. Additional tests may be helpful based on the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;appearance under light microscopy and/or the results of the cytokeratin stains. In cases of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cancer of unknown primary, cytokeratin staining is usually the first branch point from&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which the tumor lineage is determined. Cytokeratin is positive in carcinoma, since all epithelial&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tumors contain this protein. Subsets of cytokeratin, such as CK7 and CK20, may&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;be useful to determine the likely etiology of the primary tumor. Leukocyte common antigen,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thyroglobulin, and thyroid transcription factor 1 are characteristic of lymphoma,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thyroid cancer, and lung or thyroid cancer, respectively. á Fetoprotein staining is typically&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;positive in germ cell, stomach, and liver carcinoma.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;83. 56-летняя женщина диагностирована с хроническим myelogenous лейкозом, с хромосомой Филадельфия. Лейкоциты были 127,000/µL, &lt;2&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Аллогенный трансплантат костного мозга&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Аутогенный трансплантат стволовой клетки&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Imatinib mesylate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Интерферон - α&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Лейкоферез.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Imatinib mesylate is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that acts to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;decrease the activity of the bcr-abl fusion protein that results from the reciprocal translocation&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of chromosomes 9 and 22 (Philadelphia chromosome). It acts as a competitive inhibitor&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the abl kinase at its ATP binding site and thus leads to inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of proteins in bcr-abl signal transduction. Imatinib mesylate results in hematologic remission&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in 97% of treated individuals at 18 months and cytogenetic remission of 76%. This&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is compared to traditional chemotherapy of interferon-á and cytarabine, which resulted in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hematologic remission in 69% and cytogenetic remission in only 14% of individuals. More&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;than 87% of individuals who achieved cytogenetic remission had not developed progressive&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;disease at 5 years. This drug taken orally has limited side effects that include nausea, fluid retention,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;diarrhea, and skin rash and is usually well tolerated. If individuals do not achieve hematologic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;remission by 3 months or complete cytogenetic remission by 12 months, it is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;recommended that they proceed to allogeneic bone marrow transplant. While imatinib is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the best initial therapy to achieve hematologic and cytogenetic remission, individuals who&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;have a well-matched related bone marrow donor may proceed to early allogeneic transplant,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;particularly if the individual is &lt;18&gt;&lt;div&gt;generally have better outcomes following bone marrow transplant than older individuals,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and the durability of responses to imatinib mesylate is not known at this time. Interferon-á&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;was previously the first-line chemotherapy if bone marrow transplant was not an option, but&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it has been replaced by imatinib mesylate. Autologous stem cell transplant is not currently&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;used for treatment of CML as there is no reliable way to select residual normal hematopoietic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;progenitor cells. Clinical trials utilizing autologous stem cell transplantation are currently&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;underway to determine if this treatment may be possible following control of disease with&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;imatinib therapy. Leukopheresis is used for control of leukocyte counts when the patient is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;experiencing complications such as respiratory failure or cerebral ischemia related to the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;high white blood cell count.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;84. Все следующее связано со сниженным риском развития рака молочной железы кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. отсутствие кормления грудью&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. первая беременность полного срока перед возрастом 18 лет&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. menarche после возраста 15 лет&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. естественная менопауза перед возрастом 42 года&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. хирургическая менопауза перед возрастом 42 года&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;85. Все следующее - причины удлинения активизированного частичного времени тромбопластина (aPTT), которое не корректирует 1:1 смесью с объединенной плазмой, кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(All the following cause prolongation of the activated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) that does not correct&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with a 1:1 mixture with pooled plasma except)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. волчаночный антикоагулянт&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. фактора VIII ингибитор&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. гепарин&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. фактора VII ингибитор&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. фактора IX ингибитор&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The aPTT involves the factors of the intrinsic pathway of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;coagulation. Prolongation of the aPTT reflects either a deficiency of one of these factors&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(factor VIII, IX, XI, XII, etc.) or inhibition of the activity of one of the factors or components&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the aPTT assay (i.e., phospholipids). This may be further characterized by the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“mixing study,” in which the patient’s plasma is mixed with pooled plasma. Correction of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the aPTT reflects a deficiency of factors that are replaced by the pooled sample. Failure to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;correct the aPTT reflects the presence of a factor inhibitor or phospholipid inhibitor.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Common causes of a failure to correct include the presence of heparin in the sample, factor&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;inhibitors (factor VIII inhibitor being the most common), and the presence of antiphospholipid&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;antibodies. Factor VII is involved in the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Inhibitors to factor VII would result in prolongation of the prothrombin time.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;86. 53-летняя женщина у семейного врача с вопросами относительно первичной профилактики сердечно-сосудистой болезни и инсульта. В анамнезе сахарный диабет типа 2 в течение прошлых 5 лет с известным гемоглобином A1C 7.2 %. Нет артериальной гипертензии или известной болезни коронарных артерии. Страдает ожирением, BMI - 33.6 kg/m2. В настоящее время околоменопаузальна с нерегулярными кровотечениями, последнее 3 месяца назад. Она принимает metformin, 1000 мг два раза в день. В прошлом не толерантна к ибупрофену из-за желудочно-кишечного расстройства. Раньше курила одну пачку сигарет ежедневно в возрасте 18 - 38. Пьет стакан вина в обед. Ее семейная история значительна для инфаркта миокарда у отца в 58 лет, отеческого дяди в 67 лет и отеческой бабушки в 62 года. Мать умерла от инсульта в 62 года. Пациентка интересуется ежедневным приемом аспирина для первичной профилактики сердечно-сосудистой болезни, но беспокоится о потенциальных побочных эффектах. Какое из следующих утверждений относительно терапии аспирином верно?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Аспирин показан для первичной профилактики сердечно-сосудистой болезни, так как пациентка имеет явную семейную историю и сахарный диабет.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Аспирин показан только для вторичной профилактики сердечно-сосудистой и цереброваскулярной болезни у женщин.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Поскольку она не в постменопаузе, терапия аспирином не рекомендуется, ибо это увеличит менструальное кровотечение, значительно не уменьшая риск сердечно-сосудистой болезни.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Ее побочная реакция к ибупрофену исключает использование аспирина, из-за высокой степень  перекрестной реактивности, к тому же есть опасность развития бронхоспазма с использованием аспирина.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Риск большого кровотечения, связанного с использованием аспирина, - 1-3 % ежегодно, но использование тонкокишечно-покрытого или буферного аспирина устранит этот риск.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;87. 22-летний мужчина обращается в клинику из-за отечной ноги. Он не помнит никакой травмы ноги, но боль и припухлость начались 3 недели назад в передней области левой голени. Он - студент колледжа и активен на спортивных состязаниях ежедневно. Рентгенограмма правой ноги показывает деструктивное поражение с "изъеденным молью" видом, распространяющееся на мягкую ткань, и игольчатую периостальную реакцию. Треугольник Кодмана (??манжета периостального остеогенеза в краю кости и масса мягкой ткани) присутствует. Каков наиболее вероятный диагноз и оптимальная терапия этого поражения?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Хондросаркома; только химиотерапия эффективна&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Хондросаркома; радиация с ограниченной хирургической резекцией&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Остеогенная саркома; дооперационная химиотерапия, сопровождаемая сберегающей конечность хирургией&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Остеогенная саркома; лучевая терапия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Опухоль плазматической клетки; химиотерапия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;88. Какое из следующих утверждений верно?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Фактора VIII дефицит характеризуется клинически кровоточением в мягкие ткани, мышцы, и суставы.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Врожденный фактора VIII дефицит наследуется аутосомно- рецессивным способом.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Фактора VIII дефицит приводит к продлению времени протромбина.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Фактор VIII соединяется с Фактором Хагемана, обусловливая более длинный период полураспада.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Фактор VIII имеет период полураспада почти 24 часов.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;89. Все следующие утверждения относительно желудочного рака верны кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Linitis plastica - инфильтративная форма желудочной лимфомы без определенных контуров, у которой прогноз хуже, чем у поражения кишечного типа.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Уменьшение массы опухоли хирургически - лучший выбор для желудочной аденокарциномы, если хирургически выполним&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Отдаленный эффект употребления высоких концентраций нитратов в высушенных, копченых, или соленых пищевых продуктах связан с более высокой частотой желудочного рака.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Наличие осязаемых, твердых пери-умбиликальных узелков - слабый прогностический признак.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Язвенные поражения в дистальном желудке должны всегда подвергаться щипковой биопсии, чтобы исключить аденокарциному.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;90. Какое из следующих утверждений правильно описывает особенности стволовых клеток?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Способность дифференцироваться в разнообразные типы зрелых клеток&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Способность к самообновлению&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Создают, поддерживают и восстанавливают ткань&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. A и C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. A и B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;F. Все вышеупомянутые&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-F&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;91. Какое из следующих утверждений относительно злокачественной компрессии спинного мозга (MSCC) верно?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Меньше чем 50 % пациентов, которые лечатся амбулаторно, останутся амбулаторными &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Неврологические расстройства при физической экспертизе достаточны для начала  глюкокортикоидов в большой дозе.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Неврологические  расстройства часто появляются перед болью.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Почечно-клеточный рак - самая общая причина MSCC&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. lumbosacral позвоночный столб - обычный участок повреждения.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;92. Все следующее характерно для синдрома лизиса опухоли кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. гиперкалиемия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. гиперкальцемия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. лактацидоз&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. hyperphosphatemia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. гиперурикемия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tumor lysis syndrome is a well recognized clinical entity&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that is characterized by metabolic derangements secondary to the destruction of tumor&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cells. Lysis of cells causes the release of intracellular pools of phosphate, potassium, and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;nucleic acids, leading to hyperphosphatemia and hyperuricemia. Lactic acidosis frequently&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;develops for similar reasons. The increased urine acidity may promote the formation&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of uric acid nephropathy and subsequent renal failure. Hyperphosphatemia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;promotes a reciprocal depression in serum calcium. This hypocalcemia may result in severe&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;neuromuscular irritability and tetany.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;93. 22-летняя женщина  в отделении реанимации с жалобой на 12 часов одышки. Симптомы начались к концу длинной автомобильной поездки домой от колледжа. Она не имеет прошлой медицинской истории, ее единственное лечение - оральное противозачаточное. Она курит иногда, но частота увеличилась недавно из-за экзаменов. На физической экспертизе: лихорадки нет, частота дыхания 22 дыханий / минута, кровяное давление 120/80 mraHg, частота сердечных сокращений 110 ударов/минут, SaO2 (воздух комнаты) 92 %. В остальном физическая экспертиза нормальна. Рентгенограмма груди и полный анализ крови нормальны. Серологический тест на наличие беременности отрицателен. Что из следующего показано данной больной?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Проверить D-димер и, если нормально, отпустить с нестероидной противовоспалительной терапией.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Проверить D-димер и, если нормально, назначить ультразвук нижней конечности.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Проверить D-димер и, если патологическое, лечить от глубокого венозного тромбоза / легочной эмболии (DVT/PE).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Проверить D-димер и, если патологическое, получить контрастную КТ груди.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Получить контрастную КТ груди.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The clinical probability of PE can be delineated into likely&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;vs. unlikely using the clinical decision rule shown in the table below. In those with a score&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;?4, PE is unlikely and a D-dimer test should be performed. A normal D-dimer combined&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with an unlikely clinical probability of PE identifies patients who do not need further testing&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;or anticoagulation therapy. Those with either a likely clinical probability (score &gt;4) or&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;an abnormal D-dimer (with unlikely clinical probability) require an imaging test to rule out&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;PE. Currently the most attractive imaging method to detect PE is the multislice CT scan. It&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is accurate and, if normal, safely rules out PE. This patient has a clinical probability score of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;4.5 because of her resting tachycardia and the lack of an alternative diagnosis at least as&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;likely as PE. Therefore, there is no indication for measuring D-dimer, and she should proceed&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;directly to multislice CT of the chest. If this cannot be performed expeditiously, she&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;should receive one dose of low-molecular-weight heparin while awaiting the test.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;94. Пациентка, описанная выше, диагностирована с правосторонней эмболией легочной артерии. Назначен гепарин низко-молекулярной массы и варфарин. Каково целевое показание международного нормализованного отношения (INR) и продолжительность терапии?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. INR 3.5; 1 месяц&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. INR 2.5; 3 месяца&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. INR 3.5; 3 месяца&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. INR 2.5; 6 месяцев&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. INR 3.5; 6 месяцев&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;F. INR 2.5; целая жизнь&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The goal of treatment with vitamin K antagonists, including&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;warfarin, is maintenance of an INR of 2–3, with a goal of 2.5. Higher intensity&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;treatment is not more effective and has a higher bleeding risk. Lower intensity treatment&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is less effective, with a similar bleeding risk. The recommendations for duration of therapy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for the first episode of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are shown in the table in the previous question. Generally, recurrent PE/DVT is treated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for at least 12 months. All treatment decisions require balancing risk of recurrence or&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;long-term sequelae with bleeding risk as well as patient preference.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;95. Пациент спрашивает Вас о полезности выполнения ежемесячной грудной самопроверки. Какое из следующих утверждений о полезности и рекомендаций относительно грудной самопроверки верно?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Грудная самопроверка уменьшает летальность только у женщин, перенесших грудную биопсию.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Большинство сообществ рекомендует выполнять грудную самопроверку ежемесячно для женщин&gt; 20 лет.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Самопроверка приводит к увеличенному количеству биопсий.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Очень немного раков молочной железы сначала обнаружены пациентами.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Грудная самопроверка  улучшает выживаемость при раке молочной железы.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;No study of breast self-examination has shown a reduced&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mortality due to breast cancer, despite being associated with higher rates of biopsy. The&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;procedure is still recommended as prudent by many organizations; however, only the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;American Cancer Society recommends monthly BSE in women &gt;19 years. The United&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) provides no recommendation for BSE,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (CTFPHC) excludes its use as a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;useful screening technique. A substantial fraction of breast cancers are first detected by&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;patients. Though mortality rates have not declined as a result of BSE, the size of lumps&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;being detected by patients have steadily gotten smaller since the 1990s.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;96. Какая из следующих особенностей опухоли обещает худший прогноз у больных раком молочной железы?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Положительные рецепторы к эстрогенам&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Хороший ядерный класс (сорт) (??Good nuclear grade)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Низкое соотношение клеток в S-фазе&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Чрезмерная экспрессия erbB2 (HER-2/neu)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Положительные рецепторы к прогестерону&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;97. Какое из следующих серологических лабораторных испытаний наиболее полезен для  предсказания восстановления почечной функции у пациента с синдромом лизиса опухоли и острым почечным отказом (ОПН)?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Креатинин&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Фосфат&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Калий&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. рН сыворотки&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Мочевая кислота&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tumor lysis syndrome is characterized by hyperuricemia,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia. Metabolic acidosis occurs frequently.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Acute renal failure is common, and hemodialysis should be considered early in the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;treatment of this problem. Effective cancer therapy kills cells, which release uric acid from&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the turnover of nucleic acids. In an acidic environment, uric acid can precipitate in the renal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;tubules, medulla, and collecting ducts leading to renal failure. Hyperphosphatemia and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hyperkalemia also occur as a result of cell death. Hyperphosphatemia produces a reciprocal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;depression in serum calcium. Indications for hemodialysis include extreme hyperkalemia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(&gt;6.0 meq/L), hyperuricemia (&gt;10 mg/dL), hyperphosphatemia (&gt;10 mg/dL or rapidly increasing),&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;or symptomatic hypocalcemia. Daily uric acid levels should be monitored; excellent&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;renal recovery can be expected once the uric acid level is &lt;10&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;98. Fondaparinux может использоваться для лечения всех следующих пациентов кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. 33-летняя женщина, весящая 48 кг с эмболией легочной артерии спустя 2 месяца после автотравмы, которая привела к перелому бедренной кости.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. 46-летний мужчина с артериальной гипертензией и центральным сегментарным glomerulosclerosis с начальным креатинином 3.3 мг/дл с глубоким венозным тромбозом левой нижней конечности. Он весит 82 кг.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. 57-летняя женщина с заменой аортального клапана 7 дней назад. Тромбоциты до операции были 320,000/µL. На 7 день  тромбоциты - 122,000/µL.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. 60-летний мужчина с болью в груди и депрессией СЕГМЕНТА ST в отведениях II,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;III, and aVF на электрокардиограмме. Тропонин I - 2.32 нг/мл.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. 68-летний мужчина перенес неосложненную полную замену правого бедра.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fondaparinux is a direct factor Xa inhibitor that is a synthetic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;analogue of the pentasaccharide sequence found in heparin. A smaller compound&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;than either unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), fondaparinux&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;acts by binding antithrombin and catalyzing factor Xa inhibition. At only 5 polysaccharide&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;units, fondaparinux is too small to bridge antithrombin to thrombin and does&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;not potentiate thrombin inhibition. Fondaparinux is given by the subcutaneous route&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and has 100% bioavailability without plasma protein binding. Like LMWH, it has a predictable&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;anticoagulant effect and monitoring of factor Xa levels is not required. It is excreted&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;unchanged in the urine. Fondaparinux is absolutely contraindicated in those with&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a creatinine clearance of &lt;30&gt;&lt;div&gt;with a creatinine clearance of &lt;50&gt;&lt;div&gt;creatinine clearance of 32 mL/min and should not receive fondaparinux.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Currently, fondaparinux is approved for prophylaxis against venous thromboembolic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;disease (VTE) following general surgery and orthopedic procedures. In addition, fondaparinux&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;has been shown to be equivalent to heparin and LMWH in initial treatment of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;both deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus. Recent studies have demonstrated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;equivalency with enoxaparin in the treatment of non-ST elevation acute coronary&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;syndromes. Finally, there have been several case reports of successful use of fondaparinux&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia as there is no cross-reactivity between&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;it and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The usual dosage of fondaparinux is 7.5 mg once daily. In individuals weighing &lt;50&gt;&lt;div&gt;the dose should be reduced to 5 mg. Likewise, in those weighing &gt;100 kg, the dose is increased&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to 10 mg.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;99. 26-летняя женщина, 4 месяца беременности, для стандартной оценки. Она чувствует себя хорошо с уменьшением тошноты за прошлый 1 месяц. Физическая экспертиза нормальна за исключением 1,5-см твердого узелка в верхнем внешнем квадранте правой груди. Она не знает об узелке и не выполняла самопроверку с начала беременности. Что из следующего является следующим самым адекватным действием?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Аспирация узелка&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Маммограмма после родоразрешения&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Назначение терапии прогестероном перорально&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Рекомендация генетического испытания на BRCA-1&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Повторить физическую экспертизу после родоразрешения&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;During pregnancy the breast grows under the influence of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and human placental lactogen. However, the presence&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of a dominant breast nodule/mass during pregnancy should never be attributed to hormonal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;changes. Breast cancer develops in 1:3000 to 4000 pregnancies. The prognosis for&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;breast cancer by stage is no different in pregnant compared with pregnant women. Nevertheless,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pregnant women are often diagnosed with more advanced disease because of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;delay in the diagnosis. Pregnant patients with persistent lumps in the breast should be receive&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;prompt diagnostic evaluation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;100. Апластическая анемия связана со всем следующим кроме&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. терапия carbamazepine&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. терапия methimazole&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. нестероидные воспалительные препараты&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. инфекция парвовирус B19&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. серонегативный гепатит &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Aplastic anemia is defined as pancytopenia with bone marrow&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hypocellularity. Aplastic anemia may be acquired, iatrogenic (chemotherapy), or genetic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(e.g., Fanconi’s anemia). Acquired aplastic anemia may be due to drugs or chemicals (expected&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;toxicity or idiosyncratic effects), viral infections, immune diseases, paroxysmal nocturnal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hemoglobinuria, pregnancy, or idiopathic causes. Aplastic anemia from idiosyncratic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;drug reactions (including those listed as well others including as quinacrine, phenytoin, sulfonamides,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cimetidine) are uncommon but may be encountered given the wide usage of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;some of these agents. In these cases there is usually not a dose-dependent response; the reaction&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is idiosyncratic. Seronegative hepatitis is a cause of aplastic anemia, particularly in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;young men who recovered from an episode of liver inflammation 1–2 months prior. Parvovirus&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B19 infection most commonly causes pure red cell aplasia, particularly in patients&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with chronic hemolytic states and high RBC turnover (e.g., sickle cell anemia).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;101. 23-летний мужчина с распространенными синяками. В остальном чувствует себя хорошо. Он не принимает никакого лечения, не использует диетические добавки и незаконные препараты. Его медицинская история отрицательна для любых болезней. Он - студент колледжа и работает буфетчиком. Анализ крови: абсолютный счет нейтрофилов 780/µL, гематокрит 18 % и тромбоциты 21,000/µL. Биопсия костного мозга показывает бедность ткани клетками, с жирным костным мозгом. Хромосомное исследование периферической крови и клеток костного мозга исключают анемию Fanconi и миелодиспластический синдром. Пациент имеет полностью гистосовместимого брата. Что из следующего является лучшей терапией?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Антитимоцитарный глобулин плюс циклоспорин&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Глюкокортикоиды&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Факторы роста&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. трансплантат гематопоэтической стволовой клетки&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Эритроцит и переливание{передача} тромбоцита&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;102. 46-летняя женщина с началом асцита и тяжелой болью в животе: печеночное Допплер-исследование показывает тромбоз печеночной вены. Она также сообщает о моче цвета чая время от времени, особенно утром, и об ухудшающейся боли в животе. Серологически гаптоглобин не выявлен. Лактат дегидрогеназа повышена, гемоглобинурия, ретикулоцитоз. Шизоциты не выявлены. Каков наиболее вероятный диагноз?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Аденокарцинома яичника&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Синдром антифосфолипидный&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Апластическая анемия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Фактора V Лейдена дефицит&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Пароксизмальная ночная гемоглобинурия&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;103. Суданский беженец в клинике с болью в животе. Он имел неустойчивые лихорадки в течение многих месяцев и потерял значительно в весе. Он был охранником в лагере беженцев в Судане и работал в ночную смену исключительно. На экспертизе: питание плохое с височным истощением. Он имеет массивную спленомегалию, но лимфаденопатия не выявляется. Ротоглотка - кандидозного стоматита нет. Лабораторные данные показывают анемию, нейтропению, и тромбоцитопению. Экспертиза кожи не показывает никаких дискретных поражений, но и Вы, и пациент отмечаете, что кожа кажется серой повсюду. Мазки малярии отрицательны, и ВИЧ испытание отрицательно. Рентгенография грудной клетки нормальна. Каков наиболее вероятный диагноз?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Цирроз&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Кала-азар (висцеральный leishmaniasis)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Саркома Капоши&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Милиарный туберкулез&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Анемия серповидной клетки&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;visceral leishmaniasis is broad and includes diseases that cause fever or organomegaly.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Characteristic findings include a history of exposure to sandflies at night or darkening of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the skin on physical examination. The skin discoloration is usually only seen in end-stage&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cachectic patients. Miliary tuberculosis is on the differential but would be unlikely with a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;normal chest radiograph. Cirrhosis of the liver may present this way although the persistent&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fevers would be uncharacteristic. The visceral form of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) may&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;present with a similar physical examination and can be seen in the HIV-negative patient&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;who is otherwise malnourished or immunosuppressed. KS would be less likely than visceral&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;leishmaniasis given the exposure history and the characteristic end-stage finding of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;skin discoloration. Sickle cell anemia causes autosplenectomy, not splenomegaly.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;104. 16-летний мужчина имеет гематомы бедра. Он был активен на спортивных состязаниях всю жизнь и имел 3 эпизода угрожающих кровотечений конечностис синдромом компартмента. Семейный анамнез отмечает материнского дедушку с подобной кровоточащей историей. Отеческая семейная история не доступна. Лабораторный анализ в клинике показывает нормальный счет тромбоцитов, нормальное активизированное частичное время тромбопластина (22 s) и длительное время протромбина (25 s). Он не принимает никаких лечений. Какова наиболее вероятная причина для данного нарушения коагуляции?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Фактора VIII дефицит&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Фактора VII дефицит&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Фактора IX дефицит&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Дефицит протромбина&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Тайное употребление варфарина&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-B&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This patient has a coagulation disorder characterized by&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;recurrent bleeding episodes into closed spaces with an inheritance pattern suggestive of a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;recessive or X-linked pattern. An isolated prolonged prothrombin time suggests Factor&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;VII deficiency, which is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. The thrombin time&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;will also be normal in these cases. While hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) and hemophilia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B (factor IX deficiency) are the most common inherited factor deficiencies, these&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;disorders do not cause an isolated prolonged prothrombin time. They will cause a prolongation&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the aPTT with a normal PT. Both hemophilias are inherited in an X-linked&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pattern. Prothrombin deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that will cause&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;prolongation of the aPTT, PT, and thrombin time. Ingestion of warfarin may also cause&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;this clinical scenario but is less likely given the inheritance pattern.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;105. 52-летнего мужчину госпитализируют с рецидивириующим hemarthroses коленей. Он - электрик, который все еще работает, но за прошлый год имел рецидивировавший hemarthroses, требовавший хирургической эвакуации. Ранее одного года назад он не имел никаких медицинских проблем. Он не имеет никакой другой прошлой медицинской истории и редко посещает врача. Он курит табак регулярно. Его счет тромбоцитов нормален, реакция оседания эритроцитов - 55 мм/часы, гемоглобин - 9 мг/дл и белок - 3.1 мг/дл. Исследования коагуляции показывают длительное активизированное частичное время тромбопластина (aPTT) и нормальное время протромбина (PT). Добавление нормальной плазмы не исправляет aPTT. Какова причина его возвратного hemarthroses?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Приобретенный ингибитор&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Фактора VIII дефицит&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Фактора IX дефицит&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Вторичный сифилис&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Дефицит Витамина C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;An elevated aPTT with a normal PT is consistent with a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;functional deficiency of Factor VIII, IX, XI, XII, high molecular weight kininogen, or&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;prekallikrein. Congenital or nutritional deficiencies of these factors will be corrected in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the laboratory by the addition of serum from a normal subject. The presence of a specific&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;antibody to a coagulation factor is termed an acquired inhibitor. Usually these are&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;directed against Factor VIII, although acquired inhibitors to prothrombin, Factor V,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Factor IX, Factor X, and Factor XI are described. Patients with acquired inhibitors are&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;typically older adults (median age 60) with pregnancy or post-partum states being less&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;common. No underlying disease is found in 50%. The most common underlying diseases&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are autoimmune diseases, malignancies (lymphoma, prostate cancer), and dermatologic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;diseases. Acquired factor VIII or IX inhibitors present clinically in the same&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;fashion as congenital hemophilias. Developing the coagulation disorder later in life is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;more suggestive of an acquired inhibitor if there is no antecedent history of coagulopathy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Syphilis infection is a cause of a falsely abnormal aPTT but since this is a laboratory&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;phenomenon, there is no associated clinical coagulopathy. Vitamin C deficiency may&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cause gingival bleeding and a perifollicular petechial rash but does not cause significant&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hemarthroses or a prolonged aPTT. A tobacco history and laboratory evidence of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;chronic illness (anemia, hypoalbuminemia) in this scenario raise the suspicion of an&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;underlying malignancy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;106. При физической и лабораторной оценкой перед работой 20-летний мужчина отмечен с удлинением активизированного prothromblastin времени (aPTT). На обзоре систем, он отрицает историю кровотечения из слизистых и никогда не имел проблем с каким-либо сильным кровотечением. Он никогда не имел никакой значительной физической травмы. Он не знает свою биологическую семейную историю. Тест-смешивание исправляет aPTT, когда используется нормальная сыворотка. Вы подозреваете наследственную геморрагическую болезнь, типа гемофилии. Какой лабораторный признак Вы ожидали бы выявить, чтобы выяснить, имеет ли этот пациент гемофилию?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Низкая Фактора VIII активность&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Низкая фактора IX активность&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Длительное время кровотечения&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Длительное время протромбина&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Длительное время тромбина&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hemophilia A (absent Factor VIII)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and hemophilia B (absent Factor IX) are indistinguishable clinically. Hemophilia A accounts&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for 80% of the cases of hemophilia. It has a prevalence in the general population&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of 1:5000 in contrast to Hemophilia B that has a prevalence of 1:30,000. The disease phenotype&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;correlates with the amount of residual Factor activity and can be classified as severe&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(&lt;1%&gt;&lt;div&gt;this scenario is likely to have a mild form of the disease. Hemophiliacs have a normal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bleeding time, platelet count, thrombin time and prothrombin time. The diagnosis is&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;made by measuring residual factor activity. The prolonged aPTT in hemophilia will be&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;corrected by mixing with normal plasma (that will contain the deficient Factors VIII and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;IX). Patients with acquired inhibitors will not correct the prolonged aPTT with normal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;plasma because the defect is antibody mediated.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;107. Вы осматриваете 45-летнего мужчину с острым верхним гастроинтестинальным кровотечением в неотложном отделении. Он сообщает об увеличении живота за прошлые 3 месяца, а также усталость и анорексиею. Он отрицает отек нижней конечности. Его прошлая медицинская история значительна для гемофилии А, диагностированной в детстве с рецидивирующим локтевым hemarthroses в прошлом. Он получал вливания фактора VIII для большинства его жизни, и получил последнюю инъекцию ранее в тот день. Его кровяное давление - 85/45 мм рт.ст. с частотой сердечных сокращений 115/минута. Живот напряжен, с положительной жидкой волной. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Гематокрит - 21 %. Почечная функция и анализ мочи нормальны. aPTT минимально продлен, INR - 2.7, тромбоциты нормальны. Что из следующего, наиболее вероятно, диагностирует причину его гастроинтестинального кровотечения?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Фактора VIII уровень активности&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Тест на антитела к H. pylori&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Гепатит B поверхностный антиген&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Гепатит C РНК&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Брыжеечная ангиограмма&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;108. Вы лечите пациента с подозреваемой диссеминированной внутрисосудистой коагулопатией (ДВС). Пациент имеет болезнь печени терминальной стадии, ждет трансплантацию печени и был недавно в отделении интенсивной терапии с E. coli бактериальным перитонитом. Вы подозреваете ДВС, основанный на новом верхнем желудочно-кишечном кровотечении при урегулировании просачивания от участков венопункции (???). Тромбоциты - 43000/µL, INR - 2.5, гемоглобин - 6 мг/дл, и D-димер увеличен до 4.5. Каков лучший способ отличить выявленный впервые ДВС от хронической болезни печени? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Бактериологическое исследование крови&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Повышенные продукты деградации фибриногена&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Продленный aPTT&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Снижение кол-ва тромбоцитов&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Последовательный лабораторный анализ&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;OTV-E&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The differentiation between DIC and severe liver disease&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is challenging. Both entities may manifest with similar laboratory findings: elevated fibrinogen&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;degradation products, prolonged aPTT and PT, anemia, and thrombocytopenia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When suspecting DIC, these tests should be repeated over a period of 6–8 hours&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;because abnormalities may change dramatically in patients with severe DIC. In contrast,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;these tests should not fluctuate as much in patients with severe liver disease. Bacterial&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sepsis with positive blood cultures is a common cause of DIC but is not diagnostic.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;109. 38-летняя женщина поступила для оценки повышенного гемоглобина и гематокрита, который был обнаружен в ходе исследования рецидивирующих головных болей. За 8 месяцев до этого она имела хорошее здоровье, но постепенно развивала все более и более постоянные головные боли с неустойчивым головокружением и шумом в ушах. Первоначально принимала sumatriptan для предполагаемых головных болей мигрени, но не чувствовала облегчения. Просмотр КТ мозга не привел доказательств опухолевого поражения. В течение оценки ее головных болей, был найден гемоглобин 17.3 g/dL и гематокрита 52. Другой симптом – диффузный зуд после горячего душа. Она не курит. Она не имеет истории легочной или кардиальной болезни. На физической экспертизе, она выглядит хорошо. Ее BMI - 22.3 kg/m2. АД 148/84 мм рт.ст., ЧСС 86/минута, ЧД 12/минута, Sao2 99 % на воздухе комнаты. Лихорадки нет. Физическая экспертиза, включая полную неврологическую экспертизу, нормальна. Нет шумов в сердце. Нет спленомегалии. Периферический пульс нормален. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Лабораторные исследования подтверждают увеличенный гемоглобин и гематокрит. Она также имеет тромбоцитоз 650,000/µL. Лейкоциты - 12,600/µL с нормальным дифференциалом. Какой из следующих тестов  должен быть выполнен в обследовании этого пациента?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A. Биопсия костного мозга&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;B. Уровень эритропоэтина&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;C. Генетическое испытание на JAK2 V617F мутация&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D. Щелочная фосфатаза лейкоцитов&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E. Эритроцитарная масса и определение объема плазмы      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(OTV-E)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In a patient presenting with an elevated hemoglobin and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hematocrit, the initial step in the evaluation is to determine whether erythrocytosis represents&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;a true elevation in red cell mass or whether spurious erythrocytosis is present due&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to plasma volume contraction. This step may be not necessary however in those individuals&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with hemoglobin greater than 20 g/dL. Once absolute erythrocytosis has been determined&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;by measurement of red cell mass and plasma volume, the cause of erythrocytosis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;must be determined. If there is not an obvious cause of the erythrocytosis, an erythropoietin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;level should be checked. An elevated erythropoietin level suggests hypoxia or autonomous&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;production of erythropoietin as the cause of erythrocytosis. However, a normal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;erythropoietin level does not exclude hypoxia as a cause. A low erythropoietin level&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;should be seen in the myeloproliferative disorder polycythemia vera (PV), the most likely&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cause of erythrocytosis in this patient. PV is often discovered incidentally when elevated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hemoglobin is found during testing for other reasons. When symptoms are present, the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;most common complaints are related to hyperviscosity of the blood and include vertigo,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;headache, tinnitus, and transient ischemic attacks. Patients may also complain of pruritus&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;after showering. Erythromelalgia is the term give to the symptoms complex of burning,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pain and erythema in the extremities and is associated with thrombocytosis in PV.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Isolated systolic hypertension and splenomegaly may be found. In addition to elevated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;red blood cell mass and low erythropoietin levels, other laboratory findings in PV include&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thrombocytosis and leukocytosis with abnormal leukocytes present. Uric acid levels and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;leukocyte alkaline phosphatase may be elevated, but are not diagnostic for PV. Approximately&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;30% of individuals with PV are homozygous for the JAK2 V617F mutation, and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;over 90% are heterozygous for this mutation. This mutation located on the short arm of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;chromosome 9 causes constitutive activation of the JAK protein, a tyrosine kinase that&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;renders erythrocytes resistant to apoptosis and allows them to continue production independently&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from erythropoietin. However, not every patient with PV expresses this mutation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Thus, it is not recommended as a diagnostic test for PV at this time. Bone marrow&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;biopsy provides no specific information in PV and is not recommended.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2009/12/3-harrissin17.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-7050337402931793144</guid><pubDate>Wed, 23 Dec 2009 21:06:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-12-23T13:18:43.290-08:00</atom:updated><title>hareson2</title><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I-109. The answer is E. (Chap. e3) Minority patients have poorer health outcomes from many&lt;br /&gt;preventable and treatable conditions such as cardiovascular disease, asthma, diabetes,&lt;br /&gt;cancer, and others. The causes of these differences are multifactorial and include social&lt;br /&gt;determinants (education, socioeconomic status, environment) and access to care (which&lt;br /&gt;often leads to more serious illness before seeking care). However, there are also clearly described&lt;br /&gt;racial differences in quality of care once patients enter the health care system.&lt;br /&gt;These differences have been found in cardiovascular, oncologic, renal, diabetic, and palliative&lt;br /&gt;care. Eliminating these differences will require systematic changes in health system&lt;br /&gt;factors, provider level factors, and patient level factors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I-110. The answer is B. (Chap. e6) To be able to differentiate among the disorders that cause&lt;br /&gt;memory loss, it should be determined whether the patient has nondeclarative or declarative&lt;br /&gt;memory loss. A simple way to think of the differences between nondeclarative and&lt;br /&gt;declarative memory is to consider the difference between “knowing how” (nondeclarative)&lt;br /&gt;and “knowing who or what” (declarative). Nondeclarative memory loss refers to loss&lt;br /&gt;of skills, habits, or learned behaviors that can be expressed without an awareness of what&lt;br /&gt;was learned. Procedural memory is a type of nondeclarative memory and may involve&lt;br /&gt;motor, perceptual, or cognitive processes. Examples of nondeclarative procedural memory&lt;br /&gt;include remembering how to tie one’s shoes (motor), responding to the tea kettle&lt;br /&gt;whistling on the stove (perceptual), or increasing ability to complete a puzzle (cognitive).&lt;br /&gt;Nondeclarative memory involves several brain areas, including the amygdala, basal ganI.&lt;br /&gt;glia, cerebellum, and sensory cortex. Declarative memory refers to the conscious memory&lt;br /&gt;for facts and events and is divided into two categories: semantic memory and episodic&lt;br /&gt;memory. Semantic memory refers to general knowledge about the world without specifically&lt;br /&gt;recalling how or when the information was learned. An example of semantic memory&lt;br /&gt;is the recollection that a wristwatch is an instrument for keeping time. Vocabulary&lt;br /&gt;and the knowledge of associations between verbal concepts comprise a large portion of&lt;br /&gt;semantic memory. Episodic memory allows one to recall specific personal experiences.&lt;br /&gt;Examples of episodic memory include ability to recall the birthday of a spouse, to recognize&lt;br /&gt;a photo from one’s wedding, or recall the events at one’s high school graduation. The&lt;br /&gt;areas of the brain involved in declarative memory include the hippocampus, entorhinal&lt;br /&gt;cortex, mamillary bodies, and thalamus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I-111. The answer is F. (Chap. 60) This patient’s lymphadenopathy is benign. Inguinal nodes&lt;br /&gt;&lt;2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1-112 The answer is E. (Chap. 60) Hard, matted, nontender lymph nodes are worrisome for&lt;br /&gt;tumor and should always prompt a workup, including excisional biopsy, if possible, and&lt;br /&gt;examination for a primary source depending on the location of the nodes. Supraclavicular&lt;br /&gt;lymphadenopathy should always be considered abnormal, particularly when documented&lt;br /&gt;on the left side. A thorough investigation for cancer, particularly with a primary gastrointestinal&lt;br /&gt;source, is necessary. Splenomegaly associated with diffuse adenopathy can be&lt;br /&gt;associated with tumor, particularly lymphoma, but is most often associated with systemic&lt;br /&gt;infections, such as mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus, or HIV, that often cause diffuse lymphadenopathy.&lt;br /&gt;Generalized lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly may be found in autoimmune&lt;br /&gt;diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus or mixed connective tissue&lt;br /&gt;disease. Tender adenopathy of the cervical anterior chain is nearly always associated with&lt;br /&gt;infection of the head and neck, most commonly a viral upper respiratory infection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I-113. The answer is C. (Chap. 60) Portal hypertension causes splenomegaly via passive congestion&lt;br /&gt;of the spleen. It generally causes only mild enlargement of the spleen as expanded&lt;br /&gt;varices provide some decompression for elevated portal pressures. Myelofibrosis necessitates&lt;br /&gt;extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen, liver, and even other sites such as the&lt;br /&gt;peritoneum, leading to massive splenomegaly due to myeloid hyperproduction. Autoimmune&lt;br /&gt;hemolytic anemia requires the spleen to dispose of massive amounts of damaged&lt;br /&gt;red blood cells, leading to reticuloendothelial hyperplasia and frequently an extremely&lt;br /&gt;large spleen. Chronic myelogenous leukemia and other leukemias/lymphomas can lead&lt;br /&gt;to massive splenomegaly due to infiltration with an abnormal clone of cells. If a patient&lt;br /&gt;with cirrhosis or right-heart failure has massive splenomegaly, a cause other than passive&lt;br /&gt;congestion should be considered.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I-114. The answer is A. (Chap. 60) The presence of Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear remnants),&lt;br /&gt;Heinz bodies (denatured hemoglobin), basophilic stippling, and nucleated red blood&lt;br /&gt;cells in the peripheral blood implies that the spleen is not properly clearing senescent or&lt;br /&gt;damaged red blood cells from the circulation. This usually occurs because of surgical&lt;br /&gt;splenectomy but is also possible when there is diffuse infiltration of the spleen with malignant&lt;br /&gt;cells. Hemolytic anemia can have various peripheral smear findings depending&lt;br /&gt;on the etiology of the hemolysis. Spherocytes and bite cells are an example of damaged&lt;br /&gt;red cells that might appear due to autoimmune hemolytic anemia and oxidative damage,&lt;br /&gt;respectively. DIC is characterized by schistocytes and thrombocytopenia on smear, with&lt;br /&gt;42 I. INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL MEDICINE — ANSWERS&lt;br /&gt;elevated INR and activated partial thromboplastin time as well. However, in these conditions,&lt;br /&gt;damaged red cells are still cleared effectively by the spleen. Transformation to acute&lt;br /&gt;leukemia does not lead to splenic damage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I-115. The answer is A. (Chap. 60) Splenectomy leads to an increased risk of overwhelming&lt;br /&gt;postsplenectomy sepsis, an infection that carries an extremely high mortality rate. The most&lt;br /&gt;commonly implicated organisms are encapsulated. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus&lt;br /&gt;influenzae and sometime gram-negative enteric organisms are most frequently isolated.&lt;br /&gt;There is no known increased risk for any viral infections. Vaccination for S. pneumoniae, H.&lt;br /&gt;influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis is indicated for any patient who may undergo splenectomy.&lt;br /&gt;The vaccines should be given at least 2 weeks before surgery. The highest risk of sepsis&lt;br /&gt;occurs in patients under 20 because the spleen is responsible for first-pass immunity and&lt;br /&gt;younger patients are more likely to have primary exposure to implicated organisms. The risk&lt;br /&gt;is highest during the first 3 years after splenectomy and persists at a lower rate until death.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I-116. The answer is A. (Chap. 49) Erectile dysfunction increases with age but is not considered&lt;br /&gt;a normal part of the aging process. This patient has evidence of atherosclerosis, which is the&lt;br /&gt;most common organic cause of erectile dysfunction in males. Medications account for 25%&lt;br /&gt;of cases of erectile dysfunction: diuretics, beta blockers and other antihypertensives being&lt;br /&gt;common culprits. Psychogenic erectile dysfunction can cause or be caused by organic erectile&lt;br /&gt;dysfunction. We are given no indication that this patient is experiencing a relationship conflict&lt;br /&gt;or that he has developed performance anxiety. This patient is not clinically hypogonadal.&lt;br /&gt;I-117. The answer is D. (Chap. 49) This patient has vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil,&lt;br /&gt;tadalafil, and vardenafil are the only approved and effective agents for erectile dysfunction&lt;br /&gt;due to psychogenic, diabetic, or vasculogenic causes or resulting from postradical&lt;br /&gt;prostatectomy and spinal cord injury. As such, they should be considered as first-line therapy.&lt;br /&gt;If the patient were to fail to respond to oral agents, intraurethral vasoactive substances&lt;br /&gt;are a reasonable next choice. Implantation of a penile prosthesis would be of consideration&lt;br /&gt;if intraurethral or intracavernosal injections failed. Sex therapy will not address the organic&lt;br /&gt;dysfunction that this patient has, as evidenced by the lack of nocturnal erections.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I-118. The answer is C. (Chap. 49) Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) includes disorders of desire, arousal, pain, and muted orgasm. The risk factors for FSD are similar to those in&lt;br /&gt;men including cardiovascular disease, endocrine diseases, neurologic disorders, and&lt;br /&gt;smoking. The female sexual response requires the presence of estrogens and possibly androgens.&lt;br /&gt;While the neurotransmission for clitoral corporal engorgement are the same as&lt;br /&gt;for men and include nitric oxide, the use of PDE-5 inhibitors for FSD has not been&lt;br /&gt;proven efficacious and should be discouraged until proof is available that they are effective.&lt;br /&gt;PDE-5 inhibitors have not been shown to be of more or less benefit in pre- or postmenopausal&lt;br /&gt;women. For FSD, behavioral and nonpharmacologic therapies including&lt;br /&gt;lifestyle modification, medication adjustment, and use of lubricants should be a first step.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I-119. The answer is B. (Chap. 41) Patients with unintentional weight loss of &gt;5% of the total&lt;br /&gt;body weight over a 6- to 12-month period should prompt an evaluation. In the elderly,&lt;br /&gt;weight loss is an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality. Studies in the elderly&lt;br /&gt;have found mortality rates of 10–15%/year in patients with significant unintentional&lt;br /&gt;weight loss. It is important to confirm the weight loss and the duration of time over which&lt;br /&gt;it occurred. The causes of weight loss are protean and usually become apparent after a&lt;br /&gt;careful evaluation and directed testing. A thorough review of systems should be performed&lt;br /&gt;including constitutional, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and psychiatric. Travel history and&lt;br /&gt;risk factors for HIV are also important. Medications and supplements should be reviewed.&lt;br /&gt;The physical examination must include an examination of the skin, oropharynx, thyroid&lt;br /&gt;gland, lymphatic system, abdomen, rectum, prostate, neurologic system, and pelvis. A reasonable&lt;br /&gt;laboratory approach would include an initial phase of testing including the tests&lt;br /&gt;outlined in this scenario. In the absence of signs or symptoms, close follow-up rather than&lt;br /&gt;undirected testing is appropriate. Total-body scanning with PET or CT has not been&lt;br /&gt;shown to be effective as screening tests without a clinical indication.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I-120. The answer is A. (Chaps. 56 and 311) Drugs can trigger inflammatory mediators (histamine, leukotrienes, etc.) directly; i.e., the pharmacoimmune concept. These “anaphylactoid” responses are not IgE-mediated. NSAIDS, aspirin, and radiocontrast media are frequent causes of pharmacologically mediated anaphylactoid reactions. Given that this is an investigational drug, it is improbable that patients in this study have taken this drug before. T cell clones have been obtained after pharmacologically mediated anaphylactoid reactions, with a majority being CD4+. A constitutively IgE receptor would not manifest solely after drug exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I-121. The answer is D. (Chap. 214) Anthrax is caused by the gram-positive spore-forming rod Bacillus anthrax. Anthrax spores may be the prototypical disease of bioterrorism. Although not spread person to person, inhalational anthrax has a high mortality, a low infective dose (five spores), and may be spread widely with aerosols after bioengineering. It is well-documented that anthrax spores were produced and stored as potential bioweapons. In 2001, the United States was exposed to anthrax spores delivered as a powder in letters. Of 11 patients with inhalation anthrax, 5 died. All 11 patients with cutaneous anthrax survived. Because anthrax spores can remain dormant in the respiratory tract for 6 weeks, the incubation period can be quite long and post-exposure antibiotics are recommended for 60 days. Trials of a recombinant vaccine are underway. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I-122. The answer is D. (Chap. 214) The three major clinical forms of anthrax are gastrointestinal (GI), cutaneous, and inhalational. GI anthrax results from eating contaminated meat and is an unlikely bioweapon. Cutaneous anthrax results from contact with the spores and results in a black eschar lesion. Cutaneous anthrax had a 20% mortality before antibiotics became available. Inhalational anthrax typically presents with the most deadly form and is the most likely bioweapon. The spores are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages and transported to the mediastinum. Subsequent germination, toxin elaboration, and hematogenous spread cause septic shock. A characteristic radiographic finding is mediastinal widening and pleural effusion. Prompt initiation of antibiotics is essential as mortality is likely 100% without specific treatment. Inhalational anthrax is not known to be contagious. Provided that there is no concern for release of another highly infectious agent such as smallpox, only routine precautions are warranted. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I-123. The answer is F. (Chap. 214) Smallpox has been proposed as a potential bioweapon. It is essential that clinicians be able to recognize this infection clinically and distinguish it from the common infection with varicella. Infection with smallpox occurs principally with close contact, although saliva droplets or aerosols may also spread disease. Approximately 12–14 days after exposure, the patient develops high fever, malaise, nausea, vomiting, headache, and a maculopapular rash that begins on the face and extremities and spreads (centripetally) to the trunk with lesions at the same stage of development at any given location. This is in contrast to the rash of varicella (chickenpox), which begins on the face and trunk and spreads (centrifugally) to the extremities with lesions at all stages of development at any given location. Smallpox is associated with a 10–30% mortality. Vaccination with vaccinia (cowpox) is effective, even if given during the incubation period. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I-124. The answer is C. (Chap. 214) Tularemia, caused by the small nonmotile gram-negative coccobacillus Francisella tularensis, has been proposed as a potential bioweapon (CDC category A) because of its high degree of environmental infectiousness, potential for aerolization, and ability to cause severe pneumonia. It is not as lethal as anthrax or plague (Yersinia pestis). Infection with F. tularensis is most common in rural areas where small mammals serve as a reservoir. Human infections may occur from tick or mosquito bites or from contact with infected animals while hunting. The isolation of this pathogen in two patients without obvious exposure risk factors should prompt concern that a terrorist has intentionally aerosolized F. tularensis as an agent of bioterror. It is highly infectious, with as few as 10 organisms causing infection, and outbreaks have been reported in microbiology laboratory workers streaking Petri dishes. However, it is not infectious person- to-person. Streptomycin, doxycycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin are likely effective agents; however, given the possibility of genetically altered organisms, broad-spectrum antibiotics are indicated pending sensitivity testing. In outbreaks, tularemia pneumonia has a mortality of 30–60% in untreated patients and &lt;2%&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I-125. The answer is C. (Chap. 389) The most common physical effects of smoking marijuana are conjunctival infection and tachycardia; however, tolerance for the tachycardia develops quickly among habitual users. Smoking marijuana can precipitate angina in those with a history of coronary artery disease, and such patients should be advised to abstain from smoking marijuana or using cannabis compounds. This effect may be more pronounced with smoking marijuana than cigarettes. Because chronic use of marijuana typically involves deep inhalation and prolonged retention of marijuana smoke, chronic smokers may develop chronic bronchial irritation and impaired single-breath carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO). Decreased sperm count, impaired sperm motility, and morphologic abnormalities of spermatozoa have been reported. Prospective studies demonstrated a correlation between impaired fetal growth and development with heavy marijuana use during pregnancy. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I-126. The answer is B. (Chap. 389) Although LSD abuse has been a well-known public health hazard, the use of LSD may be increasing in some communities in the Unites States among adolescents and young adults. LSD causes a variety of bizarre perceptual changes that can last for up to 18 h. Panic episodes due to LSD use (“bad trip”) are the most frequent medical emergency associated with LSD. These episodes may last up to 24 h and are best treated in a specialized psychiatric setting. Marijuana intoxication causes a feeling of euphoria and is associated with some impairment in cognition similar to alcohol intoxication. Heroin intoxication usually produces a feeling of euphoria and intoxication; panic attacks during usage are uncommon. Methamphetamine intoxication produces feelings of euphoria and decreases the fatigue associated with difficult life situations. Psychosis is possible with the ingestion of most illicit substances, depending on the user and the environmental setting; however, the classic panic attack associated with the “bad trip” of LSD is distinct in the predominance of paranoia and fear of imminent doom.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I-127. The answer is E. (Chap. e35) “Body packing” is a common practice among members of the illicit drug trade for transport of illicit drugs across international borders. Human “mules” swallow sealed packages of illicit drugs in special bags to conceal the drug from drug enforcement officials. Because these bags may rupture while in the gastrointestinal tract, all persons who are unconscious at airports, or who develop symptoms after returning from a country where drug trafficking is common, should be evaluated for this particular contingency. Initial examination is a cursory orifice examination, but abdominal imaging and bowel lavage are necessary in many cases. Confirmed cases need to be followed closely as further absorption of the drug is possible. Blood cultures and echocardiogram are only necessary if infective endocarditis is suspected. However, this patient has no fevers or indication of active drug abuse. CSF analysis would be necessary only if no obvious cause of the patient’s mental status change were available. As her respiratory rate is now elevated rather than low, her mental status is normal, and her oxygen saturations are high, there is little reason to expect CO2 retention or hypoxemia. A blood gas can likely be avoided unless her clinical status changes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I-128. The answer is D. (Chap. e35) Sympathetic toxidromes share many features including increased pulse, blood pressure, neuromuscular activity, tremulousness, delirium, and agitation. In many cases, these syndromes can be subclassified according to other features or relative strengths of the above symptoms. Sympathomimetics like cocaine and amphetamines cause extreme elevations in vital signs and organ damage due to peripheral vasoconstriction, usually in the absence of hallucinations. Benzodiazepine and alcohol withdrawal syndromes present similarly but hallucinations, and often seizures, are common in these conditions. Hot, dry, flushed skin, urinary retention, and absent bowel sounds characterize anticholinergic syndromes associated with antihistamines, antipsychotics, antiparkinsonian agents, muscle relaxants, and cyclic antidepressants. Nystagmus is a unique feature of ketamine and phencyclidine overdose. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I-129. The answer is E. (Chap. e35) Opiate overdose falls broadly into a toxidrome characterized by physiologic depression and sedation. If a history is obtained suggesting a toxic ingestion or injection, then the diagnosis is straightforward. However, this history is often absent and it can be a challenge initially to differentiate opiate toxicity from other central nervous system (CNS) and physiologic depressants. Therefore, naloxone should always be given as a diagnostic and therapeutic trial under circumstances of unexplained altered mental status, especially in the presence of coma or seizures. An immediate clinical improvement characterizes opiate overdose. In opiate overdose, abnormal vital signs occur exclusively as a result of central respiratory depression and the accompanying hypoxemia. Low blood pressure in an alert patient should prompt a search for an alternative explanation for the hypotension. An anion gap metabolic acidosis with normal lactate is seen in syndromes such as methanol or ethylene glycol ingestion: mental status change usually precedes vital sign changes, and vital signs are often discordant as a result of physiologic adjustments to the severity of the acidosis. Mydriasis is a result of stimulant use. Miosis is associated with CNS depression. Sweating and drooling are manifestations of cholinergic agents such as muscarinic and micotinic agonists.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I-130. The answer is A. (Chap. e35) Lithium interferes with cell membrane ion transport, leading to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and falsely elevated chloride. This can cause the appearance of low anion gap metabolic acidosis. Sequelae include nausea, vomiting, ataxia, encephalopathy, coma, seizures, arrhythmia, hyperthermia, permanent movement disorder, and/or encephalopathy. Severe cases are treated with bowel irrigation, endoscopic removal of long-acting formulations, hydration, and sometimes hemodialysis. Care should be taken because toxicity occurs at lower levels in chronic toxicity compared to acute toxicity. Salicylate toxicity leads to a normal osmolal gap as well as an elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, and sometimes normal anion gap metabolic acidosis. Methanol toxicity is associated with blindness and is characterized by an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis, with normal lactate and ketones, and a high osmolal gap. Propylene glycol toxicity causes an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis with elevated lactate and a high osmolal gap. The only electrolyte abnormalities associated with opiate overdose are compensatory to a primary respiratory acidosis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I-131. The answer is B. (Chap. e35) The clinical ramifications of this question are critical. Drug effects begin earlier, peak later, and last longer in the context of overdose, compared to commonly referenced values. Therefore, if a patient has a known ingestion of a toxic dose of a dangerous substance and symptoms have not yet begun, then aggressive gut decontamination should ensue, because symptoms are apt to ensue rapidly. The late peak and longer duration of action are important as well. A common error in practice is for patients to be released or watched less carefully after reversal of toxicity associated with an opiate agonist or benzodiazepine. However, the duration of activity of the offending toxic agent often exceeds the half-life of the antagonists, naloxone or flumazenil, requiring the administration of subsequent doses several hours later to prevent further central nervous system or physiologic depression.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I-132. The answer is E (Chap. e35) Management of the toxin-induced seizure includes addressing the underlying cause of the seizure, antiepileptic therapy, reversal of the toxin effect, and supportive management. In this patient, lithium toxicity has led to diabetes insipidus and encephalopathy. The patient was unlikely to take in free water due to his incapacitated state, and as a result developed hypernatremia. The hypernatremia and lithium toxicity are contributing to his seizure and should be addressed with careful free water replacement and bowel irrigation, plus hemodialysis. As he is not protecting his airway, supportive management will need to include endotracheal intubation. Antiseizure prophylaxis with first-line agent, a benzodiazepine, has failed, and therefore he should be treated with a barbiturate as well as a benzodiazepine. Benzodiazepines should be continued as they work by a different mechanism than barbiturates in preventing seizures. Phenytoin is contraindicated for the use of toxic seizures due to worse outcomes documented in clinical trials for this indication.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I-133. The answer is E. (Chap. e35) Gastric decontamination is controversial because there are few data to support or refute its use more than an hour after ingestion. It remains a very common practice in most hospitals. Syrup of ipecac is no longer endorsed for inhospital use and is controversial even for home use, though its safety profile is well documented, and therefore it likely poses little harm for ingestions when the history is clear and the indication strong. Activated charcoal is generally the decontamination method of choice as it is the least aversive and least invasive option available. It is effective in decreasing systemic absorption if given within an hour of poison ingestion. It may be effective even later after ingestion for drugs with significant anticholinergic effect (e.g., tricyclic antidepressants). Considerations are poor visibility of the gastrointestinal tract on endoscopy following charcoal ingestion, and perhaps decreased absorption of oral drugs. Gastric lavage is the most invasive option and is effective, but it is occasionally associated with tracheal intubation and bowel-wall perforation. It is also the least comfortable option for the patient. Moreover, aspiration risk is highest in those undergoing gastric lavage. All three of the most common options for decontamination carry at least a 1% risk of an aspiration event, which warrants special consideration in the patient with mental status change. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I-134. The answer is C. (Chap. 60) To keep body weight stable, energy intake must match energy output. Energy output has two main determinants: resting energy expenditure and physical activity. Other, less clinically important determinants include energy expenditure to digest food and thermogenesis from shivering. Resting energy expenditure can be calculated and is 900 + 10w (where w = weight) in males and 700 + 7w in females. This calculation is then modified for physical activity level. The main determinant of resting energy expenditure is lean body mass. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2009/12/1-112-answer-is-e.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-9194696197606222847</guid><pubDate>Wed, 23 Dec 2009 19:51:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-12-23T12:47:08.949-08:00</atom:updated><title>1 harrison 17</title><description>&lt;strong&gt;I-1. and I-2. The answers are C and C. (Chap. 3) In evaluating the usefulness of a test, it is
&lt;br /&gt;imperative to understand the clinical implications of the sensitivity and specificity of that
&lt;br /&gt;test. By obtaining information about the prevalence of the disease in the population—the
&lt;br /&gt;specificity and sensitivity—one can generate a two-by-two table, as shown below. This table
&lt;br /&gt;is used to generate the total number of patients in each group of the population:
&lt;br /&gt;The sensitivity of the test is TP/(TP + FN). The specificity is TN/(TN + FP). In this case
&lt;br /&gt;the table is filled in as follows: &lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-3. The answer is A. (Chap. 3) A capitation system provides physicians with a fixed payment
&lt;br /&gt;per patient per year. This has the potential to encourage physicians to take on more
&lt;br /&gt;patients but to provide patients with fewer services because the physician is liable for
&lt;br /&gt;expenses. A fixed salary system encourages physicians to take on fewer patients. A fee-forservice
&lt;br /&gt;system encourages physicians to provide more services. Out-of-pocket services not
&lt;br /&gt;covered by insurers are available only to patients with adequate means to receive the service.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-4. The answer is C. (Chap. 3) A receiver operating characteristic curve plots sensitivity on
&lt;br /&gt;the y-axis and (1 – specificity) on the x-axis. Each point on the curve represents a cutoff
&lt;br /&gt;point of sensitivity and 1 – specificity. The area under the curve can be used as a quantitative
&lt;br /&gt;measure of the information content of a test. Values range from 0.5 (a 45° line) representing
&lt;br /&gt;no diagnostic information to 1.0 for a perfect test. See Figure I-4.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-5. The answer is A. (Chap. 3) Bayes’ theorem is used in an attempt to quantify uncertainty
&lt;br /&gt;by employing an equation that combines pretest probability with the testing characteristics
&lt;br /&gt;of specificity and sensitivity. The pretest probability quantitatively describes
&lt;br /&gt;the clinician’s certainty of a diagnosis after doing a history and physical examination. The
&lt;br /&gt;equation is
&lt;br /&gt;Disease Status
&lt;br /&gt;Test Result Present Absent
&lt;br /&gt;Positive True-positive False-positive
&lt;br /&gt;Negative False-negative True-negative
&lt;br /&gt;Total number of patients with disease Total number of patients without disease
&lt;br /&gt;Disease Status
&lt;br /&gt;Test Result Present Absent
&lt;br /&gt;Positive 42 237
&lt;br /&gt;Negative 8 713
&lt;br /&gt;Total number of patients with disease
&lt;br /&gt;= 50
&lt;br /&gt;Total number of patients without disease
&lt;br /&gt;= 950
&lt;br /&gt;Posttest probability Pretest probability ﾗ test sensitivity
&lt;br /&gt;Pretest probability ﾗ test sensitivity +
&lt;br /&gt;(1 – disease prevalence) ﾗ test false-positive rate
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;In this manner, the uncertainty one faces in clinical decision making is quantified. By inserting
&lt;br /&gt;numbers into the equation, one can see that a low pretest probability combined
&lt;br /&gt;with a poorly sensitive and specific test will yield a low posttest probability. However, the
&lt;br /&gt;same test result, when combined with a high pretest probability, will yield a high posttest
&lt;br /&gt;probability. There have been criticisms of this theorem. Unfortunately, few tests have
&lt;br /&gt;only two outcomes: positive and negative. This theorem does not take into account the
&lt;br /&gt;useful information that is gained from nonbinary test results. Further, it is cumbersome
&lt;br /&gt;to calculate the posttest probability for each individual circumstance and patient. Perhaps
&lt;br /&gt;the most useful lesson from Bayes’ theorem is to take into account pretest probability
&lt;br /&gt;when ordering tests or interpreting test results. To be clinically useful, a clinical scenario
&lt;br /&gt;with a low pretest probability will require a test with high sensitivity and specificity. Conversely,
&lt;br /&gt;a high pretest probability presentation can be confirmed by a test with only average
&lt;br /&gt;sensitivity and specificity.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-6. The answer is D. (Chap. 3) A positive likelihood ratio can only be interpreted in the
&lt;br /&gt;context of a pretest probability of disease. Disease prevalence in a certain region contributes
&lt;br /&gt;to the patient’s pretest probability. However, other factors such as the patient’s age,
&lt;br /&gt;clinical history and risk factors for the disease in question are also important in determining
&lt;br /&gt;pretest probability. Armed with an estimated pretest probability and a positive
&lt;br /&gt;test with a known likelihood ratio, the clinician can estimate a posttest probability of disease.
&lt;br /&gt;Generally, diagnostic tests are most useful in patients with a medium pretest probability
&lt;br /&gt;(25–75%) of having a disease. For example, in a patient with a low pretest
&lt;br /&gt;probability of disease, a positive test can be misleading in that the patient’s posttest probability
&lt;br /&gt;of disease is still low. The same applies for a patient with a high pretest probability
&lt;br /&gt;of disease with a negative test: the negative test usually does not rule out disease. It is
&lt;br /&gt;therefore incumbent upon the physician to have a rough estimate of the pretest probability
&lt;br /&gt;of disease, positive likelihood ratio of the diagnostic test, and negative likelihood ratio
&lt;br /&gt;of the diagnostic test prior to ordering the test.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-7. and. I-8. The answers are B and C. (Chap. 3) The goal of a meta-analysis is to summarize
&lt;br /&gt;the treatment benefit conferred by an intervention. Risk reduction is frequently expressed
&lt;br /&gt;by relative risk or odds ratios; however, clinicians also find it useful to be familiar with the
&lt;br /&gt;absolute risk reduction (ARR). This is the difference in mortality (or another endpoint)
&lt;br /&gt;between the treatment and the placebo arms. In this case, the absolute risk reduction is
&lt;br /&gt;10% – 2% = 8%. From this number, one can calculate the number needed to treat
&lt;br /&gt;(NNT), which is 1/ARR. The NNT is the number of patients who must receive the intervention
&lt;br /&gt;to prevent one death (or another outcome assessed in the study). In this case the
&lt;br /&gt;NNT is 1/8% = 12.5 patients.
&lt;br /&gt;FIGURE I-4 The receiver operating characteristic
&lt;br /&gt;(ROC) curves for three diagnostic exercise tests for detection
&lt;br /&gt;of CAD: exercise ECG, exercise SPECT, and exercise
&lt;br /&gt;echo. Each ROC curve illustrates the trade-off
&lt;br /&gt;that occurs between improved test sensitivity (accurate
&lt;br /&gt;detection of patients with disease) and improved test
&lt;br /&gt;specificity (accurate detection of patients without disease),
&lt;br /&gt;as the test value defining when the test turns
&lt;br /&gt;from “negative” to “positive” is varied. A 45° line would
&lt;br /&gt;indicate a test with no information (sensitivity = specificity
&lt;br /&gt;at every test value). The area under each ROC
&lt;br /&gt;curve is a measure of the information content of the
&lt;br /&gt;test. Moving to a test with a larger ROC area (e.g., from
&lt;br /&gt;exercise ECG to exercise echo) improves diagnostic accuracy.
&lt;br /&gt;However, these curves are not measured in the
&lt;br /&gt;same populations and the effect of referral biases on the
&lt;br /&gt;results cannot easily be discerned. (From KE Fleischmann
&lt;br /&gt;et al: JAMA 280:913, 1998, with permission.)
&lt;br /&gt;False-positive rate (1 – specificity)
&lt;br /&gt;True-positive rate (1 – sensitivity)
&lt;br /&gt;1.0
&lt;br /&gt;0.8
&lt;br /&gt;0.6
&lt;br /&gt;0.4
&lt;br /&gt;0.2
&lt;br /&gt;0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
&lt;br /&gt;ECHO
&lt;br /&gt;SPECT
&lt;br /&gt;No Imaging
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;20 I. INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL MEDICINE — ANSWERS
&lt;br /&gt;I-9. The answer is D. (Chaps. 3 and 219) Based on her age and history, the patient’s pretest
&lt;br /&gt;probability of coronary artery disease is extremely low. Even though the SPECT scan is a
&lt;br /&gt;test with good performance characteristics, a positive test is only meaningful in a patient
&lt;br /&gt;with medium pretest probability of coronary disease. This patient’s posttest probability of
&lt;br /&gt;coronary disease is still low to medium. The test should not have been ordered in the first
&lt;br /&gt;place and is an example of defensive medicine. Any further testing could expose the patient
&lt;br /&gt;to undue invasive testing and further anxiety. Her aspirin should be stopped; she should be
&lt;br /&gt;reassured; other causes of chest pain in a healthy young woman should be evaluated.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-10. The answer is C. (Chap. 6) Alzheimer’s disease (AD) affects women twice as commonly
&lt;br /&gt;as men. Women with AD have lower levels of circulating estrogen than agecontrolled
&lt;br /&gt;women without disease. Despite this, placebo-controlled trials have shown no
&lt;br /&gt;benefit in terms of cognitive decline for estrogen replacement in women with AD.
&lt;br /&gt;I-11. The answer is D. (Chap. 54) Men more commonly present with ventricular tachycardia
&lt;br /&gt;and women more commonly present with cardiogenic shock after MI. Younger women with
&lt;br /&gt;MI are more likely to die than their male counterparts of similar age. This may be partly related
&lt;br /&gt;to the observation that physicians are less likely to suspect heart disease in women with
&lt;br /&gt;chest pain and are less likely to perform diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in women.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-12. The answer is D. (Chap. 6) Exercise electrocardiographic testing has both higher false
&lt;br /&gt;positives and false negatives in women than in men. Women with myocardial infarctions
&lt;br /&gt;less often receive angioplasty, thrombolytics, aspirin, beta blockers, or CABGs than men.
&lt;br /&gt;While women have a greater perioperative mortality, lower graft patency rate, and less
&lt;br /&gt;angina relief than men after CABG, their 5- and 10-year mortality rates are not different
&lt;br /&gt;from those of men.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-13. The answer is D. (Chap. 6) Aspirin does not provide primary prevention for myocardial
&lt;br /&gt;infarction for women with coronary heart disease, but it does provide primary prevention
&lt;br /&gt;for ischemic stroke and is therefore a useful drug for women at risk for
&lt;br /&gt;atherosclerotic disease. Cholesterol-lowering drugs are as effective in women as in men
&lt;br /&gt;for primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Low HDL and diabetes
&lt;br /&gt;mellitus are more important risk factors in women than in men. Overall, women receive
&lt;br /&gt;fewer risk modification interventions than men, likely because of the perception that they
&lt;br /&gt;are at lower risk of coronary heart disease.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-14. The answer is C. (Chap. 10) Echinacea constituents have in vitro activity to stimulate
&lt;br /&gt;humoral and cellular immune responses. Yet clinical trials have not shown convincing efficacy
&lt;br /&gt;for respiratory infections. Ginkgo biloba is being evaluated in a large trial to evaluate
&lt;br /&gt;its efficacy in reducing the rate of onset or progression of dementia. However, there is
&lt;br /&gt;no current evidence that it improves cognition. Saw palmetto and African plum are
&lt;br /&gt;widely purchased by Americans to relieve symptomatic BPH, yet clinical trials of saw palmetto
&lt;br /&gt;have not shown efficacy. While St.-John’s-wort showed benefit in small and noncontrolled
&lt;br /&gt;trials, high-quality placebo-controlled trials showed no superiority compared
&lt;br /&gt;to placebo for patients with major depression of moderate severity. Only glucosamine/
&lt;br /&gt;chondroitin sulfate have proven benefit in a large multicenter controlled trial. It is not
&lt;br /&gt;known if it slows cartilage degeneration.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-15. The answer is D. (Chap. 5) Steady-state serum levels are achieved after five elimination
&lt;br /&gt;half-lives, when the dosing interval is 50% of the half-life. Therefore, from a pharmacokinetic
&lt;br /&gt;standpoint, the patient may not achieve full efficacy of the antihypertensive agent
&lt;br /&gt;until 10 days into therapy. Therefore checking for effect at 3 days is premature. Doubling
&lt;br /&gt;the dose or increasing the frequency may predispose to toxicity. There is no reason to add
&lt;br /&gt;a second agent or switch to another agent until completing a trial of adequate duration
&lt;br /&gt;on the current agent.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-16. The answer is A. (Chap. 5) The patient is developing full-blown cirrhosis and as a result
&lt;br /&gt;has impaired hepatic clearance of his morphine. This is due to impaired first-pass
&lt;br /&gt;metabolism as a consequence of abnormal liver architecture, depressed cytochrome P450
&lt;br /&gt;activity, and perhaps portacaval shunting. Physical and laboratory examinations reveal
&lt;br /&gt;evidence of worsening cirrhosis and opiate toxicity. Hepatic encephalopathy and subacute
&lt;br /&gt;bacterial peritonitis are considerations in the cirrhotic patient with impaired mental
&lt;br /&gt;status. However, the patient has no discernible ascites and no evidence of hepatic
&lt;br /&gt;encephalopathy on examination. The focus should be on reducing centrally acting therapies
&lt;br /&gt;such as morphine, rather than adding another medicine such as haloperidol.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-17. The answer is B. (Chap. 20) This patient presents with frostbite of the left foot. The
&lt;br /&gt;most common presenting symptom of this disorder is sensory changes that affect pain
&lt;br /&gt;and temperature. Physical examination can have a multitude of findings, depending on
&lt;br /&gt;the degree of tissue damage. Mild frostbite will show erythema and anesthesia. With
&lt;br /&gt;more extensive damage, bullae and vesicles will develop. Hemorrhagic vesicles are due to
&lt;br /&gt;injury to the microvasculature. The prognosis is most favorable when the presenting area
&lt;br /&gt;is warm and has a normal color. Treatment is with rapid rewarming, which usually is accomplished
&lt;br /&gt;with a 37 to 40°C (98.6 to 104°F) water bath. The period of rewarming can be
&lt;br /&gt;intensely painful for the patient, and often narcotic analgesia is warranted. If the pain is
&lt;br /&gt;intolerable, the temperature of the water bath can be dropped slightly. Compartment
&lt;br /&gt;syndrome can develop with rewarming and should be investigated if cyanosis persists after
&lt;br /&gt;rewarming. No medications have been shown to improve outcomes, including heparin,
&lt;br /&gt;steroids, calcium channel blockers, and hyperbaric oxygen. In the absence of wet
&lt;br /&gt;gangrene or another emergent surgical indication, decisions about the need for amputation
&lt;br /&gt;or debridement should be deferred until the boundaries of the tissue injury are well
&lt;br /&gt;demarcated. After recovery from the initial insult, these patients often have neuronal injury
&lt;br /&gt;with abnormal sympathetic tone in the extremity. Other remote complications include
&lt;br /&gt;cutaneous carcinomas, nail deformities, and, in children, epiphyseal damage.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-18. The answer is C. (Chap. 9) Urinary incontinence occurring randomly without associated
&lt;br /&gt;Valsalva or other stress is most likely detrusor overactivity. This disorder is the most
&lt;br /&gt;common type of incontinence in the elderly, both males and females. In females there is
&lt;br /&gt;no need to do further testing in a patient with long-standing incontinence; however, in
&lt;br /&gt;males urethral obstruction is often coexistent, and urodynamic testing is indicated to investigate
&lt;br /&gt;this possibility. An abrupt onset of symptoms or associated suprapubic pain in
&lt;br /&gt;either sex should prompt cystoscopy and urine cytologic testing to evaluate for bladder
&lt;br /&gt;stones, tumor, or infection. First-line therapy is behavioral therapy with or without biofeedback.
&lt;br /&gt;Frequent timed voiding is often successful. If drugs are imperative, oxybutynin
&lt;br /&gt;or tolterodine can be tried with close follow-up to ensure that urinary retention does not
&lt;br /&gt;occur. Desmopressin must be used with extreme caution in this population. Indeed, patients
&lt;br /&gt;with heart failure, chronic kidney disease, or hyponatremia should not take this
&lt;br /&gt;medication. Indwelling catheters are rarely indicated for this disorder; instead, external
&lt;br /&gt;collection devices or protective pads or undergarments are favored.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-19. The answer is B. (Chaps. 5 and 9) Adverse drug reactions in the geriatric population are
&lt;br /&gt;common, occurring two to three times more frequently than they do in younger patients.
&lt;br /&gt;This is due to several factors. Drug clearance is altered because of decreased renal plasma
&lt;br /&gt;flow and glomerular filtration as well as decreased hepatic clearance. Furthermore, the volume
&lt;br /&gt;of distribution of many drugs is decreased with a drop in total body water. However, in
&lt;br /&gt;older persons there is a relative increase in fat, which will lengthen the half-life of fat-soluble
&lt;br /&gt;medications. Serum albumin levels decline in general in the elderly, particularly in the hospitalized
&lt;br /&gt;and sick population. As a result, drugs that are primarily protein-bound, such as warfarin
&lt;br /&gt;and phenytoin, will have higher free or active levels at similar doses. Care must be taken
&lt;br /&gt;in interpreting total serum levels for these drugs because a low total level may be accompanied
&lt;br /&gt;by a normal free level and thus be appropriately therapeutic.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-20. The answer is A. (Chap. 5) In population surveys of noninstitutionalized elderly, up to
&lt;br /&gt;10% had at least one adverse drug reaction in the prior year. Adverse drug reactions are
&lt;br /&gt;common in the elderly and are related to altered drug sensitivity, impaired renal or hepatic
&lt;br /&gt;clearance, impaired homeostatic mechanisms, and drug interactions. Long half-life
&lt;br /&gt;benzodiazepines are linked to the increased occurrence of hip fractures in the elderly. The
&lt;br /&gt;association may be due to the increased risk of falling (related to sedation) in a population
&lt;br /&gt;with a high prevalence of osteoporosis. This association may also be true for other
&lt;br /&gt;drugs with sedative properties such as opioids or antipsychotics. Exaggerated responses
&lt;br /&gt;to cardiovascular drugs such as ACE inhibitors may occur because of a blunted vasoconstrictor
&lt;br /&gt;or chronotropic response to reduced blood pressure. Conversely, elderly patients
&lt;br /&gt;often display decreased sensitivity to beta blockers.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-21. The answer is C. (Chap. 5) Grapefruit juice inhibits CYP3A4 in the liver, particularly at
&lt;br /&gt;high doses. This can cause decreased drug elimination via hepatic metabolism and increase
&lt;br /&gt;potential drug toxicities. Atorvastatin is metabolized via this pathway. Drugs that may enhance
&lt;br /&gt;atorvastatin toxicity via this mechanism include phenytoin, ritonavir, clarithromycin,
&lt;br /&gt;and azole antifungals. Aspirin is cleared via renal mechanisms. Prevacid can cause impaired
&lt;br /&gt;absorption of other drugs via its effect on gastric pH. Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor
&lt;br /&gt;that may enhance the effect of nitrate medications and cause hypotension.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-22. The answer is A. (Chaps. 18 and 185) Based on the characteristic rash and Koplik’s
&lt;br /&gt;spots, this patient has measles. A rare but feared complication of measles is subacute sclerosing
&lt;br /&gt;panencephalitis. His examination does not support epiglottitis as he has no drooling
&lt;br /&gt;or dysphagia. His rash is not characteristic of acute HIV infection, and he lacks the
&lt;br /&gt;pharyngitis and arthralgias commonly seen with this diagnosis. The rash is not consistent
&lt;br /&gt;with herpes zoster, and he is quite young to invoke this diagnosis. Splenic rupture occasionally
&lt;br /&gt;occurs with infectious mononucleosis, but this patient has no pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy,
&lt;br /&gt;or splenomegaly to suggest this diagnosis.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-23. and. I-24. The answers are D and D. (Chap. 215) This patient has symptoms of an acute
&lt;br /&gt;cholinergic crisis as seen in cases of organophosphate poisoning. Organophosphates are
&lt;br /&gt;the “classic” nerve agents, and several different compounds may act in this manner, including
&lt;br /&gt;sarin, tabun, soman, and cyclosarin. Except for agent VX, all the organophosphates
&lt;br /&gt;are liquid at standard room temperature and pressure and are highly volatile, with
&lt;br /&gt;the onset of symptoms occurring within minutes to hours after exposure. VX is an oily
&lt;br /&gt;liquid with a low vapor pressure; therefore, it does not acutely cause symptoms. However,
&lt;br /&gt;it is an environmental hazard because it can persist in the environment for a longer period.
&lt;br /&gt;Organophosphates act by inhibiting tissue synaptic acetylcholinesterase. Symptoms
&lt;br /&gt;differ between vapor exposure and liquid exposure because the organophosphate acts in
&lt;br /&gt;the tissue upon contact. The first organ exposed with vapor exposure is the eyes, causing
&lt;br /&gt;rapid and persistent pupillary constriction. After the sarin gas attacks in the Tokyo subway
&lt;br /&gt;in 1994 and 1995, survivors frequently complained that their “world went black” as
&lt;br /&gt;the first symptom of exposure. This is rapidly followed by rhinorrhea, excessive salivation,
&lt;br /&gt;and lacrimation. In the airways, organophosphates cause bronchorrhea and bronchospasm.
&lt;br /&gt;It is in the alveoli that organophosphates gain the greatest extent of entry into
&lt;br /&gt;the blood. As organophosphates circulate, other symptoms appear, including nausea,
&lt;br /&gt;vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle fasciculations. Death occurs with central nervous system
&lt;br /&gt;penetration causing central apnea and status epilepticus. The effects on the heart rate and
&lt;br /&gt;blood pressure are unpredictable.
&lt;br /&gt;Treatment requires a multifocal approach. Initially, decontamination of clothing and
&lt;br /&gt;wounds is important for both the patient and the caregiver. Clothing should be removed
&lt;br /&gt;before contact with the health care provider. In Tokyo, 10% of emergency personnel developed
&lt;br /&gt;miosis related to contact with patients’ clothing. Three classes of medication are
&lt;br /&gt;important in treating organophosphate poisoning: anticholinergics, oximes, and anticonvulsant
&lt;br /&gt;agents. Initially, atropine at doses of 2 to 6 mg should be given intravenously
&lt;br /&gt;or intramuscularly to reverse the effects of organophosphates at muscarinic receptors; it
&lt;br /&gt;has no effect on nicotinic receptors. Thus, atropine rapidly treats life-threatening respiratory
&lt;br /&gt;depression but does not affect neuromuscular or sympathetic effects. This should
&lt;br /&gt;be followed by the administration of an oxime, which is a nucleophile compound that
&lt;br /&gt;reactivates the cholinesterase whose active site has been bound to a nerve agent. Depending
&lt;br /&gt;on the nerve agent used, oxime may not be helpful because it is unable to bind
&lt;br /&gt;to “aged” complexes that have undergone degradation of a side chain of the nerve agent,
&lt;br /&gt;making it negatively charged. Soman undergoes aging within 2 min, thus rendering
&lt;br /&gt;oxime therapy useless. The currently approved oxime in the United States is 2-pralidoxime.
&lt;br /&gt;Finally, the only anticonvulsant class of drugs that is effective in seizures caused
&lt;br /&gt;by organophosphate poisoning is benzodiazepines. The dose required is frequently
&lt;br /&gt;higher than that used for epileptic seizures, requiring the equivalent of 40 mg of diazepam
&lt;br /&gt;given in frequent doses. All other classes of anticonvulsant medications, including
&lt;br /&gt;phenytoin, barbiturates, carbamazepine, and valproic acid, will not improve seizures related
&lt;br /&gt;to organophosphate poisoning.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-25. The answer is E. (Chap. 215) Cyanide is an asphyxiant that causes death by inhibiting
&lt;br /&gt;cellular respiration. It is a colorless liquid or gas that has a typical smell of almonds. The
&lt;br /&gt;onset of symptoms after cyanide exposure is rapid and usually begins with eye irritation.
&lt;br /&gt;The skin is flushed. The patient rapidly develops confusion, tachypnea, and tachycardia.
&lt;br /&gt;With severe poisoning, death results from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
&lt;br /&gt;and hypoxemia with lactic acidosis. The antidote for cyanide poisoning is a combination
&lt;br /&gt;of sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-26. The answer is A. (Chap. 215) Sulfur mustard was the first weaponized chemical and
&lt;br /&gt;was first used in World War I, accounting for 70% of the estimated 1.3 million chemical
&lt;br /&gt;casualties in that war. It remains a significant terrorist threat today because of simplicity
&lt;br /&gt;of manufacture and effectiveness. Sulfur mustard constitutes both a vapor and a liquid
&lt;br /&gt;chemical threat. It acts as a DNA-alkylating agent and affects rapidly dividing cells. The
&lt;br /&gt;effects of sulfur mustard are delayed 2 h to2 days, depending on the severity of exposure.
&lt;br /&gt;The organs most commonly affected are the skin, eyes, and airways. Late bone marrow
&lt;br /&gt;suppression also occurs 7 to 21 days after exposure. Erythema resembling a sunburn is
&lt;br /&gt;the mildest form of injury. This progresses to large flaccid bullae containing sterile serous
&lt;br /&gt;fluid. Large portions of body-surface area may be affected, similar to the situation in
&lt;br /&gt;burn victims. The primary airway lesion is necrosis of the mucosa. Clinically, this causes
&lt;br /&gt;pseudomembrane formation and, in the most severe cases, airway obstruction. Laryngospasm
&lt;br /&gt;may also occur. The effects on the eyes include conjunctivitis, blepharospasm,
&lt;br /&gt;pain, and corneal damage. Death results from airway obstruction, pneumonia, secondary
&lt;br /&gt;skin infections, or sepsis with neutropenia. There is no antidote to mustard gas or liquid
&lt;br /&gt;exposure. Treatment is supportive, ensuring adequate analgesia and hydration. Application
&lt;br /&gt;of topical glucocorticoids before denudation of skin may be useful. Small blisters
&lt;br /&gt;should be left intact, but large bullae should be unroofed. The fluid is sterile and does not
&lt;br /&gt;contain mustard derivatives. Silver sulfadiazine or other topical antibiotics should be
&lt;br /&gt;used to prevent secondary skin infections. Conjunctival irritation should be treated with
&lt;br /&gt;topical solutions, including antibiotics. Petroleum jelly should be applied to the eyelids to
&lt;br /&gt;prevent them from sticking together. Intubation may be necessary for protection against
&lt;br /&gt;airway obstruction. Repeated bronchoscopy may also be needed to remove pseudomembranes.
&lt;br /&gt;Finally, careful follow-up for the development of marrow suppression is needed.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-27. The answer is C. (Chaps. 18 and 167) This patient likely has Rocky Mountain spotted
&lt;br /&gt;fever. The headache and thrombocytopenia after a recent camping trip in a rickettsial endemic
&lt;br /&gt;region are typical findings. As this is usually a serologic diagnosis requiring significant
&lt;br /&gt;laboratory processing time, and can be fatal, empirical therapy with doxycycline is
&lt;br /&gt;warranted. The lack of a rash does not preclude this diagnosis because the characteristic
&lt;br /&gt;macular rash spreading from the wrists and ankles centripetally appears 2–5 days after
&lt;br /&gt;the first fever. Atovaquone is used for babesiosis, a disease that is defined by hemolysis
&lt;br /&gt;and is not prevalent in the Ozarks. The patient has no evidence of bacterial meningitis to
&lt;br /&gt;warrant empirical coverage. While fever and myalgias are typical of influenza, it is most
&lt;br /&gt;common in winter and does not typically cause thrombocytopenia.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-28. The answer is C. (Chaps. 18 and 129) This case is likely toxic shock syndrome, given
&lt;br /&gt;the clinical appearance of septic shock with no positive blood cultures. The characteristic
&lt;br /&gt;diffuse rash, as well as the lack of a primary infected site, make staphylococcus the more
&lt;br /&gt;likely inciting agent. Streptococcal toxic shock usually has a prominent primary site of in
&lt;br /&gt;fection, but the diffuse rash is usually much more subtle than in this case. Staphylococcal
&lt;br /&gt;toxic shock can be associated with immunosuppression, surgical wounds, or retained
&lt;br /&gt;tampons. Mere Staphylococcus aureus colonization (with an appropriate toxigenic strain)
&lt;br /&gt;can incite toxic shock. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines state that
&lt;br /&gt;measles, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and leptospirosis need to be ruled out serologically
&lt;br /&gt;to confirm the diagnosis. However, this patient is at very low risk for these diagnoses
&lt;br /&gt;based on vaccination and travel history. JRA would become a consideration only if the fevers
&lt;br /&gt;were more prolonged and there was documented evidence of organomegaly and enlarged
&lt;br /&gt;lymph nodes.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-29. The answer is C. (Chap. 214) Using the characteristics listed in the question, the CDC
&lt;br /&gt;developed classifications of biologic agents that are based on their potential to be used as
&lt;br /&gt;bioweapons. Six types of agents have been designated as category A: Bacillus anthracis,
&lt;br /&gt;botulinum toxin, Yersinia pestis, smallpox, tularemia, and the many viruses that cause viral
&lt;br /&gt;hemorrhagic fever. Those viruses include Lassa virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Ebola virus,
&lt;br /&gt;and yellow fever virus.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-30. The answer is E. (Chaps. 18 and 149) Vibrio vulnificus is a marine-borne gram-negative
&lt;br /&gt;rod that causes overwhelming sepsis in the immunocompromised host, particularly
&lt;br /&gt;cirrhotic patients. Modes of infection are direct wound inoculation or ingestion via raw
&lt;br /&gt;seafood. Presentation is rapid with the classic skin findings described in this case, which
&lt;br /&gt;approximate purpura fulminans as the illness progresses. Mortality is &gt;50%, even with
&lt;br /&gt;appropriate and early antibiotics.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-31. The answer is C. (Chap. 17) Hyperthermia occurs when exogenous heat exposure or an
&lt;br /&gt;endogenous heat-producing process, such as neuroleptic malignant syndrome or malignant
&lt;br /&gt;hyperthermia, leads to high internal temperatures despite a normal hypothalamic
&lt;br /&gt;temperature set point. Fever occurs when a pyrogen such as a microbial toxin, microbe
&lt;br /&gt;particle, or cytokine resets the hypothalamus to a higher temperature. A particular temperature
&lt;br /&gt;cutoff point does not define hyperthermia. Rigidity and autonomic dysregulation
&lt;br /&gt;are characteristic of malignant hyperthermia, a subset of hyperthermia. Fever, not
&lt;br /&gt;hyperthermia, responds to antipyretics.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-32. The answer is D. (Chap. 17) This patient has malignant hyperthermia, for which dantrolene
&lt;br /&gt;and external cooling are appropriate interventions. Malignant hyperthermia occurs
&lt;br /&gt;in individuals with a genetic predisposition that causes elevated skeletal muscle
&lt;br /&gt;intracellular calcium concentration after exposure to some inhaled anesthetics or succinylcholine.
&lt;br /&gt;Cardiovascular instability is common within minutes. Although malignant
&lt;br /&gt;hyperthermia is rare, these drugs are used commonly, and without prompt recognition
&lt;br /&gt;the condition may be fatal. There is no role for antipyretics as the thalamic set point for
&lt;br /&gt;temperature is likely not altered in the setting of hyperthermia.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-33. The answer is E. (Chap. 17) The elderly and the very young are at highest risk of nonexertional
&lt;br /&gt;heat stroke. Environmental stress (heat wave) is the most common precipitating
&lt;br /&gt;factor, particularly in the bedridden or for those living in poorly ventilated or nonair-
&lt;br /&gt;conditioned conditions. Medications such as antiparkinson treatment, diuretics, or
&lt;br /&gt;anticholinergic therapy increase the risk of heat stroke.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-34. The answer is A. (Chap. 20) Initial focus should be aggressive rewarming. Further attempts
&lt;br /&gt;at defibrillation are unlikely to work until core temperature is normalized.
&lt;br /&gt;Pharmacologic strategies are also ineffective in the setting of hypothermia, though the
&lt;br /&gt;possibility of toxicity based on accumulation of drug does exist once successful rewarming
&lt;br /&gt;is achieved. If initial active rewarming techniques are ineffective, cardiopulmonary
&lt;br /&gt;bypass, warmed hemodialysis, peritoneal lavage with warmed fluid, or pleural
&lt;br /&gt;lavage with warmed fluid should be considered on an emergent basis. A pacemaker will
&lt;br /&gt;not be effective for ventricular fibrillation and may provoke arrhythmias due to ventricular
&lt;br /&gt;irritability.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-35. The answer is B. (Chap. 72) Albumin has a half-life of 2 to 3 weeks and is a sensitive
&lt;br /&gt;but nonspecic measure of protein-calorie malnutrition. Other situations in which albumin
&lt;br /&gt;is low include sepsis, surgery, overhydration, and increased plasma volume, including
&lt;br /&gt;congestive heart failure, renal failure, and chronic liver disease. Among the
&lt;br /&gt;other markers of nutritional state, transferrin has a half-life of 1 week. Prealbumin and
&lt;br /&gt;retinol-binding protein complex have the same half-life of 2 days. Fibronectin has the
&lt;br /&gt;shortest half-life: 1 day.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-36. The answer is C. (Chap. 20) This patient has severe frostbite vesiculations implying
&lt;br /&gt;deep tissue injury, including the microvasculature. Medical therapy with intravenous or
&lt;br /&gt;topical vasodilators is not effective in this setting. Decisions regarding surgical debridement
&lt;br /&gt;and amputation are best made in the chronic stage of management rather than
&lt;br /&gt;acutely in the absence of infection. Initially, rewarming and aggressive analgesia with opiates
&lt;br /&gt;are the mainstay of therapy.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-37. The answer is D. (Chap. 4) It is important to contrast the relative risk reduction of an
&lt;br /&gt;intervention versus the absolute risk reduction. The ARR is 0.88% – 0.59% = 0.29%
&lt;br /&gt;(note: rates are per 1000 persons). The relative risk reduction in this case is ~30%. It
&lt;br /&gt;might be predicted, therefore, that this intervention might result in a 30% decrease in colon
&lt;br /&gt;cancer mortality if widely implemented in a target population. However, the ARR is
&lt;br /&gt;much smaller; 1 divided by the absolute risk reduction (1/ARR) equals the number
&lt;br /&gt;needed to treat to prevent one colon cancer death. In this case, that number is ~330.
&lt;br /&gt;Therefore, while the impact on a population level might be large, it takes a large number
&lt;br /&gt;of patients to prevent one event with the intervention (FOBT).
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-38. The answer is B. (Chap. 4) Predicted increases in life expectancy are average numbers
&lt;br /&gt;that apply to populations, not individuals. Because we often do not understand the true nature
&lt;br /&gt;of risk of disease, screening and lifestyle interventions usually benefit a small proportion
&lt;br /&gt;of the total population. For screening tests, false positives may also increase the risk of
&lt;br /&gt;diagnostic tests. While Pap smears increase life expectancy overall by only 2–3 months, for
&lt;br /&gt;the individual at risk of cervical cancer, Pap smear screening may add many years to life.
&lt;br /&gt;The average life expectancy increases resulting from mammography (1 month), PSA (2
&lt;br /&gt;weeks), or exercise (1–2 years) are less than from quitting smoking (3–5 years).
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-39. The answer is B. (Chaps. 4 and 235) Current guidelines from the National Cholesterol
&lt;br /&gt;Education Project Adult Treatment Panel III recommend screening in all adults &gt;20 years
&lt;br /&gt;old. The testing should include fasting total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein
&lt;br /&gt;cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The screening should be repeated
&lt;br /&gt;every 5 years. All patients with Type 1 diabetes should have lipids followed closely
&lt;br /&gt;to decrease cardiovascular risk by combining the results of lipid screening with other risk
&lt;br /&gt;factors to determine risk category and intensity of recommended treatment.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-40. The answer is C. (Chap. 386) Generalized anxiety disorder is common, with a lifetime
&lt;br /&gt;prevalence of approximately 5% and with the onset of symptoms often occurring
&lt;br /&gt;before age 20. These patients frequently report having feelings of anxiety and social
&lt;br /&gt;phobia that date back to childhood. Clinically, these patients report persistent, excessive,
&lt;br /&gt;and unrealistic worries that prevent normal functioning. In addition, there is often
&lt;br /&gt;the complaint of feeling “on edge” with nervousness, arousal, and insomnia.
&lt;br /&gt;However, unlike panic disorder, palpitations, tachycardia, and shortness of breath are
&lt;br /&gt;rare. Pathophysiologically, there is likely to be impaired function of the GABA receptor
&lt;br /&gt;with decreased binding of benzodiazepines at that receptor. Therapy should include a
&lt;br /&gt;combination of drugs and psychotherapy. Drugs that may be used include benzodiazepines,
&lt;br /&gt;buspirone, and anticonvulsants with GABAergic properties, such as gabapentin,
&lt;br /&gt;tiagabine, and divalproex.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-41. The answer is D. (Chap. 10; Wilt et al.) Because plant products are in widespread use in
&lt;br /&gt;the well-accepted therapeutic armamentarium of Western medicine (e.g., digoxin, taxol,
&lt;br /&gt;penicillin), it should not be surprising that several “herbal remedies” have been demon
&lt;br /&gt;strated in prospective clinical trials to be beneficial. For example, Saint John’s wort is
&lt;br /&gt;more effective than placebo for mild to moderate depression; the mechanism is not
&lt;br /&gt;known, although the metabolism of several neurotransmitters is inhibited by this substance.
&lt;br /&gt;Kava products have antianxiolytic activity. Extracts of the fruit of the saw palmetto,
&lt;br /&gt;Serona repens, have been shown to decrease nocturia and improve peak urinary
&lt;br /&gt;flow compared with placebo in males with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Saw palmetto
&lt;br /&gt;extracts affect the metabolism of androgens, including the inhibition of dihydrotestosterone
&lt;br /&gt;binding to androgen receptors.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-42. The answer is D. (Chap. 76) The most important feature of patients with anorexia nervosa
&lt;br /&gt;is refusal to maintain even a low-normal body weight. The full syndrome of anorexia
&lt;br /&gt;nervosa occurs in about 1 in 200 individuals. These patients are always markedly
&lt;br /&gt;underweight, hardly ever menstruate, and often engage in binge eating. The mortality
&lt;br /&gt;rate is 5% per decade. The etiology of this serious eating disorder is unknown but probably
&lt;br /&gt;involves a combination of psychological, biologic, and cultural risk factors. This illness
&lt;br /&gt;often begins in an obsessive or perfectionist patient who starts a diet. As weight loss
&lt;br /&gt;progresses, the patient has increasing fears of gaining weight and engages in stricter dieting
&lt;br /&gt;practices. This disorder essentially occurs only in cultures in which thinness is valued,
&lt;br /&gt;suggesting a strong cultural influence. Bulimia nervosa, in which patients continue to
&lt;br /&gt;maintain a normal body weight but typically engage in overeating with binges followed
&lt;br /&gt;by compensatory purging or purging behavior, has a higher than expected prevalence in
&lt;br /&gt;patients with childhood or parental obesity. It is unclear whether anorexia nervosa is hereditary
&lt;br /&gt;in nature.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-43. The answer is C. (Chap. 71) Certain medications, including isoniazid used for tuberculosis,
&lt;br /&gt;L-dopa used for Parkinson’s disease, and penicillamine used for scleroderma,
&lt;br /&gt;promote vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency by reacting with a carbonyl group on 5-
&lt;br /&gt;pyridoxal phosphate, which is a cofactor for a host of enzymes involved in amino acid
&lt;br /&gt;metabolism. Foods that contain vitamin B6 include legumes, nuts, wheat bran, and meat.
&lt;br /&gt;Vitamin B6 deficiency produces seborrheic dermatitis, glossitis, stomatitis, and cheliosis
&lt;br /&gt;(also seen in other vitamin B deficiencies). A microcytic, hypochromic anemia may result
&lt;br /&gt;from the fact that the first enzyme in heme synthesis (aminolevulinic synthetase) requires
&lt;br /&gt;pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor. However, vitamin B6 is also necessary for the
&lt;br /&gt;conversion of homocysteine to cystathionine. Consequently, a deficiency of this vitamin
&lt;br /&gt;could produce an increased risk of cardiovascular disease caused by the resultant hyperhomocystinemia.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-44. The answer is C. (Chap. 9) Hypertension and diabetes are the most important chronic
&lt;br /&gt;diseases whose prevalence increases with age. In those &gt;65 years old, the prevalence of
&lt;br /&gt;hypertension is estimated at 60–85%. These numbers will likely increase in the near future
&lt;br /&gt;as the population ages and obesity is more prevalent. Recent data suggest that the
&lt;br /&gt;frequency of uncontrolled hypertension is increasing in older adults in the United States.
&lt;br /&gt;The presence of uncontrolled hypertension accelerates functional and cognitive decline
&lt;br /&gt;in older adults. These data also have important implications on the frequency of cardiovascular
&lt;br /&gt;disease and stroke in older adults.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-45. The answer is B. (Chap. 4) The prevalence of diabetes in older adults is ~18–21%. This
&lt;br /&gt;rate will likely increase with increasing obesity in older adults. Diabetes has been linked
&lt;br /&gt;with physical decline, while hypertension has been linked with cognitive decline. However,
&lt;br /&gt;both disorders are commonly present in the elderly. Diabetes and stroke are most
&lt;br /&gt;consistently associated with a diminished capacity for functional recovery in the elderly.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-46. The answer is A. (Chap. 9) Functional status, as defined by a patient’s ability to provide
&lt;br /&gt;for his or her own daily needs, is the most important indicator for prognosis. A decline in
&lt;br /&gt;functional status should prompt a search for medical illness, dementia, change in social
&lt;br /&gt;support, or depression. Screening for functional status should include assessment of activities
&lt;br /&gt;of daily living, gait and balance, cognition, vision, hearing, and dental and nutritional
&lt;br /&gt;health.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-47. The answer is A. (Chaps. 9 and 26) Delirium can cause prolonged hospitalization and
&lt;br /&gt;may be life threatening. It is often underdiagnosed. The Confusion Assessment Method
&lt;br /&gt;(CAM) is highly sensitive and specific for identifying delirium. One common misconception
&lt;br /&gt;is that all delirious patients are agitated. In fact, delirium is often associated with a
&lt;br /&gt;decreased level of consciousness, and patients can appear withdrawn or aloof, rather than
&lt;br /&gt;agitated, combative, or anxious. Another crucial diagnostic criterion is that the patient’s
&lt;br /&gt;mental state represents a clear, acute deviation from their baseline status.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-48. The answer is E. (Chap. 9) Fall rates increase with age and have substantial effect on
&lt;br /&gt;mortality and morbidity. Some 3–5% of falls result in fracture, and falls are an independent
&lt;br /&gt;risk factor for nursing home placement. All older adults should have at least annual
&lt;br /&gt;fall risk assessment and be asked about falls during clinic visits. Fall prevention necessitates
&lt;br /&gt;a multidisciplinary approach including management of medical conditions associated
&lt;br /&gt;with falls, limitation of psychotropic medicines (especially benzodiazepines),
&lt;br /&gt;frequent visual examinations, interventions such as tai-chi geared towards stabilizing
&lt;br /&gt;gait, and close examination of circumstances associated with past falls.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-49. The answer is B. (Chap. 9) Physical examination of all immobilized or bed-bound patients
&lt;br /&gt;must include careful examination of common sites for pressure sores. The heels, lateral
&lt;br /&gt;malleoli, sacrum, ischia, and greater trochanters account for 80% of pressure sores.
&lt;br /&gt;Shear forces and moisture are predisposing factors. In older adults and nursing home residents,
&lt;br /&gt;the development of a pressure sore increases mortality fourfold. Infectious complications
&lt;br /&gt;include osteomyelitis and sepsis. A fairly innocuous-appearing lesion can progress
&lt;br /&gt;to a deep, easily infected, and very difficult-to-manage stage 4 decubitus ulcer in a very
&lt;br /&gt;short period of time without aggressive wound care and off-loading by nursing staff.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-50. The answer is E. (Chap. 9) This patient has stress incontinence. Stress incontinence,
&lt;br /&gt;due to dysfunction of the urethral sphincter, is common in women and uncommon in
&lt;br /&gt;men. It most often occurs with activities that increase abdominal pressure. The most
&lt;br /&gt;common risks are previous childbearing, gynecologic surgery, and menopause. Kegel exercises
&lt;br /&gt;may be useful, but surgery is considered the most effective intervention. Oxybutynin
&lt;br /&gt;and bladder training exercises are sometimes effective for urge incontinence, which is
&lt;br /&gt;more common in men. α-Adrenergic blockers and 5-α-reductase inhibitors are used for
&lt;br /&gt;prostate hypertrophy in men. Close monitoring for hyperglycemia and diabetes is useful
&lt;br /&gt;in elderly patients with incontinence, but this patient does not describe polyuria and her
&lt;br /&gt;past vaginal deliveries and pelvic surgery put her at risk for stress incontinence.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-51. The answer is B. (Chap. 23) The patient has Brown-Séquard syndrome, likely because
&lt;br /&gt;of a new multiple sclerosis plaque. The lack of cranial nerve involvement and other cortical
&lt;br /&gt;deficits, in the presence of upper extremity and lower extremity deficits, suggests a
&lt;br /&gt;high cord lesion. These often lead to differing ipsilateral and contralateral sensory deficits,
&lt;br /&gt;as in this patient. The combination of left side motor deficit and right side sensory
&lt;br /&gt;deficit makes the cortical lesion unlikely. Brainstem lesions will also not account for the
&lt;br /&gt;localization and bilaterality. A cervical cord root lesion would not be bilateral.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-52. The answer is A. (Chaps. 23 and 292) The patient’s weight loss predisposes him to superior
&lt;br /&gt;mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome. Due to loss of the omental fat pad, the SMA
&lt;br /&gt;compresses the duodenum in this condition, leading to obstruction. Laparoscopy is less
&lt;br /&gt;likely to be of diagnostic benefit (i.e., for adhesions) as the patient has never had abdominal
&lt;br /&gt;surgery. An upper GI series may be useful for evaluation of an obstructing mass,
&lt;br /&gt;though SMA syndrome is more likely in this clinical context. While patients with advanced
&lt;br /&gt;HIV are at risk of a variety of infectious causes of diarrhea, they are unlikely to
&lt;br /&gt;present with acute small-bowel obstruction. Serum CEA levels may be elevated in colon
&lt;br /&gt;cancer but would not be helpful in explaining the cause of acute small-bowel obstruction.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-53. The answer is C. (Chap. 23) Amyloidosis predisposes to autonomic neuropathy, which
&lt;br /&gt;in turn causes both orthostasis and gastroparesis. Gastrointestinal amyloidosis is another
&lt;br /&gt;possibility in this patient, though his early satiety and bloating are typical for gastropare
&lt;br /&gt;sis. Treatment can include pro-motility agents, such as metoclopramide as well as dietary
&lt;br /&gt;changes that this patient has already instituted on his own. Small-bowel obstruction
&lt;br /&gt;would not be relieved by smaller frequent meals. Gastric cancers may present with early
&lt;br /&gt;satiety and vomiting as well as weight loss. Diverticulosis and irritable bowel syndrome
&lt;br /&gt;present with lower gastrointestinal symptoms.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-54. The answer is D. (Chap. 39) This patient has developed tardive dyskinesia that may be
&lt;br /&gt;irreversible. Prochlorperazine is an antidopaminergic agent that suppresses emesis by
&lt;br /&gt;acting centrally at the dopamine D2 receptors. This class of agents is most effective for the
&lt;br /&gt;treatment of medication-, toxin-, and metabolic-induced emesis. However, these agents
&lt;br /&gt;freely cross the blood-brain barrier and can cause anxiety, galactorrhea, sexual dysfunction,
&lt;br /&gt;and dystonic reactions. Tardive dyskinesia is the most serious of these neurologic
&lt;br /&gt;toxicities. Erythromycin is a prokinetic that may worsen nausea and vomiting. Ondansetron
&lt;br /&gt;acts at the 5-HT3 receptor and has no antidopaminergic activity. Scopolamine is an
&lt;br /&gt;anticholinergic that may cause delirium, stupor, and other neurologic side effects, but
&lt;br /&gt;not tardive dyskinesia. Glucocorticoids also do not cause tardive dyskinesia.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-55. The answer is D. (Chap. 34) Chronic cough is defined as a cough present for &gt;8 weeks.
&lt;br /&gt;Mycoplasma infection can cause a cough acutely or a postinfectious cough that persists
&lt;br /&gt;for as long as 8 weeks. Asthma, postnasal drip, and reflux disease are the three most common
&lt;br /&gt;causes of chronic cough in a nonsmoker not taking angiotensin-converting enzyme
&lt;br /&gt;(ACE) inhibitors. All ACE inhibitors, including lisinopril, can cause chronic cough, possibly
&lt;br /&gt;due to altered bradykinin metabolism. Patients with ACE inhibitor cough may be
&lt;br /&gt;switched to an angiotensin receptor blocker, which does not cause cough.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-56. The answer is B. (Chaps. 34 and 252) The putrid smell and polymicrobial gram stain
&lt;br /&gt;suggest a polymicrobial lung abscess consisting of normal oral flora, including anaerobes
&lt;br /&gt;and Streptococcus viridans. The anaerobes contribute to the putrid smell of the sputum.
&lt;br /&gt;The patient’s protracted mild clinical course is typical for this process, and his alcoholism
&lt;br /&gt;is a clear risk factor as well. The superior segment of the right lower lobe is the most common
&lt;br /&gt;site of aspiration and lung abscess, followed by the posterior segment of the right
&lt;br /&gt;upper lobe and the superior segment of the left lower lobe. Tricuspid valve endocarditis
&lt;br /&gt;may cause lung abscess due to staphylococcal (S. aureus) bacteremia. The patient is
&lt;br /&gt;clearly at risk for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) given his imprisonment; however, the
&lt;br /&gt;sputum would not likely be putrid and purulent with this microscopic appearance. The
&lt;br /&gt;cavitary lesions of TB are typically in the upper lobes. Wegener’s granulomatosis may
&lt;br /&gt;cause cavitary masses, but they are usually multiple and would not have putrid sputum.
&lt;br /&gt;Squamous cell lung cancer may also cavitate by outgrowing its blood supply and may be
&lt;br /&gt;secondarily infected, although usually not with this degree of anaerobic characteristics.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-57. The answer is D. (Chap. 34) Hemoptysis in these conditions originates from the bronchial
&lt;br /&gt;circulation that is supplied by the aorta or intercostal arteries, not the pulmonary
&lt;br /&gt;artery. Because of the high pressures, bleeding may be sudden and massive. Embolization
&lt;br /&gt;of bronchial arteries feeding the suspected area may stop the bleeding. Cough suppressants
&lt;br /&gt;may help decrease the irritating effects on the submucosa of coughing. Direct bronchoscopic
&lt;br /&gt;cautery may be beneficial for friable tumors. Selective intubation of the right
&lt;br /&gt;main bronchus may be supportive by protecting the non-bleeding right lung. Occlusion
&lt;br /&gt;of the right lung bronchus by coagulating blood could lead to respiratory failure. The patient
&lt;br /&gt;should be placed with his non-bleeding lung up, not down, as the goal is to prevent
&lt;br /&gt;blood from entering the non-bleeding lung.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-58. The answer is B. (Chaps. e9 and 277) A collapsing variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
&lt;br /&gt;is typically diagnostic of HIV nephropathy, which presents with proteinuria and
&lt;br /&gt;subacute loss of renal function. Diabetes typically causes thickening of glomerular basement
&lt;br /&gt;membrane, mesangial sclerosis, and arteriosclerosis. Multiple myeloma causes proteinuria
&lt;br /&gt;via deposition of light chains in the glomeruli and tubules and the development of renal
&lt;br /&gt;amyloidosis. Microscopy shows amyloid proteins with Congo red staining. SLE causes membranous
&lt;br /&gt;and proliferative nephritis due to immune complex deposition. Wegener’s granulomatosis
&lt;br /&gt;and microscopic polyangiitis cause pauci-immune necrotizing glomerulonephritis.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-59. The answer is A. (Chaps. 35 and 244) This patient has central cyanosis, which is due to
&lt;br /&gt;arterial desaturation. In central cyanosis, skin and mucus membranes are affected. Peripheral
&lt;br /&gt;cyanosis is the result of peripheral hypoperfusion of various causes either due to
&lt;br /&gt;hypotension, as with heart failure (e.g., myocardial infarction, myocarditis) or sepsis, or
&lt;br /&gt;due to peripheral vasoconstriction, as with cold exposure or Raynaud’s phenomenon. In
&lt;br /&gt;these cases, the extremities are most affected, with the mucus membranes usually spared.
&lt;br /&gt;This patient has Eisenmenger’s physiology with right-to-left shunting of deoxygenated
&lt;br /&gt;blood. Other causes of central cyanosis include severe lung disease, pulmonary arteriovenous
&lt;br /&gt;malformations, alveolar hypoventilation, or hemoglobin abnormalities.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-60. The answer is C. (Chap. 35) Cirrhotic patients are at risk of developing pulmonary arteriovenous
&lt;br /&gt;fistulas. These, as well as portopulmonary shunts, cause platypnea and orthodeoxia
&lt;br /&gt;(dyspnea and desaturation with sitting up). The fistulas, which are preferentially
&lt;br /&gt;at the base of the lungs, increase the right-to-left shunting (and therefore hypoxemia)
&lt;br /&gt;when upright. In the supine position, the apex of the lung is better perfused and the hypoxemia
&lt;br /&gt;improves. The oxygen desaturation in the upright position causes the platypnea.
&lt;br /&gt;Congenital pulmonary arteriovenous malformations may also cause platypnea and orthodeoxia.
&lt;br /&gt;Ventricular septal defects will not cause hypoxemia until they develop right-toleft
&lt;br /&gt;shunting.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-61. The answer is D. (Chap. 36) The patient’s positional edema that is worse in hot
&lt;br /&gt;weather strongly suggests idiopathic edema. Idiopathic edema occurs mostly in women
&lt;br /&gt;and is characterized by episodes of edema that may include abdominal distention. It is
&lt;br /&gt;typically diurnal, with worsening after being upright for prolonged periods or in hot
&lt;br /&gt;weather. Cyclical edema occurs with menstruation and is related to estrogen stimulation
&lt;br /&gt;of fluid retention. Congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, and cirrhosis are ruled
&lt;br /&gt;out by history and by physical and laboratory examinations. Initially, therapy should include
&lt;br /&gt;patient education regarding the need to lie flat for a few hours each day, as well as
&lt;br /&gt;compression stockings put on in the mornings. Idiopathic edema may be related to abnormal
&lt;br /&gt;activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and angiotensin-converting enzyme
&lt;br /&gt;inhibitors may play a role if conservative interventions are not effective. Diuretics may be
&lt;br /&gt;beneficial initially but may lose effectiveness if used continuously.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-62. The answer is D. (Chap. 37) Palpitations are a common complaint among patients
&lt;br /&gt;who report fluttering, pounding, or thumping sensation in the chest. Palpitations may
&lt;br /&gt;arise from cardiac, psychiatric, miscellaneous (thyrotoxicosis, drugs, ethanol, caffeine,
&lt;br /&gt;cocaine), or unknown causes. While most arrhythmias do not cause palpitations, patients
&lt;br /&gt;with palpitations and known heart disease or risk factors are at risk of atrial or ventricular
&lt;br /&gt;arrhythmias. Overall, patients complaining of palpitations &gt;15 min are more likely to
&lt;br /&gt;have psychiatric causes. Most patients with palpitations do not have serious arrhythmias.
&lt;br /&gt;History, physical examination, Holter monitoring, and electrocardiography may be used
&lt;br /&gt;to evaluate for arrhythmias.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-63. The answer is D. (Chap. 7) Blood pressure &gt;140/90 mmHg during the second trimester
&lt;br /&gt;is markedly abnormal. During the second trimester, blood pressure should fall due to
&lt;br /&gt;a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Elevated blood pressure is associated with an
&lt;br /&gt;increase in perinatal morbidity and mortality. Delaying diagnosis may be harmful. Blood
&lt;br /&gt;pressure should be performed in the sitting position because in the lateral recumbent position
&lt;br /&gt;the decrease in preload may cause a reduced blood pressure. The diagnosis of hypertension
&lt;br /&gt;requires measurement of two elevated blood pressures at least 6 hours apart.
&lt;br /&gt;Hypertension may be caused by preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension,
&lt;br /&gt;or renal hypertension. If hypertension is diagnosed, a safe antihypertensive
&lt;br /&gt;should be initiated and a referral to a high-risk obstetrician should be considered.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-64. The answer is D. (Chap. 7) This patient has severe eclampsia, and delivery should be
&lt;br /&gt;performed as rapidly as possible. Mild eclampsia is the presence of new-onset hypertension
&lt;br /&gt;and proteinuria in a pregnant woman after 20 weeks’ gestation. Severe eclampsia is
&lt;br /&gt;eclampsia complicated by central nervous system symptoms (including seizure), marked
&lt;br /&gt;hypertension, severe proteinuria, renal failure, pulmonary edema, thrombocytopenia, or
&lt;br /&gt;disseminated intravascular coagulation. Delivery in a mother with severe eclampsia before
&lt;br /&gt;37 weeks’ gestation decreases maternal morbidity but increases fetal risks of complications
&lt;br /&gt;of prematurity. Aggressive management of blood pressure, usually with labetalol,
&lt;br /&gt;decreases maternal risk of stroke. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-
&lt;br /&gt;receptor blockers should not be used due to the potential of adverse effects on fetal
&lt;br /&gt;development. Eclamptic seizures should be controlled with magnesium sulfate; it has
&lt;br /&gt;been shown to be superior to phenytoin.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-65. The answer is D. (Chap. 7) Mitral stenosis is associated with flash pulmonary edema,
&lt;br /&gt;atrial arrhythmias, and risk of maternal death. The risk is likely related to the increase in
&lt;br /&gt;cardiac output and circulating blood volume during pregnancy. Sudden death due to arrhythmia
&lt;br /&gt;or pulmonary hypertension may occur. During delivery, patients with mitral
&lt;br /&gt;stenosis should be managed with careful heart rate control. Balloon valvuloplasty may
&lt;br /&gt;be performed during pregnancy. The decrease in systemic vascular resistance during
&lt;br /&gt;pregnancy makes mitral, tricuspid, and aortic regurgitation generally well tolerated because
&lt;br /&gt;heart failure is not likely. If aortic stenosis is severe, balloon valvuloplasty may be
&lt;br /&gt;necessary.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-66. The answer is C. (Chap. 7) Pregnancy causes a hypercoagulable state, and DVT occurs
&lt;br /&gt;in about 1 in 2000 pregnancies. DVT occurs more commonly in the left leg than
&lt;br /&gt;the right leg during pregnancy due to compression of the left iliac vein. Approximately
&lt;br /&gt;25% of pregnant women with DVT have a factor V Leiden mutation, which also predisposes
&lt;br /&gt;to preeclampsia. Prothrombin G20210A mutation (homozygotes and heterozygotes),
&lt;br /&gt;and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677 mutation (homozygotes) are
&lt;br /&gt;also risk factors for DVT during pregnancy. Coumadin is strictly contraindicated during
&lt;br /&gt;the first and second trimesters due to risk of fetal abnormality. Low-molecularweight
&lt;br /&gt;heparin is appropriate therapy but may be switched to heparin infusion at delivery,
&lt;br /&gt;if an epidural is likely. Ambulation, rather than bedrest, should be encouraged
&lt;br /&gt;as with all DVTs. There is no proven role for local thrombolytics or an inferior vena
&lt;br /&gt;cava filter in pregnancy. The latter would be considered only in scenarios where anticoagulation
&lt;br /&gt;is not possible.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-67. The answer is E. (Chap. 7) Pregnancy complicated by diabetes is associated with
&lt;br /&gt;greater maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality rates. Women with gestational
&lt;br /&gt;diabetes are at increased risk of preeclampsia, delivering infants large for gestational age,
&lt;br /&gt;and birth lacerations. Their infants are at risk of hypoglycemia and birth injury. Appropriate
&lt;br /&gt;therapy can reduce these risks. Not performing diabetes screening during pregnancy
&lt;br /&gt;should be considered only in low-risk patients (age &lt;25,&gt;65 years. Axial stiffness, stooped posture, shuffling gait, and pillrolling
&lt;br /&gt;tremor are distinctive. Other progressive neurologic disorders such as those listed
&lt;br /&gt;above may present with Parkinsonian features. The atypical Parkinsonian syndromes can
&lt;br /&gt;be difficult to differentiate from Parkinson’s disease. However, the presence of a pillrolling
&lt;br /&gt;tremor is specific for Parkinson’s disease.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-72. The answer is A. (Chap. 24) The gait of cerebellar dysfunction most closely resembles a
&lt;br /&gt;drunken gait with very poor balance, frequent lurching, and high risk of fall. However,
&lt;br /&gt;unlike patients with inner ear dysfunction, these symptoms are usually not associated
&lt;br /&gt;with subjective dizziness, vertigo, and nausea. Frontal gait disorder or gait apraxia is
&lt;br /&gt;common in the elderly and has a variety of causes. Typical features include a wide base of
&lt;br /&gt;support, short strides, shuffling, and difficulty with starts and turns. The most common
&lt;br /&gt;cause of frontal gait is subcortical small-vessel cerebrovascular disease. Patients with Parkinsonian
&lt;br /&gt;syndromes have a shuffling gait, with difficulty initiating and turning en bloc.
&lt;br /&gt;Sensory ataxia may be caused by tabes dorsalis or vitamin B12 neuropathy. Patients have a
&lt;br /&gt;narrow base and look down; their gait is regular with path deviation. They have no difficulty
&lt;br /&gt;initiating gait but have postural instability and falls.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-73. The answer is E. (Chap. 24) The inability to walk in a stable fashion without direct visual
&lt;br /&gt;observation of the feet suggests a deficit in proprioception due to large-fiber neuropathy.
&lt;br /&gt;The narrow-based gait with no difficulty initiating gait and normal strength is
&lt;br /&gt;consistent with sensory ataxia. Classically this was caused by tabes dorsalis, although
&lt;br /&gt;vitamin B12 deficiency is a treatable disease that may present with this form of neuropathy
&lt;br /&gt;and gait disorder. This suspicion is even greater in the context of a macrocytic
&lt;br /&gt;anemia, a finding that is consistent with vitamin B12 deficiency. Further signs of impaired
&lt;br /&gt;proprioception, such as decreased ability to sense joint position, are even more
&lt;br /&gt;suggestive of the diagnosis. Cerebellar ataxia will have a wide-based gait with a lurching
&lt;br /&gt;stride. Cerebrovascular disease may present with a frontal gait disorder that is characterized
&lt;br /&gt;by a wide-based, slow, shuffling gait. Parkinson’s disease also causes a shuffling
&lt;br /&gt;gait with difficulty initiating and turning en bloc. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis does
&lt;br /&gt;not cause a sensory or proprioceptive neuropathy but will alter gait due to muscle
&lt;br /&gt;weakness.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-74. The answer is E. (Chap. 25) Abnormalities of the tests listed with intact primary sensation
&lt;br /&gt;in an alert cooperative patient identify lesions in the parietal cortex or the thalamocortical
&lt;br /&gt;projection to the parietal lobe. Though two-point discrimination is a common
&lt;br /&gt;screening technique for cortical sensory deficits, each of the above techniques is a quick
&lt;br /&gt;and helpful alternative to evaluate for a cortical sensory deficit. Two-point discrimination
&lt;br /&gt;is best tested with a set of calipers that simultaneously touch the skin. Normally, one can
&lt;br /&gt;distinguish 3-mm separation of points on the pads of the fingers. Touch localization is
&lt;br /&gt;performed by having the patient close his or her eyes and identify the site of the examiner
&lt;br /&gt;touching the patient lightly (with finger or cotton swab).
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-75. The answer is B. (Chap. 29) This patient has a Marcus Gunn pupil, or afferent pupil
&lt;br /&gt;defect. As the response is only abnormal when light is shone in her left eye, this implies
&lt;br /&gt;an afferent defect in that eye mediated by retinal or optic nerve damage. The right and
&lt;br /&gt;left efferent systems are intact, based on normal pupillary constriction bilaterally with
&lt;br /&gt;light exposure to the right eye. A corneal defect in the left eye may impair vision but
&lt;br /&gt;would not block light transmission to the left retina and optic disc: pupillary responses
&lt;br /&gt;would therefore remain intact. Common causes of a Marcus Gunn pupil include retrobulbar
&lt;br /&gt;optic neuritis and other optic nerve diseases.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-76. The answer is E. (Chap. 29) This patient has a bitemporal hemianopia implying a lesion
&lt;br /&gt;at the optic chiasm. Crossed fibers are more damaged than uncrossed lesions by compression.
&lt;br /&gt;Therefore mass lesions at the chiasm may cause bilateral temporal visual field defects.
&lt;br /&gt;Sellar lesions such as pituitary adenoma, meningioma, craniopharyngioma, and aneurysm
&lt;br /&gt;can lead to this bitemporal hemianopia, which may be subtle to the patient and the examiner.
&lt;br /&gt;Optic nerve lesions such as ischemic optic neuropathy, retinal vascular occlusion, advanced
&lt;br /&gt;glaucoma, or optic neuritis will cause a horizontal scotoma. Post-chiasmic lesions,
&lt;br /&gt;cortical lesions, or geniculate body lesions will cause homonymous hemianopia.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-77. The answer is A. (Chap. 29) A red and painful eye is often caused by a corneal abrasion.
&lt;br /&gt;History is very useful to determine the pretest probability of this type of lesion, because
&lt;br /&gt;it will be increased in the context of contact lens use, recent eye trauma, or
&lt;br /&gt;particulate exposure. Cobalt-blue examination with fluorescein is then used to confirm
&lt;br /&gt;the presence of corneal abrasion. It is particularly important as it occasionally reveals a
&lt;br /&gt;dendritic pattern consistent with Herpes simplex virus keratitis, a diagnosis that necessi
&lt;br /&gt;tates a very different type of treatment. Lid eversion is useful if there is suspicion that the
&lt;br /&gt;foreign body is still present. Corneal abrasion should be treated with topical antibiotic
&lt;br /&gt;ointment and patching. Cycloplegia may reduce pain by relaxing the ciliary body.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-78. The answer is B. (Chap. 29) Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of a red, irritated
&lt;br /&gt;eye. Pain is minimal and visual acuity is only minimally impacted. It is usually due
&lt;br /&gt;to adenovirus infection. Bacterial infection causes a mucopurulent discharge. Conjunctivitis
&lt;br /&gt;invariably presents with ocular discharge, whereas episcleritis does not. Episcleritis,
&lt;br /&gt;inflammation of the episclera, a thin layer between the sclera and the conjunctiva, is often
&lt;br /&gt;more localized than conjunctivitis, but this cannot always be used to discriminate the
&lt;br /&gt;two. Scleritis, a deeper, more intense inflammatory condition than episcleritis, is associated
&lt;br /&gt;commonly with various connective tissue disorders and should always be considered
&lt;br /&gt;in patients with these conditions.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-79. The answer is B. (Chap. 29) Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis is a major cause of
&lt;br /&gt;blindness in the developed world. Several clues to the diagnosis of HSV keratitis may be
&lt;br /&gt;present on examination, including periocular vesicles on the skin and a dendritic pattern
&lt;br /&gt;of cornea ulceration on fluorescein examination (which is pathognomonic). However,
&lt;br /&gt;these findings are not always present. Viral culture and corneal examination by an experienced
&lt;br /&gt;ophthalmologist should always be performed in cases where the diagnosis is unclear.
&lt;br /&gt;Angle-closure glaucoma is rare but can be easily ruled out by an ophthalmologist
&lt;br /&gt;with a measure of ocular pressure and slit-lamp examination. Uveitis is notable for “cells
&lt;br /&gt;and flare” and occasionally hypopyon in the iris and perilimbic sparing. Endophthalmitis
&lt;br /&gt;involves the entire globe and evokes pain with ocular movement. Internationally, keratitis
&lt;br /&gt;due to trachoma is a common cause of blindness, but it is uncommon in the developed
&lt;br /&gt;world.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-80. The answer is E. (Chap. 29) Uveitis involving the anterior portion of the eye is referred
&lt;br /&gt;to as iritis or iridocyclitis. It is diagnosed by slit-lamp examination. The differential diagnosis
&lt;br /&gt;for anterior uveitis includes sarcoidosis, ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile rheumatoid
&lt;br /&gt;arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, reactive arthritis, and Behçet’s disease. It may
&lt;br /&gt;also be associated with Lyme disease, syphilis, and other infections. Often no cause is
&lt;br /&gt;found. Posterior uveitis involves the vitreous, retina, or choroid. It may also accompany
&lt;br /&gt;autoimmune diseases, Behçet’s disease, sarcoid, and inflammatory bowel disease. A wide
&lt;br /&gt;variety of infections may cause posterior uveitis. Toxoplasmosis specifically causes a posterior
&lt;br /&gt;uveitis rather than an anterior uveitis. The extent of screening for diseases associated
&lt;br /&gt;with anterior uveitis should depend on a risk assessment for each disorder based on
&lt;br /&gt;the history and physical examination.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-81. The answer is B. (Chap. 29) Optic neuritis is a common inflammatory lesion of the
&lt;br /&gt;optic nerve. In a large clinical study, the mean age of patients was 32 years and 75% of the
&lt;br /&gt;patients were female. Pain is common with eye movement. Vision loss usually recovers
&lt;br /&gt;somewhat even without treatment. Steroids hasten vision gain but do not alter the final
&lt;br /&gt;visual acuity. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a primary concern for all newly diagnosed cases
&lt;br /&gt;of optic neuritis. The 10-year cumulative likelihood of developing multiple sclerosis after
&lt;br /&gt;an episode of optic neuritis is almost 40%. Patients with a first episode of optic neuritis
&lt;br /&gt;should receive a brain MRI to evaluate for MS. It may show characteristic lesions of the
&lt;br /&gt;disease prior to the development of CNS symptoms and is a helpful tool for monitoring
&lt;br /&gt;progression of disease of this condition while on therapy.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-82. The answer is A. (Chap. 29) Sudden blindness in a patient with fever and high risk of
&lt;br /&gt;endovascular infection is endocarditis until proven otherwise. Even primary bacteremia
&lt;br /&gt;in the absence of cardiac vegetation can seed the eye, often leading to endogenous endophthalmitis
&lt;br /&gt;or central retinal artery occlusion. Another consideration in this patient
&lt;br /&gt;would be septic thrombophlebitis with septic emboli to the eye. Stroke, vasculitis, syphilis,
&lt;br /&gt;and hematologic malignancy are possible causes of acute blindness, but are less likely
&lt;br /&gt;given the acute presentation with fever
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-83. The answer is B. (Chap. 216) Beta radiation consists of small negatively charged electrons.
&lt;br /&gt;These particles can only travel short distances in tissue and lead primarily to burns
&lt;br /&gt;similar to thermal injury. Plastic layers and clothing can prohibit penetration of most
&lt;br /&gt;beta particles. Beta radiation is frequently released in radiation accidents, and radioactive
&lt;br /&gt;iodine is the best-recognized member of this group. Alpha radiation consists of heavy
&lt;br /&gt;positively charged particles consisting of two protons and two neutrons. Because of the
&lt;br /&gt;large size, alpha particles cannot penetrate tissue. However, if alpha particles are internalized,
&lt;br /&gt;they will cause damage to cells within the immediate proximity. The most damaging
&lt;br /&gt;particles emitted during a nuclear explosion are gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons.
&lt;br /&gt;Gamma rays and x-rays are both photons and have similar ability to penetrate through
&lt;br /&gt;matter. They are the principal type of radiation to cause total body exposure. Neutrons
&lt;br /&gt;are heavy, but uncharged, and possess a range of energy. These neutrons can ionize DNA
&lt;br /&gt;directly or through generation of free radicals.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-84. The answer is D. (Chap. 216) Much of the initial damage related to a “dirty” bomb is
&lt;br /&gt;related to the power of the blast rather than the radiation. Following a terrorist attack, it
&lt;br /&gt;is important to identify all individuals who might have been exposed to radiation. The
&lt;br /&gt;initial treatment of these individuals should be to stabilize and treat the most severely injured.
&lt;br /&gt;Those with severe injuries should have contaminated clothing removed prior to
&lt;br /&gt;transportation to the emergency room, but further care should not be withheld for additional
&lt;br /&gt;decontamination as the risk of exposure to health care workers is low. Individuals
&lt;br /&gt;with minor injuries who can be safely decontaminated without increasing the risk of
&lt;br /&gt;medical complications should be transported to a centralized area for decontamination.
&lt;br /&gt;A further consideration regarding treatment following radiation exposure is the total
&lt;br /&gt;dose of radiation that an individual was exposed to. At a dose &lt;2&gt;50%. Potential treatments of radiation exposure include
&lt;br /&gt;use of colony-stimulating factors and supportive transfusions. Stem cell transfusion and
&lt;br /&gt;bone marrow transplantation can be considered in the case of severe pancytopenia that
&lt;br /&gt;does not recover. However, this is controversial, given the lack of experience with the procedure
&lt;br /&gt;for this indication. Following the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident, none of the
&lt;br /&gt;bone marrow transplants were successful.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-85. The answer is E. (Chap. 216) This patient has been exposed to radioactive polonium-
&lt;br /&gt;210, a strong emitter of alpha radiation, which can be used as a calibration source or neutron
&lt;br /&gt;source in nuclear reactors. The patient is presenting with acute radiation sickness after
&lt;br /&gt;an unknown ingestion amount. However, his symptoms began early after ingestion,
&lt;br /&gt;and there is also severe bone marrow suppression, suggesting that the dose was &gt;2 Gy.
&lt;br /&gt;Polonium accumulates in the spleen and kidneys. In addition to supportive care with
&lt;br /&gt;transfusions and colony-stimulating factors, chelation with dimercaprol should be attempted
&lt;br /&gt;as polonium has a radiologic half-life of 138.4 days and a biologic half-life of 60
&lt;br /&gt;days. A bone marrow transplant could be considered if his bone marrow fails to recover.
&lt;br /&gt;The presumed ingestion occurred &gt;36 h previously, and a gastric lavage is unlikely to be
&lt;br /&gt;helpful. Potassium iodide is useful in radioactive iodine poisoning or overdose.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-86. The answer is C. (Chap. 215) Mustard gas (sulfur mustard) is a vesicant agent that has
&lt;br /&gt;been used as a chemical agent of warfare and terrorism since World War I. In World War I,
&lt;br /&gt;sulfur mustard was responsible for 70% of the 1.3 million individuals killed by chemical
&lt;br /&gt;warfare, but overall, it had a mortality rate of only 1.9%. Sulfur mustard is composed of
&lt;br /&gt;both vapor and liquid components that can cause damage to epithelial surfaces. However,
&lt;br /&gt;the effects of mustard gas exposure are delayed several hours after exposure. An initial clue
&lt;br /&gt;to which agent the individuals were exposed was the smell of horseradish or burned garlic,
&lt;br /&gt;which is characteristic of mustard gas. The earliest effects of mustard exposure involve the
&lt;br /&gt;nose, sinuses, and pharynx. Common symptoms include burning in the nares , epistaxis ,
&lt;br /&gt;sinus pain, and pharyngeal pain. Damage to the upper airway may cause laryngitis and
&lt;br /&gt;nonproductive cough. Lower airway involvement results in nonproductive cough and
&lt;br /&gt;dyspnea, but pulmonary hemorrhage is rare. Pseudomembranes may form and cause airway
&lt;br /&gt;obstruction. The eyes are the most sensitive organ to mustard vapor injury with a
&lt;br /&gt;shorter latency to symptoms than the skin. Ocular symptoms include irritation, conjunctivitis,
&lt;br /&gt;photophobia, blepharospasm, pain, and corneal damage. Erythema of the skin begins
&lt;br /&gt;2 h to 2 days after exposure and is greatest at warm, moist locations such as the axillae,
&lt;br /&gt;neck, antecubital fossae, perineum, and genitalia. Small vesicles may develop, which coalesce
&lt;br /&gt;to form bullae. The bullae are usually large and flaccid and filled with a clear to strawcolored
&lt;br /&gt;fluid. Death from mustard gas exposure is usually due to sepsis and respiratory
&lt;br /&gt;failure, although high-dose exposure can lead to bone marrow failure 7–21 days after the
&lt;br /&gt;initial exposure. Phosgene oxime is also a vesicant agent that may present with similar
&lt;br /&gt;symptoms, but it can be differentiated from mustard gas by its pungent pepperish odor.
&lt;br /&gt;Further, phosgene presents with immediate symptoms and pain. Chlorine is a gas that
&lt;br /&gt;causes inhalant damage to the lungs with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema as the primary
&lt;br /&gt;presentation. Cyanide is an asphyxiant with rapid onset of symptoms, including
&lt;br /&gt;death. Soman is a nerve agent that would present with cholinergic symptoms of miosis,
&lt;br /&gt;salivation, muscle fasciculations, and copious secretions. The symptoms have a rapid onset,
&lt;br /&gt;with respiratory depression and death within minutes of exposure.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-87. The answer is F. (Chap. 215) These individuals have been exposed to organophosphorus
&lt;br /&gt;nerve agents (soman, sarin, tabun, cyclosarin, and VX) that act by inhibition of tissue
&lt;br /&gt;synaptic acetylcholinesterase. The symptoms of nerve agents are those of a cholinergic crisis.
&lt;br /&gt;Symptoms manifest in the order in which organ systems are exposed. When nerve
&lt;br /&gt;agents are released as a vapor, the first organ that is usually affected is the eyes with miosis
&lt;br /&gt;and a feeling that the world is “going black,” as was reported during the Tokyo subway terrorist
&lt;br /&gt;attack in which sarin was released. Exposure of the nasopharynx to organophosphates
&lt;br /&gt;causes rhinorrhea, excessive salivation, and drooling. Bronchorrhea and cough
&lt;br /&gt;frequently occur. After inhalation of the toxin, it is rapidly absorbed into the blood across
&lt;br /&gt;the alveolar-capillary membrane. The gastrointestinal tract is usually rapidly affected once
&lt;br /&gt;the agents are in the bloodstream, with resultant diarrhea, cramping, nausea, and vomiting.
&lt;br /&gt;When death occurs due to nerve agents, it is usually because of the central nervous
&lt;br /&gt;system (CNS) effects of these agents. Acetylcholine and its receptor are widely distributed
&lt;br /&gt;in the brain, and exposure to large amounts of organophosphate agents leads to rapid unconsciousness,
&lt;br /&gt;seizures, and central apnea. Nerve agents have a short half-life in circulation,
&lt;br /&gt;and thus, if intervention is made rapidly, improvement in symptoms should likewise
&lt;br /&gt;be rapid, without subsequent recurrence of symptoms. The initial treatment for nerve
&lt;br /&gt;agents is administration of atropine, which is widely available worldwide. Atropine acts
&lt;br /&gt;quickly at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors to alleviate the central apnea but does not reverse
&lt;br /&gt;the neuromuscular effects. In addition to anticholinergic therapy with atropine, use
&lt;br /&gt;of oximes is also recommended after nerve gas exposure. Oximes such as 2-pralidoxime
&lt;br /&gt;(2-PAM) reactivate the cholinesterase to restore normal enzyme function. In individuals
&lt;br /&gt;with severe CNS toxicity and seizures, benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, are the treatment
&lt;br /&gt;of choice. Typical anticonvulsant drugs, such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital,
&lt;br /&gt;and valproic acid are ineffective in treating the seizures caused by nerve agents.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-88. The answer is B. (Chap. 358) This child has the classic clinical findings of phenylketonuria,
&lt;br /&gt;an autosomal recessive disorder of amino acid metabolism in which phenylalanine
&lt;br /&gt;cannot be converted to tyrosine. It is the most common inherited disorder of amino acid
&lt;br /&gt;metabolism. Untreated or unrecognized cases will usually have a normal birth but will
&lt;br /&gt;rapidly begin to show signs of this illness, which include microcephaly, mental retardation,
&lt;br /&gt;and seizures. The “mousy” odor is due to phenylacetate accumulation in skin, hair,
&lt;br /&gt;and urine. The toxicity of phenylalanine is due to its inhibition of transport of other
&lt;br /&gt;amino acids necessary for normal protein, myelin, and neurotransmitter synthesis.
&lt;br /&gt;Screening for phenylalanine in the blood should occur prior to 3 weeks of age (usually
&lt;br /&gt;this is done at birth) to prevent symptoms. Treatment consists of lifelong dietary phenylalanine
&lt;br /&gt;restriction and tyrosine supplementation. If detected at birth, affected children
&lt;br /&gt;do not develop the aforementioned complications. Women with phenylketonuria who
&lt;br /&gt;become pregnant must maintain strict control before and during pregnancy to avoid
&lt;br /&gt;congenital defects, microcephaly, growth retardation, and mental retardation in the baby.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-89. The answer is A. (Chap. 358) Alkaptonuria is a rare disorder of homogentisic acid oxidase
&lt;br /&gt;deficiency which leads to urinary excretion and tissue accumulation of oxidized homogentisic
&lt;br /&gt;acid. Patients may present in their thirties or forties with arthritis and darkly
&lt;br /&gt;colored urine, as well as tissue pigmentation (ochronosis) from homogentisic acid. The arthritis
&lt;br /&gt;is typically in the large joints such as hips, knees, shoulders, and low back. The graybrown
&lt;br /&gt;pigmentation is characteristic and can involve the sclera and the ear. The diagnosis
&lt;br /&gt;should be suspected in a patient whose urine darkens to blackness. Hawkinsinuria is a related
&lt;br /&gt;disorder of amino acid metabolism, in which a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
&lt;br /&gt;enzyme defect leads to failure to thrive in infancy. Unlike most amino acid disorders, it is
&lt;br /&gt;autosomal dominant. Tryptophanuria results in mental retardation, skin photosensitivity,
&lt;br /&gt;and ataxia; however, the enzyme defect leading to this phenotype has not been identified.
&lt;br /&gt;Hyperprolinemia type I is caused by a proline oxidase defect and is typically benign. Homocystinuria
&lt;br /&gt;is caused by a cystathionine β-synthase defect and leads to mental retardation.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-90. and. I-91. The answers are C and D. (Chap. 356) Myophosphorylase deficiency (type V
&lt;br /&gt;glycogen storage disease), also known as McArdle disease, is the most common adult glycogen
&lt;br /&gt;storage disease. The enzyme deficiency limits ATP production via glycogenolysis. It
&lt;br /&gt;is characterized by exercise intolerance, muscle cramping, myoglobinuria, and elevated
&lt;br /&gt;CKs (at rest and increased with exercise). Symptoms usually develop in adulthood as a
&lt;br /&gt;result of either brief intense activity or sustained exertion. Rhabdomyolysis after intense
&lt;br /&gt;activity may cause myoglobinuria and subsequent renal failure and is the major clinical
&lt;br /&gt;risk about which patients should be warned. Heart disease does not occur. The most
&lt;br /&gt;common childhood disorder glycogen storage disease is glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
&lt;br /&gt;(type I), also known as von Gierke’s disease, which presents at age 3–4 months
&lt;br /&gt;with growth retardation and hepatosplenomegaly. Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency and
&lt;br /&gt;pyruvate kinase deficiency present similarly to McArdle disease but are very rare.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-92. The answer is C. (Chap. 356; J Shen et al.) Type III glycogen storage disease, a deficiency
&lt;br /&gt;in debranching enzyme, causes abnormalities in glycogen degradation. Clinical
&lt;br /&gt;manifestations include hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, short stature, variable skeletal myopathy,
&lt;br /&gt;and cardiomyopathy. Dementia does not occur. When liver and muscle are involved,
&lt;br /&gt;the disease is termed type IIIa; however, in 15% of patients, liver disease
&lt;br /&gt;predominates and these patients are characterized as having type IIIb disease. Fasting ketosis
&lt;br /&gt;will occur if glucose/protein intake is not maintained. In most patients, hepatomegaly
&lt;br /&gt;improves with age; however, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis may occur in
&lt;br /&gt;adulthood, requiring liver transplantation. Hepatocellular carcinoma has also been reported.
&lt;br /&gt;Treatment consists of dietary management with frequent high-carbohydrate
&lt;br /&gt;meals and possible nocturnal drip feeding to avoid hypoglycemia. Linkage analysis markers
&lt;br /&gt;can be used for screening carriers and prenatal diagnosis.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-93. The answer is C. (Chap. 64) Presymptomatic testing applies to diseases where a specific
&lt;br /&gt;genetic alteration is associated with a near 100% likelihood of developing the disease, such
&lt;br /&gt;as Huntington’s disease. In contrast, predisposition testing predicts a risk for disease that is
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;100%.&gt;42 years of age have a 33% chance of a trisomic conception. Despite this well-described
&lt;br /&gt;association, little is known about the mechanism that drives it.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-95. The answer is E. (Chap. 63) Human cells contain 46 chromosomes: 22 pairs of autosomal
&lt;br /&gt;chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes, XX in females and XY in males.
&lt;br /&gt;Deviation in the number or structure of these chromosomes is common and is estimated
&lt;br /&gt;to occur in 10–25% of all pregnancies. They are the most common cause of fetal loss. In
&lt;br /&gt;pregnancies surviving to term, they are the leading known cause of birth defects and
&lt;br /&gt;mental retardation.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-96. The answer is C. (Chap. 343) This group of genetic conditions often presents with disorders
&lt;br /&gt;of sexual differentiation. Genetically, Klinefelter syndrome results from a meiotic
&lt;br /&gt;nondysjunction of sex chromosomes during gametogenesis, producing a 47,XXY individual.
&lt;br /&gt;Phenotypically, these individuals are male but have eunuchoid features, small testes,
&lt;br /&gt;decreased virilization, and gynecomastia. The other disorders listed in the question
&lt;br /&gt;may result in sexual ambiguity, more commonly in males. In mixed gonadal dysgenesis,
&lt;br /&gt;there is mosaicism resulting from the genotype 46,XY/45,X. Depending on the proportion
&lt;br /&gt;of cells with the 46,XY genotype, the phenotype can be either male or female. Testicular
&lt;br /&gt;dysgenesis results from the absence of müllerian inhibiting substance during
&lt;br /&gt;embryonic development and may be caused by multiple genetic mutations and may be
&lt;br /&gt;associated with the absence of müllerian-inhibiting substance and reduced testosterone
&lt;br /&gt;production. Feminization may also occur through androgen insensitivity and mutations
&lt;br /&gt;in the androgen receptor. Virilization of females with resultant ambiguous sexual differentiation
&lt;br /&gt;most commonly occurs in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
&lt;br /&gt;The most common cause of CAH is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, which results in ambiguous
&lt;br /&gt;female genitalia, hypotension, and salt wasting.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-97. The answer is E. (Chap. 343) Turner syndrome, or gonadal dysgenesis, is a common
&lt;br /&gt;chromosomal disorder that affects 1 in 2500 female births. The most common genetic
&lt;br /&gt;defect is the 45,XO karyotype, which causes half of all phenotypic cases of this syndrome.
&lt;br /&gt;Age at diagnosis is variable, based on the clinical manifestations. Most cases are diagnosed
&lt;br /&gt;perinatally on the basis of reduced fetal growth or lymphedema at birth with nuchal
&lt;br /&gt;folds, a low posterior hairline, or left-sided cardiac defects. Some girls may not be
&lt;br /&gt;diagnosed in childhood and come to attention much later in life because of delayed
&lt;br /&gt;growth and lack of sexual maturation. Limited pubertal development occurs in up to
&lt;br /&gt;30% of girls with Turner syndrome, with approximately 2% reaching menarche. Owing
&lt;br /&gt;to the frequency of congenital heart and genitourinary defects, a thorough workup
&lt;br /&gt;should be done after the diagnosis, including an echocardiogram and renal imaging.
&lt;br /&gt;Long-term management includes growth hormone replacement during childhood and
&lt;br /&gt;estrogen replacement to maintain bone mineralization and feminization.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-98. The answer is B. (Chap. 357) This patient presents with the classic findings of an inherited
&lt;br /&gt;disorder of connective tissue, particularly Marfan syndrome. The presentation is
&lt;br /&gt;not consistent with the bony deformities or blue sclera seen in patients with osteogenesis
&lt;br /&gt;imperfecta, and he is tall with long extremities, which makes chondroplasia very unlikely.
&lt;br /&gt;However, his hypermobility and lens disorders suggest Marfan syndrome or, less commonly,
&lt;br /&gt;Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Given the high risk of aortic root disease in Marfan syndrome,
&lt;br /&gt;echocardiography is indicated in this patient. The other screening tests are not
&lt;br /&gt;specific to Marfan syndrome and are not appropriate in a 30-year-old male.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-99. The answer is C. (Chap. 62) Neoplastic disorders may arise from mutations in DNA that
&lt;br /&gt;affect oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, apoptotic genes, and DNA repair genes. Several
&lt;br /&gt;genetic disorders involving DNA repair enzymes underscore the importance of these mutations.
&lt;br /&gt;Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum have defects in DNA damage recognition and
&lt;br /&gt;in nucleotide excision and repair. These patients often have skin cancers as a result of the
&lt;br /&gt;mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light. Ataxia-telangiectasia is characterized by large telangiectatic
&lt;br /&gt;lesions on the face, cerebellar ataxia, immunologic defects, and hypersensitivity to
&lt;br /&gt;ionizing radiation. Mutation in the ATM gene that causes AT gives rise to defects in meiosis
&lt;br /&gt;and increasing damage from ionizing radiation. Fanconi’s anemia is caused by mutations in
&lt;br /&gt;multiple complementation groups that are characterized by various congenital anomalies
&lt;br /&gt;and a marked predisposition to aplastic anemia and acute myeloid leukemia. HNPCC is
&lt;br /&gt;caused by mutations in one of several mismatch repair genes that result in microsatellite instability
&lt;br /&gt;and a high incidence of colon, ovarian, and uterine cancers. Fragile X syndrome is
&lt;br /&gt;caused by unstable trinucleotide repeats that destabilize DNA. It is characterized by Xlinked
&lt;br /&gt;inheritance and typical large ears, macroorchidism, and mental retardation.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-100. The answer is C. (Chap. 62) Mendelian inheritance patterns do not apply to mitochondrial
&lt;br /&gt;genetics. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) consists of small encoding transfer and ribosomal
&lt;br /&gt;RNAs and various proteins that are involved in oxidative phosphorylation and
&lt;br /&gt;adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation. mtDNA exists as a circular chromosome within
&lt;br /&gt;cells. The mitochondrial genome does not recombine. The genetic material that is introduced
&lt;br /&gt;into the egg by the sperm does not contain mitochondrial DNA, therefore, inheritance
&lt;br /&gt;is maternal. All the children of an affected mother will inherit the disorder. An
&lt;br /&gt;affected father will not transmit the disorder. The clinical manifestations of the various disorders
&lt;br /&gt;in mitochondrial genetics are characterized by alterations in oxidative phosphorylation
&lt;br /&gt;that lead to reductions in the ATP supply and apoptosis. Areas of high dependence on
&lt;br /&gt;oxidative phosphorylation include skeletal and cardiac muscle and the brain. During replication,
&lt;br /&gt;the number of mitochondria can drift among various cells and tissues, resulting in
&lt;br /&gt;heterogeneity, or heteroplasmy. This results in further variation in the clinical phenotype.
&lt;br /&gt;Acquired mutations in the mitochondrial genome are thought to play a significant role in
&lt;br /&gt;age-related degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-101. The answer is B. (Chap. 62) Genetic imprinting is gene inactivation that results in
&lt;br /&gt;preferential expression of an allele depending on its parental origin. It has an important
&lt;br /&gt;role in a number of diseases, including malignancies. Abnormal expression in the paternally
&lt;br /&gt;derived copy of the insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) gene results in the cancer
&lt;br /&gt;predisposing Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Uniparental disomy is the inheritance of
&lt;br /&gt;dual copies of either maternal or paternal chromosomes. This may result in similar phenotypes,
&lt;br /&gt;as in the case of imprinting. The Prader-Willi and Angelman’s syndromes may
&lt;br /&gt;result from uniparental disomy involving inheritance of defective maternal or paternal
&lt;br /&gt;chromosomes, respectively. Similarly, hydatidiform moles may contain normal numbers
&lt;br /&gt;of diplid chromosomes, all of which are of paternal origin. The opposite occurs in ovarian
&lt;br /&gt;teratomas. Lyonization is epigenetic inactivation of one of the two X chromosomes in
&lt;br /&gt;every cell of the female. Somatic mosaicism is the presence of two or more genetically distinct
&lt;br /&gt;cell lines in the tissue of an individual. The term anticipation is often used to refer to
&lt;br /&gt;diseases caused by trinucleotide repeats that are often characterized by worsening of clinical
&lt;br /&gt;phenotypes in successive generations. These diseases, such as Huntington’s disease
&lt;br /&gt;and fragile X syndrome, are characterized by expansion of these repeats in subsequent
&lt;br /&gt;generations of individuals, resulting in earlier and often more severe clinical phenotypes.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-102. The answer is D. (Chap. 357) Connective tissue is composed of macromolecules (collagen,
&lt;br /&gt;elastin, fibrillin, proteoglycans, etc.) that are assembled into an insoluble extracellular
&lt;br /&gt;matrix. Disorders of any of these macromolecules may result in a disorder of
&lt;br /&gt;connective tissue. Osteogenesis imperfecta is caused by mutations in type I procollagen.
&lt;br /&gt;Over 400 mutations have been found in patients with OI. Clinically, it is characterized by
&lt;br /&gt;decreased bone mass, brittle bones, blue sclerae, dental abnormalities, joint laxity, and
&lt;br /&gt;progressive hearing loss. The phenotype may range from severe disease with in utero death
&lt;br /&gt;to milder forms with lesser severity and survival into adulthood. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
&lt;br /&gt;is a heterogenous set of disorders characterized by joint laxity, hyperelasticity of the skin,
&lt;br /&gt;and other defects in collagen synthesis. A variety of defects have been identified in different
&lt;br /&gt;types of collagen as well as enzymes that facilitate collagen cross-linking. Marfan syndrome
&lt;br /&gt;is characterized by a triad of features: long, thin extremities (with arachnodactyly
&lt;br /&gt;and loose joints), reduced vision as a result of ectopia lentis, and aortic aneurysms. Defects
&lt;br /&gt;in the fibrillin gene are responsible for this syndrome. Alport syndrome is caused by mutations in type IV collagen, resulting in the most common phenotype of X-linked inheritance,
&lt;br /&gt;hematuria, sensorineural deafness, and lenticonus. McArdle’s disease is a defect in
&lt;br /&gt;glycogenolysis that results from myophosphorylase deficiency.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-103. The answer is D. (Chap. 355) Lysosomes are subcellular organelles that contain specific
&lt;br /&gt;hydrolyases that allow the processing and degradation of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates,
&lt;br /&gt;and lipids. Lysosomal storage diseases result from mutations in various genes for
&lt;br /&gt;these hydrolyases. Clinical symptoms result from the accumulation of the undegraded macromolecule.
&lt;br /&gt;Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a deficiency of hexosaminidase A. Buildup of
&lt;br /&gt;GM2 gangliosides results in a phenotype that is characterized by a fatal progressive neurodegenerative
&lt;br /&gt;disease. In the infantile form, these patients have macrocephaly, loss of motor
&lt;br /&gt;skills, an increased startle reaction, and a macular cherry red spot. The juvenile-onset form
&lt;br /&gt;presents with ataxia and progressive dementia that result in death by age 15. The adult-onset
&lt;br /&gt;form is characterized by clumsiness in childhood, progressive motor weakness in adolescence,
&lt;br /&gt;and neurocognitive decline. Death occurs in early adulthood. Survival to the third or
&lt;br /&gt;fourth decade is rare. Splenomegaly is uncommon. The disease is seen most commonly in
&lt;br /&gt;Ashkenazi Jews, with a carrier frequency of about 1 in 30. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-104. The answer is D. (Chap. 355) Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage
&lt;br /&gt;disorder caused by decreased activity of acid β-glucosidase. Nearly 200 mutations have been
&lt;br /&gt;described. Type 1 Gaucher disease can present from childhood to young adulthood. The average
&lt;br /&gt;age at diagnosis is 20 years in white people. Clinical features result from an accumulation
&lt;br /&gt;of lipid-laden macrophages, termed Gaucher cells, throughout the body. Hepatosplenomegaly
&lt;br /&gt;is present in virtually all symptomatic patients. Bone marrow involvement is common,
&lt;br /&gt;with subsequent infarction, ischemia, and necrosis. Anemia and thrombocytopenias may occur.
&lt;br /&gt;Bone pain is common. Although the liver and spleen may become massive, severe liver
&lt;br /&gt;dysfunction is very rare. The disease is most common in Ashkenazi Jewish populations. The
&lt;br /&gt;diagnosis is made by measuring enzyme activity. Enzyme therapy is currently the treatment of
&lt;br /&gt;choice in significantly affected patients. Other therapies include symptomatic management of
&lt;br /&gt;the blood cytopenias and joint replacement surgery for bone injury. Type 2 Gaucher disease is
&lt;br /&gt;a rare, severe central nervous system (CNS) disease that leads to death in infancy. Type 3 disease
&lt;br /&gt;is nearly identical to type 1 disease except that the course is more rapidly progressive.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-105. The answer is A. (Chap. 62) The information provided in the pedigree is adequate to
&lt;br /&gt;determine the mode of a single-gene inheritance pattern. The example provided is typical
&lt;br /&gt;of patients with hemophilia A or Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy. Other examples exist.
&lt;br /&gt;X-linked recessive inheritance is marked by the fact that the incidence of the trait is much
&lt;br /&gt;higher in males than in females. The genetic trait is passed from an affected male through
&lt;br /&gt;all his daughters to, on average, half their sons. The trait is never transmitted directly from
&lt;br /&gt;father to son. The trait may be transmitted through a series of carrier females; if that occurs,
&lt;br /&gt;the affected males are related to each other through the female, as in this case.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-106. The answer is A. (Chap. 62) Many common diseases are known to “run in families” yet
&lt;br /&gt;are not inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion. It is likely that the expression of these disorders
&lt;br /&gt;depends on a family of genes that can impart a certain degree of risk and then be modified
&lt;br /&gt;by subsequent environmental factors. The risk of the development of disease in a relative
&lt;br /&gt;of an affected person varies with the degree of relationship; first-degree relatives (parents,
&lt;br /&gt;siblings, and offspring) have the highest risk, which in itself varies with the specific disease.
&lt;br /&gt;Many of these multifactorial genetic diseases are inherited in a greater frequency in persons
&lt;br /&gt;with certain HLA (major histocompatibility system) types. For example, there is a tenfold increased
&lt;br /&gt;risk of celiac sprue (gluten-sensitive enteropathy) in persons who have HLA-B8. This
&lt;br /&gt;genotype also imparts an increased risk for chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, and
&lt;br /&gt;Addison’s disease. The incidence of diabetes mellitus is much higher in those expressing
&lt;br /&gt;HLA-D3 and HLA-D4. Spondyloarthropathies, psoriatic arthritis (HLA-B27), hyperthyroidism
&lt;br /&gt;(HLA-DR3), and multiple sclerosis (HLA-DR2) are other examples of diseases with
&lt;br /&gt;histocompatibility predispositions. By contrast, Wilson’s disease and cystic fibrosis are inherited
&lt;br /&gt;in an autosomal recessive fashion, and adult polycystic kidney disease and neurofibromatosis
&lt;br /&gt;are among the disorders inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-107. The answer is C. (Chap. 19) Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is defined as the presence
&lt;br /&gt;of fevers to &gt;38.3°C (101.0°F) on several occasions occurring for &gt;3 weeks without a defined
&lt;br /&gt;cause after appropriate investigation into potential causes have failed to yield a diagnosis.
&lt;br /&gt;Initial laboratory investigation into an FUO should include a complete blood count
&lt;br /&gt;with differential, peripheral blood smear, ESR, C-reactive protein, electrolytes, creatinine,
&lt;br /&gt;calcium, liver function tests, urinalysis, and muscle enzymes. In addition, specific testing
&lt;br /&gt;for a variety of infections should be performed, including VDRL for syphilis, HIV, CMV,
&lt;br /&gt;EBV, PPD testing, and blood, sputum, and urine cultures if appropriate. Finally, the
&lt;br /&gt;workup should include evaluation for inflammatory disorders. These tests include antinuclear
&lt;br /&gt;antibodies, rheumatoid factor, ferritin, iron, and transferrin. In several large studies,
&lt;br /&gt;infectious etiologies are the most commonly identified source of FUO. In the earlier studies,
&lt;br /&gt;infectious etiologies accounted for 32–36% of all FUO. In more recent studies, up to 30% of
&lt;br /&gt;individuals will not have an identified cause of FUO, and infectious etiologies continue to
&lt;br /&gt;comprise 25% of all FUO. The most common infection causing FUO is extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
&lt;br /&gt;Viral and fungal etiologies are also common. In addition, intraabdominal, retroperitoneal,
&lt;br /&gt;renal, and paraspinal abscesses should be considered. In earlier studies,
&lt;br /&gt;neoplasm was the second most common cause of FUO. However, given the improvements
&lt;br /&gt;in imaging and diagnostic techniques, neoplasm accounts for fewer cases of FUO than previously
&lt;br /&gt;described. Presently the second most common cause of FUO is noninfectious inflammatory
&lt;br /&gt;disorders. In the elderly, giant cell arteritis can present as an FUO, as can many
&lt;br /&gt;other inflammatory disease such as polymyositis, Behçet’s disease, and adult Still’s disease.
&lt;br /&gt;Drug fever and hereditary periodic fever syndromes are grouped in the “miscellaneous” category
&lt;br /&gt;and are among the least common causes of prolonged fever of uncertain origin.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-108. The answer is C. (Chap. 58; R Crapo et al.) Chronic hypoxia, seen in people acclimated
&lt;br /&gt;to high altitudes, causes a shift in the oxygen dissociation curve to the right (decreased
&lt;br /&gt;affinity) causing more oxygen to be released in tissues deprived of oxygen.
&lt;br /&gt;This is achieved by increased red blood cell production of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
&lt;br /&gt;(2,3-DPG). Four factors decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen: high temperature,
&lt;br /&gt;increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (the Bohr effect), increased levels of
&lt;br /&gt;2,3-DPG, increase in acidity. The opposite changes in these four factors increase hemoglobin
&lt;br /&gt;affinity for oxygen and impair delivery of oxygen to peripheral tissues. Healthy
&lt;br /&gt;men acclimated to altitude (1400 m) have an average pH/PaCO2 of 7.43/34 mmHg and
&lt;br /&gt;healthy women 7.44/33 mmHg. Hemoglobin concentration will increase due to the
&lt;br /&gt;stimulatory effect of hypoxia on erythropoietin production.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-109. The answer is E. (Chap. e3) Minority patients have poorer health outcomes from many
&lt;br /&gt;preventable and treatable conditions such as cardiovascular disease, asthma, diabetes,
&lt;br /&gt;cancer, and others. The causes of these differences are multifactorial and include social
&lt;br /&gt;determinants (education, socioeconomic status, environment) and access to care (which
&lt;br /&gt;often leads to more serious illness before seeking care). However, there are also clearly described
&lt;br /&gt;racial differences in quality of care once patients enter the health care system.
&lt;br /&gt;These differences have been found in cardiovascular, oncologic, renal, diabetic, and palliative
&lt;br /&gt;care. Eliminating these differences will require systematic changes in health system
&lt;br /&gt;factors, provider level factors, and patient level factors.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-110. The answer is B. (Chap. e6) To be able to differentiate among the disorders that cause
&lt;br /&gt;memory loss, it should be determined whether the patient has nondeclarative or declarative
&lt;br /&gt;memory loss. A simple way to think of the differences between nondeclarative and
&lt;br /&gt;declarative memory is to consider the difference between “knowing how” (nondeclarative)
&lt;br /&gt;and “knowing who or what” (declarative). Nondeclarative memory loss refers to loss
&lt;br /&gt;of skills, habits, or learned behaviors that can be expressed without an awareness of what
&lt;br /&gt;was learned. Procedural memory is a type of nondeclarative memory and may involve
&lt;br /&gt;motor, perceptual, or cognitive processes. Examples of nondeclarative procedural memory
&lt;br /&gt;include remembering how to tie one’s shoes (motor), responding to the tea kettle
&lt;br /&gt;whistling on the stove (perceptual), or increasing ability to complete a puzzle (cognitive).
&lt;br /&gt;Nondeclarative memory involves several brain areas, including the amygdala, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and sensory cortex. Declarative memory refers to the conscious memory
&lt;br /&gt;for facts and events and is divided into two categories: semantic memory and episodic
&lt;br /&gt;memory. Semantic memory refers to general knowledge about the world without specifically
&lt;br /&gt;recalling how or when the information was learned. An example of semantic memory
&lt;br /&gt;is the recollection that a wristwatch is an instrument for keeping time. Vocabulary
&lt;br /&gt;and the knowledge of associations between verbal concepts comprise a large portion of
&lt;br /&gt;semantic memory. Episodic memory allows one to recall specific personal experiences.
&lt;br /&gt;Examples of episodic memory include ability to recall the birthday of a spouse, to recognize
&lt;br /&gt;a photo from one’s wedding, or recall the events at one’s high school graduation. The
&lt;br /&gt;areas of the brain involved in declarative memory include the hippocampus, entorhinal
&lt;br /&gt;cortex, mamillary bodies, and thalamus.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-111. The answer is F. (Chap. 60) This patient’s lymphadenopathy is benign. Inguinal nodes
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;2&gt;5% of the total
&lt;br /&gt;body weight over a 6- to 12-month period should prompt an evaluation. In the elderly,
&lt;br /&gt;weight loss is an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality. Studies in the elderly
&lt;br /&gt;have found mortality rates of 10–15%/year in patients with significant unintentional
&lt;br /&gt;weight loss. It is important to confirm the weight loss and the duration of time over which
&lt;br /&gt;it occurred. The causes of weight loss are protean and usually become apparent after a
&lt;br /&gt;careful evaluation and directed testing. A thorough review of systems should be performed
&lt;br /&gt;including constitutional, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and psychiatric. Travel history and
&lt;br /&gt;risk factors for HIV are also important. Medications and supplements should be reviewed.
&lt;br /&gt;The physical examination must include an examination of the skin, oropharynx, thyroid
&lt;br /&gt;gland, lymphatic system, abdomen, rectum, prostate, neurologic system, and pelvis. A reasonable
&lt;br /&gt;laboratory approach would include an initial phase of testing including the tests
&lt;br /&gt;outlined in this scenario. In the absence of signs or symptoms, close follow-up rather than
&lt;br /&gt;undirected testing is appropriate. Total-body scanning with PET or CT has not been
&lt;br /&gt;shown to be effective as screening tests without a clinical indication.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-120. The answer is A. (Chaps. 56 and 311) Drugs can trigger inflammatory mediators (histamine,
&lt;br /&gt;leukotrienes, etc.) directly; i.e., the pharmacoimmune concept. These “anaphylactoid”
&lt;br /&gt;responses are not IgE-mediated. NSAIDS, aspirin, and radiocontrast media are
&lt;br /&gt;frequent causes of pharmacologically mediated anaphylactoid reactions. Given that this is
&lt;br /&gt;an investigational drug, it is improbable that patients in this study have taken this drug
&lt;br /&gt;before. T cell clones have been obtained after pharmacologically mediated anaphylactoid
&lt;br /&gt;reactions, with a majority being CD4+. A constitutively IgE receptor would not manifest
&lt;br /&gt;solely after drug exposure.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-121. The answer is D. (Chap. 214) Anthrax is caused by the gram-positive spore-forming
&lt;br /&gt;rod Bacillus anthrax. Anthrax spores may be the prototypical disease of bioterrorism. Although
&lt;br /&gt;not spread person to person, inhalational anthrax has a high mortality, a low infective
&lt;br /&gt;dose (five spores), and may be spread widely with aerosols after bioengineering. It
&lt;br /&gt;is well-documented that anthrax spores were produced and stored as potential bioweapons.
&lt;br /&gt;In 2001, the United States was exposed to anthrax spores delivered as a powder in
&lt;br /&gt;letters. Of 11 patients with inhalation anthrax, 5 died. All 11 patients with cutaneous anthrax
&lt;br /&gt;survived. Because anthrax spores can remain dormant in the respiratory tract for 6
&lt;br /&gt;weeks, the incubation period can be quite long and post-exposure antibiotics are recommended
&lt;br /&gt;for 60 days. Trials of a recombinant vaccine are underway.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-122. The answer is D. (Chap. 214) The three major clinical forms of anthrax are gastrointestinal
&lt;br /&gt;(GI), cutaneous, and inhalational. GI anthrax results from eating contaminated
&lt;br /&gt;meat and is an unlikely bioweapon. Cutaneous anthrax results from contact with
&lt;br /&gt;the spores and results in a black eschar lesion. Cutaneous anthrax had a 20% mortality
&lt;br /&gt;before antibiotics became available. Inhalational anthrax typically presents with the most
&lt;br /&gt;deadly form and is the most likely bioweapon. The spores are phagocytosed by alveolar
&lt;br /&gt;macrophages and transported to the mediastinum. Subsequent germination, toxin elaboration,
&lt;br /&gt;and hematogenous spread cause septic shock. A characteristic radiographic finding
&lt;br /&gt;is mediastinal widening and pleural effusion. Prompt initiation of antibiotics is
&lt;br /&gt;essential as mortality is likely 100% without specific treatment. Inhalational anthrax is
&lt;br /&gt;not known to be contagious. Provided that there is no concern for release of another
&lt;br /&gt;highly infectious agent such as smallpox, only routine precautions are warranted.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-123. The answer is F. (Chap. 214) Smallpox has been proposed as a potential bioweapon. It
&lt;br /&gt;is essential that clinicians be able to recognize this infection clinically and distinguish it
&lt;br /&gt;from the common infection with varicella. Infection with smallpox occurs principally
&lt;br /&gt;with close contact, although saliva droplets or aerosols may also spread disease. Approximately
&lt;br /&gt;12–14 days after exposure, the patient develops high fever, malaise, nausea, vomiting,
&lt;br /&gt;headache, and a maculopapular rash that begins on the face and extremities and
&lt;br /&gt;spreads (centripetally) to the trunk with lesions at the same stage of development at any
&lt;br /&gt;given location. This is in contrast to the rash of varicella (chickenpox), which begins on
&lt;br /&gt;the face and trunk and spreads (centrifugally) to the extremities with lesions at all stages of
&lt;br /&gt;development at any given location. Smallpox is associated with a 10–30% mortality. Vaccination
&lt;br /&gt;with vaccinia (cowpox) is effective, even if given during the incubation period.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-124. The answer is C. (Chap. 214) Tularemia, caused by the small nonmotile gram-negative
&lt;br /&gt;coccobacillus Francisella tularensis, has been proposed as a potential bioweapon (CDC
&lt;br /&gt;category A) because of its high degree of environmental infectiousness, potential for
&lt;br /&gt;aerolization, and ability to cause severe pneumonia. It is not as lethal as anthrax or plague
&lt;br /&gt;(Yersinia pestis). Infection with F. tularensis is most common in rural areas where small
&lt;br /&gt;mammals serve as a reservoir. Human infections may occur from tick or mosquito bites
&lt;br /&gt;or from contact with infected animals while hunting. The isolation of this pathogen in
&lt;br /&gt;two patients without obvious exposure risk factors should prompt concern that a terrorist
&lt;br /&gt;has intentionally aerosolized F. tularensis as an agent of bioterror. It is highly infectious,
&lt;br /&gt;with as few as 10 organisms causing infection, and outbreaks have been reported in
&lt;br /&gt;microbiology laboratory workers streaking Petri dishes. However, it is not infectious person-
&lt;br /&gt;to-person. Streptomycin, doxycycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin
&lt;br /&gt;are likely effective agents; however, given the possibility of genetically altered
&lt;br /&gt;organisms, broad-spectrum antibiotics are indicated pending sensitivity testing. In outbreaks,
&lt;br /&gt;tularemia pneumonia has a mortality of 30–60% in untreated patients and &lt;2%
&lt;br /&gt;with appropriate therapy.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-125. The answer is C. (Chap. 389) The most common physical effects of smoking marijuana
&lt;br /&gt;are conjunctival infection and tachycardia; however, tolerance for the tachycardia
&lt;br /&gt;develops quickly among habitual users. Smoking marijuana can precipitate angina in
&lt;br /&gt;those with a history of coronary artery disease, and such patients should be advised to
&lt;br /&gt;abstain from smoking marijuana or using cannabis compounds. This effect may be more
&lt;br /&gt;pronounced with smoking marijuana than cigarettes. Because chronic use of marijuana
&lt;br /&gt;typically involves deep inhalation and prolonged retention of marijuana smoke, chronic
&lt;br /&gt;smokers may develop chronic bronchial irritation and impaired single-breath carbon
&lt;br /&gt;monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO). Decreased sperm count, impaired sperm motility,
&lt;br /&gt;and morphologic abnormalities of spermatozoa have been reported. Prospective studies
&lt;br /&gt;demonstrated a correlation between impaired fetal growth and development with heavy
&lt;br /&gt;marijuana use during pregnancy.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-126. The answer is B. (Chap. 389) Although LSD abuse has been a well-known public health
&lt;br /&gt;hazard, the use of LSD may be increasing in some communities in the Unites States among
&lt;br /&gt;adolescents and young adults. LSD causes a variety of bizarre perceptual changes that can
&lt;br /&gt;last for up to 18 h. Panic episodes due to LSD use (“bad trip”) are the most frequent medical
&lt;br /&gt;emergency associated with LSD. These episodes may last up to 24 h and are best treated
&lt;br /&gt;in a specialized psychiatric setting. Marijuana intoxication causes a feeling of euphoria and
&lt;br /&gt;is associated with some impairment in cognition similar to alcohol intoxication. Heroin intoxication
&lt;br /&gt;usually produces a feeling of euphoria and intoxication; panic attacks during usage
&lt;br /&gt;are uncommon. Methamphetamine intoxication produces feelings of euphoria and
&lt;br /&gt;decreases the fatigue associated with difficult life situations. Psychosis is possible with the
&lt;br /&gt;ingestion of most illicit substances, depending on the user and the environmental setting;
&lt;br /&gt;however, the classic panic attack associated with the “bad trip” of LSD is distinct in the predominance
&lt;br /&gt;of paranoia and fear of imminent doom.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-127. The answer is E. (Chap. e35) “Body packing” is a common practice among members of
&lt;br /&gt;the illicit drug trade for transport of illicit drugs across international borders. Human
&lt;br /&gt;“mules” swallow sealed packages of illicit drugs in special bags to conceal the drug from
&lt;br /&gt;drug enforcement officials. Because these bags may rupture while in the gastrointestinal
&lt;br /&gt;tract, all persons who are unconscious at airports, or who develop symptoms after returning
&lt;br /&gt;from a country where drug trafficking is common, should be evaluated for this
&lt;br /&gt;particular contingency. Initial examination is a cursory orifice examination, but abdominal
&lt;br /&gt;imaging and bowel lavage are necessary in many cases. Confirmed cases need to be
&lt;br /&gt;followed closely as further absorption of the drug is possible. Blood cultures and echocardiogram
&lt;br /&gt;are only necessary if infective endocarditis is suspected. However, this patient
&lt;br /&gt;has no fevers or indication of active drug abuse. CSF analysis would be necessary only if
&lt;br /&gt;no obvious cause of the patient’s mental status change were available. As her respiratory
&lt;br /&gt;rate is now elevated rather than low, her mental status is normal, and her oxygen saturations
&lt;br /&gt;are high, there is little reason to expect CO2 retention or hypoxemia. A blood gas
&lt;br /&gt;can likely be avoided unless her clinical status changes.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-128. The answer is D. (Chap. e35) Sympathetic toxidromes share many features including
&lt;br /&gt;increased pulse, blood pressure, neuromuscular activity, tremulousness, delirium, and
&lt;br /&gt;agitation. In many cases, these syndromes can be subclassified according to other features
&lt;br /&gt;or relative strengths of the above symptoms. Sympathomimetics like cocaine and amphetamines
&lt;br /&gt;cause extreme elevations in vital signs and organ damage due to peripheral
&lt;br /&gt;vasoconstriction, usually in the absence of hallucinations. Benzodiazepine and alcohol
&lt;br /&gt;withdrawal syndromes present similarly but hallucinations, and often seizures, are common
&lt;br /&gt;in these conditions. Hot, dry, flushed skin, urinary retention, and absent bowel
&lt;br /&gt;sounds characterize anticholinergic syndromes associated with antihistamines, antipsychotics,
&lt;br /&gt;antiparkinsonian agents, muscle relaxants, and cyclic antidepressants. Nystagmus
&lt;br /&gt;is a unique feature of ketamine and phencyclidine overdose.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-129. The answer is E. (Chap. e35) Opiate overdose falls broadly into a toxidrome characterized
&lt;br /&gt;by physiologic depression and sedation. If a history is obtained suggesting a toxic ingestion
&lt;br /&gt;or injection, then the diagnosis is straightforward. However, this history is often
&lt;br /&gt;absent and it can be a challenge initially to differentiate opiate toxicity from other central
&lt;br /&gt;nervous system (CNS) and physiologic depressants. Therefore, naloxone should always
&lt;br /&gt;be given as a diagnostic and therapeutic trial under circumstances of unexplained altered
&lt;br /&gt;mental status, especially in the presence of coma or seizures. An immediate clinical improvement
&lt;br /&gt;characterizes opiate overdose. In opiate overdose, abnormal vital signs occur
&lt;br /&gt;exclusively as a result of central respiratory depression and the accompanying hypoxemia.
&lt;br /&gt;Low blood pressure in an alert patient should prompt a search for an alternative explanation
&lt;br /&gt;for the hypotension. An anion gap metabolic acidosis with normal lactate is seen in
&lt;br /&gt;syndromes such as methanol or ethylene glycol ingestion: mental status change usually
&lt;br /&gt;precedes vital sign changes, and vital signs are often discordant as a result of physiologic
&lt;br /&gt;adjustments to the severity of the acidosis. Mydriasis is a result of stimulant use. Miosis is
&lt;br /&gt;associated with CNS depression. Sweating and drooling are manifestations of cholinergic
&lt;br /&gt;agents such as muscarinic and micotinic agonists.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-130. The answer is A. (Chap. e35) Lithium interferes with cell membrane ion transport,
&lt;br /&gt;leading to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and falsely elevated chloride. This can cause
&lt;br /&gt;the appearance of low anion gap metabolic acidosis. Sequelae include nausea, vomiting,
&lt;br /&gt;ataxia, encephalopathy, coma, seizures, arrhythmia, hyperthermia, permanent movement
&lt;br /&gt;disorder, and/or encephalopathy. Severe cases are treated with bowel irrigation, endoscopic
&lt;br /&gt;removal of long-acting formulations, hydration, and sometimes hemodialysis.
&lt;br /&gt;Care should be taken because toxicity occurs at lower levels in chronic toxicity compared
&lt;br /&gt;to acute toxicity. Salicylate toxicity leads to a normal osmolal gap as well as an elevated
&lt;br /&gt;anion gap metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, and sometimes normal anion gap
&lt;br /&gt;metabolic acidosis. Methanol toxicity is associated with blindness and is characterized by
&lt;br /&gt;an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis, with normal lactate and ketones, and a high
&lt;br /&gt;osmolal gap. Propylene glycol toxicity causes an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis
&lt;br /&gt;with elevated lactate and a high osmolal gap. The only electrolyte abnormalities associated
&lt;br /&gt;with opiate overdose are compensatory to a primary respiratory acidosis.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-131. The answer is B. (Chap. e35) The clinical ramifications of this question are critical.
&lt;br /&gt;Drug effects begin earlier, peak later, and last longer in the context of overdose, compared
&lt;br /&gt;to commonly referenced values. Therefore, if a patient has a known ingestion of a toxic
&lt;br /&gt;dose of a dangerous substance and symptoms have not yet begun, then aggressive gut decontamination
&lt;br /&gt;should ensue, because symptoms are apt to ensue rapidly. The late peak
&lt;br /&gt;and longer duration of action are important as well. A common error in practice is for
&lt;br /&gt;patients to be released or watched less carefully after reversal of toxicity associated with
&lt;br /&gt;an opiate agonist or benzodiazepine. However, the duration of activity of the offending
&lt;br /&gt;toxic agent often exceeds the half-life of the antagonists, naloxone or flumazenil, requiring
&lt;br /&gt;the administration of subsequent doses several hours later to prevent further central
&lt;br /&gt;nervous system or physiologic depression.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-132. The answer is E (Chap. e35) Management of the toxin-induced seizure includes addressing
&lt;br /&gt;the underlying cause of the seizure, antiepileptic therapy, reversal of the toxin effect,
&lt;br /&gt;and supportive management. In this patient, lithium toxicity has led to diabetes
&lt;br /&gt;insipidus and encephalopathy. The patient was unlikely to take in free water due to his incapacitated
&lt;br /&gt;state, and as a result developed hypernatremia. The hypernatremia and lithium
&lt;br /&gt;toxicity are contributing to his seizure and should be addressed with careful free
&lt;br /&gt;water replacement and bowel irrigation, plus hemodialysis. As he is not protecting his
&lt;br /&gt;airway, supportive management will need to include endotracheal intubation. Antiseizure
&lt;br /&gt;prophylaxis with first-line agent, a benzodiazepine, has failed, and therefore he
&lt;br /&gt;should be treated with a barbiturate as well as a benzodiazepine. Benzodiazepines should
&lt;br /&gt;be continued as they work by a different mechanism than barbiturates in preventing seizures.
&lt;br /&gt;Phenytoin is contraindicated for the use of toxic seizures due to worse outcomes
&lt;br /&gt;documented in clinical trials for this indication.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-133. The answer is E. (Chap. e35) Gastric decontamination is controversial because there
&lt;br /&gt;are few data to support or refute its use more than an hour after ingestion. It remains a
&lt;br /&gt;very common practice in most hospitals. Syrup of ipecac is no longer endorsed for inhospital
&lt;br /&gt;use and is controversial even for home use, though its safety profile is well documented,
&lt;br /&gt;and therefore it likely poses little harm for ingestions when the history is clear
&lt;br /&gt;and the indication strong. Activated charcoal is generally the decontamination method of
&lt;br /&gt;choice as it is the least aversive and least invasive option available. It is effective in decreasing
&lt;br /&gt;systemic absorption if given within an hour of poison ingestion. It may be effective
&lt;br /&gt;even later after ingestion for drugs with significant anticholinergic effect (e.g.,
&lt;br /&gt;tricyclic antidepressants). Considerations are poor visibility of the gastrointestinal tract
&lt;br /&gt;on endoscopy following charcoal ingestion, and perhaps decreased absorption of oral
&lt;br /&gt;drugs. Gastric lavage is the most invasive option and is effective, but it is occasionally associated
&lt;br /&gt;with tracheal intubation and bowel-wall perforation. It is also the least comfortable
&lt;br /&gt;option for the patient. Moreover, aspiration risk is highest in those undergoing
&lt;br /&gt;gastric lavage. All three of the most common options for decontamination carry at least a
&lt;br /&gt;1% risk of an aspiration event, which warrants special consideration in the patient with
&lt;br /&gt;mental status change.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;I-134. The answer is C. (Chap. 60) To keep body weight stable, energy intake must match energy
&lt;br /&gt;output. Energy output has two main determinants: resting energy expenditure and
&lt;br /&gt;physical activity. Other, less clinically important determinants include energy expenditure
&lt;br /&gt;to digest food and thermogenesis from shivering. Resting energy expenditure can be
&lt;br /&gt;calculated and is 900 + 10w (where w = weight) in males and 700 + 7w in females. This
&lt;br /&gt;calculation is then modified for physical activity level. The main determinant of resting
&lt;br /&gt;energy expenditure is lean body mass.
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2009/12/1-harrison-17.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-8211345877478818228</guid><pubDate>Mon, 21 Dec 2009 12:58:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-12-21T04:58:46.214-08:00</atom:updated><title/><description>III. ОНКОЛОГИЯ И ГЕМАТОЛОГИЯ&lt;br /&gt;ВОПРОСЫ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-l. 73-летний мужчина обратился в клинику в связи с все усиливающейся болью в пояснице в течение 3 месяцев. Указанная локализация боли – поясничный отдел позвоночника. Боль ухудшается ночью при лежании, облегчается в течение дня при двигательной активности. В анамнез артериальная гипертензия и курение сигарет в прошлом. Физикальное обследование без особенностей. Лабораторные исследования: повышение щелочной фосфатазы. Рентгенограмма поясничного отдела показывает литическое поражение L3. Какое из следующих злокачественных заболеваний наиболее вероятно?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Рак желудка &lt;br /&gt;B. Немелкоклеточный рак легкого &lt;br /&gt;C. Остеогенная саркома&lt;br /&gt;D. Рак поджелудочной железы&lt;br /&gt;E. Рак щитовидной железы&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B &lt;br /&gt;Bone pain resulting from metastatic lesions may be difficult&lt;br /&gt;to distinguish from degenerative disease, osteoporosis, or disk disease in the elderly.&lt;br /&gt;Generally, these patients present with insidious worsening localized pain without fevers&lt;br /&gt;or signs of infection. In contrast to pain related to disk disease, the pain of metastatic disease&lt;br /&gt;is worse when the patient is lying down or at night. Neurologic symptoms related to&lt;br /&gt;metastatic disease constitute an emergency. Lung, breast, and prostate cancers account&lt;br /&gt;for approximately 80% of bone metastases. Thyroid carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma,&lt;br /&gt;lymphoma, and bladder carcinoma may also metastasize to bone. Metastatic lesions may&lt;br /&gt;be lytic or blastic. Most cancers cause a combination of both, although prostate cancer is&lt;br /&gt;predominantly blastic. Either lesion may cause hypercalcemia, although lytic lesions&lt;br /&gt;more commonly do this. Lytic lesions are best detected with plain radiography. Blastic lesions&lt;br /&gt;are prominent on radionuclide bone scans. Treatment and prognosis depend on the&lt;br /&gt;underlying malignancy. Bisphosphonates may reduce hypercalcemia, relieve pain, and&lt;br /&gt;limit bone resorption.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Пациенты из каких регионов не нуждаются в скрининге дефицита дегидрогеназы глюкозо-6-фосфата (G6PD) перед лечением лекарственным средством, имеющим риск G6PD-связанного гемолиза?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Бразилия&lt;br /&gt;B. Россия&lt;br /&gt;C. Юго-Восточная Азия&lt;br /&gt;D. Южная Европа&lt;br /&gt;E. Африка района Сахары&lt;br /&gt;F. Ни одно из вышеупомянутого&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Все следующее - факторы витамин K-зависимой коагуляции,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. фактор X&lt;br /&gt;B. фактор VII&lt;br /&gt;C. белок C&lt;br /&gt;D. S-белок&lt;br /&gt;E. фактор VIII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. 31-летнего мужчину с гемофилией A госпитализируют с постоянной макрогематурией. Он отрицает недавнюю травму или любую патологию мочеполовой системы в анамнезе. Экспертиза неотягощенна. Гематокрит - 28 %. Все следующее - подходящее лечение гемофилии, кроме&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. десмопрессин (DDAVP)&lt;br /&gt;B. свежезамороженная плазма (FFP)&lt;br /&gt;C. криопреципитат&lt;br /&gt;D. рекомбинантный фактор VIII&lt;br /&gt;E. плазмоферез&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Какое из следующих утверждений относительно возникновения и факторов риска развития гепатоцеллюлярного рака является верным?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Химический токсин, произведенный разновидностями Aspergillus, афлатоксин B, имеет сильную ассоциацию с развитием гепатоцеллюлярного рака и может быть обнаружен в зернах, хранившихся в горячих, влажных местах.&lt;br /&gt;B. В Соединенных Штатах уменьшается частота случаев гепатоцеллюлярного рака.&lt;br /&gt;C. Безалкогольный steatohepatitis не связан с увеличенным риском для гепатоцеллюлярного канцерогена.&lt;br /&gt;D. Менее чем у 5 % людей с диагностированных гепатоцеллюлярным раком в Соединенных Штатах нет фонового цирроза.&lt;br /&gt;E. Риск развития гепатоцеллюлярного рака у людей с гепатитом C - 50 %.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. Вас просят посмотреть мазок периферической крови пациента с анемией. Лактатдегидрогеназа сыворотки увеличена, есть гемоглобинурия. Что, вероятно, будет обнаружено при обследовании этого пациента? (См. иллюстрацию 6, Цветной Атлас.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Зоб&lt;br /&gt;B. Кровь-позитивный стул&lt;br /&gt;C. Механический второй сердечный тон&lt;br /&gt;D. Спленомегалия&lt;br /&gt;E. Утолщение свода черепа&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;This blood smear shows fragmented red blood cells of varying&lt;br /&gt;size and shape. In the presence of a foreign body within the circulation (prosthetic heart&lt;br /&gt;valve, vascular graft), red blood cells can become destroyed. Such intravascular hemolysis&lt;br /&gt;will also cause serum lactate dehydrogenase to be elevated and hemoglobinuria. In isolated&lt;br /&gt;extravascular hemolysis, there is no hemoglobin or hemosiderin released into the urine.&lt;br /&gt;The characteristic peripheral blood smear in splenomegaly is the presence of Howell-Jolly&lt;br /&gt;bodies (nuclear remnants within red blood cells). Certain diseases are associated with extramedullary&lt;br /&gt;hematopoiesis (e.g., chronic hemolytic anemias), which can be detected by an&lt;br /&gt;enlarged spleen, thickened calvarium, myelofibrosis, or hepatomegaly. The peripheral&lt;br /&gt;blood smear may show tear-drop cells or nucleated red blood cells. Hypothyroidism is associated&lt;br /&gt;with macrocytosis, which is not demonstrated here. Chronic gastrointestinal blood&lt;br /&gt;loss will cause microcytosis, not schistocytes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. Вся виды дефицита энзимов, приводящие к порфирии, унаследованы по аутосомно-доминантному или аутосомно-рецессивному типу, с одним исключением. Что из следующего обычно встречается спорадически?&lt;br /&gt;A. Порфирия, связанная с дефицитом 5- ALA -дегидратазы&lt;br /&gt;B. Острая интермиттирующая порфирия&lt;br /&gt;C. Эритропоэтическая порфирия&lt;br /&gt;D. Порфирия кожная поздняя&lt;br /&gt;E. Разнообразная порфирия&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8. 55-летняя женщина с прогрессивным нарушением координации. Физикальное исследование: нистагм, умеренная дизартрия, замедление (?) при пальце-носовой пробе, неустойчивая походка. ЯМР: атрофия обеих долей мозжечка. Серология: Анти-Yо антитела. Что является наиболее вероятной причиной данного клинического синдрома?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Немелкоклеточный рак легкого&lt;br /&gt;B. Мелкоклеточный рак легкого&lt;br /&gt;C. Рак молочной железы&lt;br /&gt;D. Неходжкинская лимфома&lt;br /&gt;E. Рак толстой кишки&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;One of the better characterized paraneoplastic&lt;br /&gt;neurologic syndromes is cerebellar ataxia caused by Purkinje cell drop-out in&lt;br /&gt;the cerebellum; it is manifested by dysarthria, limb and gait ataxia, and nystagmus. Radiologic&lt;br /&gt;imaging reveals cerebellar atrophy. Many antibodies have been associated with this&lt;br /&gt;syndrome, including anti-Yo, anti-Tr, and antibodies to the glutamate receptor. Although&lt;br /&gt;lung cancer, particularly small-cell cancer, accounts for a large number of patients with&lt;br /&gt;neoplasm-associated cerebellar ataxia, those with the syndrome who display anti-Yo antibodies&lt;br /&gt;in the serum typically have breast or ovarian cancer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9. 36-летняя Афро-Американская женщина с системной красной волчанкой с внезапной  летаргией и желтухой. При начальном обследовании: тахикардия, гипотензия, бледность, одышка, затруднение пробуждения, спленомегалия. Гемоглобин - 6 g/dL, Лейкоциты - 6300,  тромбоциты - 294,000. Общий билирубин - 4 g/dL, ретикулоциты - 18 %, гаптоглобин не выявлен. Почечная функция и анализ мочи нормальны. Что выявится при анализе мазка периферической крови?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Макроцитоз и полиморфонуклеары с гиперсегментированными ядрами&lt;br /&gt;B. Mикросфероциты&lt;br /&gt;C. Шизоциты&lt;br /&gt;D. Серповидные клетки&lt;br /&gt;E. Клетки-мишени&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;This patient’s lupus and her rapid development&lt;br /&gt;of truly life-threatening hemolytic anemia are both very suggestive of autoimmune&lt;br /&gt;hemolytic anemia. Diagnosis is made by a positive Coomb’s test documenting antibodies to&lt;br /&gt;the red cell membrane, but smear will often show microspherocytes, indicative of the damage incurred to the red cells in the spleen. Schistocytes are typical for microangiopathic&lt;br /&gt;hemolytic anemias such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) or thrombocytopenic&lt;br /&gt;thrombotic purpura (TTP). The lack of thrombocytopenia makes these diagnoses considerably&lt;br /&gt;less plausible. Macrocytosis and PMN’s with hypersegmented nuclei are very suggestive&lt;br /&gt;of vitamin B12 deficiency, which causes a more chronic, non-life-threatening anemia.&lt;br /&gt;Target cells are seen in liver disease and thalassemias. Sickle cell anemia is associated with&lt;br /&gt;aplastic crises, but she has no known diagnosis of sickle cell disease and is showing evidence&lt;br /&gt;of erythropoietin response based on the presence of elevated reticulocyte count.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10. Вы ищете причину анемии пациента. 50-летний мужчина с гематокритом 25 %, выявленным при рутинном обследовании. Гематокрит год назад был 47 %. Средний гематокрит - 80, средняя концентрация гемоглобина в эритроците - 25, средний корпускулярный гемоглобин - 25. Ретикулоциты - 5 %. При исследовании периферической крови - значительные количества полихроматофильных макроцитов. Ферритин - 340 g/L. Какова причина анемии у данного пациента?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Дефектная эритроидная пролиферация в костном мозге&lt;br /&gt;B. Внесосудистый гемолиз&lt;br /&gt;C. Внутрисосудистый гемолиз&lt;br /&gt;D. Железодефицитная анемия&lt;br /&gt;E. Cкрытое  желудочно-кишечное кровотечение&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;An accurate reticulocyte count is a critical component of&lt;br /&gt;the laboratory workup of anemia. There are two corrections that need to be made to the&lt;br /&gt;reticulocyte count when it is being used to estimate the marrow’s response to anemia.&lt;br /&gt;The first correction adjusts the reticulocyte count for the number of circulating red cells&lt;br /&gt;(i.e., the percentage of reticulocytes may be increased although the absolute number is&lt;br /&gt;unchanged). The absolute reticulocyte count = reticulocyte count * (hematocrit/expected&lt;br /&gt;hematocrit). Second, when there is evidence of prematurely released reticulocytes on the&lt;br /&gt;blood smear (polychromatophilia), prolonged maturation in the serum may cause a&lt;br /&gt;falsely high estimate of daily red blood cell production. Correction is achieved by dividing&lt;br /&gt;by a “maturation time correction,” usually 2 if the hematocrit is between 25% and&lt;br /&gt;35%. In this example, the reticulocyte production index is: 5 * (25/45)/2, or 1.4. If a reticulocyte&lt;br /&gt;production index is &lt;2 in the face of anemia, a defect in erythroid marrow proliferation&lt;br /&gt;must be present. Gastrointestinal bleeding should be considered in this&lt;br /&gt;demographic; however, a low reticulocyte count with normal iron stores argues strongly&lt;br /&gt;for a defect in erythroid proliferation. A ferritin &gt;200 ìg/L indicates that there are some&lt;br /&gt;iron stores present. Clues for extravascular hemolysis include an elevated lactate dehydrogenase,&lt;br /&gt;spherocytes on the peripheral blood smear, and hepatosplenomegaly. Intravascular&lt;br /&gt;hemolysis (disseminated intravascular coagulation, mechanical heart valve,&lt;br /&gt;thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura) will show schistocytes on peripheral smear.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11. Все следующее связано с чистой эритроцитарной аплазией, кроме&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. объемное образование в переднем средостении&lt;br /&gt;B. нарушения соединительной ткани&lt;br /&gt;C. гигантские пронормабласты (pronormoblasts)&lt;br /&gt;D. низкие уровни эритропоэтина&lt;br /&gt;E. инфекция парвовирус B19&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;Pure red cell aplasia is a normochromic, normocytic&lt;br /&gt;anemia with absent erythroblasts on the bone marrow, hence the diminished number or&lt;br /&gt;lack of reticulocytes. The bone marrow shows red cell aplasia and the presence of giant&lt;br /&gt;pronormoblasts. Several conditions have been associated with pure red cell aplasia, including&lt;br /&gt;viral infections such as B19 parvovirus (which can have cytopathic bone marrow&lt;br /&gt;changes), HIV, EBV, HTLV, and hepatitis B virus; malignancies such as thymomas and&lt;br /&gt;lymphoma (which often present with an anterior mediastinal mass); connective tissue&lt;br /&gt;disorders such as SLE and rheumatoid arthritis (RA); pregnancy; drugs; and hereditary&lt;br /&gt;disorders. Erythropoietin levels are elevated because of the anemia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;12. 73-летний мужчина госпитализирован после 3 недель недомогания и лихорадки. В анамнезе артериальная гипертензия, принимает тиазидовые диуретики. Курит одну пачку сигарет в день. Работает поверенным. Физикально: недавний систолический шум в сердце, выслушиваемый лучше всего в митральной области. Лабораторно: анемии средней степени тяжести, лейкоцитоз и единичные эритроциты в анализе мочи. Бактериологическое исследование крови: рост Streptococcus bovis. Эхокардиограмма: вегетации менее 1 см на митральном клапане. Какое дополнительное обследование должно быть назначено пациенту?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Колоноскопия&lt;br /&gt;B. Головной просмотр КТ&lt;br /&gt;C. Пульмонарный эмболизм КТ протокола эмболии&lt;br /&gt;D. Почечная биопсия&lt;br /&gt;E. Экран токсиколгии&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;This patient has Streptococcus bovis endocarditis. For unknown&lt;br /&gt;reasons, individuals who develop endocarditis or septicemia from this fecal organism&lt;br /&gt;have a high frequency of having occult colorectal carcinomas. Upper gastrointestinal&lt;br /&gt;tumors have been described as well. All patients with S. bovis endocarditis should receive&lt;br /&gt;colonoscopy after stabilization. Tobacco use has been linked to the development of colorectal&lt;br /&gt;adenomas, particularly after &gt;35 years of tobacco use, again for unknown reasons.&lt;br /&gt;Patients with illicit drug use (diagnosed by toxicology screen) are at risk of endocarditis&lt;br /&gt;due to Staphylococcus aureus. A head CT scan looking for embolic lesions is not necessary&lt;br /&gt;in the absence of physical findings or large vegetations that are prone to embolize. Patients&lt;br /&gt;with endocarditis often have renal abnormalities, including microscopic hematuria&lt;br /&gt;from immune complex deposition, but a renal biopsy to evaluate for glomerulonephritis&lt;br /&gt;is not indicated in the presence of documented endocarditis. A pulmonary embolus,&lt;br /&gt;while certainly a possible event during hospitalization, would not be associated with the&lt;br /&gt;acute presentation of S. bovis endocarditis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;13. 58-летняя женщина в отделении неотложной хирургии жалуется на желтуху. Она сначала заметила желтоватое изменение цвета кожи, приблизительно 3 дня назад, с прогрессивным ухудшением. Вместе с ухудением желтухи, отмечала кал цвета глины и зуд. Отрицает боль в животе, лихорадку, простуду, ночные поты. В анамнезе злоупотребление алкоголем, с воздержанием в течение прошлых 10 лет. Диагноз цирроз печени не выставлялся. Физикально: лихорадки нет, показатели жизненно важных функций нормальны,  желтушность, кишечные шумы нормальны, живот мягкий, безболезненный.  Перкуторный размер печени - 12 см, печень пальпируется в правом подреберье. Селезенка не пальпируется. Исследование функции печени:  АСТ- 122 IU/L, АЛТ- 168 IU/L, щелочная фосфатаза 483 U/L, общий билирубин 22.1 мг/дл, прямой билирубин 19.2 мг/дл. При УЗИ в правом верхнем квадрант не визуализируется желчный пузырь, и есть дилатация внутрипеченочных желчных протоков, но не общего желчного протока. Какой диагноз наиболее вероятен?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Холангиокарцинома&lt;br /&gt;B. Холецистит&lt;br /&gt;C. Рак желчного пузыря&lt;br /&gt;D. Гепатоцеллюлярный рак&lt;br /&gt;E. Панкреатический рак&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;presenting with painless jaundice and acholic&lt;br /&gt;stools. On right upper quadrant ultrasound, the gallbladder cannot be visualized, suggesting&lt;br /&gt;collapse of the gallbladder. In addition, there is dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts, but&lt;br /&gt;not the common bile duct, suggesting a tumor at the bifurcation of the common bile duct.&lt;br /&gt;This tumor is a type of cholangiocarcinoma called a Klatskin tumor. The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma&lt;br /&gt;appears to be increasing. In general, the cause of most cholangiocarcinoma&lt;br /&gt;is unknown, but there is an increased risk in primary sclerosing cholangitis, liver&lt;br /&gt;flukes, alcoholic liver disease, and any cause of chronic biliary injury. Cholangiocarcinoma&lt;br /&gt;typically presents as painless jaundice. Imaging usually shows dilatation of the bile ducts,&lt;br /&gt;and the extent of dilatation depends upon the site of obstruction. Diagnosis is usually made&lt;br /&gt;during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), which defines the biliary&lt;br /&gt;tree and allows a biopsy to be taken. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is resectable in about 30% of&lt;br /&gt;patients, and the mean survival is ~24 months. Cholecystitis is typically associated with fever,&lt;br /&gt;chills, and abdominal pain. The degree of jaundice would not be expected to be as high&lt;br /&gt;as is seen in this patient. Gallbladder cancer should present with a gallbladder mass rather&lt;br /&gt;than a collapsed gallbladder, and chronic right upper quadrant pain is usually present. Hepatocellular&lt;br /&gt;carcinoma may be associated with painless jaundice but is not associated with dilatation&lt;br /&gt;of intrahepatic bile ducts and the marked elevation in alkaline phosphatase.&lt;br /&gt;Malignancy at the head of the pancreas may present in a similar fashion but should not result&lt;br /&gt;in gallbladder collapse. In addition, the common bile duct should be markedly dilated.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;14. 81-летний мужчина госпитализирован в связи с  измененным психическим статусом. Он был найден сыном дома, дезориентирован, летаргичен. В анамнезе метастатический рак простаты. Лечение пациента включает периодические внутримышечные инъекции goserelin. Физикально: лихорадки нет, АД 110/50 мм рт.ст., и частота пульса 110 ударов/минуту. Летаргичен, минимально чувствительным к стернальному трению (грудина трется костяшками пальцев, сжатых в кулак). У него битемпоральное истощение (??), сухие слизистые. Неврологический статус: притупление (рефлексов??). Глоточный рефлекс интактен, при болевом раздражении отдергивает все конечности. Ректальный тонус нормален. Лабораторно:  креатинин 4.2 мг/дл, кальций 12.4 meq/L, белок 2.6 g/dL. Все следующее - адекватные начальные меры коррекции состояния, кроме&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. физраствор&lt;br /&gt;B. pamidronate&lt;br /&gt;C. фуросемид при эуволемии&lt;br /&gt;D. кальцитонин&lt;br /&gt;E. дексаметазон&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;Hypercalcemia is a common oncologic complication&lt;br /&gt;of metastatic cancer. Symptoms include confusion, lethargy, change in mental status,&lt;br /&gt;fatigue, polyuria, and constipation. Regardless of the underlying disease, the treatment is&lt;br /&gt;similar. These patients are often dehydrated, as hypercalcemia may cause a nephrogenic&lt;br /&gt;diabetes insipidus, and are often unable to take fluids orally. Therefore, the primary management&lt;br /&gt;entails reestablishment of euvolemia. Often hypercalcemia will resolve with hydration&lt;br /&gt;alone. Bisphosphonates are another mainstay of therapy as they stabilize osteoclast&lt;br /&gt;resorption of calcium from the bone. However, their effects may take 1 to 2 days to manifest.&lt;br /&gt;Care must be taken in cases of renal insufficiency as rapid administration of pamidronate&lt;br /&gt;may exacerbate renal failure. Once euvolemia is achieved, furosemide may be given to&lt;br /&gt;increase calciuresis. Nasal or subcutaneous calcitonin further aids the shift of calcium out&lt;br /&gt;of the intravascular space. Glucocorticoids may be useful in patients with lymphoid malignancies&lt;br /&gt;as the mechanism of hypercalcemia in those conditions is often related to excess&lt;br /&gt;hydroxylation of vitamin D. However, in this patient with prostate cancer, dexamethasone&lt;br /&gt;will have little effect on the calcium level and may exacerbate the altered mental status.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;15. Какое из следующих утверждений описывает связь между тестикулярными опухолями и серологическими маркерами?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Чистые семиномы производят фетопротеин  или бета-человеческий хориальный гонадотропин (β-hCG) в более чем 90 % случаев.&lt;br /&gt;B. Более 40 % несеминоматозных герминативных опухолей не производят никаких маркеров.&lt;br /&gt;C. И β-hCG и Альфафетопротеин должны быть измерены при наблюдении за прогрессией опухоли.&lt;br /&gt;D. Измерение маркеров опухоли через день после операции при локализованном поражении полезно для определения законченности резекции.&lt;br /&gt;E. Ценность β-hCG как маркер ограничена, так как он идентичен лютеинизирующему гормону.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;16. Женщина с раком молочной железы, лечившаяся тамоксифеном, в отделении реанимации с тошнотой и рвотой. Она хорошо перенесла лечение, но в течение прошлых 3 дней заметила тошноту, рвоту и боль в животе. Эти симптомы не связаны с питанием, испражнения нормальны. Лихорадки и сыпи нет. Ее лечение включает тамоксифен, alendronate, megestrol ацетат и поливитамины. При пальпации живота небольшая диффузная болезненность, напряжения нет. Перистальтические шумы нормальны. Рентгенограммы и КТ брюшной полости без особенностей. Лабораторно: лейкоциты – норма, натрий - 130 meq/L, калий 4.9 meq/L, хлориды 99 meq/L, бикарбонат 29 meq/L, азот мочевины 15 мг/дл, креатинин 0.7 мг / dL. Каков следующий самый адекватный шаг в лечении этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Противорвотные средства &lt;br /&gt;B. Лапароскопия&lt;br /&gt;C. Кортизол Сыворотки&lt;br /&gt;D. Пассаж тонкой кишки &lt;br /&gt;E. Верхняя эндоскопия&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Abdominal pain can be a sign of an oncologic emergency,&lt;br /&gt;both obstructive or metabolic. The differential diagnosis is broad; however, when there is&lt;br /&gt;obstruction, constipation and colicky abdominal pain are prominent. The pain may also&lt;br /&gt;be exacerbated postprandially. Normal imaging, moreover, suggests the abnormality is&lt;br /&gt;metabolic or may be due to peritoneal metastases too small to be seen on standard imaging.&lt;br /&gt;Adrenal insufficiency is suggested by mild hyponatremia and hyperkalemia, the history&lt;br /&gt;of breast cancer and use of megestrol acetate. Adrenal insufficiency may go&lt;br /&gt;unrecognized because the symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, orthostasis, or hypotension&lt;br /&gt;may be mistakenly attributed to progressive cancer or to therapy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;17. Здоровая 62-летняя женщина возвращается в вашу клинику после обычной колоноскопии.  Результаты исследования: две неподвижные ворсинчатые аденомы (с плоским основанием) 1.3 см в восходящей ободочной кишке, которые были удалены в течение процедуры. Каков следующий шаг в лечении?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Колоноскопия через 3 месяца&lt;br /&gt;B. Колоноскопия через 3 года&lt;br /&gt;C. Колоноскопия через 10 лет&lt;br /&gt;D. КТ брюшной полости&lt;br /&gt;E. Частичная колэктомия&lt;br /&gt;F. Повтор процедуры, чтобы убедиться в  правильности действий&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;18. Какое из следующих утверждений относительно истинной полицитемии верно?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Повышенный плазменный уровень эритропоэтина исключает диагноз.&lt;br /&gt;B. Часто трансформируется в острый лейкоз.&lt;br /&gt;C. Тромбоцитоз  сильно коррелирует с тромботическим риском.&lt;br /&gt;D. Аспирин должен назначаться всем пациентам для уменьшения риска тромбозов.&lt;br /&gt;E. Венотомия используется только после пробного лечения гидроксимочевиной и интерфероном &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;Polycythemia vera (PV) is a clonal disorder that involves&lt;br /&gt;a multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cell. Clinically, it is characterized by a proliferation&lt;br /&gt;of red blood cells, granulocytes, and platelets. The precise etiology is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;Erythropoiesis is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin. Hypoxia is the physiologic&lt;br /&gt;stimulus that increases the number of cells that produce erythropoietin. Erythropoietin&lt;br /&gt;may be elevated in patients with hormone-secreting tumors. Levels are usually “normal”&lt;br /&gt;in patients with hypoxic erythrocytosis. In polycythemia vera, however, because erythrocytosis&lt;br /&gt;occurs independently of erythropoietin, levels of the hormone are usually low.&lt;br /&gt;Therefore, an elevated level is not consistent with the diagnosis. Polycythemia is a&lt;br /&gt;chronic, indolent disease with a low rate of transformation to acute leukemia, especially&lt;br /&gt;in the absence of treatment with radiation or hydroxyurea. Thrombotic complications&lt;br /&gt;are the main risk for PV and correlate with the erythrocytosis. Thrombocytosis, although&lt;br /&gt;sometimes prominent, does not correlate with the risk of thrombotic complications. Salicylates&lt;br /&gt;are useful in treating erythromelalgia but are not indicated in asymptomatic patients.&lt;br /&gt;There is no evidence that thrombotic risk is significantly lowered with their use in&lt;br /&gt;patients whose hematocrits are appropriately controlled with phlebotomy. Phlebotomy is&lt;br /&gt;the mainstay of treatment. Induction of a state of iron deficiency is critical to prevent a&lt;br /&gt;reexpansion of the red blood cell mass. Chemotherapeutics and other agents are useful in&lt;br /&gt;cases of symptomatic splenomegaly. Their use is limited by side effects, and there is a risk&lt;br /&gt;of leukemogenesis with hydroxyurea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;19. 52-летняя женщина оценена на увеличение живота. КТ: асцит и, вероятно, перитонеальное распространение опухоли. Парацентез: аденокарцинома, но патолог не может провести дальнейшую дифференциацию. Физикально без особенностей (включая грудную и тазовую полости). СА 125 повышен. Тазовое УЗИ и маммография нормальны. Какое из следующих утверждений верно?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. По сравнению с другими женщинами с известным овариальным раком в подобной стадии, ожидается, что эта пациентка может иметь выживаемость меньше средней.&lt;br /&gt;B. Показана уменьшающая объем операция.&lt;br /&gt;C Показана уменьшающая объем операция плюс цисплатин и paclitaxel.&lt;br /&gt;D. Двусторонняя мастэктомия и двусторонняя оофорэктомия улучшат выживание.&lt;br /&gt;E. Менее 1 % пациентов с данным нарушением останется практически здоровым спустя 2 года после лечения.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;The patient presents with symptoms suggestive of ovarian&lt;br /&gt;cancer. Although her peritoneal fluid is positive for adenocarcinoma, further speciation&lt;br /&gt;cannot be done. Surprisingly, the physical examination and imaging do not show a primary&lt;br /&gt;source. Although the differential diagnosis of this patient’s disorder includes gastric&lt;br /&gt;cancer or another gastrointestinal malignancy and breast cancer, peritoneal carcinomatosis&lt;br /&gt;most commonly is due to ovarian cancer in women, even when the ovaries are normal&lt;br /&gt;at surgery. Elevated CA-125 levels or the presence of psammoma bodies is further suggestive&lt;br /&gt;of an ovarian origin, and such patients should receive surgical debulking and carboplatin&lt;br /&gt;or cisplatin plus paclitaxel. Patients with this presentation have a similar stagespecific&lt;br /&gt;survival compared with other patients with known ovarian cancer. Ten percent of&lt;br /&gt;patients with this disorder, also known as primary peritoneal papillary serous carcinoma,&lt;br /&gt;will remain disease-free 2 years after treatment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;20. 34-летняя женщина с анамнезом серповидноклеточной анемии с  5-дневной историей усталости, летаргии, и одышки. Она отрицает боль в костях или боль в груди. В последнее время не путешествовала. Из примечания, 4-летняя дочь пациента болела "простудой" 2 недели назад. Физикально: бледная конъюнктива, желтухи нет, и небольшая тахикардия, живот без особенностей. Лабораторно: гемоглобин 3 g/dL;  начальный - 8 g/dL. Лейкоциты и тромбоциты в норме. Ретикулоциты не выявлены. Общий билирубин - 1.4 мг/дл. Лактат дегидрогеназа - в верхних пределах нормы. Периферический мазок крови показывает несколько серповидных клеток, но полное отсутствие ретикулоцитов. Пациентке переливают 2 единицы эритромассы и госпитализируют. Биопсия костного мозга: нормальный клеточный ряд, но отсутствие предшественников эритроида. Цитогенетика нормальна. Каков самый адекватный следующий шаг в лечении?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Принять меры для обменного переливания.&lt;br /&gt;B. Определить тип ткани ее сибсов для возможного трансплантата костного мозга.&lt;br /&gt;C. Проверить титры парвовируса.&lt;br /&gt;D. Преднизон и циклоспорин.&lt;br /&gt;E. Антибиотики широкого спектра действия.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a condition characterized&lt;br /&gt;by the absence of reticulocytes and erythroid precursors. A variety of conditions may&lt;br /&gt;cause PRCA. It may be idiopathic. It may be associated with certain medications, such as&lt;br /&gt;trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and phenytoin. It can be associated with a&lt;br /&gt;variety of neoplasms, either as a precursor to a hematologic malignancy such as leukemia&lt;br /&gt;or myelodysplasia or as part of an autoimmune phenomenon, as in the case of thymoma.&lt;br /&gt;Infections also may cause a pure red cell aplasia. Parvovirus B19 is a single-strand DNA&lt;br /&gt;virus that is associated with erythema infectiosum, or fifth disease in children. It is also&lt;br /&gt;associated with arthropathy and a flulike illness in adults. It is thought to attack the P antigen&lt;br /&gt;on proerythroblasts directly. Patients with a chronic hemolytic anemia, such as&lt;br /&gt;sickle cell disease, or with an immunodeficiency are less able to tolerate a transient drop&lt;br /&gt;in reticulocytes as their red blood cells do not survive in the peripheral blood for an adequate&lt;br /&gt;period. In this patient, her daughter had an illness before the appearance of her&lt;br /&gt;symptoms. It is reasonable to check her parvovirus IgM titers. If they are positive, a dose&lt;br /&gt;of intravenous immunoglobulin is indicated. Because her laboratories and smear are not&lt;br /&gt;suggestive of dramatic sickling, an exchange transfusion is not indicated. Immunosuppression&lt;br /&gt;with prednisone and/or cyclosporine may be indicated if another etiology of the&lt;br /&gt;PRCA is identified. However, that would not be the next step. Similarly, a bone marrow&lt;br /&gt;transplant might be a consideration in a young patient with myelodysplasia or leukemia,&lt;br /&gt;but there is no evidence of that at this time. Antibiotics have no role in light of her normal&lt;br /&gt;white blood cell count and the lack of evidence for a bacterial infection.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;21. 22-летняя беременная женщина северно-европейского с первой беременностью 3 месяца жалуется на чрезвычайную усталость, бледность, и желтуху. Ранее здорова. Гемоглобин - 8 g/dL, Ретикулоциты - 9 %, непрямой билирубин - 4.9 мг/дл, гаптоглобин не обнаружен. Физикально: спленомегалия и нормальная 3-месячная матка. Периферический мазок представлен ниже. Каков наиболее вероятный диагноз? (См. иллюстрацию  21, Цветной Атлас.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Полип ободочной толстой кишки&lt;br /&gt;B. Дефицит G6PD&lt;br /&gt;C. Наследственный spherocytosis&lt;br /&gt;D. Инфекция  Парвовирус B19&lt;br /&gt;E. Тромбическая тромбоцитопеническая пурпура&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Hyperleukocytosis is a potentially fatal complication of&lt;br /&gt;acute leukemia when the blast count is &gt;100,000/ìL. Complications of the syndrome are&lt;br /&gt;mediated by hyperviscosity, tumor aggregates causing slow blood flow, and invasion of&lt;br /&gt;the primitive leukemic cells, which cause hemorrhage. The brain and lungs are most&lt;br /&gt;commonly involved. The pulmonary syndrome may lead to respiratory distress and progressive&lt;br /&gt;respiratory failure. Chest radiographs may show either alveolar or interstitial infiltrates.&lt;br /&gt;A common finding in patients with markedly elevated immature white blood&lt;br /&gt;cell counts is low arterial oxygen tension on arterial blood gas with a normal pulse oximetry.&lt;br /&gt;This may actually be due to pseudohypoxemia, because white blood cells rapidly&lt;br /&gt;consume plasma oxygen during the delay between collecting arterial blood and measuring&lt;br /&gt;oxygen tension, causing a spuriously low measured oxygen tension. Placing the arterial&lt;br /&gt;blood gas immediately in ice will prevent the pseudohypoxemia. The bcr-abl&lt;br /&gt;mutation is found in up to 25% of patients with ALL. In addition, as tumor cells lyse, lactate&lt;br /&gt;dehydrogenase levels can rise rapidly. Methemoglobinemia is usually due to exposure&lt;br /&gt;to oxidizing agents such as antibiotics or local anesthetics. Respiratory symptoms may&lt;br /&gt;develop when methemoglobin levels are &gt;10–15% (depending on hemoglobin concentration).&lt;br /&gt;Typically arterial PaO2 is normal and measured SaO2 is inappropriately reduced&lt;br /&gt;because pulse oximetry is inaccurate with high levels of methemoglobin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;22. Пациент с острым лимфоидным лейкозом (ALL) госпитализируется с респираторным дистресс-синдромом и болью в груди. Пациент сообщает об 1 дне одышки, не связанной с кашлем. Контагиозные контакты отрицает, из начальных дыхательных симптомов вспоминает только усталость. Рентгенограмма грудного отдела: распространенные интерстициальные инфильтраты без легочного отека. Сердечная тень в норме. Артериальные газы крови:  PaO2 = 54 мм рт.ст., в то время как пульсоксиметрия - 97 % в комнатном воздухе. Уровень угарного газа (СО) нормален. Все следующие лабораторные нарушения возможны у этого пациента кроме&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. bcr-abl мутация &lt;br /&gt;B. бласты &gt; 100,000/µL&lt;br /&gt;C. повышенные уровни лактатдегидрогеназы&lt;br /&gt;D. увеличенная вязкость крови&lt;br /&gt;E. метгемоглобинемия&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;Hyperleukocytosis is a potentially fatal complication of&lt;br /&gt;acute leukemia when the blast count is &gt;100,000/ìL. Complications of the syndrome are&lt;br /&gt;mediated by hyperviscosity, tumor aggregates causing slow blood flow, and invasion of&lt;br /&gt;the primitive leukemic cells, which cause hemorrhage. The brain and lungs are most&lt;br /&gt;commonly involved. The pulmonary syndrome may lead to respiratory distress and progressive&lt;br /&gt;respiratory failure. Chest radiographs may show either alveolar or interstitial infiltrates.&lt;br /&gt;A common finding in patients with markedly elevated immature white blood&lt;br /&gt;cell counts is low arterial oxygen tension on arterial blood gas with a normal pulse oximetry.&lt;br /&gt;This may actually be due to pseudohypoxemia, because white blood cells rapidly&lt;br /&gt;consume plasma oxygen during the delay between collecting arterial blood and measuring&lt;br /&gt;oxygen tension, causing a spuriously low measured oxygen tension. Placing the arterial&lt;br /&gt;blood gas immediately in ice will prevent the pseudohypoxemia. The bcr-abl&lt;br /&gt;mutation is found in up to 25% of patients with ALL. In addition, as tumor cells lyse, lactate&lt;br /&gt;dehydrogenase levels can rise rapidly. Methemoglobinemia is usually due to exposure&lt;br /&gt;to oxidizing agents such as antibiotics or local anesthetics. Respiratory symptoms may&lt;br /&gt;develop when methemoglobin levels are &gt;10–15% (depending on hemoglobin concentration).&lt;br /&gt;Typically arterial PaO2 is normal and measured SaO2 is inappropriately reduced&lt;br /&gt;because pulse oximetry is inaccurate with high levels of methemoglobin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;23. 48-летний мужчина оценивается центром скорой помощи из-за узелка на рентгенограмме легких. Три недели назад у него диагностировали  пневмонию после сообщения о 3 днях лихорадки, кашля, и выделения мокроты. Радиограмма груди показала небольшой альвеолярный инфильтрат в нижней доле правого легкого и круглый узелок 1.5 см в верхней доле левого легкого. Он лечился антибиотиками, в настоящий моменть бессимптомен. Повторная радиограмма груди показывает разрешение пневмонии в правой нижней доле, но присутствие узелка. Пациент курил одну пачку сигарет в день в течение 25 лет и бросил 3 года назад. Прежде не делал радиограмму груди. КТ: узелок - 1.5 х 1.7 см, расположен центрально в левой верхней доле, без кальциноза, контуры немного зубчатые. Нет аденопатии средостения и плеврального выпота. Что из следующего является адекватным следующим шагом в лечении?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Бронхоскопия&lt;br /&gt;B. Медиастиноскопия&lt;br /&gt;C. ЯМР&lt;br /&gt;D18FDG PET сканирование&lt;br /&gt;E. Повторить КТ груди через 6 месяцев&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;The evaluation of a solitary pulmonary nodule&lt;br /&gt;(SPN) remains a combination of art and science. Approximately 50% of SPNs (less than&lt;br /&gt;3.0 cm) turn out to be malignant, but studies have found a range between 10 and 70%,&lt;br /&gt;depending on patient selection. If the SPN is malignant, surgical therapy can result in&lt;br /&gt;80% 5-year survival. Most benign lesions are infectious granulomas. Spiculated or scalloped&lt;br /&gt;lesions are more likely to be malignant, whereas lesions with central or popcorn&lt;br /&gt;calcification are more likely to be benign. Masses (larger than 3.0 cm) are usually malignant.&lt;br /&gt;18FDG PET scanning has added a new test to the options for evaluating a SPN. PET&lt;br /&gt;has over 95% sensitivity and 75% specificity for identifying a malignant SPN. False negatives&lt;br /&gt;occur with small (less than 1 cm) tumors, bronchoalveolar carcinomas, and carcinoid&lt;br /&gt;tumors. False positives are usually due to inflammation. In this patient with a&lt;br /&gt;moderate risk of malignancy (age over 45, lesion larger than 1 cm, positive smoking history,&lt;br /&gt;suspicious lesion, no prior radiogram demonstrating the lesion) a PET scan would&lt;br /&gt;be the most reasonable choice. PET is also useful for staging disease. The diagnostic accuracy&lt;br /&gt;of PET for malignant mediastinal lymph nodes approaches 90%. Another option&lt;br /&gt;would be a transthoracic needle biopsy, with a sensitivity of 80 to 95% and a specificity of&lt;br /&gt;50 to 85%. Transthoracic needle aspiration has the best results and the fewest complications&lt;br /&gt;(pneumothorax) with peripheral lesions versus central lesions. Bronchoscopy has a&lt;br /&gt;very poor yield for lesions smaller than 2 cm. Mediastinoscopy would be of little value&lt;br /&gt;unless PET or CT raised a suspicion of nodal disease. MRI scan will not add any information&lt;br /&gt;and is less able than CT to visualize lesions in the lung parenchyma. A repeat chest&lt;br /&gt;CT is a reasonable option for a patient with a low clinical suspicion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;24. Все следующие типы рака обычно метастазируют в центральную нервную систему (CNS) кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. овариальный&lt;br /&gt;B. молочной железы&lt;br /&gt;C. гипернефрома&lt;br /&gt;D. меланома&lt;br /&gt;E. острый лимфобластный лейкоз (ALL)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;25. 54-летняя женщина с предсердным трепетанием получает лечение варфарином, 5 мг ежедневно. Она перенесла инфекцию мочевых путей, в связи с чем ее первично был назначен ciprofloxacin, 250 мг перорально два раза в день в течение 7 дней. Сегодня она в отделении неотложной хирургии с жалобами на кровь в моче и синяки. Физическая экспертиза показывает экхимозы на руках. Моча на вид с кровью, но без сгустков. После промывания мочевого пузыря с 100 мл стерильного солевого раствора, наблюдается моча только с небольшим розовым оттенком. Анализ мочи показывает 3-5 лейкоцитов и много эритроцитов в поле зрения (?per high power field)  Бактерии не выявлены. Международное нормализованное отношение (INR) - 7.0. Какой лучший подход к лечению коагулопатии этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. витамин K 10 мг IV.&lt;br /&gt;B. витамин K SC на 2 мг.&lt;br /&gt;C. витамин K 1 мг подъязычно.&lt;br /&gt;D. Продолжить варфарин, пока INR не снизится до 2.0.&lt;br /&gt;E. Перелить четыре единицы свежезамороженной плазмы.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Warfarin is the most widely used oral anticoagulant. Its&lt;br /&gt;mechanism of action is to interfere with production of the vitamin K–dependent procoagulant&lt;br /&gt;factors (prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X) and anticoagulant factors (proteins&lt;br /&gt;C and S). Warfarin accumulates in the liver when it undergoes oxidative metabolism&lt;br /&gt;by the CYP2C9 system. Multiple medications can interfere with the metabolism of warfarin&lt;br /&gt;by this system causing both over- and underdosing of warfarin. This patient has recently&lt;br /&gt;been treated with a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is known to increase the&lt;br /&gt;prothrombin time and INR if the warfarin dose is not adjusted during treatment. When&lt;br /&gt;the INR is &gt;6, there is a greater risk of development of bleeding complications. However,&lt;br /&gt;if no evidence of bleeding is present at presentation, it is safe to hold warfarin and allow&lt;br /&gt;the INR to fall gradually into the therapeutic range before reinstituting therapy (DA Garcia:&lt;br /&gt;J Am Coll Cardiol 47:804, 2006; J Ansell et al: Chest 126:204S, 2004). In this patient,&lt;br /&gt;however, there is evidence of minor bleeding complications warranting treatment. She&lt;br /&gt;likely has developed a degree of hemorrhagic cystitis due to over-anticoagulation in the&lt;br /&gt;setting of a urinary tract infection, which had already inflamed the bladder lining. In addition,&lt;br /&gt;she had developed multiple ecchymoses. Thus, treatment of the elevated INR is&lt;br /&gt;indicated. In the absence of life-threatening bleeding, treatment with vitamin K is indicated.&lt;br /&gt;When the INR falls between 4.9 and 9, an oral dose of vitamin K, 1 mg, is usually&lt;br /&gt;adequate to correct the INR without conferring vitamin K resistance, evidenced by decreased&lt;br /&gt;sensitivity to oral warfarin for an extended period. When a more rapid correction&lt;br /&gt;of anticoagulation is needed, vitamin K can be given by the IV or IM route. However,&lt;br /&gt;there is a risk of anaphylaxis, shock, and death. This can be minimized by delivering the&lt;br /&gt;drug slowly at a rate of ?1 mg/min. Additionally, fresh-frozen plasma is indicated to replete&lt;br /&gt;coagulation factors when there is significant bleeding in the setting of an elevated&lt;br /&gt;INR. While the SC route for delivery of vitamin K has long been a primary route of correction,&lt;br /&gt;a meta-analysis has shown the SC route to be no better than placebo and inferior&lt;br /&gt;to the oral and IV routes, which have similar efficacy (KJ Dezee et al.).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;26. Какое из следующих утверждений о кардиальной токсичности средств лечения рака верно?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Doxorubicin-основанная кардиальная токсичность является идиосинкратична и не зависит от дозы.&lt;br /&gt;B. Вызванная антрациклином застойная сердечная недостаточность обратима со временем и при контроле факторов риска.&lt;br /&gt;C. Средостенное облучение часто приводит к острому перикардиту в течение первых нескольких недель лечения.&lt;br /&gt;D. Хронический стенозирующий перикардит часто симптоматично проявляется в течение 10 лет после лечения.&lt;br /&gt;E. Частота возникновения коронарного атеросклероза у больных с анамнезом средостенного облучения идентична таковой в соответствующих возрастных группах.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality in the&lt;br /&gt;United States. Millions of Americans who are alive today have cancer in their past history.&lt;br /&gt;Cardiac toxicity is typically related to prior treatment with anthracycline-based chemo&lt;br /&gt;therapy or mediastinal irradiation. This is seen most commonly in patients who have&lt;br /&gt;survived Hodgkin’s or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity is&lt;br /&gt;dose-dependent. About 5% of patients who receive more than 550 mg/m2 of doxorubicin&lt;br /&gt;will develop congestive heart failure (CHF). Rates are higher in those with other cardiac&lt;br /&gt;risk factors and those who have received mediastinal irradiation. Unfortunately, anthracycline-&lt;br /&gt;related CHF is typically not reversible. Intracellular chelators or liposomal formulations&lt;br /&gt;of the chemotherapy may prevent cardiotoxicity, but their impact on cure&lt;br /&gt;rates is unclear. Radiation has both acute and chronic effects on the heart. It may result in&lt;br /&gt;acute and chronic pericarditis, myocardial fibrosis, and accelerated atherosclerosis. The&lt;br /&gt;mean time to onset of “acute” pericarditis is 9 months after treatment, and so caretakers&lt;br /&gt;must be vigilant. Similarly, chronic pericarditis may manifest years later.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;27. 23-летняя женщина диагностирована с глубоким венозным тромбозом нижней конечности. Какое из следующих условий является противопоказание к терапии гепарином низко-молекулярной массы (LMWH)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Беременность&lt;br /&gt;B. Ожирение&lt;br /&gt;C. Диализ-зависимая почечная недостаточность &lt;br /&gt;D. Неконтролируемый сахарный диабет&lt;br /&gt;E. Желтуха&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Low-molecular-weight heparins are cleared renally, and&lt;br /&gt;these drugs have been described as causing significant bleeding in patients on hemodialysis.&lt;br /&gt;They should not be used in patients with dialysis-dependent renal failure. They are&lt;br /&gt;class B drugs for pregnancy and dosage is weight-based. Their utility is not affected by diabetes&lt;br /&gt;mellitus or hepatic dysfunction. Thrombocytopenia is a rare side effect of both&lt;br /&gt;unfractionated heparin and LMWH, but LMWH should not be used in someone with a&lt;br /&gt;documented history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;28. Какая из следующих пар химиотерапии и осложнения неправильна?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Daunorubicin- застойная сердечная недостаточность (CHF)&lt;br /&gt;B. Bleomycin- интерстициальный фиброз&lt;br /&gt;C. Cyclophosphamide- гематурия&lt;br /&gt;D. Цисплатин – печеночная недостаточность&lt;br /&gt;E. Ifosfamide- Синдром Fanconi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;The focus of cancer care is cure. Many individuals who&lt;br /&gt;are fortunate enough to survive the malignancy will nevertheless bear chronic stigmata,&lt;br /&gt;both psychological and medical, of the treatment. Anthracyclines, which are used frequently&lt;br /&gt;in the treatment of breast cancer, Hodgkin’s disease, lymphoma, and leukemia,&lt;br /&gt;are toxic to the myocardium and, at high doses, can lead to heart failure. Bleomycin results&lt;br /&gt;in pulmonary toxicity. Pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary venoocclusive disease&lt;br /&gt;may result. Liver dysfunction is common with a number of chemotherapy agents. However,&lt;br /&gt;cisplatin primarily causes renal toxicity and acute renal failure. It may also cause&lt;br /&gt;neuropathy and hearing loss, but liver dysfunction is not a common complication. Ifosfamide&lt;br /&gt;may cause significant neurologic toxicity and renal failure. Also, it may cause a&lt;br /&gt;proximal tubular defect resembling Fanconi syndrome. Cyclophosphamide may result in&lt;br /&gt;cystitis and increases the long-term risk of bladder cancer. Administration of mesna ameliorates&lt;br /&gt;but does not completely eliminate this risk.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;29. 70-летнего мужчину госпитализируют в отделение кардиологии с жалобами давления в груди, в покое, с иррадиацией в левую руку, с потоотделением и предобморочным состоянием. Его электрокардиограмма  (ЭКГ) показала депрессии ST в V4-V6. Боль в груди и ЭКГ нормализуются после подъязычного нитроглицерина. Больной получает в/в гепарин, аспирин, метопролол и lisinopril. Катетеризация сердца показывает 90%- окклюзию левой передней спускающейся (descending) артерии, 80%- окклюзию дистальной огибающей артерии, и 99%- окклюзию правой коронарной артерии. Больной остается в кардиоотделении и ожидает шунтирования коронарных артерии. У него в анамнезе ревматическая болезнь сердца и механическая замена митрального клапана в 58 лет. При поступлении гемоглобин - 12.2 g/dL, гематокрит 37.1 %, лейкоциты 9800/µL,  тромбоциты 240,000/µL. Креатинин - 1.7 мг/дл. В четвертый стационарный день гемоглобин - 10.0, гематокрит 31 %, лейкоциты 7600/µL, тромбоциты 112,000/µL. Креатинин повысился до 2.9 мг/дл после катетеризации сердца. Самое адекватое лечение пациента в настоящее время?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Продолжить гепарин и сделать переливание тромбоцитов.&lt;br /&gt;B. Прекратить вливание гепарина и начать argatroban.&lt;br /&gt;C. Прекратить гепарин и начать lepirudin.&lt;br /&gt;D. Прекратить гепарин и начать варфарин.&lt;br /&gt;E. Взять сыворотку для оценки гепарин-тромбоцитарного (?) фактора 4 (PF4) IgG антитела и продолжить гепарин.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;The most likely diagnosis in this patient is heparininduced&lt;br /&gt;thrombocytopenia (HIT), and heparin should be stopped immediately while&lt;br /&gt;continuing anticoagulation with the direct thrombin inhibitor, argatroban. HIT should&lt;br /&gt;be suspected in individuals with a fall in platelet count by &gt;50% of pretreatment levels.&lt;br /&gt;Usually the fall in platelet counts occurs 5–13 days after starting heparin, but it can occur&lt;br /&gt;earlier if there is a prior exposure to heparin, which this patient undoubtedly has because&lt;br /&gt;of his mechanical mitral valve replacement. While a platelet count of &lt;100,000/μL is&lt;br /&gt;highly suggestive of HIT, in most individuals, the platelet count rarely falls this low. HIT&lt;br /&gt;is caused by IgG antibodies directed against antigens on PF4 that are exposed when heparin&lt;br /&gt;binds to this protein. The IgG antibody binds simultaneously to the heparin-PF4&lt;br /&gt;complex and the Fc receptor on platelet surface and causes platelet activation, resulting in&lt;br /&gt;a hypercoagulable state. Individuals with HIT are at increased risk of both arterial and&lt;br /&gt;venous thromboses, although venous thromboses are much more common. Demonstration&lt;br /&gt;of antibodies directed against the heparin–platelet factor complex is suggestive of,&lt;br /&gt;but not sufficient for, diagnosis because these antibodies may be present in the absence of&lt;br /&gt;clinical HIT. The serotonin release assay is the most specific test for determining if HIT is&lt;br /&gt;present. This assay determines the amount of serotonin released when washed platelets&lt;br /&gt;are exposed to patient serum and varying concentrations of heparin. In the cases of HIT,&lt;br /&gt;addition of patient serum to the test causes platelet activation and serotonin release due&lt;br /&gt;to the presence of heparin-PF4 antibodies. However, treatment of HIT should not be delayed&lt;br /&gt;until definitive diagnosis as there is a high risk of thrombotic events if heparin is&lt;br /&gt;continued. The risk of thrombotic events due to HIT is increased for about 1 month after&lt;br /&gt;heparin is discontinued. Thus, all patients with HIT should be continued on anticoagulation &lt;br /&gt;until the risk of thrombosis is decreased, regardless of whether there is additional&lt;br /&gt;need of ongoing anticoagulation. Patients should not be switched to low-molecularweight&lt;br /&gt;heparin (LMWH). While the incidence of HIT is lower with LMWH, there is&lt;br /&gt;cross-reactivity with heparin-PF4 antibodies, and thrombosis can occur. Choice of anticoagulation&lt;br /&gt;should be with either a direct thrombin inhibitor or a factor Xa inhibitor.&lt;br /&gt;The direct thrombin inhibitors include lepirudin, argatroban, and bivalirudin. In this patient,&lt;br /&gt;argatroban is the appropriate choice because the patient has developed acute renal&lt;br /&gt;failure in association with contrast dye administration for the cardiac catheterization. Argatroban&lt;br /&gt;is hepatically metabolized and is safe to give in renal failure, whereas lepirudin&lt;br /&gt;is renally metabolized. Dosage of lepirudin in renal failure is unpredictable, and lepirudin&lt;br /&gt;should not be used in this setting. The factor Xa inhibitors, fondaparinux or danaparoid,&lt;br /&gt;are also possible treatments for HIT, but due to renal metabolism, are also contraindicated&lt;br /&gt;in this patient. Finally, warfarin is contraindicated as sole treatment for HIT as the fall&lt;br /&gt;in vitamin K–dependent anticoagulant factors, especially factor C, can further increase&lt;br /&gt;risk of thrombosis and trigger skin necrosis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;30. 24-летняя женщина в отделении неотложной хирургии с жалобами на красное, нежное высыпание, которое распространилось по рукам и ногам за прошедшие 2 дня. Она также описывает тяжелую диффузную боль в мышцах, ухудшившуюся за более чем неделю. Описывает чувство, как если бы она не могла отдышаться. За прошлые несколько дней развился сухой кашель. Анамнез без особенностей, но больная вспоминает, что подобные симптомы уже возникали несколько лет назад, что было названо аллергической реакцией. Симптомы уменьшались с приемом глюкокортикоидов. Не принимает никаких лекарств, но употребляет множество разрешенных (?over-the-counter) пищевых добавок ежедневно. Она не может описать никакого аллергического триггера предыдущего или настоящего эпизода сыпи. Ее семейная история неотягощенна, близкие не больны. Она работает в офисе, не имеет домашних животных, не путешествовала. Лабораторно: лейкоциты 12100 / µL и эозинофилы 1100/µL. Что из следующего - наиболее вероятная причина ее симптомов?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Ранняя стадия  системной волчанки erythematosus&lt;br /&gt;B. Аллергия на глютен&lt;br /&gt;C. Употребление L-триптофана&lt;br /&gt;D. Отсутствие толерантности к лактозе&lt;br /&gt;E. Недавняя вирусная инфекция верхнего респираторного тракта&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;This patient presents with signs and symptoms of eosinophilia-&lt;br /&gt;myalgia syndrome, which is triggered by ingestion of contaminants in L-tryptophancontaining&lt;br /&gt;products. This is a multisystem disease that can present acutely and can be fatal.&lt;br /&gt;The two clinical hallmarks are marked eosinophilia and myalgias without any obvious&lt;br /&gt;etiology. Eosinophilic fasciitis, pneumonitis, and myocarditis may be present. Typical&lt;br /&gt;eosinophil counts are &gt;1000/μL. Treatment includes withdrawal of all L-tryptophancontaining&lt;br /&gt;products and administration of glucocorticoids. Lactose intolerance is very&lt;br /&gt;common and typically presents with diarrhea and gas pains temporally related to ingestion&lt;br /&gt;of lactose-containing foods. While systemic lupus erythematosus can present in&lt;br /&gt;myriad ways, eosinophilia and myalgias are atypical of this illness. Celiac disease, also&lt;br /&gt;known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is characterized by malabsorption and weight loss&lt;br /&gt;and can present with non-gastrointestinal symptoms; these classically include arthritis&lt;br /&gt;and central nervous system disturbance. The case above would not be compatible with&lt;br /&gt;celiac disease.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;31. Женщина просит вашего совета относительно мазков Papanicolaou. Ей 36 лет, замужем, моногамна в течение 3 лет. Имела нормальные Мазки Папаниколау каждый год в течение прошлых 6 лет. Она хотела бы избежать ежегодного исследования. Дайте совет пациентке, основываясь на текущих принципах скрининга:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Она может прекратить скрининг в 50 лет, если она имела нормальные ежегодные Мазки Папаниколау в течение предыдущих 10 лет.&lt;br /&gt;B. Она может расширить интервал скрининг до 1 раза в 2-3 года.&lt;br /&gt;C. Она может расширить интервал скрининг до 1 раза в  5 лет, если она соглашается использовать средства защиты.&lt;br /&gt;D. Она может прекратить скрининг Пап, если получит вакцину человеческого вируса папилломы (HPV) &lt;br /&gt;E. Единственное показание для прекращения скрининга Пап – тотальная гистерэктомия&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;32. Оценка в недавно диагностированном случае острого лимфоидного лейкоза (ALL) должна обычно включать все следующее кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. биопсия костного мозга&lt;br /&gt;B. Фенотипирование поверхности клеток  ячейки (cell-surface phenotyping)&lt;br /&gt;C. Полная метаболическая панель&lt;br /&gt;D. цитогенетическое исследование&lt;br /&gt;E. поясничная пункция&lt;br /&gt;F. вязкость плазмы&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-F&lt;br /&gt;Viscosity testing is typically reserved for cases of multiple&lt;br /&gt;myeloma where paraproteins (particularly IgM) can lead to vascular sludging and subsequent&lt;br /&gt;tissue ischemia. ALL can lead to end-organ abnormalities in kidney and liver therefore&lt;br /&gt;routine chemistry tests are indicated. A lumbar puncture must be performed in cases&lt;br /&gt;of newly diagnosed ALL to rule out spread of disease to the central nervous system. Bone&lt;br /&gt;marrow biopsy reveals the degree of marrow infiltration and is often necessary for classification&lt;br /&gt;of the tumor. Immunologic cell-surface marker testing often identifies the cell&lt;br /&gt;lineage involved and the type of tumor, information that is often impossible to discern&lt;br /&gt;from morphologic interpretation alone. Cytogenetic testing provides key prognostic information&lt;br /&gt;on the disease natural history.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;33. Какое из следующих утверждений о возникновении задержки уклона (??? Ваще жесть - lead-time&lt;br /&gt;Bias) верно?&lt;br /&gt;A. Тест не влияет на естественную историю болезни; пациенты просто диагностируются в более ранний период.&lt;br /&gt;B. Медленно растущие, менее агрессивные раки обнаруживается при скрининге; агрессивные раки не обнаруживаются при скрининге из-за смерти.&lt;br /&gt;C. Скрининг идентифицирует аномалии, которые никогда не вызывали бы проблему в течение всей жизни человека.&lt;br /&gt;D. Население, прошедшее скрининг, отличается значительно от общего населения, как более здоровое.&lt;br /&gt;E. Тест  обнаруживает болезнь в более раннем и более излечимой стадии  болезни.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;Lead-time bias, length-time bias, selection bias, overdiagnosis&lt;br /&gt;bias, and avoidance bias can make a screening test appear to improve outcomes&lt;br /&gt;when it does not. When lead-time bias occurs, survival appears increased, but life is not&lt;br /&gt;truly prolonged. The test only lengthens the time that the patient, the physician, or the&lt;br /&gt;investigator is aware of the disease. When length-time bias occurs, aggressive cancers are&lt;br /&gt;not detected during screening, presumably due to the higher mortality from these cancers&lt;br /&gt;and the length of the screening interval. Selection bias can occur when the test population&lt;br /&gt;is either healthier or at higher risk for developing the condition than the general&lt;br /&gt;public. Overdiagnosis bias, such as with some indolent forms of prostate cancer, detects&lt;br /&gt;conditions that will never cause significant mortality or morbidity during a person’s lifetime.&lt;br /&gt;The goal of screening is to detect disease at an earlier and more curable stage.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;34. Что из следующего достаточно для определенного диагноза porphyria?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Приспособить клинический сценарий, включая положительный семейный анамнез&lt;br /&gt;B. Признак ферментного дефицита или генного дефекта&lt;br /&gt;C. Лабораторные исследования в крови, указывающие на накопление предшественников порфирина&lt;br /&gt;D. Лабораторные исследования в моче, указывающие на накопление предшественников порфирина во время симптомов&lt;br /&gt;E. Лабораторные исследования в стуле, указывающие на накопление предшественников порфирина во время симптомов&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;The porphyrias are a group of metabolic disorders resulting&lt;br /&gt;from a specific enzyme deficiency in the heme synthesis pathway. All are inherited except&lt;br /&gt;porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), which is usually sporadic. The porphyrias are&lt;br /&gt;classified as erythropoietic or hepatic, depending on the primary site of overproduction&lt;br /&gt;or accumulation of porphyrins or precursors. The predominant symptoms of the hepatic&lt;br /&gt;porphyrias (e.g., acute intermittent porphyria, PCT) are neurologic including pain, neuropathy,&lt;br /&gt;and mental disturbances. The erythropoietic porphyrias usually present with&lt;br /&gt;cutaneous photosensitivity at birth. However, PCT, which is a hepatic porphyria, usually&lt;br /&gt;presents with skin lesions. The genetic mutations that cause each type of porphyria have&lt;br /&gt;been elucidated, and demonstration of a specific gene defect or resulting enzyme deficiency&lt;br /&gt;is required for definitive diagnosis. Clinical symptoms of porphyria are notoriously&lt;br /&gt;nonspecific with great overlap. Laboratory measurements of fecal, urinary, or&lt;br /&gt;plasma protoporphyrins, porphobilinogens, or porphyrins during a crisis will help guide&lt;br /&gt;diagnosis but require further testing for confirmation. The symptoms of many of the&lt;br /&gt;porphyrias are exacerbated by a large number and wide variety of drugs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;35. Все верно о волчаночном антикоагулянте (LA) кроме:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. волчаночный антикоагулянт обычно продлевает aPTT.&lt;br /&gt;B. 1:1 микс- исследование некорректно в присутствии волчаночного антикоагулянта.&lt;br /&gt;C. эпизоды кровотечения у больных с волчаночным антикоагулянтом могут быть тяжелыми и опасными для жизни.&lt;br /&gt;D. Пациентки могут испытать текущие midtrimester (3 триместр) аборты.&lt;br /&gt;E. волчаночный антикоагулянт может встречаться в отсутствие других симптомов системной волчанки erythematosus (SLE).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Lupus anticoagulants cause prolongation of&lt;br /&gt;coagulation tests by binding to phospholipids. Although most often encountered in patients&lt;br /&gt;with SLE, they may develop in normal individuals. The diagnosis is first suggested&lt;br /&gt;by prolongation of coagulation tests. Failure to correct with incubation with normal&lt;br /&gt;plasma confirms the presence of a circulating inhibitor. Contrary to the name, patients&lt;br /&gt;with LA activity have normal hemostasis and are not predisposed to bleeding. Instead,&lt;br /&gt;they are at risk for venous and arterial thromboembolisms. Patients with a history of recurrent&lt;br /&gt;unplanned abortions or thrombosis should undergo lifelong anticoagulation.&lt;br /&gt;The presence of lupus anticoagulants or anticardiolipin antibodies without a history of&lt;br /&gt;thrombosis may be observed as many of these patients will not go on to develop a&lt;br /&gt;thrombotic event.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;36. Самое общее наследственное протромботическое нарушение:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. устойчивость активизированного белка C &lt;br /&gt;B. генная мутация протромбина&lt;br /&gt;C. белка C дефицит&lt;br /&gt;D. дефицит S-протеина&lt;br /&gt;E. дефицит антитромбина&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;37. 34-летняя женщина ожидает обследования по поводу отека и боли левой  нижней конечности. Она страдает ожирением, родила 8 недель назад. Она недавно путешествовала 6 часов самолетом, чтобы посетить ее родителей с младенцем. Не было одышки, сердцебиений или обморка. Сейчас не принимает никакого лечения,кроме препаратов желез. В остальном здорова. Физикально: частота сердечных сокращений 86 ударов/минут, кровяное давление 110/80, температура 37.0°C, и частота дыхания 12 дыханий/минут. Ее вес - 98 кг, и высота - 170 см. Левая нижняя конечность раздута, чувствительна, теплая на ощупь. Признак Хомана присутствует, но нет пальпируемых тяжей. Нижняя конечность- Допплер - тромбоз в общих и поверхностных бедренных венах слева. Вы рассматриваете амбулаторное лечение эноксапарином. Все следующие утверждения относительно гепаринов низко-молекулярной массы (LMWH) верны кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. У больных с несложным глубоким венозным тромбозом (DVT), LMWH - безопасная и эффективная альтернатива IV гепарину и связан со сниженными затратами здравоохранения по сравнению с IV гепарином.&lt;br /&gt;B. LMWH может благополучно использоваться при беременности, но уровень фактора Xa должен быть проверен, чтобы гарантировать адекватность антикоагуляции.&lt;br /&gt;C. Мониторинг уровней фактора Xa не нужен у большинства пациентов, так как есть предсказуемый дозозависимый эффект антикоагуляции.&lt;br /&gt;D. Есть уменьшение в риске развития гепариновой тромбоцитопении при использовании LMWH.&lt;br /&gt;E. Недавняя беременность этого пациента - противопоказание к использованию LMWH, потому что есть больший риск кровотечения при лечении LWMH, по сравнению с IV гепарином.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;38. 65-летний мужчина доставлен в отделение неотложной хирургии санитарной машиной после того, как его дочь нашла его сегодня без сознания. Она говорила с ним вчера, и он жаловался на 2 -дневную миалгию, головную боли и лихорадку. Он приписал это инфекции верхнего респираторного тракта и не собирался обращаться к врачу. Сегодня он не отвечал на звонки, и дочь нашла его лежащим в постели с запахом мочи. Он был минимально arousable (??), но казалось, был в состоянии двигать конечностями. В анамнезе артериальная гипертензия, гиперхолестеринемия, и хроническая обструктивная легочная болезнь. Он был обследован 2 недели назад в связи с преходящим ишемическим приступом после эпизода онемения и слабости левой руки и ноги, который прошел через 6 часов без вмешательства. Текущее лечение: аспирин, 81 мг ежедневно, clopidogrel, 75 мг ежедневно, atenolol, 100 мг ежедневно, atorvastatin, 20 мг ежедневно, и tiotropium, 1 р ежедневно. Он аллергичен к lisinopril, который вызвал болезнь Квинке. Он в прошлом курильщик и изредка пьет алкоголь.&lt;br /&gt;Физикально: заторможен и минимально arousable. Лихорадка 38.9°C. АД 159/96 мм рт.ст., и частота сердечных сокращений - 98 ударов / мин. 24 дыханий/минут с насыщенностью кислорода при комнатном воздухе  95 %. Минимальная склеральная желтуха. Ротоглотка: сухие слизистые. Сердечно-сосудистая, легочная системы, живот без особенностей. Нет высыпаний. Неврологический статус оценить сложно. Патологии черепных нервов не выявлено. Он сопротивляется движению конечностей (??), но имеет нормальную мышечную силу. Глубокие сухожильные рефлексы оживлены, 3 + ,равные. &lt;br /&gt;Лабораторно: гемоглобин 9.3 g/dL, гематокрит 29.1 %, лейкоциты 14,000/µL, тромбоциты 42,000/µL. 83%- нейтрофилов, 2%- палочкоядерные формы, 6%- лимфоциты, и 9%- моноциты. Натрий - 145 meq/L, калий 3.8 meq/L, хлорид 113 meq/L, бикарбонат 19 meq/L, азот мочевины крови 68 мг/дл, и креатинин 3.4 мг/дл. Билирубин - 2.4 мг/дл,  лактатдегидрогеназа - 450 U/L. Мазок периферической крови: уменьшение тромбоцитов и много шизоцитов. Каков следующий самый адекватный шаг в лечении этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Прекратить clopidogrel.&lt;br /&gt;B. Прекратить clopidogrel и начать плазмаферез.&lt;br /&gt;C. Начать внутривенное введение иммуноглобулина.&lt;br /&gt;D. Получить результаты КТ головы и начать лечение  фактором VIIa, если есть субарахноидальное кровотечение.&lt;br /&gt;E. Выполнить поясничную пункцию и начать антибиотики широкого спектра действия, цефтазидим и vancomycin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;The patient has evidence of thrombotic&lt;br /&gt;thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) from clopidogrel manifested as altered mental status,&lt;br /&gt;fever, acute renal failure, thrombocytopenia, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.&lt;br /&gt;The peripheral blood smear show anisocytosis with schistocytes and platelet clumping&lt;br /&gt;consistent with this disease. Clopidogrel is a thienopyridine antiplatelet agent that is&lt;br /&gt;known to be associated with life-threatening hematologic effects, including neutropenia,&lt;br /&gt;TTP, and aplastic anemia. The true incidence of TTP associated with thienopyridine use&lt;br /&gt;is unknown, but it occurs with both clopidogrel and ticlopidine use. When compared to&lt;br /&gt;ticlopidine, TTP associated with clopidogrel use occurs earlier (often within 2 weeks) and&lt;br /&gt;tends to be less responsive to therapy with plasmapheresis. In addition, individuals with&lt;br /&gt;TTP associated with clopidogrel generally have a higher platelet count and creatinine and&lt;br /&gt;their TTP is less likely to be associated with ADAMTS13 deficiency, a von Willebrand factor–&lt;br /&gt;cleaving protease implicated in the pathogenesis of idiopathic TTP. The mortality of&lt;br /&gt;TTP associated with thienopyridines is approximately 25–30%.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;39. Первичная опухоль которого из следующих органов наименее вероятно  будет метастазировать в кости?&lt;br /&gt;A. Грудь&lt;br /&gt;B. Толстая кишка&lt;br /&gt;C. Почка&lt;br /&gt;D. Легкое&lt;br /&gt;E. Простата&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;40. Триада тромбоза портальной вены, гемолиза, и панцитопении предполагает какой из следующих диагнозов?&lt;br /&gt;A. Острый промиелоцитарный лейкоз&lt;br /&gt;B. Гемолитический-уремический синдром (HUS)&lt;br /&gt;C. Лептоспироз&lt;br /&gt;D. Пароксизмальная ночная гемоглобинурия (PNH)&lt;br /&gt;E. Тромботическая пурпура тромбоцитопении (TTP)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;Each of the listed diagnoses has a rather characteristic set&lt;br /&gt;of laboratory findings that are virtually diagnostic for the disease once the disease has&lt;br /&gt;progressed to a severe stage. Both HUS and TTP cause hemolysis and thrombocytopenia,&lt;br /&gt;as well as fevers. Cerebrovascular events and mental status change occur more commonly&lt;br /&gt;in TTP, and renal failure is more common in HUS. Severe leptospirosis, or Weil’s disease,&lt;br /&gt;is notable for fevers, hyperbilirubinemia, and renal failure. Conjunctival suffusion is another&lt;br /&gt;helpful clue. Acute promyelocytic leukemia is notable for anemia, thrombocytopenia, and either &lt;br /&gt;elevated or decreased white blood cell count, all in the presence of&lt;br /&gt;disseminated intravascular coagulation. PNH is a rare disorder characterized by hemolytic&lt;br /&gt;anemia (particularly at night), venous thrombosis, and deficient hematopoiesis. It is&lt;br /&gt;a stem cell–derived intracorpuscular defect. Anemia is usually moderate in severity, and&lt;br /&gt;there is often concomitant granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. Venous thrombosis&lt;br /&gt;occurs much more commonly than in the population at large. The intraabdominal veins&lt;br /&gt;are often involved, and patients may present with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Cerebral sinus&lt;br /&gt;thrombosis is a common cause of death in patients with PNH. The presence of pancytopenia&lt;br /&gt;and hemolysis should raise suspicion for this diagnosis, even before the development&lt;br /&gt;of a venous thrombosis. In the past PNH was diagnosed by abnormalities on the&lt;br /&gt;Ham or sucrose lysis test; however, currently flow cytometry analysis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol&lt;br /&gt;(GPI) linked proteins (such as CD55 and CD59) on red blood cells and&lt;br /&gt;granulocytes is recommended.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;41. 68-летний мужчина жалуется на усталость, потерю веса, и быстрого насыщения в течение приблизительно 4 месяцев. Физикально: селезенка заметно увеличена, твердая на ощупь и пересекает среднюю линию. Нижкий край селезенки достигает таза. Гемоглобин - 11.1 g/dL, и гематокрит - 33.7 %. Лейкоциты - 6200/µL, Тромбоциты - 220,000/µL. Лейкоциты: 75%- полиморфонуклеары, 8%- миелоциты, 4%- метамиелоциты, 8%- лимфоциты, 3%- моноциты, и 2%- эозинофилы. Периферическая кровь, мазок: слезообразные клетки, эритроциты с ядрами,  незрелые гранулоциты. Ревматоидный фактор положителен. Биопсия костного мозга предпринята, но клетки аспирировать не удалось. Признаки лейкоза или лимфомы не найдены. Какова наиболее вероятная причина спленомегалии?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Хронический идиопатический миелофиброз&lt;br /&gt;B. Хронический myelogenous лейкоз&lt;br /&gt;C. Ревматоидный артрит&lt;br /&gt;D. Системная волчанка erythematosus&lt;br /&gt;E. Туберкулез&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF) is the least common&lt;br /&gt;myeloproliferative disorder and is considered a diagnosis of exclusion after other&lt;br /&gt;causes of myelofibrosis have been ruled out. The typical patient with IMF presents in the&lt;br /&gt;sixth decade, and the disorder is asymptomatic in many patients. Fevers, fatigue, night&lt;br /&gt;sweats, and weight loss may occur in IMF whereas these symptoms are rare in other myeloproliferative&lt;br /&gt;disorders. However, no signs or symptoms are specific for the diagnosis&lt;br /&gt;of IMF. Often marked splenomegaly is present and may extend across the midline and to&lt;br /&gt;the pelvic brim. A peripheral blood smear demonstrates the typical findings of myelofibrosis&lt;br /&gt;including teardrop-shaped red blood cells, nucleated red blood cells, myelocytes,&lt;br /&gt;and metamyelocytes that are indicative of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Anemia is usually&lt;br /&gt;mild, and platelet and leukocyte counts are often normal. Bone marrow aspirate is&lt;br /&gt;frequently unsuccessful because the extent of marrow fibrosis makes aspiration impossible.&lt;br /&gt;When a bone marrow biopsy is performed, it demonstrates hypercellular marrow&lt;br /&gt;with trilineage hyperplasia and increased number of megakaryocytes with large dysplastic&lt;br /&gt;nuclei. Interestingly, individuals with IMF often have associated autoantibodies, including&lt;br /&gt;rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies, or a positive Coomb’s tests. To&lt;br /&gt;diagnose someone as having IMF, it must be shown that they do not have another myeloproliferative&lt;br /&gt;disorder or hematologic malignancy that is the cause of myelofibrosis. The&lt;br /&gt;most common disorders that present in a similar fashion to IMF are polycythemia vera&lt;br /&gt;and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Other nonmalignant disorders that can cause myelofibrosis&lt;br /&gt;include HIV infection, hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, systemic lupus&lt;br /&gt;erythematosus, tuberculosis, and marrow replacement in other cancers such as&lt;br /&gt;prostate or breast cancer. In the patient described here, there is no other identifiable&lt;br /&gt;cause of myelofibrosis; thus chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis can be diagnosed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;42. Самая частая причина гиперкальциемии онкологического пациента &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. эктопическая продукция паратгормона&lt;br /&gt;B. прямая деструкция кости опухолевыми клетками&lt;br /&gt;C. местная продукция фактора некроза опухоли и IL-6 метастазами в кости&lt;br /&gt;D. высокие уровни 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D&lt;br /&gt;E. продукция паращитовидной железы вещества, подобного паратгормону &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;Although it once was thought that most cases of&lt;br /&gt;hypercalcemia of malignancy are due to a direct resorption of bone by the tumor, it is&lt;br /&gt;now recognized that 80% of such instances occur because of the production of a protein&lt;br /&gt;called parathyroid hormone reactive protein (PTHrP) by the tumor. PTHrP shares 80%&lt;br /&gt;homology in the first 13 terminal amino acids with native parathyroid hormone. The aberrantly&lt;br /&gt;produced molecule is essentially functionally identical to native parathyroid hormone&lt;br /&gt;in that it causes renal calcium conservation, osteoclast activation and bone&lt;br /&gt;resorption, renal phosphate wasting, and increased levels of urinary cyclic adenine&lt;br /&gt;monophosphate (cAMP). Only about 20% of cases of the hypercalcemia malignancy are&lt;br /&gt;due to local production of substances, such as transforming growth factor and IL-1 or IL-&lt;br /&gt;6, which cause bone resorption at the local level and release of calcium from bony stores.&lt;br /&gt;Although aggressive hydration with saline and administration of a loop diuretic are helpful&lt;br /&gt;in the short-term management of patients with the hypercalcemia of malignancy, the&lt;br /&gt;most important therapy is the administration of a bisphosphonate, such as pamidronate,&lt;br /&gt;that will control the laboratory abnormalities and the associated symptoms in the vast&lt;br /&gt;majority of these patients. Symptoms of hypercalcemia are nonspecific and include fatigue,&lt;br /&gt;lethargy, polyuria, nausea, vomiting, and decreased mental acuity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;43. 72-летний мужчина с хронической обструктивной легочной болезнью и стабильной коронарной болезнью в отделении неотложной хирургии с несколькими днями ухудшения продуктивного кашля, лихорадки, недомогания, и диффузных болей в мышцах. Рентгенография грудной клетки демонстрирует новый долевой инфильтрат. Лабораторные исследования: лейкоциты 12100 /µL, с преобладанием нейтрофилов 86%- и 8%- палочкоядерных форм. Диагностирована пневмония, и антибиотикотерапия начата. В нормальных условиях какой процент всех нейтрофилов организма присутствует в кровообращении?&lt;br /&gt;A. 2 %&lt;br /&gt;B. 10 %&lt;br /&gt;C. 25 %&lt;br /&gt;D. 40 %&lt;br /&gt;E. 90 %&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;Under normal or nonstress conditions, roughly 90% of&lt;br /&gt;the neutrophil pool is in the bone marrow, 2–3% in the circulation, and the remainder&lt;br /&gt;in the tissues. The circulating pool includes the freely flowing cells in the bloodstream&lt;br /&gt;and the others are marginated in close proximity to the endothelium. Most of the marginated&lt;br /&gt;pool is in the lung, which has a vascular endothelium surface area. Margination&lt;br /&gt;in the postcapillary venules is mediated by selectins that cause a low-affinity neutrophil–&lt;br /&gt;endothelial cell interaction that mediates “rolling” of the neutrophils along the endothelium.&lt;br /&gt;A variety of signals including interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor á, and other&lt;br /&gt;chemokines can cause leukocytes to proliferate and leave the marrow and enter the circulation.&lt;br /&gt;Neutrophil integrins mediate the stickiness of neutrophils to endothelium and&lt;br /&gt;are important for chemokine-induced cell activation. Infection causes a marked increase&lt;br /&gt;in bone marrow production of neutrophils that marginate and enter tissue. Acute&lt;br /&gt;glucocorticoids increase neutrophil count by mobilizing cells from the bone marrow&lt;br /&gt;and marginated pool.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;44. Все следующие лабораторные показатели совместимы с внутрисосудистой гемолитической анемией кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. увеличенный гаптоглобин&lt;br /&gt;B. увеличенная лактатдегидрогеназа (LDH)&lt;br /&gt;C. увеличенный счет ретикулоцита&lt;br /&gt;D. увеличенный неконъюгированный билирубин&lt;br /&gt;E. увеличенный в моче hemosiderin&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;Haptoglobin is an á globulin normally present in serum.&lt;br /&gt;It binds specifically to the globin portion of hemoglobin, and the complex is cleared by&lt;br /&gt;the mononuclear cell phagocytosis. Haptoglobin is reduced in all hemolytic anemias as it&lt;br /&gt;binds free hemoglobin. It can also be reduced in cirrhosis and so is not diagnostic of&lt;br /&gt;hemolysis outside of the correct clinical context. Assuming a normal marrow and iron&lt;br /&gt;stores, the reticulocyte count will be elevated as well to try to compensate for the increased&lt;br /&gt;red cell destruction of hemolysis. Release of intracellular contents from the red&lt;br /&gt;cell (including hemoglobin and LDH) induces heme metabolism, producing unconjugated&lt;br /&gt;bilirubinemia. If the haptoglobin system is overwhelmed, the kidney will filter free&lt;br /&gt;hemoglobin and reabsorb it in the proximal tubule for storage of iron by ferritin and hemosiderin.&lt;br /&gt;Hemosiderin in the urine is a marker of filtered hemoglobin by the kidneys.&lt;br /&gt;In massive hemolysis, free hemoglobin may be excreted in urine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;45. Все следующее соответствует схеме: противосвертывающее средство и его механизм действия, кроме&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. abciximab- ингибиция рецептора GpIIb/IIIa&lt;br /&gt;B. clopidogrel- ингибиция освобождения тромбоксана А2&lt;br /&gt;C. fondaparinux- ингибиция фактора Xa&lt;br /&gt;D. argatroban- ингибиция тромбина&lt;br /&gt;E. варфарин- витамин K-зависимое карбоксилирование факторов коагуляции&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents act by a variety of&lt;br /&gt;mechanisms. Platelet aggregation is dependent initially on the binding of von Willebrand&lt;br /&gt;factor and platelet glycoprotein IB. This initiates the release of a variety of molecules, including&lt;br /&gt;thromboxane A2 and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), resulting in platelet aggregation.&lt;br /&gt;Glycoprotein IIB/IIIa receptors recognize the amino acid sequence that is present&lt;br /&gt;in adhesive proteins such as fibrinogen. Coagulation occurs by a convergence of different&lt;br /&gt;pathways on the prothrombinase complex, which mediates the conversion of fibrinogen&lt;br /&gt;to fibrin, thus forming the clot. Factor Xa and factor Va are two of the essential components&lt;br /&gt;of the prothrombinase complex. Abciximab is a monoclonal antibody of human&lt;br /&gt;and murine protein that binds to GpIIb/IIIa. It and other inhibitors have been studied&lt;br /&gt;extensively in patients with unstable angina, patients with MI, and those undergoing percutaneous&lt;br /&gt;coronary intervention. Clopidogrel acts by inhibiting ADP-induced platelet&lt;br /&gt;aggregation. It has been evaluated in many of the same settings either in place of or in&lt;br /&gt;conjunction with aspirin. Heparin acts to bind factor Xa and activate antithrombin. Lowmolecular-&lt;br /&gt;weight heparins primarily act through anti–factor Xa activity. Fondaparinux&lt;br /&gt;is a synthetic pentasaccharide that causes selective indirect inhibition of factor Xa. Lepirudin&lt;br /&gt;and argatroban are direct thrombin inhibitors. They are indicated in patients with&lt;br /&gt;heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Warfarin acts by inhibiting vitamin K–dependent&lt;br /&gt;carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, and X.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;46. Все следующее - поздние осложнения подготовки к пересадке костного мозга кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. замедление роста&lt;br /&gt;B. азооспермия&lt;br /&gt;C. гипотиреоз&lt;br /&gt;D. катаракта&lt;br /&gt;E. деменция&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;In addition to chronic GHVD, there are late complications&lt;br /&gt;of bone marrow transplantation that result from the chemotherapy and radiotherapy&lt;br /&gt;preparative regimen. Children may experience decreased growth velocity and delay&lt;br /&gt;in the development of secondary sex characteristics. Hormone replacement may be necessary.&lt;br /&gt;Gonadal dysfunction is common. Men frequently become azoospermic, and&lt;br /&gt;women develop ovarian failure. Patients who receive total body irradiation are at risk for&lt;br /&gt;cataract formation and thyroid dysfunction. Although cognitive dysfunction may occur&lt;br /&gt;in the peritransplant period for many reasons, there is no definitive evidence that dementia&lt;br /&gt;occurs at an increased frequency.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;47. Что из следующего лучше всего описывает механизм действия clopidogrel?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Активизирует антитромбин и ингибирует коагулирующие ферменты&lt;br /&gt;B. Связывается с активизированным рецептором GPIIb/IIIa на поверхности тромбоцита, чтобы блокировать прикрепление адгезивных молекул&lt;br /&gt;C. ингибирует циклооксигеназу 1 (COX-1) на тромбоцитах, чтобы уменьшить продукцию тромбоксана  A2&lt;br /&gt;D. ингибирует фосфодиэстеразу, чтобы блокировать распад циклического монофосфата аденозина (цАМФ), чтобы ингибировать активацию тромбоцита&lt;br /&gt;E. Необратимо блокирует P2Yl2, чтобы предотвратить агрегацию тромбоцитов, вызванную&lt;br /&gt;дифосфат аденозином (АДФ) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;Clopidogrel and ticlopidine are the two currently available&lt;br /&gt;members of the thienopyridine class of antiplatelet agents. As demonstrated in the&lt;br /&gt;figure below, the mechanism of action of these agents is to prevent ADP-induced platelet&lt;br /&gt;aggregation by irreversibly inhibiting the P2Y12 receptor. Both agents are prodrugs that&lt;br /&gt;require hepatic activation by the cytochrome P450 system; in the usual dose they require&lt;br /&gt;several days to reach maximal effectiveness. Clopidogrel is a more potent agent than&lt;br /&gt;ticlopidine with fewer associated side effects, and thus it has replaced ticlopidine in clinical&lt;br /&gt;practice.&lt;br /&gt;Other antiplatelet drugs act at other sites in the cascade that leads to platelet aggregation.&lt;br /&gt;Aspirin is the most commonly used antiplatelet agent. At the usual doses, aspirin&lt;br /&gt;inhibits COX-1 to prevent the production of thromboxane A2, a potent platelet agonist.&lt;br /&gt;Dipyridamole is a weak platelet inhibitor alone and acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.&lt;br /&gt;In addition, dipyridamole blocks the uptake of adenosine by platelets. When combined&lt;br /&gt;with aspirin, dipyridamole has been shown to decrease the risk of stroke, but&lt;br /&gt;because it acts as a vasodilator, there is concern that it might increase the risk of cardiac&lt;br /&gt;events in severe coronary artery disease. A final class of antiplatelet agents is the glycoprotein&lt;br /&gt;IIb/IIIa inhibitors, which include abciximab, eptifibatide, and tirofiban. Each&lt;br /&gt;of these agents has a slightly different site of action, but all decrease the ability of platelets&lt;br /&gt;to bind adhesive molecules such as fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor. Thus,&lt;br /&gt;these agents decrease platelet aggregation. Abciximab is a monoclonal antibody directed&lt;br /&gt;against the activated form of GPIIb/IIIa. Tirofiban and eptifibatide are small&lt;br /&gt;synthetic molecules that bind to various sites of the GPIIb/IIIa receptor to decrease&lt;br /&gt;platelet aggregation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;48. 45-летний мужчина осматривается врачом в связи с жалобами раннего насыщения и потери в весе. Физикально:о селезенка на 10 см ниже левого реберного края, мягкая при пальпации. Лабораторные исследования: лейкоциты 125,000/µL 80%- нейтрофилов, 9%- bands (??), 3%-миелоцитов, 3%- метамиелоцитов, 1%-бластов, 1%- лимфоцитов, 1%- эозинофилов, и 1%- базофилов. Гемоглобин - 8.4 g/dL, гематокрит 26.8 %, тромбоцит 668,000/µL. Биопсия костного мозга демонстрирует увеличенную клеточность с увеличенным соотношением миелоид/эритроид. Какое из следующих цитогенетических расстройств, наиболее вероятно, будет найдено у этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Делеция части длинного плеча хромосомы 5, del(5q)&lt;br /&gt;B. Инверсия хромосомы 16, inv(16)&lt;br /&gt;C. Взаимная транслокация между хромосомами 9 и 22 (Филадельфийская хромосома)&lt;br /&gt;D. Транслокации длинных плеч хромосом 15 и 17&lt;br /&gt;E. Трисомия 12&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;49. 35-летний пациент с хронической железодефицитной анемией. У него терминальная стадия почечной недостаточности с гемодиализом, артериальная гипертензия, ревматоидный артрит. Его лечение включает ацетат кальция, поливитамины, nifedipine, аспирин, сульфат железа, и omeprazole. Его гемоглобин 6 месяцев назад был 8 мг/дл, а неделю назад 7.9 мг/дл. Ферритин - 8 мг/дл. Не сообщает о яркой красной крови в прямой кишке, стул гуйяк-отрицателен неоднократно отрицателен за прошлые 6 месяцев. Какова наиболее вероятная причина железодефицитной анемии этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Целиакия&lt;br /&gt;B. Рак толстой кишки&lt;br /&gt;C. Геморрой&lt;br /&gt;D. Эффект лечения&lt;br /&gt;E. Язвенная болезнь&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;In a young person with no family history and without&lt;br /&gt;signs or symptoms suggesting a bleeding colonic lesion, colon cancer would be very unlikely.&lt;br /&gt;Similarly, although peptic ulcer disease and celiac sprue can cause iron deficiency&lt;br /&gt;by hemorrhage and malabsorption, respectively, he has neither symptoms nor stool findings&lt;br /&gt;consistent with gastrointestinal blood loss. Impaired iron absorption is commonly&lt;br /&gt;caused by dietary composition. High amounts of calcium or lead or the lack of ascorbic&lt;br /&gt;acid or amino acids in the meal can impair iron absorption. Calcium can cause a substantial&lt;br /&gt;decrease in iron absorption. This patient should be advised to make sure he does&lt;br /&gt;not take his iron tablet at the same time as his calcium tablet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;50. 32-летняя мужчина с жалобами на тестикулярную массу. Физикально: пальпируется  безболезненная масса около 2 см на поверхности левого яичка. Рентгенография грудной клетки без особенностей, на КТ  брюшной полости и таза не выявлены доказательства забрюшинной аденопатии. Фетопротеин увеличен до 400 нг/мл. Человеческий бета  хориальный гонадотропин (β-hCG) и ЛДГ в норме. Патологическое исследование: семинома, ограниченная яичком. Уровень  АФП уменьшается до нормы. Каково адекватное лечение на этой стадии?&lt;br /&gt;A. Облучение забрюшинных лимфатических узлов&lt;br /&gt;B. Адьювантная химиотерапия&lt;br /&gt;C. Гормональная терапия&lt;br /&gt;D. Забрюшинное иссечение лимфатических узлов (RPLND)&lt;br /&gt;E. Позитронная эмиссионная томография  (PET) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;Testicular cancer occurs most commonly in the second&lt;br /&gt;and third decades of life. The treatment depends on the underlying pathology and the&lt;br /&gt;stage of the disease. Germ cell tumors are divided into seminomatous and nonseminomatous&lt;br /&gt;subtypes. Although the pathology of this patient’s tumor was seminoma, the&lt;br /&gt;presence of AFP is suggestive of occult nonseminomatous components. If there are any&lt;br /&gt;nonseminomatous components, the treatment follows that of a nonseminomatous germ&lt;br /&gt;cell tumor. This patient therefore has a clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumor.&lt;br /&gt;As his AFP returned to normal after orchiectomy, there is no obvious occult disease.&lt;br /&gt;However, between 20 and 50% of these patients will have disease in the retroperitoneal&lt;br /&gt;lymph nodes. Because numerous trials have indicated no survival difference in this cohort&lt;br /&gt;between observation and RPLND and because of the potential side effects of&lt;br /&gt;RPLND, either approach is reasonable. Radiation therapy is the appropriate choice for&lt;br /&gt;stage I and stage II seminoma. It has no role in nonseminomatous lesions. Adjuvant chemotherapy&lt;br /&gt;is not indicated in early-stage testicular cancer. Hormonal therapy is effective&lt;br /&gt;for prostate cancer and receptor positive breast cancer but has no role in testicular cancer.&lt;br /&gt;PET scan has no currently defined clinical role.&lt;br /&gt;A. Radiation to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes&lt;br /&gt;B. Adjuvant chemotherapy&lt;br /&gt;C. Hormonal therapy&lt;br /&gt;D. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND)&lt;br /&gt;E. Positron emission tomography (PET) scan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;51. Все следующие утверждения относительно использования табака и прекращения его употребления правильны кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. Большинство американцев, бросавшие курить, делают это самостоятельно без участия в к организованной программе прекращения курения.&lt;br /&gt;B. Более 80 % взрослых американцев, которые курят, начали до 18 лет.&lt;br /&gt;C. Бездымный табак связан с резиной (?? – жевательной?) и болезнью десен, но не раком.&lt;br /&gt;D. Сообщения о прекращении курения и программы более эффективны для легких курильщиков чем для тяжелых курильщиков.&lt;br /&gt;E. Использование табака - самый поддающийся изменению фактор риска рака.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;52. У 29-летнего мужчину на обычной рентгенограмме легких, сделанной для оформления страхования жизни, обнаружена правая воротная аденопатия. В остальном здоров. Помимо биопсии лимфатических узлов, что из следующего показано?&lt;br /&gt;A. Уровень ангиотензин-конвертирующего фермента (ACE) &lt;br /&gt;B. β-hCG&lt;br /&gt;C. Тироид- стимулирующий гормон (ТСГ)&lt;br /&gt;D. PSA&lt;br /&gt;E. C-reactive белок&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;The patient is a young man with asymmetric hilar adenopathy.&lt;br /&gt;The differential diagnosis would include lymphoma, testicular cancer, and, less&lt;br /&gt;likely, tuberculosis or histoplasmosis. Because of his young age, testicular examination&lt;br /&gt;and ultrasonography would be indicated, as would measurement of â-hCG and AFP,&lt;br /&gt;which are generally markedly elevated. In men with carcinoma of unknown primary&lt;br /&gt;source, AFP and â-hCG should be checked as the presence of testicular cancer portends&lt;br /&gt;an improved prognosis compared with possible primary sources. Biopsy would show&lt;br /&gt;lymphoma. The ACE level may be elevated but is not diagnostic of sarcoidosis. Thyroid&lt;br /&gt;disorders are not likely to present with unilateral hilar adenopathy. Finally, PSA is not indicated&lt;br /&gt;in this age category, and C-reactive protein would not differentiate any of the disorders&lt;br /&gt;mentioned above. Biopsy is the most important diagnostic procedure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;53. Что из следующего правильно относительно мелкоклеточного рака легкого по сравнению с немелкоклеточным раком ?&lt;br /&gt;A. Мелкоклеточный рак легкого более радиочувствителен.&lt;br /&gt;B. Мелкоклеточный рак легкого менее чувствителен к химиотерапии&lt;br /&gt;C. Мелкоклеточный рак легкого, более вероятно, будет обнаружен на периферии легкого.&lt;br /&gt;D. Мелкоклеточный рак легкого происходит из альвеолярных клеток.&lt;br /&gt;E. Вовлечение костного мозга чаще происходит при немелкоклеточном раке легкого.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;54. Какое из следующих утверждений относительно желудочного рака верно?&lt;br /&gt;A. Курение сигарет и тяжелое спиртовое введение - синергичные факторы риска аденокарциномы.&lt;br /&gt;B. Хронический желудочный рефлюкс - фактор риска для развития желудочного плоскоклеточного рака.&lt;br /&gt;C. Желудочный рак является самым частым в средней трети пищевода.&lt;br /&gt;D. Частота случаев плоскоклеточного рака уменьшилась за прошлые 30 лет, в то время как аденокарцинома продолжает увеличиваться.&lt;br /&gt;E. Прогноз для пациентов с аденокарциномой лучше чем для больных плоскоклеточным раком.&lt;br /&gt;F. Все вышеупомянутое верно.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;In the United States, esophageal cancers are either squamous&lt;br /&gt;cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas. Esophageal cancer is a deadly cancer with a&lt;br /&gt;very high mortality rate, regardless of cell type. This is because diagnosis is usually made&lt;br /&gt;well after patients develop symptoms, meaning that the mass is often large with frequent&lt;br /&gt;spread to the mediastinum and paraaortic lymph nodes, by the time that endoscopy is&lt;br /&gt;considered for diagnosis. Smoking and alcohol consumption are synergistic risks for&lt;br /&gt;squamous cell carcinoma, not adenocarcinoma. Other risks for squamous cell carcinoma&lt;br /&gt;include nitrites, smoked opiates, mucosal injury (including ingestion of hot tea), and&lt;br /&gt;achalasia. The major risk for adenocarcinoma is chronic gastric reflux, gastric metaplasia&lt;br /&gt;of the esophagus (Barrett’s esophagus). These adenocarcinomas account for 60% of&lt;br /&gt;esophageal carcinomas and behave like gastric carcinomas. In recent years, the incidence&lt;br /&gt;of squamous carcinoma of the esophagus has declined while the incidence of adenocarcinoma&lt;br /&gt;has increased, particularly in white men. Approximately 10% of esophageal carcinomas&lt;br /&gt;arise in the upper third, 35% in the middle third, and 55% in the lower third.&lt;br /&gt;Fewer than 5% of patients with esophageal carcinoma survive 5 years. There is no consistent&lt;br /&gt;advantage of one cell type over another. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy&lt;br /&gt;are all options, but usually these interventions are palliative.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;55. Все следующие состояния связаны с увеличением частоты рака кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. Синдром Дауна&lt;br /&gt;B. Анемия Фанкони&lt;br /&gt;C. Von Hippel-Lindau синдром&lt;br /&gt;D. нейрофиброматоз&lt;br /&gt;E. синдром ломкой X-хромосомы&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;A small proportion of cancers occur in patients with a genetic&lt;br /&gt;predisposition. Roughly 100 syndromes of familial cancer have been reported. Recognition&lt;br /&gt;allows for genetic counseling and increased cancer surveillance. Down’s syndrome,&lt;br /&gt;or trisomy 21, is characterized clinically by a variety of features, including moderate to severe&lt;br /&gt;learning disability, facial and musculoskeletal deformities, duodenal atresia, congenital&lt;br /&gt;heart defects, and an increased risk of acute leukemia. Fanconi’s anemia is a condition&lt;br /&gt;that is associated with defects in DNA repair. There is a higher incidence of cancer, with&lt;br /&gt;leukemia and myelodysplasia being the most common cancers. Von Hippel–Lindau syndrome&lt;br /&gt;is associated with hemangioblastomas, renal cysts, pancreatic cysts and carcinomas, &lt;br /&gt;and renal cell cancer. Neurofibromatosis (NF) type I and type II are both associated with&lt;br /&gt;increased tumor formation. NF II is more associated with a schwannoma. Both carry a risk&lt;br /&gt;of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Fragile X is a condition associated with chromosomal&lt;br /&gt;instability of the X chromosome. These patients have mental retardation, typical&lt;br /&gt;morphologic features including macroorchidism and prognathia, behavioral problems,&lt;br /&gt;and occasionally seizures. Increased cancer incidence has not been described.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;56. 50-летние женщина в вашей клинике тромбоцитозом. Последний полный анализ крови - лейкоциты (лейкоцитарная формула) 7,000/mm3, гематокрит 34 %,  тромбоциты 600,000/mm3. Все следующее - общие причины тромбоцитоза кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. железодефицитная анемия&lt;br /&gt;B. эссенциальный тромбоцитоз&lt;br /&gt;C. хронический миелоидный лейкоз&lt;br /&gt;D. миелодисплазия&lt;br /&gt;E. пернициозная анемия&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;Thrombocytosis may be “primary” or “secondary.” Essential&lt;br /&gt;thrombocytosis is a myeloproliferative disorder that involves a multipotent hematopoietic&lt;br /&gt;progenitor cell. Unfortunately, there is no clonal marker that can reliably&lt;br /&gt;distinguish it from more common nonclonal, reactive forms of thrombocytosis. Therefore,&lt;br /&gt;the diagnosis is one of exclusion. Common causes of secondary thrombocytosis include&lt;br /&gt;infection, inflammatory conditions, malignancy, iron deficiency, hemorrhage, and&lt;br /&gt;postsurgical states. Other myeloproliferative disorders, such as CML and myelofibrosis,&lt;br /&gt;may result in thrombocytosis. Similarly, myelodysplastic syndromes, particularly the 5qsyndrome,&lt;br /&gt;may cause thrombocytosis. Pernicious anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency&lt;br /&gt;does not typically cause thrombocytosis. However, correction of B12 deficiency or&lt;br /&gt;folate deficiency may cause a “rebound” thrombocytosis. Similarly, cessation of chronic&lt;br /&gt;ethanol use may also cause a rebound thrombocytosis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;57. 76-летний мужчина в неотложном отделении с болью в левой ноге в течение 4 дней. Он также описывает отек левой лодыжки, который мешал ему ходить. Он - активный курильщик и имеет медицинскую историю гастроэзофагеального рефлюкса, предшествующего глубокого венозного тромбоза (DVT) 9 месяцев назад, и хорошо-управляемой артериальной гипертензии. Физическая экспертиза показывает 2 + отек левой лодыжки . D-димер увеличен. Что из следующего делает D-димер менее прогнозирующим DVT у этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Возраст&gt; 70&lt;br /&gt;B. История активного использования табака&lt;br /&gt;C. Нехватка суггестивных клинических симптомов&lt;br /&gt;D. Отрицательный признак Хомана &lt;br /&gt;E. Предыдущий DVT в прошлом году&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;D-Dimer is a degradation product of cross-linked fibrin&lt;br /&gt;and is elevated in conditions of ongoing thrombosis. Low concentrations of D-dimer are&lt;br /&gt;considered to indicate the absence of thrombosis. Patients over the age of 70 will frequently&lt;br /&gt;have elevated D-dimers in the absence of thrombosis, making this test less predictive of acute&lt;br /&gt;disease. Clinical symptoms are often not present in patients with DVT and do not affect interpretation&lt;br /&gt;of a D-dimer. Tobacco use, while frequently considered a risk factor for DVT,&lt;br /&gt;and previous DVT should not affect the predictive value of D-dimer. Homan’s sign, calf pain&lt;br /&gt;elicited by dorsiflexion of the foot, is not predictive of DVT and is unrelated to D-dimer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;58. Пациент с давнишней ВИЧ инфекцией, хроническим алкоголизмом и астмой в отделении неотложной хирургии с 1-2 днями тяжелого хрипения. Он не принял никаких лекарств в течение многих месяцев. Он госпитализирован и получает небулайзер и системные глюкокортикоиды. Его счет CD4 - 8,  вирусная нагрузка &gt; 750 000. Его лейкоцитарная формула - 3200 /µL с 90%-ыми нейтрофилами. Он принят в стационарную программу лечения токсикомании, начата профилактика условно-патогенной инфекции, бронхолитические средства, преднизона более чем на 2 недели, ranitidine и высоко-активная антиретровиральная терапия. Центр восстановления сообщает Вам 2 недели спустя; обычное лабораторное исследлование показывает лейкоциты 900 /µL с 5%-ыми нейтрофилами. Какой из следующих новых препаратов наиболее вероятно объяснил бы нейтропению этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;A. Darunavir&lt;br /&gt;B. Efavirenz&lt;br /&gt;C. Ranitidine&lt;br /&gt;D. Преднизон&lt;br /&gt;E. Триметоприм-sulfamethoxazole&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt; Many drugs can lead to neutropenia, most commonly via&lt;br /&gt;retarding neutrophil production in the bone marrow. Of the list above, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole&lt;br /&gt;is the most likely culprit. Other common causes of drug-induced neutropenia&lt;br /&gt;include alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide or busulfan, antimetabolites&lt;br /&gt;including methotrexate and 5-flucytosine, penicillin and sulfonamide antibiotics, antithyroid&lt;br /&gt;drugs, antipsychotics, and anti-inflammatory agents. Prednisone, when used&lt;br /&gt;systemically, often causes an increase in the circulating neutrophil count as it leads to&lt;br /&gt;demargination of neutrophils and bone marrow stimulation. Ranitidine, an H2 blocker, is a&lt;br /&gt;well-described cause of thrombocytopenia but has not been implicated in neutropenia.&lt;br /&gt;Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor whose main side effects include&lt;br /&gt;a morbilliform rash and central nervous system effects including strange dreams and&lt;br /&gt;confusion. The presence of these symptoms does not require drug cessation. Darunavir is a&lt;br /&gt;new protease inhibitor that is well tolerated. Common side effects include a maculopapular&lt;br /&gt;rash and lipodystrophy, a class effect for all protease inhibitors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;59. Какой из следующих симптомов является наиболее суггестивным для пищеводного объемного образования?&lt;br /&gt;A. Раннее насыщение&lt;br /&gt;B. Только жидкая фаза дисфагии&lt;br /&gt;C. Одинофагия (??) с болью в груди&lt;br /&gt;D. Ротоглоточная дисфагия&lt;br /&gt;E. Твердая фаза дисфагии, прогрессирующая до жидкой фазы&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;60. Все следующее было связано с развитием лимфоидного злокачественного развития кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. Целиакия&lt;br /&gt;B. Инфекция  Helicobacter&lt;br /&gt;C. гепатит B инфекция&lt;br /&gt;D. ВИЧ инфекция&lt;br /&gt;E. человеческий вирус герпеса 8  (HHV8)&lt;br /&gt;F. наследственные синдромы иммуннодефицита&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Hepatitis B and C are both common causes of cirrhosis&lt;br /&gt;and are strongly associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis C,&lt;br /&gt;but not hepatitis B, can also lead to a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, often in the spleen,&lt;br /&gt;that resolves with cure of hepatitis C. Other infections are commonly implicated as causes&lt;br /&gt;of lymphoma. Epstein-Barr virus has been associated with a large number of lymphoid malignancies&lt;br /&gt;including posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), Hodgkin’s disease,&lt;br /&gt;central nervous system lymphoma, and Burkitt’s lymphoma. H. pylori is necessary and sufficient&lt;br /&gt;for gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma development, and cure&lt;br /&gt;can be achieved with eradication of the organism in some cases. HHV8 is a known cause of&lt;br /&gt;body cavity lymphoma, including primary pleural lymphoma. Celiac sprue has been associated&lt;br /&gt;with gastrointestinal tract lymphoma. Many collagen vascular diseases and their&lt;br /&gt;treatments (tumor necrosis factor á inhibitors) have also been associated with lymphomas,&lt;br /&gt;as have acquired and inherited immunodeficiencies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;61. 31-летняя женщина направлена в вашу клинику для оценки анемии. Она описывает 2-месячную историю усталости. Она отрицает боль в животе, но отмечает, что ее живот вздут в последние недели. Прошлая медицинская история не отягощена. Родители пациента живы, есть три здоровых сибса. Физическая экспертиза: бледная конъюнктива, селезенка на 4 см ниже левого реберного края. Гематокрит - 31 %,  билирубин нормален. Процент ретикулоцитов низок. Гаптоглобин и молочная дегидрогеназа (LDH) нормальны. Периферический мазок крови показывает многочисленные имеющие форму слезинки клетки красной крови, ядро-содержащие клетки красной крови и случайные миелоциты. Аспират костного мозга неудачен, но биопсия показывает гиперклеточный костный мозг с трехростковой гиперплазией и результатами исследования, совместимыми с предполагаемым диагнозом хронического идиопатического миелофиброза. Вы переливаете ее к гематокриту 40 %. Каков самый адекватный следующий шаг управления?&lt;br /&gt;A. Применить эритропоэтин.&lt;br /&gt;B. Наблюдать в течение 6 месяцев.&lt;br /&gt;C. Химиотерапия объединенной методики института.&lt;br /&gt;D. Определить HLA соответствие ее сибсов.&lt;br /&gt;E. Выполнить спленэктомию.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis is a clonal disorder&lt;br /&gt;of a multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cell of unknown etiology that is characterized&lt;br /&gt;by marrow fibrosis, myeloid metaplasia, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and&lt;br /&gt;splenomegaly. The peripheral blood smear reflects the features of extramedullary hematopoiesis,&lt;br /&gt;with teardrop-shaped red cells, immature myeloid cells, and abnormal platelets.&lt;br /&gt;Leukocytes and platelets may both be elevated. The median survival is poor at only 5&lt;br /&gt;years. These patients eventually succumb to increasing organomegaly, infection, and possible&lt;br /&gt;transformation to acute leukemia. There is no specific therapy for chronic idiopathic&lt;br /&gt;myelobrosis. Erythropoietin has not been shown to be consistently effective and&lt;br /&gt;may exacerbate splenomegaly. Supportive care with red blood cell transfusions is necessary&lt;br /&gt;as anemia worsens. Chemotherapy has no role in changing the natural history of the&lt;br /&gt;disease. Some newer agents, such as interferon and thalidomide, may play a role, but their&lt;br /&gt;place is not clear. Splenectomy may be necessary in symptomatic patients with massive&lt;br /&gt;splenomegaly. However, extramedullary hematopoiesis may worsen with rebound&lt;br /&gt;thrombocytosis and compensatory hepatomegaly. The only potential curative modality is&lt;br /&gt;allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Morbidity and mortality are high, particularly&lt;br /&gt;in older patients. In light of this patient’s young age and the presence of three healthy siblings,&lt;br /&gt;HLA matching of her siblings is the most reasonable step.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;62. Все следующее является суггестивным для железодефицитной анемии кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. койлонихия&lt;br /&gt;B. извращенный аппетит&lt;br /&gt;C. сниженный серологический ферритин&lt;br /&gt;D. сниженная общая железосвязывающая способность (TIBC)&lt;br /&gt;E. низкая реакция ретикулоцитов&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;63. Какой источник стволовой клетки неправильно соединен с клиническим применением?&lt;br /&gt;A. Костно-мозговые мезенхимальные стволовые клетки: Пересаженные клетки могут не дифференцироваться в желательный тип клетки&lt;br /&gt;B. Зародышевые стволовые клетки: Высокий потенциал, чтобы сформировать тератомы&lt;br /&gt;C. органоспецифичные мультипотентные стволовые клетки: Трудно выделять из всех тканей, кроме костного мозга&lt;br /&gt;D. Стволовые клетки крови пуповины: Реакция "трансплантант против хозяина"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;64. Вы наблюдаете пациента с повышенным гематокритом. Вы подозреваете полицитемию, истинную, основываясь на истории aquagenic зуда и спленомегалии. Какие из лабораторных показателей совместимы с диагнозом истинной полицитемии?&lt;br /&gt;A. Повышенная масса эритроцита, высокие серологические уровни эритропоэтина, нормальная насыщенность кислородом&lt;br /&gt;B. Повышенная масса эритроцита, низкие серологические уровни эритропоэтина, нормальная насыщенность кислородом&lt;br /&gt;C. Нормальная масса эритроцита, высокие серологические уровни эритропоэтина, низко артериальная насыщенность кислорода&lt;br /&gt;D. Нормальная масса эритроцита, низкие серологические уровни эритропоэтина, низко артериальная насыщенность кислорода&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;65. 59-летнего мужчину госпитализируют с болезненным, горячим высыпанием на дорсальных сторонах обеих рук. Он имеет медицинскую историю хронического алкоголизма и признается в недавнем рецидиве:  пил запоем прошлую неделю. Его госпитализируют и стабилизируют. Диагноз porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) поставлен на основании увеличенных циркулирующих порфиринов в крови и сниженной активности URO-декарбоксилазы. Он выписан для дальнейшего восстановления и наблюдается в вашей клинике 2 недели спустя. Он воздерживался от алкоголя, но его высыпание сохранилось, и теперь он также имеет вздутия (пузыри??) на ногах и ступнях. Какая из следующих методик лечения наиболее адекватна?&lt;br /&gt;A. Hydroxyurea&lt;br /&gt;B. в/в железное вливание еженедельно, с контролем серологических железных уровней&lt;br /&gt;C. Внутрь железо плюс витамин C&lt;br /&gt;D. Высыпание (PCT) может пройти только через несколько месяцев; пациент должен продолжить воздерживаться от алкоголя  и внимательно наблюдаться&lt;br /&gt;E. Еженедельная флеботомия до нормализации ферритина &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;Any increase in hepatic iron will exacerbate PCT, and efforts&lt;br /&gt;should be made to minimize iron overload. The first step in management of PCT is&lt;br /&gt;to identify and discontinue any potential trigger (alcohol, estrogens, iron supplements).&lt;br /&gt;PCT that does not respond to these conservative measures requires weekly phlebotomy&lt;br /&gt;with the goal of reducing hepatic iron. In the above case, conservative measures have not&lt;br /&gt;led to remission and phlebotomy is necessary. Serum ferritin can be used as a gauge of&lt;br /&gt;hepatic iron overload and should guide the course of phlebotomy. Iron infusion or oral&lt;br /&gt;iron supplementation would result in an exacerbation of PCT by increasing iron stores.&lt;br /&gt;Hydroxyurea is used to treat sickle cell disease and some forms of essential thrombocytosis;&lt;br /&gt;it has no role in the primary management of PCT.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;66. Какая из следующих гемолитических анемий может быть отнесена к экстракорпускулярным?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Овалоцитоз (эллиптоцитоз)&lt;br /&gt;B. Пароксизмальная ночная гемоглобинурия&lt;br /&gt;C. Дефицит пируват киназы&lt;br /&gt;D серповидноклеточная анемия&lt;br /&gt;E. Тромботическая тромбоцитопеническая пурпура&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;Hemolytic anemias may be classified as intracorpuscular or&lt;br /&gt;extracorpuscular. In intracorpuscular disorders, the patient’s red blood cells (RBCs) have an&lt;br /&gt;abnormally short life span due to an intrinsic RBC factor. In extracorpuscular disorders, the&lt;br /&gt;RBC has a short life span due to a nonintrinsic RBC factor. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic&lt;br /&gt;purpura (TTP) is an acquired disorder where red cell and platelet destruction occur not because&lt;br /&gt;of defects of these cell lines, but rather as a result of microangiopathy leading to destructive&lt;br /&gt;shear forces on the cells. Other clinical sign and symptoms include fever, mental&lt;br /&gt;status change, and, less commonly, renal impairment. All cases of hemolysis in conjunction&lt;br /&gt;with thrombocytopenia should be rapidly ruled out for TTP by evaluation of a peripheral&lt;br /&gt;smear for schistocytes as plasmapheresis is life-saving. Other causes of extravascular&lt;br /&gt;hemolytic anemia include hypersplenism, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, disseminated intravascular&lt;br /&gt;coagulation, and other microangiopathic hemolytic anemias. The other four&lt;br /&gt;disorders listed in the question all refer to some defect of the red blood cell itself that leads to&lt;br /&gt;hemolysis. Elliptocytosis is a membranopathy that leads to varying degrees of destruction of&lt;br /&gt;the red cell in the reticuloendothelial system. Sickle cell anemia is a congenital hemoglobinopathy&lt;br /&gt;classified by recurrent pain crises and numerous long-term sequelae that is due to a&lt;br /&gt;well-defined â globin mutation. Pyruvate kinase deficiency is a rare disorder of the glycolytic&lt;br /&gt;pathway that causes hemolytic anemia. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)&lt;br /&gt;is a form of acquired hemolysis due to an intrinsic abnormality of the red cell. It also often&lt;br /&gt;causes thrombosis and cytopenias. Bone marrow failure is a feared association with PNH.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;67. Все следующее - препятствия более широко распространенному применению стволовых клеток для регенеративной медицины кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. контролирование миграций пересаженных стволовых клеток&lt;br /&gt;B. идентификация болезней, подходящих для терапии стволовыми клетками  &lt;br /&gt;C. идентификация путей дифференциации стволовых клеток в определенные типы клеток&lt;br /&gt;D. преодолевание этических беспокойств по их получению и использованию&lt;br /&gt;E. предсказание реакции клеток на среду патологически измененного органа&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;68. Вас просят проконсультировать 34-летнего мужчину с тромбоцитопенией. Он подвергся столкновению с автомашиной 10 дней назад, что закончилось ударом, внутренним кровотечением и острым почечным отказом. Исследовательская лапаротомия была выполнена, показав разорванную селезенку, требующую спленэктомии. Он также перенес открытый перелом (??) и внутреннюю фиксацию левой бедренной кости. Тромбоциты были 260 000 cells/µL при поступлении. Сегодня  68 000 cells/µL. Получает лечение - oxacillin, морфий, подкожный гепарин. На экспертизе показатели жизненно важных функций устойчивы. На животе чистый заживающий рубец. Левая нога пациента в гипсе и поднята. Правая нога отечна. Ультразвук правой ноги показывает глубокий венозный тромбоз. Антитела антигепарина уверенны. Креатинин - 3.2 мг/дл. Каков самый адекватный следующий шаг в лечении?&lt;br /&gt;A. Прекратить гепарин.&lt;br /&gt;B. Остановить гепарин и начать эноксапарин.&lt;br /&gt;C. Остановить гепарин и начать argatroban.&lt;br /&gt;D. Остановить гепарин и начать lepirudin.&lt;br /&gt;E. Наблюдать пациента.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is common in&lt;br /&gt;patients who receive heparin products. Because the risk of death is significantly increased&lt;br /&gt;in patients with HIT type II and thrombosis if no anticoagulation is given, observation or&lt;br /&gt;simply discontinuation of heparin is not an option. Although enoxaparin and other lowmolecular-&lt;br /&gt;weight heparins have less of a propensity to cause HIT, they are cross-reactive&lt;br /&gt;in patients who already have HIT and thus are contraindicated. Direct thrombin inhibitors &lt;br /&gt;are the treatment of choice. Lepirudin is a recombinant direct thrombin inhibitor. It&lt;br /&gt;may be given intravenously or subcutaneously. It is excreted through the kidney and lacks&lt;br /&gt;an antidote. Therefore, it is relatively contraindicated in patients with renal insufficiency.&lt;br /&gt;Argatroban is another direct thrombin inhibitor. Because it is hepatically metabolized, it is&lt;br /&gt;a reasonable option in patients with HIT and renal insufficiency.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;69. 64-летний мужчина с хроническим лимфоидным лейкозом (CLL) и хроническим гепатитом C  во время ежегодного наблюдения. Его счет белой клетки крови устойчив в 83000/µL, но гематокрит понизился от 35 % до 26 %, и тромбоциты также понизились от 178,000/µL до 69,000/µL.  Начальное обследование должно включить все следующее кроме&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. АСТ, АЛТ, и время протромбина&lt;br /&gt;B. биопсия костного мозга&lt;br /&gt;C. Проба Кумбса&lt;br /&gt;D. периферический мазок крови&lt;br /&gt;E. физикальное обследование&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia&lt;br /&gt;are common, and a peripheral blood smear and a Coomb’s test help evaluate their presence.&lt;br /&gt;Hypersplenism is also seen in CLL as the spleen sequesters large numbers of circulating&lt;br /&gt;blood cells and enlarges. Hence, a careful left upper quadrant examination looking&lt;br /&gt;for a palpable splenic tip is the standard of care in this situation. This patient is at risk of&lt;br /&gt;hepatic decompensation as well, given his hepatitis C that can also cause anemia and&lt;br /&gt;thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow infiltration of tumor cells can lead to cytopenias in&lt;br /&gt;CLL. However, this is in effect a diagnosis of exclusion. Once these three possibilities are&lt;br /&gt;ruled out, a bone marrow biopsy is a reasonable next step. This initial evaluation before&lt;br /&gt;presuming spread of CLL is critical for therapy because each possibility will require different&lt;br /&gt;therapy (glucocorticoids or retuximab for hemolysis, hepatology referral for liver&lt;br /&gt;failure, and splenectomy for symptomatic hypersplenism).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;70. 64-летний мужчина с циррозом Child-Pugh класса B цирроз с жалобами гастроэнтерологу на потерю в весе и чувство брюшного переполнения. Цирроз и гепатит C диагностированы 5 лет назад. Предположено, что пациент заразился гепатитом C при переливании крови 20 лет назад после автомобильной катастрофы. Его начальные симптомы цирроза: перегрузка объемом и асцит. Он был успешно излечен ограничением натрия, spironolactone, и фуросемидом. Не имеет другой значительной медицинской истории. На экспертизе сегодня: его печень увеличена и тверда. Асцита нет. КТ брюшной полости показывает единичную опухоль в правой доле печени, 4 см в диаметре. Местоположение массы - около главных портальных ножек. Нет признаков сосудистой инвазии или метастатических поражений. Уровень фетопротеина - 384 нг/мл. Биопсия массы диагностирует гепатоцеллюлярный рак. Каков лучший подход  в лечении?&lt;br /&gt;A. Трансплантация печени&lt;br /&gt;B. Радиочастотная абляция&lt;br /&gt;C. Резекция правой печеночной доли&lt;br /&gt;D. Системная химиотерапия&lt;br /&gt;E. Трансартериальная хемоэмболизация&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;Currently hepatocellular carcinoma can be staged using a&lt;br /&gt;variety of staging systems. The TNM system set up by the American Joint Commission for&lt;br /&gt;Cancer has been largely replaced by either the Okuda system or the Cancer of the Liver Italian&lt;br /&gt;Program (CLIP) system because these systems include the presence of cirrhosis as a part&lt;br /&gt;of staging. This patient would have stage II disease by the TNM system because he has a single&lt;br /&gt;tumor &gt;2 cm but without evidence of vascular invasion. By the CLIP system, the patient&lt;br /&gt;would be classified as CLIP stage I because of the presence of Child-Pugh class B cirrhosis.&lt;br /&gt;Primary surgical resection of a solitary mass is reserved for those individuals with stage I or&lt;br /&gt;II HCC or CLIP stage 0. However, because of the high rate of liver failure and mortality following&lt;br /&gt;surgical resection in individuals with Child-Pugh class B or C cirrhosis, these individuals&lt;br /&gt;are not candidates for surgical resection. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTX) is&lt;br /&gt;the treatment of choice in individuals with stage I or II disease and cirrhosis. Individuals&lt;br /&gt;can be referred for OLTX if there is a single mass &lt;5 cm or three masses &lt;3 cm and no vascular&lt;br /&gt;invasion is present. Radiofrequency ablation uses heat to cause necrosis of an ~7 cm&lt;br /&gt;zone in a non-specific manner. This technique can be used effectively in single lesions that&lt;br /&gt;are 3–4 cm in size. However, tumors located near the main portal pedicles can lead to bile&lt;br /&gt;duct injury and obstruction. Percutaneous ethanol injection (not listed) results in necrosis&lt;br /&gt;of the injected area and requires multiple injections. The maximum size of tumor that can&lt;br /&gt;be treated with percutaneous ethanol injection is 3 cm. Transarterial chemoembolization is&lt;br /&gt;a form of regional chemotherapy in which a variety of chemotherapeutic agents are directly&lt;br /&gt;injected into the hepatic artery. Two randomized trials have shown a survival advantage for&lt;br /&gt;transarterial chemoembolization in a highly selected subset of patients. The technique is&lt;br /&gt;recommended for individuals who are not candidates for orthotopic liver transplantation,&lt;br /&gt;including individuals with multiple medical comorbidities, more than four lesions, lymph&lt;br /&gt;node metastases, tumors &gt;5 cm, and gross vascular invasion. Systemic chemotherapy has&lt;br /&gt;no effect on survival and has a &lt;25% response rate. It is not recommended for most individuals&lt;br /&gt;with HCC. Sorafenib is a novel agent that increases median survival from 6 months&lt;br /&gt;to 9 months in patients with advanced disease.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;71. Что из следующего показание для обследования на наследственный неполипозный рак толстой кишки у 32-летнего мужчины?&lt;br /&gt;A. Отец, отеческая тетя, и отеческий кузен с раком толстой кишки с возрастами диагноза 54, 68, и 37 лет, соответственно&lt;br /&gt;B. Неисчислимые полипы, визуализируемые на обычной колоноскопии&lt;br /&gt;C. Кожно-слизистая пигментация&lt;br /&gt;D. Новый диагноз язвенного колита&lt;br /&gt;E. Ни одно из вышеупомянутого&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;72. Что из следующего имеет лучший прогноз при адекватном лечении?&lt;br /&gt;A. Лимфома Беркитта&lt;br /&gt;B. Распространенная большая В-клеточная лимфома&lt;br /&gt;C. Фолликулярная лимфома&lt;br /&gt;D. Лимфома клеток мантии&lt;br /&gt;E. Узловая склерозирующая Болезнь Ходжкина&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;73. Вас просят проконсультировать 31-летнего мужчину с длительным кровотечением после процедуры хирургической стоматологии. Он не имеет предшествующей истории геморрагического диатеза или семейной истории нарушений коагуляции. Прошлая медицинская история пациента отмечает инфекцию человеческим вирусом иммуннодефицита, со счетом CD4 51/mL3. Экспертиза: пятнистая лимфаденопатия. Тромбоциты - 230 000 / мл. Международное нормализованное отношение (INR) - 1.5. Активизированное частичное время тромбопластина - 40 s. Периферический мазок крови не показывает шизоцитов и иначе неотягощен. 1:1 микс- исследование исправляет оба условия немедленно и после 2-h инкубации (??). Уровень фибриногена нормален. Время тромбина продлено. Каков диагноз?&lt;br /&gt;A. Диссеминированное внутрисосудистое свертывание (ДВС)&lt;br /&gt;B. Dysfibrinogenemia&lt;br /&gt;C. Фактор V дефицит&lt;br /&gt;D. Болезнь печени&lt;br /&gt;E. Фактора XIII дефицит&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Fibrinogen is a 340-kDa dimeric molecule made up of&lt;br /&gt;two sets of three covalently linked polypeptide chains. Thrombin cleaves multiple peptides&lt;br /&gt;to produce fibrin monomer that factor XIII stabilizes by cross-linking. Although fibrinogen&lt;br /&gt;is needed for platelet aggregation and fibrin formation, even severe fibrinogen&lt;br /&gt;deficiency such as afibrinogenemia produces mild, rare bleeding episodes, most often after&lt;br /&gt;surgery. Dysfibrinogenemia refers to a constellation of disorders that involve mutations&lt;br /&gt;that alter the release of fibrinopeptides, affect the rate of polymerization of fibrin&lt;br /&gt;monomers, or alter the sites of fibrin cross-linking. Dysfibrinogenemia is either inherited&lt;br /&gt;in an autosomal dominant fashion or acquired. Patients with liver disease, hepatomas,&lt;br /&gt;AIDS, and lymphoproliferative disorders may develop an acquired form of dysfibrinogenemia.&lt;br /&gt;The presence of altered partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and prothrombin&lt;br /&gt;time (PT)/INR reflects an abnormality in coagulation from the prothrombinase complex&lt;br /&gt;downstream to fibrin. Correction with a mixing study eliminates factor inhibition as a&lt;br /&gt;cause of the coagulation disorder. Other causes of prolongation of the PT and PTT include&lt;br /&gt;factor deficiencies in factor V or X, afibrinogenemia or dysfibrinogenemia, and&lt;br /&gt;consumption of coagulation factors from DIC. The absence of schistocytes from the&lt;br /&gt;blood smear makes DIC unlikely. The thrombin time tests the interaction with thrombin&lt;br /&gt;directly on fibrinogen. Its prolongation indicates an abnormality with that interaction&lt;br /&gt;and suggests a diagnosis of dysfibrinogenemia. Factor XIII deficiency is a bleeding disorder&lt;br /&gt;that manifests in childhood and is not consistent with this presentation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;74. Стратегии хемопрофилактики рака имеют переменные уровни успеха. Какая из следующих ассоциаций правильно идентифицирует  эффективную хемопрофилактику с ее целевым эффектом?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Аспирин: рак толстой кишки&lt;br /&gt;B. â - Каротин: рак легкого&lt;br /&gt;C. Кальций: аденоматозные желудочно-кишечные полипы&lt;br /&gt;D. Isotretinoin: оральная leukoplakia&lt;br /&gt;E. Тамоксифен: рак эндометрия&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;75. 48-летняя женщина госпитализирована с анемией и тромбоцитопенией после жалобы на глубокую усталость. Ее начальный гемоглобин - 8.5 g/dL, гематокрит 25.7 %,  тромбоциты  42,000/µL. Лейкоциты - 9540/L, но 8%- бластов отмечено на периферическом мазке. Хромосомный анализ показывает взаимную транслокацию длинных плеч хромосом 15 и 17, t(15; 17), выставлен диагноз острого промиелоцитарного лейкоза. Режим индукции этого пациента должен включить какой из следующих препаратов:&lt;br /&gt;A. All -трансретиноевая кислота (ATRA, или triretinoin)&lt;br /&gt;B. Мышьяк&lt;br /&gt;C. Cyclophosphamide, daunorubicin, винбластин, и преднизон&lt;br /&gt;D. Rituximab&lt;br /&gt;E. Общее облучение тела&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;76. Пациентка из предыдущего вопроса получает адекватный режим индукции. Две недели спустя после лечения у нее развивается острая одышка, лихорадка и боли в груди. Рентгенограмма груди показывает двусторонние альвеолярные инфильтраты и умеренный двусторонни1 плевральный выпот. Лейкоциты - теперь 22,300/uL, нейтрофилы 78 %, (bands ??)15 %, лимфоциты 7 %. Она переносит бронхоскопию с лаважем, который не выявляет бактериальные, грибковые или вирусные организмы. Каков наиболее вероятный диагноз у этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Мышьяковое отравление&lt;br /&gt;B. Бактериальная пневмония&lt;br /&gt;C. Пневмония вируса цитомегалии&lt;br /&gt;D. Лучевой пневмонит&lt;br /&gt;E. Ретиноевый кислотный синдром&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;77. 76-летний мужчина госпитализирован с жалобами на усталость в течение 4 месяцев и лихорадку в течение прошлой  недели. Его температура была 38.3°C. Отмечает 5.5-килограммовую потерю в весе, сильные синяки при минимальной травме, и боли в костях. Он был у о врача 2 месяца назад с диагностированной анемией неясной этиологии. В анамнезе цереброваскулярный инцидент в бассейне левой средней мозговой артерии, с последующим снижением функционального статуса. Он в состоянии ходить с места на место в доме с использованием «ходока» и зависит от сиделки/помощника для удовлетворения/выполнения ежедневных потребностей.  Его показатели жизненно важных функций: кровяное давление 158/86 мм рт.ст., частота сердечных сокращений 98 ударов / минута, частота дыхания 18 дыханий/минут, SaO2 95 %, и температура 38°C. Он кажется болезненным с височным истощением мышцы. Он имеет петехии на твердом небе. Нет увеличения лимфатических узлов. На сердечно-сосудистой экспертизе - систолический шум изгнания II/VI.  Легкие ясны. Печень увеличена, пальпируется на 6 см ниже правого реберного края. Кроме того, селезенка также увеличена, с нижним краем на приблизительно 4 см ниже левого реберного края. Есть многочисленные гематомы и петехии на конечностях . &lt;br /&gt;Лабораторная экспертиза показывает следующее: гемоглобин 5.1 g/dL, гематокрит 15 %, тромбоциты 12,000/µL, лейкоцитарная формула 168,000/µL с 45%-бластов, 30%- нейтрофилов, 20%- лимфоцитов, и 5%- моноцитов. Обзор периферического мазка крови подтверждает острый миелолейкоз (подтип М 1, myeloblastic лейкоз без созревания) со сложными хромосомными расстройствами на цитогенетике. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Все следующее обещает слабый прогноз для этого пациента кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. пожилой возраст&lt;br /&gt;B. сложные хромосомные расстройства на цитогенетике&lt;br /&gt;C. гемоглобин &lt;7 g/dL&lt;br /&gt;D. длительный интервал между началом симптома и диагнозом&lt;br /&gt;E. Счет лейкоцитарной формулы&gt; 100,000/µL&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Patients with acute leukemia frequently present with nonspecific&lt;br /&gt;symptoms of fatigue and weight loss. In addition, weight loss and anorexia are also&lt;br /&gt;common. About half have had symptoms for &gt;3 months at the time of presentation. Fever&lt;br /&gt;is present in only about 10% of patients at presentation, and 5% have evidence of abnormal&lt;br /&gt;hemostasis. On physical examination, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, sternal tenderness,&lt;br /&gt;and evidence of infection or hemorrhage are common presenting signs. Laboratory&lt;br /&gt;studies are confirmatory with evidence of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis&lt;br /&gt;often present. The median presenting leukocyte count at presentation is 15,000/ìL. About&lt;br /&gt;20–40% will have presenting leukocyte counts of &lt;5000/ìL, and another 20% will have&lt;br /&gt;counts &gt;100,000/ìL. Review of the peripheral smear confirms leukemia in most cases. If&lt;br /&gt;Auer rods are seen, the diagnosis of AML is virtually certain. Thrombocytopenia (platelet&lt;br /&gt;count &lt;100,000/ìL) is seen in &gt;75% of individuals with AML. Once the diagnosis of AML&lt;br /&gt;has been confirmed, rapid evaluation and treatment should be undertaken. The overall&lt;br /&gt;health of the cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, and renal systems should be evaluated as&lt;br /&gt;chemotherapy has adverse effects that may cause organ dysfunction in any of these systems.&lt;br /&gt;Among the prognostic factors that predict poor outcomes in AML, age at diagnosis&lt;br /&gt;is one of the most important because individuals of advanced age tolerate induction chemotherapy&lt;br /&gt;poorly. In addition, advanced age is more likely to be associated with multiple&lt;br /&gt;chromosomal abnormalities that predict poorer response to chemotherapy, although&lt;br /&gt;some chromosomal markers predict a better response to chemotherapy. Poor performance &lt;br /&gt;status independent of age also decreases survival in AML. Chromosome findings&lt;br /&gt;at diagnosis are also very important in predicting outcomes in AML. Responsiveness to&lt;br /&gt;chemotherapy and survival are also worse if the leukocyte count &gt;100,000/ìL or the antecedent&lt;br /&gt;course of symptoms is prolonged. Anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia&lt;br /&gt;present for &gt;3 months is a poor prognostic indicator. However, there is no absolute degree&lt;br /&gt;of anemia or thrombocytopenia that predicts worse outcomes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;78. Новый скрининг-тест для выявления скрытой формы рака щитовидной железы был введен в практику. На первом году, 1000 положительных тестов приводят к идентификации рака щитовидной железы в обследованной группе населения. За следующий год, 250 случаев рака щитовидной железы обнаружены среди тех, кто первоначально имел отрицательный тест. Какова чувствительность этой новой пробы для выявления скрытой формы заболевания?&lt;br /&gt;A. 25 %&lt;br /&gt;B. 67 %&lt;br /&gt;C. 80 %&lt;br /&gt;D. Недостаточно информации, чтобы вычислить&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;79. 56-летний пациент спрашивает о скрининге рака толстой кишки. Он не имеет факторов риска рака толстой кишки, кроме возраста. Какое из следующих утверждений верно относительно пробы для выявления скрытой формы заболевания, рекомендованной этому пациенту?&lt;br /&gt;A. 50 % пациентов с положительным исследованием кала на скрытую кровь имеют рак толстой кишки.&lt;br /&gt;B. Колоноскопия обнаруживает более ранние поражения чем фекальное исследование того же периода на скрытую кровь с ректороманоскопией.&lt;br /&gt;C. Частота перфорации для ректороманоскопии и колоноскопии эквивалентны.&lt;br /&gt;D. Не доказано, что сигмоидоскопия уменьшает летальность.&lt;br /&gt;E.Виртуальная колоноскопия столь же эффективна как эндоскопическая колоноскопия для того, чтобы обнаружить полипы &lt;5 мм в размере.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. 50% of patients with a positive fecal occult blood&lt;br /&gt;testing have colon cancer.&lt;br /&gt;B. One-time colonoscopy detects more advanced lesions&lt;br /&gt;than one-time fecal occult blood testing with&lt;br /&gt;sigmoidoscopy.&lt;br /&gt;C. Perforation rates for sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy&lt;br /&gt;are equivalent.&lt;br /&gt;D. Sigmoidoscopy has not been shown to reduce&lt;br /&gt;mortality.&lt;br /&gt;E. Virtual colonoscopy is as effective as endoscopic&lt;br /&gt;colonoscopy for detecting polyps &lt;5 mm in size.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;80. 65-летний мужчина жалуется на заложенность носа, головные боли, дисфагию, особенно когда он лежит на спине. Эти симптомы медленно ухудшались в течение прошлого месяца. Он не имеет носового отделяемого и лихорадки. Сообщает о недавней дисфонии и головокружении. В анамнезе умеренная артериальная гипертензия. Он работал подрядчиком кровли и курил 1 пачку/день сигарет, начиная с возраста 16. На физической экспертизе, Вы отмечаете лицевой отек. Ротоглотка также мягко отечна, миндалины без особенностей. Внешние и внутренние яремные вены наполнены кровью с двух сторон, на груди тоже заметны вены. Перкуссия груди показывает притупление в правом основании со сниженным голосовым дрожанием. Рентгенограмма груди показывает верхнюю массу правого легкого, что на биопсии оказывается немелкоклеточным раком легкого. Все следующие виды лечение могут помочь симптомам этого пациента кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. химиотерапия&lt;br /&gt;B. мочегонные средства&lt;br /&gt;C. глюкокортикоиды&lt;br /&gt;D. лучевая терапия&lt;br /&gt;E. венозное стентирование&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;81. Все следующие утверждения относительно эпидемиологии и факторов риска острых миелолейкозов верны кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. Препараты типа алкилирующих агентов и ингибиторы топоизомеразы II - ведущая причина связанных с лекарственными средствами миелолейкозов.&lt;br /&gt;B. Люди, подвергнувшиеся воздействию радиации большой дозы, - группа риска развития острого  миелолейкоза, в отличие от людей, получивших радиотерапию, если они также не лечатся алкилирующими агентами.&lt;br /&gt;C. Мужчины имеют более высокую частоту возникновения острого миелолейкоза, чем женщины.&lt;br /&gt;D. Частота возникновения острого миелолейкоза является самой большой у людей &lt;20 лет.&lt;br /&gt;E. Трисомия 21 (синдром Дауна) связана с увеличенным риском острого миелолейкоза.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;Acute myeloid leukemias (AML) are a group of hematologic&lt;br /&gt;malignancies derived from hematologic stem cells that have acquired chromosomal&lt;br /&gt;mutations that prevent differentiation into mature myeloid cells. The specific chromosomal&lt;br /&gt;abnormalities predict in which stage of differentiation the cell is arrested and are associated&lt;br /&gt;with the several subtypes of AML that have been identified. In the United States,&lt;br /&gt;&gt;16,000 new cases of AML are diagnosed yearly, and the numbers of new cases of AML has&lt;br /&gt;increased in the past 10 years. Men are diagnosed with AML more frequently than women&lt;br /&gt;(4.6 cases per 100,000 population vs. 3.0 cases per 100,000). In addition, older age is associated&lt;br /&gt;with increased incidence of AML, with an incidence of 18.6 cases per 100,000 population&lt;br /&gt;in those &gt;65 years. AML is uncommon in adolescents. Other known risk factors for&lt;br /&gt;development of AML include hereditary genetic abnormalities, radiation and chemical exposures,&lt;br /&gt;and drugs. The most common hereditary abnormality linked to AML is trisomy&lt;br /&gt;21 (Down syndrome). Other hereditary syndromes associated with an increase of AML include&lt;br /&gt;diseases associated with defective DNA repair such as Fanconi anemia and ataxia telangiectasia.&lt;br /&gt;Survivors of the atomic bomb explosions in Japan were found to have a high&lt;br /&gt;incidence of AML as have survivors of other high-dose radiation exposures. However,&lt;br /&gt;therapeutic radiation is not associated with an increased risk of AML unless the patient&lt;br /&gt;was also treated concomitantly with alkylating agents. Anticancer drugs are the most common&lt;br /&gt;causes of drug-associated AML. Of the chemotherapeutic agents, alkylating agents&lt;br /&gt;and topoisomerase II inhibitors are the drugs most likely to be associated with AML.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;82. 42-летний мужчина в больнице с болью в верхнем правом квадранте. У него многочисленные массы в печени, злокачественные при H&amp;E (??) окрашивании образца биопсии. Физическая экспертиза и лабораторные испытания, включая определенный для простаты антиген, не показательны. КТ легких, живота и таза не отягощены. В остальном он здоровый человек без хронических медицинских проблем. Какие иммуногистохимические маркеры должны быть получены в ткани биопсии?&lt;br /&gt;A. Фетопротеин&lt;br /&gt;B. Цитокератин&lt;br /&gt;C. Лейкоцитарный общий антиген&lt;br /&gt;D. Тиреоглобулин&lt;br /&gt;E. Фактор транскрипции щитовидной железы 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Patients with cancer from an unknown primary site&lt;br /&gt;present a common diagnostic dilemma. Initial evaluation should include history, physical&lt;br /&gt;examination, appropriate imaging, and blood studies based on gender (e.g., prostatespecific&lt;br /&gt;antigen in men, mammography in women). Immunohistochemical staining of&lt;br /&gt;biopsy samples using antibodies to specific cell components may help elucidate the site of&lt;br /&gt;the primary tumor. Although many immunohistochemical stains are available, a logical&lt;br /&gt;approach is represented in the figure below. Additional tests may be helpful based on the&lt;br /&gt;appearance under light microscopy and/or the results of the cytokeratin stains. In cases of&lt;br /&gt;cancer of unknown primary, cytokeratin staining is usually the first branch point from&lt;br /&gt;which the tumor lineage is determined. Cytokeratin is positive in carcinoma, since all epithelial&lt;br /&gt;tumors contain this protein. Subsets of cytokeratin, such as CK7 and CK20, may&lt;br /&gt;be useful to determine the likely etiology of the primary tumor. Leukocyte common antigen,&lt;br /&gt;thyroglobulin, and thyroid transcription factor 1 are characteristic of lymphoma,&lt;br /&gt;thyroid cancer, and lung or thyroid cancer, respectively. á Fetoprotein staining is typically&lt;br /&gt;positive in germ cell, stomach, and liver carcinoma.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;83. 56-летняя женщина диагностирована с хроническим myelogenous лейкозом, с хромосомой Филадельфия. Лейкоциты были 127,000/µL, &lt;2 %, бластов. Гематокрит - 21.1 % при диагнозе. Она бессимптомна, за исключением усталости. Не имеет сибсов. Какова лучшая начальная терапия этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;A. Аллогенный трансплантат костного мозга&lt;br /&gt;B. Аутогенный трансплантат стволовой клетки&lt;br /&gt;C. Imatinib mesylate&lt;br /&gt;D. Интерферон - α&lt;br /&gt;E. Лейкоферез.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;Imatinib mesylate is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that acts to&lt;br /&gt;decrease the activity of the bcr-abl fusion protein that results from the reciprocal translocation&lt;br /&gt;of chromosomes 9 and 22 (Philadelphia chromosome). It acts as a competitive inhibitor&lt;br /&gt;of the abl kinase at its ATP binding site and thus leads to inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation&lt;br /&gt;of proteins in bcr-abl signal transduction. Imatinib mesylate results in hematologic remission&lt;br /&gt;in 97% of treated individuals at 18 months and cytogenetic remission of 76%. This&lt;br /&gt;is compared to traditional chemotherapy of interferon-á and cytarabine, which resulted in&lt;br /&gt;hematologic remission in 69% and cytogenetic remission in only 14% of individuals. More&lt;br /&gt;than 87% of individuals who achieved cytogenetic remission had not developed progressive&lt;br /&gt;disease at 5 years. This drug taken orally has limited side effects that include nausea, fluid retention,&lt;br /&gt;diarrhea, and skin rash and is usually well tolerated. If individuals do not achieve hematologic&lt;br /&gt;remission by 3 months or complete cytogenetic remission by 12 months, it is&lt;br /&gt;recommended that they proceed to allogeneic bone marrow transplant. While imatinib is&lt;br /&gt;the best initial therapy to achieve hematologic and cytogenetic remission, individuals who&lt;br /&gt;have a well-matched related bone marrow donor may proceed to early allogeneic transplant,&lt;br /&gt;particularly if the individual is &lt;18 years of age. This is done because younger individuals&lt;br /&gt;generally have better outcomes following bone marrow transplant than older individuals,&lt;br /&gt;and the durability of responses to imatinib mesylate is not known at this time. Interferon-á&lt;br /&gt;was previously the first-line chemotherapy if bone marrow transplant was not an option, but&lt;br /&gt;it has been replaced by imatinib mesylate. Autologous stem cell transplant is not currently&lt;br /&gt;used for treatment of CML as there is no reliable way to select residual normal hematopoietic&lt;br /&gt;progenitor cells. Clinical trials utilizing autologous stem cell transplantation are currently&lt;br /&gt;underway to determine if this treatment may be possible following control of disease with&lt;br /&gt;imatinib therapy. Leukopheresis is used for control of leukocyte counts when the patient is&lt;br /&gt;experiencing complications such as respiratory failure or cerebral ischemia related to the&lt;br /&gt;high white blood cell count.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;84. Все следующее связано со сниженным риском развития рака молочной железы кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. отсутствие кормления грудью&lt;br /&gt;B. первая беременность полного срока перед возрастом 18 лет&lt;br /&gt;C. menarche после возраста 15 лет&lt;br /&gt;D. естественная менопауза перед возрастом 42 года&lt;br /&gt;E. хирургическая менопауза перед возрастом 42 года&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;85. Все следующее - причины удлинения активизированного частичного времени тромбопластина (aPTT), которое не корректирует 1:1 смесью с объединенной плазмой, кроме&lt;br /&gt;(All the following cause prolongation of the activated&lt;br /&gt;partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) that does not correct&lt;br /&gt;with a 1:1 mixture with pooled plasma except)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. волчаночный антикоагулянт&lt;br /&gt;B. фактора VIII ингибитор&lt;br /&gt;C. гепарин&lt;br /&gt;D. фактора VII ингибитор&lt;br /&gt;E. фактора IX ингибитор&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;The aPTT involves the factors of the intrinsic pathway of&lt;br /&gt;coagulation. Prolongation of the aPTT reflects either a deficiency of one of these factors&lt;br /&gt;(factor VIII, IX, XI, XII, etc.) or inhibition of the activity of one of the factors or components&lt;br /&gt;of the aPTT assay (i.e., phospholipids). This may be further characterized by the&lt;br /&gt;“mixing study,” in which the patient’s plasma is mixed with pooled plasma. Correction of&lt;br /&gt;the aPTT reflects a deficiency of factors that are replaced by the pooled sample. Failure to&lt;br /&gt;correct the aPTT reflects the presence of a factor inhibitor or phospholipid inhibitor.&lt;br /&gt;Common causes of a failure to correct include the presence of heparin in the sample, factor&lt;br /&gt;inhibitors (factor VIII inhibitor being the most common), and the presence of antiphospholipid&lt;br /&gt;antibodies. Factor VII is involved in the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.&lt;br /&gt;Inhibitors to factor VII would result in prolongation of the prothrombin time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;86. 53-летняя женщина у семейного врача с вопросами относительно первичной профилактики сердечно-сосудистой болезни и инсульта. В анамнезе сахарный диабет типа 2 в течение прошлых 5 лет с известным гемоглобином A1C 7.2 %. Нет артериальной гипертензии или известной болезни коронарных артерии. Страдает ожирением, BMI - 33.6 kg/m2. В настоящее время околоменопаузальна с нерегулярными кровотечениями, последнее 3 месяца назад. Она принимает metformin, 1000 мг два раза в день. В прошлом не толерантна к ибупрофену из-за желудочно-кишечного расстройства. Раньше курила одну пачку сигарет ежедневно в возрасте 18 - 38. Пьет стакан вина в обед. Ее семейная история значительна для инфаркта миокарда у отца в 58 лет, отеческого дяди в 67 лет и отеческой бабушки в 62 года. Мать умерла от инсульта в 62 года. Пациентка интересуется ежедневным приемом аспирина для первичной профилактики сердечно-сосудистой болезни, но беспокоится о потенциальных побочных эффектах. Какое из следующих утверждений относительно терапии аспирином верно?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Аспирин показан для первичной профилактики сердечно-сосудистой болезни, так как пациентка имеет явную семейную историю и сахарный диабет.&lt;br /&gt;B. Аспирин показан только для вторичной профилактики сердечно-сосудистой и цереброваскулярной болезни у женщин.&lt;br /&gt;C. Поскольку она не в постменопаузе, терапия аспирином не рекомендуется, ибо это увеличит менструальное кровотечение, значительно не уменьшая риск сердечно-сосудистой болезни.&lt;br /&gt;D. Ее побочная реакция к ибупрофену исключает использование аспирина, из-за высокой степень  перекрестной реактивности, к тому же есть опасность развития бронхоспазма с использованием аспирина.&lt;br /&gt;E. Риск большого кровотечения, связанного с использованием аспирина, - 1-3 % ежегодно, но использование тонкокишечно-покрытого или буферного аспирина устранит этот риск.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;87. 22-летний мужчина обращается в клинику из-за отечной ноги. Он не помнит никакой травмы ноги, но боль и припухлость начались 3 недели назад в передней области левой голени. Он - студент колледжа и активен на спортивных состязаниях ежедневно. Рентгенограмма правой ноги показывает деструктивное поражение с "изъеденным молью" видом, распространяющееся на мягкую ткань, и игольчатую периостальную реакцию. Треугольник Кодмана (??манжета периостального остеогенеза в краю кости и масса мягкой ткани) присутствует. Каков наиболее вероятный диагноз и оптимальная терапия этого поражения?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Хондросаркома; только химиотерапия эффективна&lt;br /&gt;B. Хондросаркома; радиация с ограниченной хирургической резекцией&lt;br /&gt;C. Остеогенная саркома; дооперационная химиотерапия, сопровождаемая сберегающей конечность хирургией&lt;br /&gt;D. Остеогенная саркома; лучевая терапия&lt;br /&gt;E. Опухоль плазматической клетки; химиотерапия&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;88. Какое из следующих утверждений верно?&lt;br /&gt;A. Фактора VIII дефицит характеризуется клинически кровоточением в мягкие ткани, мышцы, и суставы.&lt;br /&gt;B. Врожденный фактора VIII дефицит наследуется аутосомно- рецессивным способом.&lt;br /&gt;C. Фактора VIII дефицит приводит к продлению времени протромбина.&lt;br /&gt;D. Фактор VIII соединяется с Фактором Хагемана, обусловливая более длинный период полураспада.&lt;br /&gt;E. Фактор VIII имеет период полураспада почти 24 часов.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;89. Все следующие утверждения относительно желудочного рака верны кроме&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Linitis plastica - инфильтративная форма желудочной лимфомы без определенных контуров, у которой прогноз хуже, чем у поражения кишечного типа.&lt;br /&gt;B. Уменьшение массы опухоли хирургически - лучший выбор для желудочной аденокарциномы, если хирургически выполним&lt;br /&gt;C. Отдаленный эффект употребления высоких концентраций нитратов в высушенных, копченых, или соленых пищевых продуктах связан с более высокой частотой желудочного рака.&lt;br /&gt;D. Наличие осязаемых, твердых пери-умбиликальных узелков - слабый прогностический признак.&lt;br /&gt;E. Язвенные поражения в дистальном желудке должны всегда подвергаться щипковой биопсии, чтобы исключить аденокарциному.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;90. Какое из следующих утверждений правильно описывает особенности стволовых клеток?&lt;br /&gt;A. Способность дифференцироваться в разнообразные типы зрелых клеток&lt;br /&gt;B. Способность к самообновлению&lt;br /&gt;C. Создают, поддерживают и восстанавливают ткань&lt;br /&gt;D. A и C&lt;br /&gt;E. A и B&lt;br /&gt;F. Все вышеупомянутые&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-F&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;91. Какое из следующих утверждений относительно злокачественной компрессии спинного мозга (MSCC) верно?&lt;br /&gt;A. Меньше чем 50 % пациентов, которые лечатся амбулаторно, останутся амбулаторными &lt;br /&gt;B. Неврологические расстройства при физической экспертизе достаточны для начала  глюкокортикоидов в большой дозе.&lt;br /&gt;C. Неврологические  расстройства часто появляются перед болью.&lt;br /&gt;D. Почечно-клеточный рак - самая общая причина MSCC&lt;br /&gt;E. lumbosacral позвоночный столб - обычный участок повреждения.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;92. Все следующее характерно для синдрома лизиса опухоли кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. гиперкалиемия&lt;br /&gt;B. гиперкальцемия&lt;br /&gt;C. лактацидоз&lt;br /&gt;D. hyperphosphatemia&lt;br /&gt;E. гиперурикемия&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Tumor lysis syndrome is a well recognized clinical entity&lt;br /&gt;that is characterized by metabolic derangements secondary to the destruction of tumor&lt;br /&gt;cells. Lysis of cells causes the release of intracellular pools of phosphate, potassium, and&lt;br /&gt;nucleic acids, leading to hyperphosphatemia and hyperuricemia. Lactic acidosis frequently&lt;br /&gt;develops for similar reasons. The increased urine acidity may promote the formation&lt;br /&gt;of uric acid nephropathy and subsequent renal failure. Hyperphosphatemia&lt;br /&gt;promotes a reciprocal depression in serum calcium. This hypocalcemia may result in severe&lt;br /&gt;neuromuscular irritability and tetany.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;93. 22-летняя женщина  в отделении реанимации с жалобой на 12 часов одышки. Симптомы начались к концу длинной автомобильной поездки домой от колледжа. Она не имеет прошлой медицинской истории, ее единственное лечение - оральное противозачаточное. Она курит иногда, но частота увеличилась недавно из-за экзаменов. На физической экспертизе: лихорадки нет, частота дыхания 22 дыханий / минута, кровяное давление 120/80 mraHg, частота сердечных сокращений 110 ударов/минут, SaO2 (воздух комнаты) 92 %. В остальном физическая экспертиза нормальна. Рентгенограмма груди и полный анализ крови нормальны. Серологический тест на наличие беременности отрицателен. Что из следующего показано данной больной?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Проверить D-димер и, если нормально, отпустить с нестероидной противовоспалительной терапией.&lt;br /&gt;B. Проверить D-димер и, если нормально, назначить ультразвук нижней конечности.&lt;br /&gt;C. Проверить D-димер и, если патологическое, лечить от глубокого венозного тромбоза / легочной эмболии (DVT/PE).&lt;br /&gt;D. Проверить D-димер и, если патологическое, получить контрастную КТ груди.&lt;br /&gt;E. Получить контрастную КТ груди.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;The clinical probability of PE can be delineated into likely&lt;br /&gt;vs. unlikely using the clinical decision rule shown in the table below. In those with a score&lt;br /&gt;?4, PE is unlikely and a D-dimer test should be performed. A normal D-dimer combined&lt;br /&gt;with an unlikely clinical probability of PE identifies patients who do not need further testing&lt;br /&gt;or anticoagulation therapy. Those with either a likely clinical probability (score &gt;4) or&lt;br /&gt;an abnormal D-dimer (with unlikely clinical probability) require an imaging test to rule out&lt;br /&gt;PE. Currently the most attractive imaging method to detect PE is the multislice CT scan. It&lt;br /&gt;is accurate and, if normal, safely rules out PE. This patient has a clinical probability score of&lt;br /&gt;4.5 because of her resting tachycardia and the lack of an alternative diagnosis at least as&lt;br /&gt;likely as PE. Therefore, there is no indication for measuring D-dimer, and she should proceed&lt;br /&gt;directly to multislice CT of the chest. If this cannot be performed expeditiously, she&lt;br /&gt;should receive one dose of low-molecular-weight heparin while awaiting the test.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;94. Пациентка, описанная выше, диагностирована с правосторонней эмболией легочной артерии. Назначен гепарин низко-молекулярной массы и варфарин. Каково целевое показание международного нормализованного отношения (INR) и продолжительность терапии?&lt;br /&gt;A. INR 3.5; 1 месяц&lt;br /&gt;B. INR 2.5; 3 месяца&lt;br /&gt;C. INR 3.5; 3 месяца&lt;br /&gt;D. INR 2.5; 6 месяцев&lt;br /&gt;E. INR 3.5; 6 месяцев&lt;br /&gt;F. INR 2.5; целая жизнь&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;The goal of treatment with vitamin K antagonists, including&lt;br /&gt;warfarin, is maintenance of an INR of 2–3, with a goal of 2.5. Higher intensity&lt;br /&gt;treatment is not more effective and has a higher bleeding risk. Lower intensity treatment&lt;br /&gt;is less effective, with a similar bleeding risk. The recommendations for duration of therapy&lt;br /&gt;for the first episode of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE)&lt;br /&gt;are shown in the table in the previous question. Generally, recurrent PE/DVT is treated&lt;br /&gt;for at least 12 months. All treatment decisions require balancing risk of recurrence or&lt;br /&gt;long-term sequelae with bleeding risk as well as patient preference.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;95. Пациент спрашивает Вас о полезности выполнения ежемесячной грудной самопроверки. Какое из следующих утверждений о полезности и рекомендаций относительно грудной самопроверки верно?&lt;br /&gt;A. Грудная самопроверка уменьшает летальность только у женщин, перенесших грудную биопсию.&lt;br /&gt;B. Большинство сообществ рекомендует выполнять грудную самопроверку ежемесячно для женщин&gt; 20 лет.&lt;br /&gt;C. Самопроверка приводит к увеличенному количеству биопсий.&lt;br /&gt;D. Очень немного раков молочной железы сначала обнаружены пациентами.&lt;br /&gt;E. Грудная самопроверка  улучшает выживаемость при раке молочной железы.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;No study of breast self-examination has shown a reduced&lt;br /&gt;mortality due to breast cancer, despite being associated with higher rates of biopsy. The&lt;br /&gt;procedure is still recommended as prudent by many organizations; however, only the&lt;br /&gt;American Cancer Society recommends monthly BSE in women &gt;19 years. The United&lt;br /&gt;States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) provides no recommendation for BSE,&lt;br /&gt;and the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (CTFPHC) excludes its use as a&lt;br /&gt;useful screening technique. A substantial fraction of breast cancers are first detected by&lt;br /&gt;patients. Though mortality rates have not declined as a result of BSE, the size of lumps&lt;br /&gt;being detected by patients have steadily gotten smaller since the 1990s.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;96. Какая из следующих особенностей опухоли обещает худший прогноз у больных раком молочной железы?&lt;br /&gt;A. Положительные рецепторы к эстрогенам&lt;br /&gt;B. Хороший ядерный класс (сорт) (??Good nuclear grade)&lt;br /&gt;C. Низкое соотношение клеток в S-фазе&lt;br /&gt;D. Чрезмерная экспрессия erbB2 (HER-2/neu)&lt;br /&gt;E. Положительные рецепторы к прогестерону&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;97. Какое из следующих серологических лабораторных испытаний наиболее полезен для  предсказания восстановления почечной функции у пациента с синдромом лизиса опухоли и острым почечным отказом (ОПН)?&lt;br /&gt;A. Креатинин&lt;br /&gt;B. Фосфат&lt;br /&gt;C. Калий&lt;br /&gt;D. рН сыворотки&lt;br /&gt;E. Мочевая кислота&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;Tumor lysis syndrome is characterized by hyperuricemia,&lt;br /&gt;hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia. Metabolic acidosis occurs frequently.&lt;br /&gt;Acute renal failure is common, and hemodialysis should be considered early in the&lt;br /&gt;treatment of this problem. Effective cancer therapy kills cells, which release uric acid from&lt;br /&gt;the turnover of nucleic acids. In an acidic environment, uric acid can precipitate in the renal&lt;br /&gt;tubules, medulla, and collecting ducts leading to renal failure. Hyperphosphatemia and&lt;br /&gt;hyperkalemia also occur as a result of cell death. Hyperphosphatemia produces a reciprocal&lt;br /&gt;depression in serum calcium. Indications for hemodialysis include extreme hyperkalemia&lt;br /&gt;(&gt;6.0 meq/L), hyperuricemia (&gt;10 mg/dL), hyperphosphatemia (&gt;10 mg/dL or rapidly increasing),&lt;br /&gt;or symptomatic hypocalcemia. Daily uric acid levels should be monitored; excellent&lt;br /&gt;renal recovery can be expected once the uric acid level is &lt;10 mg/dL.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;98. Fondaparinux может использоваться для лечения всех следующих пациентов кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. 33-летняя женщина, весящая 48 кг с эмболией легочной артерии спустя 2 месяца после автотравмы, которая привела к перелому бедренной кости.&lt;br /&gt;B. 46-летний мужчина с артериальной гипертензией и центральным сегментарным glomerulosclerosis с начальным креатинином 3.3 мг/дл с глубоким венозным тромбозом левой нижней конечности. Он весит 82 кг.&lt;br /&gt;C. 57-летняя женщина с заменой аортального клапана 7 дней назад. Тромбоциты до операции были 320,000/µL. На 7 день  тромбоциты - 122,000/µL.&lt;br /&gt;D. 60-летний мужчина с болью в груди и депрессией СЕГМЕНТА ST в отведениях II,&lt;br /&gt;III, and aVF на электрокардиограмме. Тропонин I - 2.32 нг/мл.&lt;br /&gt;E. 68-летний мужчина перенес неосложненную полную замену правого бедра.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;Fondaparinux is a direct factor Xa inhibitor that is a synthetic&lt;br /&gt;analogue of the pentasaccharide sequence found in heparin. A smaller compound&lt;br /&gt;than either unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), fondaparinux&lt;br /&gt;acts by binding antithrombin and catalyzing factor Xa inhibition. At only 5 polysaccharide&lt;br /&gt;units, fondaparinux is too small to bridge antithrombin to thrombin and does&lt;br /&gt;not potentiate thrombin inhibition. Fondaparinux is given by the subcutaneous route&lt;br /&gt;and has 100% bioavailability without plasma protein binding. Like LMWH, it has a predictable&lt;br /&gt;anticoagulant effect and monitoring of factor Xa levels is not required. It is excreted&lt;br /&gt;unchanged in the urine. Fondaparinux is absolutely contraindicated in those with&lt;br /&gt;a creatinine clearance of &lt;30 mL/min and should be used with caution in individuals&lt;br /&gt;with a creatinine clearance of &lt;50 mL/min. The individual presented in scenario B has a&lt;br /&gt;creatinine clearance of 32 mL/min and should not receive fondaparinux.&lt;br /&gt;Currently, fondaparinux is approved for prophylaxis against venous thromboembolic&lt;br /&gt;disease (VTE) following general surgery and orthopedic procedures. In addition, fondaparinux&lt;br /&gt;has been shown to be equivalent to heparin and LMWH in initial treatment of&lt;br /&gt;both deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus. Recent studies have demonstrated&lt;br /&gt;equivalency with enoxaparin in the treatment of non-ST elevation acute coronary&lt;br /&gt;syndromes. Finally, there have been several case reports of successful use of fondaparinux&lt;br /&gt;in the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia as there is no cross-reactivity between&lt;br /&gt;it and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies.&lt;br /&gt;The usual dosage of fondaparinux is 7.5 mg once daily. In individuals weighing &lt;50 kg,&lt;br /&gt;the dose should be reduced to 5 mg. Likewise, in those weighing &gt;100 kg, the dose is increased&lt;br /&gt;to 10 mg.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;99. 26-летняя женщина, 4 месяца беременности, для стандартной оценки. Она чувствует себя хорошо с уменьшением тошноты за прошлый 1 месяц. Физическая экспертиза нормальна за исключением 1,5-см твердого узелка в верхнем внешнем квадранте правой груди. Она не знает об узелке и не выполняла самопроверку с начала беременности. Что из следующего является следующим самым адекватным действием?&lt;br /&gt;A. Аспирация узелка&lt;br /&gt;B. Маммограмма после родоразрешения&lt;br /&gt;C. Назначение терапии прогестероном перорально&lt;br /&gt;D. Рекомендация генетического испытания на BRCA-1&lt;br /&gt;E. Повторить физическую экспертизу после родоразрешения&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;During pregnancy the breast grows under the influence of&lt;br /&gt;estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and human placental lactogen. However, the presence&lt;br /&gt;of a dominant breast nodule/mass during pregnancy should never be attributed to hormonal&lt;br /&gt;changes. Breast cancer develops in 1:3000 to 4000 pregnancies. The prognosis for&lt;br /&gt;breast cancer by stage is no different in pregnant compared with pregnant women. Nevertheless,&lt;br /&gt;pregnant women are often diagnosed with more advanced disease because of&lt;br /&gt;delay in the diagnosis. Pregnant patients with persistent lumps in the breast should be receive&lt;br /&gt;prompt diagnostic evaluation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;100. Апластическая анемия связана со всем следующим кроме&lt;br /&gt;A. терапия carbamazepine&lt;br /&gt;B. терапия methimazole&lt;br /&gt;C. нестероидные воспалительные препараты&lt;br /&gt;D. инфекция парвовирус B19&lt;br /&gt;E. серонегативный гепатит &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;Aplastic anemia is defined as pancytopenia with bone marrow&lt;br /&gt;hypocellularity. Aplastic anemia may be acquired, iatrogenic (chemotherapy), or genetic&lt;br /&gt;(e.g., Fanconi’s anemia). Acquired aplastic anemia may be due to drugs or chemicals (expected&lt;br /&gt;toxicity or idiosyncratic effects), viral infections, immune diseases, paroxysmal nocturnal&lt;br /&gt;hemoglobinuria, pregnancy, or idiopathic causes. Aplastic anemia from idiosyncratic&lt;br /&gt;drug reactions (including those listed as well others including as quinacrine, phenytoin, sulfonamides,&lt;br /&gt;cimetidine) are uncommon but may be encountered given the wide usage of&lt;br /&gt;some of these agents. In these cases there is usually not a dose-dependent response; the reaction&lt;br /&gt;is idiosyncratic. Seronegative hepatitis is a cause of aplastic anemia, particularly in&lt;br /&gt;young men who recovered from an episode of liver inflammation 1–2 months prior. Parvovirus&lt;br /&gt;B19 infection most commonly causes pure red cell aplasia, particularly in patients&lt;br /&gt;with chronic hemolytic states and high RBC turnover (e.g., sickle cell anemia).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;101. 23-летний мужчина с распространенными синяками. В остальном чувствует себя хорошо. Он не принимает никакого лечения, не использует диетические добавки и незаконные препараты. Его медицинская история отрицательна для любых болезней. Он - студент колледжа и работает буфетчиком. Анализ крови: абсолютный счет нейтрофилов 780/µL, гематокрит 18 % и тромбоциты 21,000/µL. Биопсия костного мозга показывает бедность ткани клетками, с жирным костным мозгом. Хромосомное исследование периферической крови и клеток костного мозга исключают анемию Fanconi и миелодиспластический синдром. Пациент имеет полностью гистосовместимого брата. Что из следующего является лучшей терапией?&lt;br /&gt;A. Антитимоцитарный глобулин плюс циклоспорин&lt;br /&gt;B. Глюкокортикоиды&lt;br /&gt;C. Факторы роста&lt;br /&gt;D. трансплантат гематопоэтической стволовой клетки&lt;br /&gt;E. Эритроцит и переливание{передача} тромбоцита&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;102. 46-летняя женщина с началом асцита и тяжелой болью в животе: печеночное Допплер-исследование показывает тромбоз печеночной вены. Она также сообщает о моче цвета чая время от времени, особенно утром, и об ухудшающейся боли в животе. Серологически гаптоглобин не выявлен. Лактат дегидрогеназа повышена, гемоглобинурия, ретикулоцитоз. Шизоциты не выявлены. Каков наиболее вероятный диагноз?&lt;br /&gt;A. Аденокарцинома яичника&lt;br /&gt;B. Синдром антифосфолипидный&lt;br /&gt;C. Апластическая анемия&lt;br /&gt;D. Фактора V Лейдена дефицит&lt;br /&gt;E. Пароксизмальная ночная гемоглобинурия&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;103. Суданский беженец в клинике с болью в животе. Он имел неустойчивые лихорадки в течение многих месяцев и потерял значительно в весе. Он был охранником в лагере беженцев в Судане и работал в ночную смену исключительно. На экспертизе: питание плохое с височным истощением. Он имеет массивную спленомегалию, но лимфаденопатия не выявляется. Ротоглотка - кандидозного стоматита нет. Лабораторные данные показывают анемию, нейтропению, и тромбоцитопению. Экспертиза кожи не показывает никаких дискретных поражений, но и Вы, и пациент отмечаете, что кожа кажется серой повсюду. Мазки малярии отрицательны, и ВИЧ испытание отрицательно. Рентгенография грудной клетки нормальна. Каков наиболее вероятный диагноз?&lt;br /&gt;A. Цирроз&lt;br /&gt;B. Кала-азар (висцеральный leishmaniasis)&lt;br /&gt;C. Саркома Капоши&lt;br /&gt;D. Милиарный туберкулез&lt;br /&gt;E. Анемия серповидной клетки&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;The differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with&lt;br /&gt;visceral leishmaniasis is broad and includes diseases that cause fever or organomegaly.&lt;br /&gt;Characteristic findings include a history of exposure to sandflies at night or darkening of&lt;br /&gt;the skin on physical examination. The skin discoloration is usually only seen in end-stage&lt;br /&gt;cachectic patients. Miliary tuberculosis is on the differential but would be unlikely with a&lt;br /&gt;normal chest radiograph. Cirrhosis of the liver may present this way although the persistent&lt;br /&gt;fevers would be uncharacteristic. The visceral form of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) may&lt;br /&gt;present with a similar physical examination and can be seen in the HIV-negative patient&lt;br /&gt;who is otherwise malnourished or immunosuppressed. KS would be less likely than visceral&lt;br /&gt;leishmaniasis given the exposure history and the characteristic end-stage finding of&lt;br /&gt;skin discoloration. Sickle cell anemia causes autosplenectomy, not splenomegaly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;104. 16-летний мужчина имеет гематомы бедра. Он был активен на спортивных состязаниях всю жизнь и имел 3 эпизода угрожающих кровотечений конечностис синдромом компартмента. Семейный анамнез отмечает материнского дедушку с подобной кровоточащей историей. Отеческая семейная история не доступна. Лабораторный анализ в клинике показывает нормальный счет тромбоцитов, нормальное активизированное частичное время тромбопластина (22 s) и длительное время протромбина (25 s). Он не принимает никаких лечений. Какова наиболее вероятная причина для данного нарушения коагуляции?&lt;br /&gt;A. Фактора VIII дефицит&lt;br /&gt;B. Фактора VII дефицит&lt;br /&gt;C. Фактора IX дефицит&lt;br /&gt;D. Дефицит протромбина&lt;br /&gt;E. Тайное употребление варфарина&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-B&lt;br /&gt;This patient has a coagulation disorder characterized by&lt;br /&gt;recurrent bleeding episodes into closed spaces with an inheritance pattern suggestive of a&lt;br /&gt;recessive or X-linked pattern. An isolated prolonged prothrombin time suggests Factor&lt;br /&gt;VII deficiency, which is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. The thrombin time&lt;br /&gt;will also be normal in these cases. While hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) and hemophilia&lt;br /&gt;B (factor IX deficiency) are the most common inherited factor deficiencies, these&lt;br /&gt;disorders do not cause an isolated prolonged prothrombin time. They will cause a prolongation&lt;br /&gt;of the aPTT with a normal PT. Both hemophilias are inherited in an X-linked&lt;br /&gt;pattern. Prothrombin deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that will cause&lt;br /&gt;prolongation of the aPTT, PT, and thrombin time. Ingestion of warfarin may also cause&lt;br /&gt;this clinical scenario but is less likely given the inheritance pattern.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;105. 52-летнего мужчину госпитализируют с рецидивириующим hemarthroses коленей. Он - электрик, который все еще работает, но за прошлый год имел рецидивировавший hemarthroses, требовавший хирургической эвакуации. Ранее одного года назад он не имел никаких медицинских проблем. Он не имеет никакой другой прошлой медицинской истории и редко посещает врача. Он курит табак регулярно. Его счет тромбоцитов нормален, реакция оседания эритроцитов - 55 мм/часы, гемоглобин - 9 мг/дл и белок - 3.1 мг/дл. Исследования коагуляции показывают длительное активизированное частичное время тромбопластина (aPTT) и нормальное время протромбина (PT). Добавление нормальной плазмы не исправляет aPTT. Какова причина его возвратного hemarthroses?&lt;br /&gt;A. Приобретенный ингибитор&lt;br /&gt;B. Фактора VIII дефицит&lt;br /&gt;C. Фактора IX дефицит&lt;br /&gt;D. Вторичный сифилис&lt;br /&gt;E. Дефицит Витамина C&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-C&lt;br /&gt;An elevated aPTT with a normal PT is consistent with a&lt;br /&gt;functional deficiency of Factor VIII, IX, XI, XII, high molecular weight kininogen, or&lt;br /&gt;prekallikrein. Congenital or nutritional deficiencies of these factors will be corrected in&lt;br /&gt;the laboratory by the addition of serum from a normal subject. The presence of a specific&lt;br /&gt;antibody to a coagulation factor is termed an acquired inhibitor. Usually these are&lt;br /&gt;directed against Factor VIII, although acquired inhibitors to prothrombin, Factor V,&lt;br /&gt;Factor IX, Factor X, and Factor XI are described. Patients with acquired inhibitors are&lt;br /&gt;typically older adults (median age 60) with pregnancy or post-partum states being less&lt;br /&gt;common. No underlying disease is found in 50%. The most common underlying diseases&lt;br /&gt;are autoimmune diseases, malignancies (lymphoma, prostate cancer), and dermatologic&lt;br /&gt;diseases. Acquired factor VIII or IX inhibitors present clinically in the same&lt;br /&gt;fashion as congenital hemophilias. Developing the coagulation disorder later in life is&lt;br /&gt;more suggestive of an acquired inhibitor if there is no antecedent history of coagulopathy.&lt;br /&gt;Syphilis infection is a cause of a falsely abnormal aPTT but since this is a laboratory&lt;br /&gt;phenomenon, there is no associated clinical coagulopathy. Vitamin C deficiency may&lt;br /&gt;cause gingival bleeding and a perifollicular petechial rash but does not cause significant&lt;br /&gt;hemarthroses or a prolonged aPTT. A tobacco history and laboratory evidence of&lt;br /&gt;chronic illness (anemia, hypoalbuminemia) in this scenario raise the suspicion of an&lt;br /&gt;underlying malignancy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;106. При физической и лабораторной оценкой перед работой 20-летний мужчина отмечен с удлинением активизированного prothromblastin времени (aPTT). На обзоре систем, он отрицает историю кровотечения из слизистых и никогда не имел проблем с каким-либо сильным кровотечением. Он никогда не имел никакой значительной физической травмы. Он не знает свою биологическую семейную историю. Тест-смешивание исправляет aPTT, когда используется нормальная сыворотка. Вы подозреваете наследственную геморрагическую болезнь, типа гемофилии. Какой лабораторный признак Вы ожидали бы выявить, чтобы выяснить, имеет ли этот пациент гемофилию?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Низкая Фактора VIII активность&lt;br /&gt;B. Низкая фактора IX активность&lt;br /&gt;C. Длительное время кровотечения&lt;br /&gt;D. Длительное время протромбина&lt;br /&gt;E. Длительное время тромбина&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-A&lt;br /&gt;Hemophilia A (absent Factor VIII)&lt;br /&gt;and hemophilia B (absent Factor IX) are indistinguishable clinically. Hemophilia A accounts&lt;br /&gt;for 80% of the cases of hemophilia. It has a prevalence in the general population&lt;br /&gt;of 1:5000 in contrast to Hemophilia B that has a prevalence of 1:30,000. The disease phenotype&lt;br /&gt;correlates with the amount of residual Factor activity and can be classified as severe&lt;br /&gt;(&lt;1% activity), moderate (1–5% activity) or mild (6–30% activity). The patient in&lt;br /&gt;this scenario is likely to have a mild form of the disease. Hemophiliacs have a normal&lt;br /&gt;bleeding time, platelet count, thrombin time and prothrombin time. The diagnosis is&lt;br /&gt;made by measuring residual factor activity. The prolonged aPTT in hemophilia will be&lt;br /&gt;corrected by mixing with normal plasma (that will contain the deficient Factors VIII and&lt;br /&gt;IX). Patients with acquired inhibitors will not correct the prolonged aPTT with normal&lt;br /&gt;plasma because the defect is antibody mediated.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;107. Вы осматриваете 45-летнего мужчину с острым верхним гастроинтестинальным кровотечением в неотложном отделении. Он сообщает об увеличении живота за прошлые 3 месяца, а также усталость и анорексиею. Он отрицает отек нижней конечности. Его прошлая медицинская история значительна для гемофилии А, диагностированной в детстве с рецидивирующим локтевым hemarthroses в прошлом. Он получал вливания фактора VIII для большинства его жизни, и получил последнюю инъекцию ранее в тот день. Его кровяное давление - 85/45 мм рт.ст. с частотой сердечных сокращений 115/минута. Живот напряжен, с положительной жидкой волной. &lt;br /&gt;Гематокрит - 21 %. Почечная функция и анализ мочи нормальны. aPTT минимально продлен, INR - 2.7, тромбоциты нормальны. Что из следующего, наиболее вероятно, диагностирует причину его гастроинтестинального кровотечения?&lt;br /&gt;A. Фактора VIII уровень активности&lt;br /&gt;B. Тест на антитела к H. pylori&lt;br /&gt;C. Гепатит B поверхностный антиген&lt;br /&gt;D. Гепатит C РНК&lt;br /&gt;E. Брыжеечная ангиограмма&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-D&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;108. Вы лечите пациента с подозреваемой диссеминированной внутрисосудистой коагулопатией (ДВС). Пациент имеет болезнь печени терминальной стадии, ждет трансплантацию печени и был недавно в отделении интенсивной терапии с E. coli бактериальным перитонитом. Вы подозреваете ДВС, основанный на новом верхнем желудочно-кишечном кровотечении при урегулировании просачивания от участков венопункции (???). Тромбоциты - 43000/µL, INR - 2.5, гемоглобин - 6 мг/дл, и D-димер увеличен до 4.5. Каков лучший способ отличить выявленный впервые ДВС от хронической болезни печени? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. Бактериологическое исследование крови&lt;br /&gt;B. Повышенные продукты деградации фибриногена&lt;br /&gt;C. Продленный aPTT&lt;br /&gt;D. Снижение кол-ва тромбоцитов&lt;br /&gt;E. Последовательный лабораторный анализ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OTV-E&lt;br /&gt;The differentiation between DIC and severe liver disease&lt;br /&gt;is challenging. Both entities may manifest with similar laboratory findings: elevated fibrinogen&lt;br /&gt;degradation products, prolonged aPTT and PT, anemia, and thrombocytopenia.&lt;br /&gt;When suspecting DIC, these tests should be repeated over a period of 6–8 hours&lt;br /&gt;because abnormalities may change dramatically in patients with severe DIC. In contrast,&lt;br /&gt;these tests should not fluctuate as much in patients with severe liver disease. Bacterial&lt;br /&gt;sepsis with positive blood cultures is a common cause of DIC but is not diagnostic.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;109. 38-летняя женщина поступила для оценки повышенного гемоглобина и гематокрита, который был обнаружен в ходе исследования рецидивирующих головных болей. За 8 месяцев до этого она имела хорошее здоровье, но постепенно развивала все более и более постоянные головные боли с неустойчивым головокружением и шумом в ушах. Первоначально принимала sumatriptan для предполагаемых головных болей мигрени, но не чувствовала облегчения. Просмотр КТ мозга не привел доказательств опухолевого поражения. В течение оценки ее головных болей, был найден гемоглобин 17.3 g/dL и гематокрита 52. Другой симптом – диффузный зуд после горячего душа. Она не курит. Она не имеет истории легочной или кардиальной болезни. На физической экспертизе, она выглядит хорошо. Ее BMI - 22.3 kg/m2. АД 148/84 мм рт.ст., ЧСС 86/минута, ЧД 12/минута, Sao2 99 % на воздухе комнаты. Лихорадки нет. Физическая экспертиза, включая полную неврологическую экспертизу, нормальна. Нет шумов в сердце. Нет спленомегалии. Периферический пульс нормален. &lt;br /&gt;Лабораторные исследования подтверждают увеличенный гемоглобин и гематокрит. Она также имеет тромбоцитоз 650,000/µL. Лейкоциты - 12,600/µL с нормальным дифференциалом. Какой из следующих тестов  должен быть выполнен в обследовании этого пациента?&lt;br /&gt;A. Биопсия костного мозга&lt;br /&gt;B. Уровень эритропоэтина&lt;br /&gt;C. Генетическое испытание на JAK2 V617F мутация&lt;br /&gt;D. Щелочная фосфатаза лейкоцитов&lt;br /&gt;E. Эритроцитарная масса и определение объема плазмы      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(OTV-E)&lt;br /&gt;In a patient presenting with an elevated hemoglobin and&lt;br /&gt;hematocrit, the initial step in the evaluation is to determine whether erythrocytosis represents&lt;br /&gt;a true elevation in red cell mass or whether spurious erythrocytosis is present due&lt;br /&gt;to plasma volume contraction. This step may be not necessary however in those individuals&lt;br /&gt;with hemoglobin greater than 20 g/dL. Once absolute erythrocytosis has been determined&lt;br /&gt;by measurement of red cell mass and plasma volume, the cause of erythrocytosis&lt;br /&gt;must be determined. If there is not an obvious cause of the erythrocytosis, an erythropoietin&lt;br /&gt;level should be checked. An elevated erythropoietin level suggests hypoxia or autonomous&lt;br /&gt;production of erythropoietin as the cause of erythrocytosis. However, a normal&lt;br /&gt;erythropoietin level does not exclude hypoxia as a cause. A low erythropoietin level&lt;br /&gt;should be seen in the myeloproliferative disorder polycythemia vera (PV), the most likely&lt;br /&gt;cause of erythrocytosis in this patient. PV is often discovered incidentally when elevated&lt;br /&gt;hemoglobin is found during testing for other reasons. When symptoms are present, the&lt;br /&gt;most common complaints are related to hyperviscosity of the blood and include vertigo,&lt;br /&gt;headache, tinnitus, and transient ischemic attacks. Patients may also complain of pruritus&lt;br /&gt;after showering. Erythromelalgia is the term give to the symptoms complex of burning,&lt;br /&gt;pain and erythema in the extremities and is associated with thrombocytosis in PV.&lt;br /&gt;Isolated systolic hypertension and splenomegaly may be found. In addition to elevated&lt;br /&gt;red blood cell mass and low erythropoietin levels, other laboratory findings in PV include&lt;br /&gt;thrombocytosis and leukocytosis with abnormal leukocytes present. Uric acid levels and&lt;br /&gt;leukocyte alkaline phosphatase may be elevated, but are not diagnostic for PV. Approximately&lt;br /&gt;30% of individuals with PV are homozygous for the JAK2 V617F mutation, and&lt;br /&gt;over 90% are heterozygous for this mutation. This mutation located on the short arm of&lt;br /&gt;chromosome 9 causes constitutive activation of the JAK protein, a tyrosine kinase that&lt;br /&gt;renders erythrocytes resistant to apoptosis and allows them to continue production independently&lt;br /&gt;from erythropoietin. However, not every patient with PV expresses this mutation.&lt;br /&gt;Thus, it is not recommended as a diagnostic test for PV at this time. Bone marrow&lt;br /&gt;biopsy provides no specific information in PV and is not recommended.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2009/12/iii.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-948462360791306806</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 21:06:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.461-07:00</atom:updated><title>Dramatically Increase Your Google Page Rank and Technorati Ranking With Viral Linking</title><description>I have long ignored the invitation to join Viral Linking. A concept that will dramatically increase the number of links to your blog and will have an immediate impact on your Technorati Blog Ranking and Authority. I've been checking the Technorati Blog Authority and Ranking of my friends' blogs and found out a huge improvement. Most of the links that boosted their authority and ranking were coming from Viral Linking.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Okay, I admit. I've underestimated the benefits of Viral Linking but I hope it's not too late for me to participate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you are looking for ways to improve your &lt;strong&gt;GOOGLE PAGE RANKING &lt;/strong&gt;and &lt;strong&gt;TECHNORATI RANKING&lt;/strong&gt;, I recommend that you give &lt;strong&gt;Viral Linking &lt;/strong&gt;or &lt;strong&gt;Viral Tagging &lt;/strong&gt;a chance. All you need to do is follow these four simple instructions and you're on your way to increasing the number of links to your blog.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.) Copy and paste the entire matrix of “ViralTags” below.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.) Substitute the Host Tag and one of the “ViralTags” in the matrix with your anchor text of choice containing your blog’s URL. Please keep anchor text to a maximum of 4 words to keep the matrix size manageable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.) When you get a ping back from someone that has your link in one of their “ViralTags”, practice good karma by copying his/her Host Tag’s anchor text (automatically the associated link will also be copied) and paste it over one of your “ViralTags” below.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.) Encourage and invite your readers to do the same and soon this will grow virally.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;==== Copy and Paste below this line ====&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;Host Tag: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" href="http://www.all-things-about.blogspot.com/"&gt;All Things About&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.all-things-about.blogspot.com/"&gt;All Things About&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://blog-about-interesting-stuff.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Blog About Interesting Stuff&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://internet-blog-branding.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Internet Blog Branding&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://search-engine-optimization-blogspot.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Blogspot - Search Engine Optimization&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://blogging-tips-and-seo-guide.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Blogging Tips, SEO Guide&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://blogging-tips-and-seo-guide.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Blog Instructor&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://blog-blogger-blogging.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Blog, Blogger and Blogging&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://blog-about-networking.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Blog About Networking&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://blogging-monetization-money.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Blog Monetization - Blogspot&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://blogger-blog-blogging.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Blogger, Blog and Blogging&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://blogging-and-marketing.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Blogging and Marketing&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://blog-for-bloggers.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Blog For Bloggers&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://the-bloggers-haven.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;The Bloggers Haven&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://rocaism.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Business Logic&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://blog.mail.com/rockyjohn:mail.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Extension - Blogging Mix&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://blog.mail.com/rocai:email.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Content, Connection, Continuity&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://onemansgoal.com/98/viral-linking-saturday-8-18-07/" target="_blank"&gt;One Man's Goal&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://misdoclub.blogspot.com/2007/08/link-love.html" target="_blank"&gt;Mottekaero Mister Donuts&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://lifesnippets.net/?p=196" target="_blank"&gt;Maiylah's Snippets&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.ablogaboutnothing.com/spreading-the-virus-8-18-07" target="_blank"&gt;A Blog about Nothing&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://idothings.info/i-go-viral-so-you-dont-have-to/" target="_blank"&gt;I Do Things so you don't have to&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://bostonbrat.net/2007/08/18/saturday-evening-link-edition/" target="_blank"&gt;Boston Brat&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://sewingmom.com/2007/08/18/a-lot-of-link-love-going-on/" target="_blank"&gt;The Coffee House&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.dcrblogs.com/2007/08/19/drunken-virals/" target="_blank"&gt;dcr Blogs&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.thelastpageonthenet.com/archives/19" target="_blank"&gt;The Last Page On The Net &lt;/a&gt;- &lt;a href="http://thetechrecord.com/2007/08/20/google-page-rank-update/" target="_blank"&gt;The Tech Record&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://ishouldhavebrediguanas.blogspot.com/2007/08/my-cup-runneth-overwith-linky-love.html" target="_blank"&gt;I Should Have Bred Iguanas&amp;#8230;&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://howiwillberich.com/2007/08/viral-linking/" target="_blank"&gt;How I Will Be Rich&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://mumshome.blogspot.com/2007/08/man-with-goal.html" target="_blank"&gt;Mother's Home!&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://mousey.sasha-says.com/2007/08/21/i-got-ping/" target="_blank"&gt;Stopover&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://yourwebsiteprofit.blogspot.com/2007/08/august-viral.html" target="_blank"&gt;Your Website Profit&lt;/a&gt; -&lt;a href="http://www.allscm.com/viral-linking-take-one-2007-08-19/" target="_blank"&gt;The Zen Art of Software Build &amp; Release&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.itswritenow.com/181/viral-linking/" target="_blank"&gt;It&amp;#8217;s Write Now&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.untwistedvortex.com/2007/08/25/viral-linking-project-2007-08-25/" target="_blank"&gt;Untwisted Vortex&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://ogrespokerpages.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Ogre's Poker Page&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://missylicious.com/blog/" target="_blank"&gt;Online Money Making&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.viralicons.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Viral Icons&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.internetmarketingmind.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Make Money Online&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.bloggingmix.com/"&gt;Blogging Mix&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.totalnoid.com" target="_blank"&gt;Chessnoid&lt;/a&gt; - Viral Tag - Viral Tag - Viral Tag&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt; Please let me know through the comments when you've posted this on your blog so I can add your link. Please inform me of your preferred ANCHOR TEXT too. Thanks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/dramatically-increase-your-google-page.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/dramatically-increase-your-google-page.html</link><thr:total>3</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author><enclosure length="0" type="application/octet-stream" url="http://www.totalnoid.com"/><itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit><itunes:subtitle>I have long ignored the invitation to join Viral Linking. A concept that will dramatically increase the number of links to your blog and will have an immediate impact on your Technorati Blog Ranking and Authority. I've been checking the Technorati Blog Authority and Ranking of my friends' blogs and found out a huge improvement. Most of the links that boosted their authority and ranking were coming from Viral Linking. Okay, I admit. I've underestimated the benefits of Viral Linking but I hope it's not too late for me to participate. If you are looking for ways to improve your GOOGLE PAGE RANKING and TECHNORATI RANKING, I recommend that you give Viral Linking or Viral Tagging a chance. All you need to do is follow these four simple instructions and you're on your way to increasing the number of links to your blog. 1.) Copy and paste the entire matrix of “ViralTags” below. 2.) Substitute the Host Tag and one of the “ViralTags” in the matrix with your anchor text of choice containing your blog’s URL. Please keep anchor text to a maximum of 4 words to keep the matrix size manageable. 3.) When you get a ping back from someone that has your link in one of their “ViralTags”, practice good karma by copying his/her Host Tag’s anchor text (automatically the associated link will also be copied) and paste it over one of your “ViralTags” below. 4.) Encourage and invite your readers to do the same and soon this will grow virally. ==== Copy and Paste below this line ==== Host Tag: All Things About All Things About - Blog About Interesting Stuff - Internet Blog Branding - Blogspot - Search Engine Optimization - Blogging Tips, SEO Guide Blog Instructor - Blog, Blogger and Blogging - Blog About Networking - Blog Monetization - Blogspot - Blogger, Blog and Blogging - Blogging and Marketing - Blog For Bloggers - The Bloggers Haven - Business Logic - Extension - Blogging Mix - Content, Connection, Continuity - One Man's Goal - Mottekaero Mister Donuts - Maiylah's Snippets - A Blog about Nothing - I Do Things so you don't have to - Boston Brat - The Coffee House - dcr Blogs - The Last Page On The Net - The Tech Record - I Should Have Bred Iguanas&amp;#8230; - How I Will Be Rich - Mother's Home! - Stopover - Your Website Profit -The Zen Art of Software Build &amp; Release - It&amp;#8217;s Write Now - Untwisted Vortex - Ogre's Poker Page - Online Money Making - Viral Icons - Make Money Online - Blogging Mix - Chessnoid - Viral Tag - Viral Tag - Viral Tag UPDATE: Please let me know through the comments when you've posted this on your blog so I can add your link. Please inform me of your preferred ANCHOR TEXT too. Thanks. Technorati</itunes:subtitle><itunes:author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</itunes:author><itunes:summary>I have long ignored the invitation to join Viral Linking. A concept that will dramatically increase the number of links to your blog and will have an immediate impact on your Technorati Blog Ranking and Authority. I've been checking the Technorati Blog Authority and Ranking of my friends' blogs and found out a huge improvement. Most of the links that boosted their authority and ranking were coming from Viral Linking. Okay, I admit. I've underestimated the benefits of Viral Linking but I hope it's not too late for me to participate. If you are looking for ways to improve your GOOGLE PAGE RANKING and TECHNORATI RANKING, I recommend that you give Viral Linking or Viral Tagging a chance. All you need to do is follow these four simple instructions and you're on your way to increasing the number of links to your blog. 1.) Copy and paste the entire matrix of “ViralTags” below. 2.) Substitute the Host Tag and one of the “ViralTags” in the matrix with your anchor text of choice containing your blog’s URL. Please keep anchor text to a maximum of 4 words to keep the matrix size manageable. 3.) When you get a ping back from someone that has your link in one of their “ViralTags”, practice good karma by copying his/her Host Tag’s anchor text (automatically the associated link will also be copied) and paste it over one of your “ViralTags” below. 4.) Encourage and invite your readers to do the same and soon this will grow virally. ==== Copy and Paste below this line ==== Host Tag: All Things About All Things About - Blog About Interesting Stuff - Internet Blog Branding - Blogspot - Search Engine Optimization - Blogging Tips, SEO Guide Blog Instructor - Blog, Blogger and Blogging - Blog About Networking - Blog Monetization - Blogspot - Blogger, Blog and Blogging - Blogging and Marketing - Blog For Bloggers - The Bloggers Haven - Business Logic - Extension - Blogging Mix - Content, Connection, Continuity - One Man's Goal - Mottekaero Mister Donuts - Maiylah's Snippets - A Blog about Nothing - I Do Things so you don't have to - Boston Brat - The Coffee House - dcr Blogs - The Last Page On The Net - The Tech Record - I Should Have Bred Iguanas&amp;#8230; - How I Will Be Rich - Mother's Home! - Stopover - Your Website Profit -The Zen Art of Software Build &amp; Release - It&amp;#8217;s Write Now - Untwisted Vortex - Ogre's Poker Page - Online Money Making - Viral Icons - Make Money Online - Blogging Mix - Chessnoid - Viral Tag - Viral Tag - Viral Tag UPDATE: Please let me know through the comments when you've posted this on your blog so I can add your link. Please inform me of your preferred ANCHOR TEXT too. Thanks. Technorati</itunes:summary><itunes:keywords>blogger,help,blogger,templates,favicon,3,column,three,columns,web,design,monetize,blog,blog,directories,css,html,xml,images,video,music,navbar,youtube,technorati,digg,pagerank,adsense,webmaster,google,google,adsense,adsense,google,adwo</itunes:keywords></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-4755937331810689516</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 09:32:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.461-07:00</atom:updated><title>Ebook Review AdSense Confessions How to Earn Google AdSense Income</title><description>When you load a site into your browser and see small advertisement blocks here and there with "Ads by Google" appearing nearby, you probably know that when you click on them, someone receives a credit for payment under Google's AdSense program. AdSense is a pay-per-click (PPC) scheme that benefits marketers, buyers and the webmasters who display advertisements on their sites. By bringing together a buyer looking for specific products or services (by entering a term or terms in a search engine), sellers of those products and services and encouraging webmasters to provide the medium by which this happens (their sites), everyone in the equation benefits. It's a truly win-win situation and a brilliant concept.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because I use AdSense advertisements on my site, but have not yet optimised my income from them, I have been researching ways to do so. I knew that some people were making quite reasonable supplementary incomes from Google AdSense and that it has the potential to add more significantly to my income if I could find out how it's done. Like everyone else, I want a bigger share of the pie.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;During my research I found Codrut Turcann's ebook, "AdSense Confessions" which promises to tell you ... How 9 Average People, Not Gurus, Cracked The Code To AdSense Income Boosting And How You Can Copy Their Money-Making Tactics! Plus... Discover How You Can Quickly Catapult Your AdSense Earnings By 450% Or More Using A Powerful, No-Fail Marketing Arsenal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What's in this ebook?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"AdSense Confessions" consists of 101 pages detailing the success stories of nine people who have, to varying degrees, mastered AdSense sufficiently to earn regular incomes. Each from a different perspective tells his or her story about how they came to AdSense, tested, retested and eventually mastered AdSense to realise a greater income. One or two are still working on improvements to the AdSense aspects of their businesses to earn even greaterlevels of income.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As everyone knows, duplicating the models successfully used by others is a shortcut to success ... medical practitioners use it daily, so do marketers. There is every reason to believe that if you follow the proven methods used by the nine people whose stories are told in this ebook, you will have a similar degree of success. Interestingly, the nine contributors do not only discuss AdSense, they also discuss matters such as search engine optimization, keywords, web design, link management etc, all of which is good advice and makes this ebook even more useful. Evidence of earnings is provided as are numbers of examples of sites with AdSense adverts showing successful placement of AdSense ads.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although most of the content confirms what I already know, for someone new to Internet marketing, web design or using Google AdSense, Codrut's ebook will save them a lot of time and effort in getting to the income earning stage.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Is it value for money?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The price for "AdSense Secrets" is $69.97 USD and it is downloaded almost immediately. Included in that price are the following bonuses: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ebook, "101 Quick Tips to Increase AdSense Income in 30 Days" &lt;br /&gt;FREE Profit-Pulling AdSense Site Critique and One-On-One Support By E-mail - Anytime You Need Help or Have An AdSense-Related Problem! &lt;br /&gt;"AdSense Profit Shortcuts" - Monthly eLetter &lt;br /&gt;A mystery bonus (value not known) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Value for money is a personal thing depending on so many variables that I can't answer that question for you. What I can say is that I find $69.97 quite a steep price (especially given the Australian exchange rate which knocks me about). However, if you can use the bonuses, especially bonus two of a free AdSense critique, it could represent value for money. The free critique and one-on-one support could be worth thousands ... if you make sure you use it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Also, there are numbers of links within the text that lead to free utility programs etc that add value to your purchase.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And the Negatives?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In my opinion the only negatives are that the ebook isn't as professionally presented as it could be (given the price) and that the downloading process is convoluted. Having said that, if you are looking for content and don't care if the format and layout is ordinary, then presentation of the ebook won't matter. As for the downloading, it involves completing a subscription box and sending an email from a post-payment page to retrieve a link to another page from which the downloads can be made. But before the final download step, one has to confirm the email details. All of this could be prevented if the download page presented immediately after purchase.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conclusion&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you want to learn how to establish or increase an AdSense PPC stream of income, this book certainly delivers the goods and will give you a good start.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are dozens of things you can do today to generate income almost immediately. Add to that the bonuses, especially the one-on-one support and you will be well on your way to joining those of us who earn income from AdSense for doing nothing but placing links on our sites.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I've already begun to improve some of my AdSense strategies and will be monitoring income increase throughout the next three months at which time I'll write an article detailing my findings. Watch this space!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To find out more about "AdSense Confessions", please go here: http://www.adsenseconfessions.com/discount.html &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Robin Henry is an educator, human resources specialist and Internet entrepreneur. He helps small and home-based businesses and individuals improve performance by applying smart technology and processes and developing personally. He runs his business Desert Wave Enterprises from his home base at Alice Springs in Central Australia, although at present he is working in the United Arab Emirates.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/ebook-review-adsense-confessions-how-to.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/ebook-review-adsense-confessions-how-to.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-5188900114924534864</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 09:29:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.461-07:00</atom:updated><title>AdSense is Stupid When</title><description>There are times Google's heralded ad affiliate program isn't in your long term business interest. Oh no I said it! &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;AdSense isn't the unstoppable revenue engine for every eBusiness. Before I am taken out and flogged by the eCommerce pundits -- please let me explain what I mean in my defense. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I make revenues from AdSense at a very high click-through rate. I experience high click-through rates with AdSense without resorting to questionable tactics like tricking site users with photos (the AdSense trick and tip dujour). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So my perspective is from one who has made decent income from AdSense to fund aspects of his business like advertising seminars -- and outsourcing to his virtual assistants. Yes, AdSense is a legitimate and significant revenue source. However evaluate AdSense with some type of balance. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By now you may have heard about people like Joel Comm's six figure income with AdSense, or Jason Calacanis of Weblogs being on his way to generating 1 million dollars in AdSense revenue. Google's Ad revenue sharing affiliate program for publishers certainly seems to be an eSales Nirvana for many webmasters. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But there are obvious and not so obvious times not to use AdSense ads on your sites. Let's list - examine - and explain them below. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;~~~~&gt; 1. On Sales or Mini-sites &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is a no-brainer. If you are trying to sell a particular product that is important to your bottomline, you don't want AdSense ads distracting your customers from either joining your email list, or hindering your site's online sales process. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However I do see hybrid sites that are mini-sites or full scale eCommerce sites, with AdSense at the bottom of their pages. This might not be so bad since only 1% - 15% of your site visitors will either buy from you or fill out a form. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The thinking with this approach is you might as well make money from disinterested parties using up your server's bandwidth. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;~~~~~&gt; 2. SEO Business Sites &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If your livelihood depends on search engine optimization or marketing for a living you might want to think twice about displaying AdSense Ads on your site. I can tell you this from personal experience. I once was on top of MSN for search engine marketing in my local area. I concentrated on my local area because I found people felt more comfortable hiring an eCommerce consultant locally. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One day my site fails totally out of the MSN index. After intense study I noticed that I obviously had a filter on my site from MSN. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I analyzed all the top ranking sites in MSN and noticed the only difference between me and the other top ranking sites was I had Google AdSense ads on my site. Someone at MSN felt that my AdSense ads, and perhaps to a less extent, my book on SEO, was getting a free ride in the MSN search engine database. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In fact I noticed that there were no sites with AdSense ads for at least the first 3 pages. Plus the sites with AdSense were only using 1 ad unit at the bottom of the home page (there were very few of them in the top 5 pages). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I knew it was strange to not have AdSense ads on the top Internet marketing sites. This prompted me to scan other industries where I noticed the same trend. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many of the leading SEO gurus have sites that have been banned from the top listings by the search engines. It seems the more visible you become, the more of a target your sites are to the search engine auditors. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some of my sites are still on the top of MSN with AdSense ads but that doesn't mean they won't also be targets in the future. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let's face the facts. MSN and Yahoo! have competing ad networks to Google's, and this competitive situation is rife for a potential backlash against SEO sites with AdSense ads. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many SEOs will point to exceptions to this position. However you have been warned! &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Think about it, how long will MSN and Yahoo! sit back and watch SEO driven websites use their search indexes to fund Google? Did you know SEO in MSN and Yahoo(!) --- is much easier to obtain. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Therefore optimized sites are creating an ad sales wealth transfer from MSN and Yahoo into the pockets of Google! It won't be long before Yahoo! and MSN begin to devalue ranking on AdSense sites in their databases -- if not outright ban them. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you are in the search engine business stay search engine neutral, or create multiple sites for different search engines. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;~~~~~&gt; 3. When AdSense Becomes Your Only Business Model &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When you become so myopic in your thinking that you build a business solely on AdSense revenue -- think again my friend. Why build a business solely on the largess of Google? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I don't know if your realize it or not, but the sites making the real big AdSense money usually have a following that doesn't depend on the search engines. Internet mavens like Chris Pirillo or Joel Comm have been on the Internet a while and have followings for their websites. Therefore they can consistently make six figures with AdSense. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These content powerhouses are an asset to Google and not the other way around. But do you think Google is going to sit back and watch just anybody make big bucks off of their top rankings? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you do a search on most keywords you will notice many of the top ranking sites are news sites, .gov sites, or .org sites these days. The only exception is in industries where these sites don't really exist like eCommerce industries (clothing, shopping, etc.). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No doubt in most industries you will notice a conspicuous scarity of AdSense sites in the top rankings. In other words don't bet your future fortunes on AdSense. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An IPO based on projections of AdSense revenue isn't in the future for the average eBusiness. Think of Google AdSense as supplemental income. Building a business solely on AdSense revenue isn't just silly -- it's just plain stupid.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kamau Austin is the publisher of over ten websites. See more of his eCommerce and Search Engine Commentary can be found at: www.eInfoNEWs.com and www.SearchEnginePlan.com &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/adsense-is-stupid-when.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/adsense-is-stupid-when.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-2033146621521783833</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 09:27:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.461-07:00</atom:updated><title>Do You Want To Increase Your Google Adsense Revenue</title><description>How much revenue do you generate from Google Adsense? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Recently there has been a lot of discussion about people who earn over $10,000 a month just from Adsense. Furthermore, there are rumors of a few individuals who earn over $1 million a year just from using the power of Google advertisements. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So what is Google Adsense and how can you use this program to earn a six-figure income? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About two years ago, Google created this program to help websites to monetize their web-traffic. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here?s how it works: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Webmasters obtain a special code from Google which then displays targeted ads on their website. Whenever a visitor clicks on one of these ads, the webmaster earns a commission. Unlike other online businesses, there is no selling involved. All you need to do is get people to click on the ads. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although this is an excellent way to generate an income, many websites are not effectively maximizing their Adsense potential. As a result, they are leaving a lot of cash on the table. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The question is how can you increase your Adsense revenue without increasing the number of web visitors? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The key to earning an income with Google Adsense is to have your ads match the rest of the site, making them look like part of your content. Your focus is to avoid having the Adsense blocks look like blatant advertisements. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The following are six ways that you can do this and increase your revenue at the same time: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1) Find the right place- Most website visitors read content that is in the middle of a webpage. As a result, the best place to put your Adsense block is in the top part of the page, at the beginning of your web content. You want to weave the Google Ads into your web content to give the appearance that they are extra links which expand on the information of the page. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2) Use the Large Rectangle?With Google Adsense, you have the option of picking different ad formats. Most of the time people opt to use the Leaderboard (728x90) or Wide Skyscraper (160x600) style ads. Unfortunately, this is the wrong choice, because both look like blatant advertisements. Instead smart webmasters have found that using the Large Rectangle (336x280) yields the best amount of click-thrus. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3) Ditch the border? Many people experience a sharp increase in Adsense revenue when they changing their border. What they change is very simple?they get rid of the border on their Adsense blocks. This is another way to make the advertisements look like useful web content. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4) Adapt the font- Whenever you write content, it should be the same font size and style as your Google Adsense block. This will help make it appear that the advertisements are a natural part of your website. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5) Match the colors? In addition to changing the fonts, you also should match the colors of your website. For instance, if your content is written in black, and your hyperlinks are blue, then the Adsense blocks should also be the same color. Again, this helps the advertisements appear to be normal web content. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6) Don?t have too many distractions- On a webpage, it is important to give web visitor a limited number of options. By having too many links and graphics, the web visitor might go to a section that doesn?t help increase your profits. While it is important to inform and entertain your web visitor, it is also vital that you monetize your site. So if the main focus of your site is to earn an income through Google Adsense, then get rid of all non-essential links and graphics. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By taking the time to implement these six simple steps, you?ll see a dramatic increase in the click-thru ratio of your ads. If added to all of the content of your site, your Adsense income will skyrocket!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Scott J. Patterson is a self-proclaimed Dunce, yet last month he earned $12,124 from one of his online businesses. To find out how YOU can do the same, download his fr*e ebook- The Secret-Guide to Online Businesses: http://www.duncemoney.com/adsense.html . &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/do-you-want-to-increase-your-google.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/do-you-want-to-increase-your-google.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-5287055475246253445</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 09:25:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.462-07:00</atom:updated><title>Finding a Market in Depth For Adsense Publishers</title><description>Ok here?s a popular topic among new adsense publishers. What do you make your adsense sites on? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lots of people tell you to look for keywords that pay a high cost per click so that you make the most money each time someone clicks on your ads. Seems like a logical strategy? Apart from the fact that it DOESN?T WORK! &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The words that have the high cost per click are the super competitive words that you should know by now are not the markets you want to be entering because they are exactly? TOO COMPETITIVE. They pay a high CPC because so many people advertise under them, so you will be unable to get good traffic and unable to make any money. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So what do you do instead of looking for high paying keywords? As we have mentioned previously, you look for keywords that have low competition (search results) and high demand (searches per month). You find NICHE markets. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But for an adsense publisher to be successful there are some other keys to finding good markets besides the competitiveness of the market. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first thing you need to make sure is that there are actually people advertising under these terms so that Adsense is going to be able to find relevant advertisements to show on your sites. You can do this just by putting the word in google and see if you can see sponsored links. If there are sponsored links, people are advertising.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As a general rule, if you can see 5 or more advertisements in the sponsored links section that DON?T INCLUDE Ebay ads (pay only a few cents a click) then your niche market is suitable. Remember that your adsense block on your site is a block of usually 4 ads so if there aren?t more than 5 your site will be effected.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Also, although you don?t want to focus on the cost per click of the keyword, it is helpful to know the value of keywords in this niche market. You can do this by finding the overture bid tool online and typing in your word to see the value people are paying to advertise. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Suppose you find 2 niches that have relatively the same ratio of supply and demand, it might be helpful to select the one with the higher bid price to work on first?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As a last note, it is always more helpful to select a market that is less tech savvy and more family, young people, less tech savvy people group. Simply because tech savvy know what are ads and what aren?t and are usually more reluctant to click on your adsense ads!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Andrew Hansen&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Andrew Hansen is the apprentice to an Internet Marketing Guru of 9 years and makes a full time income online. He proudly endorses www.brainstormgenerator.com as the nuber one tool for finding profitable keywords, analyzing Niche markets and automating your business system. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/finding-market-in-depth-for-adsense.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/finding-market-in-depth-for-adsense.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-6940937591384165019</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 09:23:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.462-07:00</atom:updated><title>Explode Your Google Adsense and Affiliate Commissions Through Niche Blog Content Sites</title><description>Content as we know it is the Life-Blood or FUEL, if you will, of the Internet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That was and still is the Internets sole purpose, except only now it's commercialized, giving the online entrepreneur the world at their fingers tips.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And the facts are that usually when people first come online it's not to go purchase something, it's to look for Information that will answer a question they might have about a particular product they're interested in and/or to a problem they are dealing with and are searching for a solution.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ask yourself this, "Why do I go online?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Does it resemble anything like what I just stated?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Only you can answer that.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These are simply the facts with out a doubt... Period!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now that you have an idea of WHY people come online, I'm now going to explain to you how you can...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Explode Your Google Adsense and Affiliate Commissions Through Niche Blog Content Sites"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Did you notice the last two words within the quotations?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That's right, Content Sites.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What are Content Sites?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I think it's pretty self explanatory but the basic definition of a Content Site is this - it's a site that contains targeted content that targets a particular niche or many niches.(niche examples: cars, fitness, hobbies, etc.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Not quite up to speed on what a blog is, here's a quick definition of a blog - a blog(A.K.A. Web-Log) is simply a place to go and post your personal thoughts that you can share with your subscribers and/or readership and receive feedback.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now that you know the basic definitions of a Content Site and a Blog lets continue.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Content Sites can contain Hundreds-to-Thousands of pages of keyword rich content, which by the way is exactly what the Search Engines love and will come back for if New content is added on a frequent basis giving the owner of that site lots of opportunity to benefit from the Free traffic inwhich the content pages, or what I like to call Feeder Pages, generate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, now that you have an idea of what a Content Site and a Blog is it's now time to tell you how you can build your own Niche Blog Content Site Empire, no matter what your niche is, using Blogs, Google Adsense and ClickBank affiliate products.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bare in mind that the steps outlined below are only going to be a summarization of the actual process involved.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, with that said, here it is.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Step #1. Set up a Blog.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first step is quite simple. All you have to do is set up a Blog either through...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Blogger.com - http://www.blogger.com &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;or...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wordpress.org - http://www.wordpress.org &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This blog your setting up is going to be the foundation of your Niche Blog Content Site and is where the rest of the pieces of the puzzle are going to be added to once you've set it up.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Quick Tip: Make sure you use your Target Keywords within your URL of your niche blog and in the Title and Description. VERY Important!)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Once you have your niche blog set up move on to Step #2.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Step #2. Adding your Google Adsense code.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Depending on your experience with scripting and html, it's now time to add your Google Adsense code to your new niche blog in 3 strategic places.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Google allows you to add 3 Google Adsense blocks only to one page, no more than that, so I recommend one at the Top, one in the Right or Left sidebar depending on the template you choose and one at the Bottom of your blog.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By doing this your almost forcing your reader to click on a link within the Google Adsense block, which is of course, is exactly what you want and where your going to make the money.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The other great thing about Google Adsense is the ads are targeted to the content that you post, giving the reader even more reason to click through.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here's a few resources for you that will show you how to add the Google Adsense code to your blog using the services I mentioned above if your not sure how to yourself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Blogger.com: http://help.blogger.com/bin/answer.py?answer=964 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wordpress.org: http://www.acmetech.com/blog/adsense-deluxe/ &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Simply follow the instructions and you'll have Google Adsense installed on your niche blog in no time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Step #3. Find a related ClickBank product.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now it's time to go shopping at ClickBank.com - http://www.clickbank.com - for a related information product that targets your niche.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Once there click on the link Earn Commissions at the bottom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This will bring to to their directory where you'll find many products to choose from that will target any niche your blog is about.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Quick Tip: The first 10 listed under each category are the TOP converting programs, meaning... their the ones making the most money.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you don't have a ClickBank.com nickname you'll have to sign up for one. It'll only take you a few minutes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From there, once you've chosen a program to join your going to want to collect all the affiliate materials available, like Articles, Banners, Text Links, etc., because your going to place these on your NEW niche blog site with your affiliate link linked to them so when your reader clicks on them and decides to buy the related information, you get the commission.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Well... there you have it, 3 steps to "Explode Your Google Adsense and Affiliate Commissions Through Niche Blog Content Sites".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now the only thing left for you to do is to start building an audience by promoting your Blog.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here's a few resources for you to get started with.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ping-O-Matic - http://pingomatic.com &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;RSS Top 55 - http://www.masternewmedia.org/rss/top55 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Remember this is just a summarized version and is only going to give you the basic steps, so good luck to you and your Niche Blog Content Site Empire.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Copyright 2006 The IWE, LLC. All Rights Reserved.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cory Threlfall is the Editor and Publisher of a online webmaster publication called... The Internet Wonders eZine, where you'll receive 'Daily' via the Web or RSS syndication Expert Articles, Product Reviews, HOT Tips, and More on how to Promote and Build your business online. Go NOW to ==&gt; http://www.internetwondersezine.com &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/explode-your-google-adsense-and.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/explode-your-google-adsense-and.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-3678595539897453772</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 09:21:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.462-07:00</atom:updated><title>5 Quick Tips On HOWTO Build Google Adsense Feeder Pages The Search Engines Devour</title><description>Today your in for a real treat. WHY? Because I'm going to tell you How-To build "Feeder Pages" search engines simply die for.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And don't worry, these tips won't strain your brain to much and are very straight forward, even if your New to the Internet marketing game.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;TRAFFIC, as we all know it is the life blood of your businesses VERY existence online, so wouldn't it be nice if you could tap into some of that traffic, thats targeted Search Engine traffic, absolutely FREE Of Charge?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I bet you said YES!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Well... your in luck because that's the sole purpose of a "Feeder Page".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now, the question that I found that usually arises with "Feeder Pages" is How-To build them correctly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This was the exact question I had myself when I was first came across this type of website Traffic Generation and is why I'm writing this article.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, with that said, I hope by the time you finish reading this article you'll have a good idea yourself of the steps neccessary on How-To build quality "Feeder Pages" of your own that will send you FREE targeted search engine traffic and generate you some Google Adsense revenue as well.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lets get started. Go to Tip #1.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tip #1. Make your "Feeder Pages" theme based.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is an important tip. You must make your "Feeder Pages" the same theme as the rest of your website. What I mean by that is, same template, same navigation, same links, copyright, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By doing this it won't seem as obvious to your visitor that its a generated page of some sort and will give you a better chance of them clicking through to your main sale pages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tip #2. Put quality Keyword Rich content on your pages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is yet another important tip you must consider and that is putting quality Keyword Targeted content on your "Feeder Pages" that targets your audience.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Why?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because you are building these pages for the search engines and since roughly 85% of Internet surfers use search engines as their primary tool for locating the information they're looking for your going to want to have Quality Content related to your Product or Service waiting for them to draw them in when they find your link within the search engine listings.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tip #3. Add links back to your website or affiliate site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This next tip is pretty straight forward. All you need to do is put either a Text Ad(recommended) or some Banner Ads within the "Feeder Pages" in Highly Visible areas and link them back to your main website or Affiliate website.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is the whole purpose of building these pages in the first place.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tip #4. Placing your Google Adsense code for $CASH$.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Since your doing all this work to generate traffic to your main website why not profit EVEN MORE by adding 3 blocks of Google Adsense code to your "Feeder Pages" just in case your visitor decides not to click through to your website or affiliate site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And since your "Feeder Pages" have quality Keyword Targeted content on them, your Google Adsense Ads will display targeted ads.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The best places to put your 3 blocks of Google Adsense code is right at the top under your Header graphic if you have one. The next best place is in the upper left sidebar. And the last place is either within the content itself or at the end of the article.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These positions all depend on how you build your "Feeder Pages", so make sure you plan out where you want to put your Google Adsense code in advance for Maximum PROFIT!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tip #5. Add an RSS feed to your "Feeder Pages".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Okay. Here's the last tip I'm going to share and that is, add an RSS(Real Simple Syndication) feed to your "Feeder Pages".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By doing this you'll be putting your "Feeder Pages" on Autopilot, 24/7.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Why an RSS feed?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Simple. RSS feeds deliver and syndicate fresh content, so if you have an RSS feed on your "Feeder Pages" your content will be updated 'Automatically' which will then trigger the search engine spiders to schedule routine visits back to your website for more indexing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Well... there you have it in a nutshell folks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you follow what I have outlined above you'll be on your way to FREE targeted search engine traffic and Google Adsense $PROFITS$.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These are just some quality tips I wanted to share with you from my own experience to help you Maximize your efforts if you decide to use this type of Traffic Generation, and to also help take away the Trial and Error process.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Below I have furnished a link to some special tools that you can download and review on your own time so you can see whats available to you in making your "Feeder Pages" kick butt in the Search Engines and most important of all, put MORE cash in your pocket.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Download NOW! ==&gt; http://special-tools.corys-cbmall.com &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Note: This file is zipped. You will need to unzip it using Win Zip or a related program.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Copyright 2005 The IWE, LLC. All Rights Reserved.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cory Threlfall&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Want more information on How-To generate UNLIMITED amounts of FREE search engine traffic? Go search Cory Threlfall's #1 Rated CBmall that carries over 10,000 of the Internets BEST Information Products &amp; Software available Online. Go NOW to ==&gt; http://www.corys-cbmall.com Or... go review his TOP 10 recommended: http://search-engines.corys-cbmall.com . &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/5-quick-tips-on-howto-build-google.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/5-quick-tips-on-howto-build-google.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-5238835492472744701</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 09:19:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.462-07:00</atom:updated><title>10 Reasons Keyword Research Is So Important To Adsense Sites</title><description>With the vast popularity and the wide usage of Google?s Adsense in the internet community, many tools and programs have come up to help or assist Adsense sites make more profits. Adsense sites make profit by the pay per click scheme that is employed. Every ad that gets clicked coming from a certain Adsense site provides revenue for the site owner.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The traffic flow into the Adsense site dictates the number of clicks a certain Adsense site may incur. Also, the number of visitors your site gets determines your Adsense income.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One major factor that makes a website get good traffic flow is its content. No matter how beautifully developed a site is, if it doesn?t have good content it wont have a good number of traffic coming in. Your site must arouse the interests of the people who visit it and will encourage them to come back for more. And to achieve that, you must have good content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Good content coupled with the right keywords and you will see earnings from your adsense site grow everyday. Make your site the money making Adsense site it should be. Here are ten reasons keyword research is so important to Adsense sites.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1) Get high in search engine results. With the right keywords, you can lord it over all the other millions of similar themed sites as your site and be very accessible to the millions of searchers. Many people only go to the sites that are on the first page of the result page of the search engine. If you make it to the top ten, or better yet the top spot, you get a great chance of attracting visitors to your site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2) Having the right keywords will attract the right niche. Having a niche will attract a certain market making sure that you can get a sure group of people that is looking for your niche and has the same passion as you.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3) Niche keywords will lead your target market straight to your site and to the advertisers? sites spelling profit. If you research on what the good keyword is for your niche, you will find out what people in that certain market are looking for. As time and interests change, so does the content of your site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4) Researching for good keywords will spell more sales for your sites as you can produce a product that can cater to that keyword. Knowing what people wants and demands is a marketing tool and sales tool that will always help boost your earnings.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5) Keyword research keeps you and your site updated and well informed a characteristic every internet entrepreneur should always have. Information is a great weapon in the ever so competitive ecommerce market.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6) Another reason keyword research is so important for the Adsense site is that it makes people more aware that your site exists and is available. With millions of sites on the net, a person doesn?t have the time to search them one by one, with good keywords; they can easily discard and choose the site they need to go to.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7) Researching for keywords makes the content of your Adsense site more interesting to your projected market and this will help in the rise of the popularity of your site, also;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8) If you have updated keywords in your content, many visitors would repeatedly come to your site. Even recommend them to their friends and fellow enthusiasts of the niche you choose increasing traffic flow and potential clients.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9) Researching for good keywords offers the opportunity to be linked to other sites with good traffic. Links can be easily exchanged when the other sites know that you have good traffic as well as good keywords.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10) Many more advertisers would want to be included in your Adsense making more revenues and increasing your monthly take as more people would have more choices in the ads to click. With that, people need not go to other sites. They would just stay in your site and do their search there. More clicks mean more money and profit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kevin Anderson has been marketing online since 2002. He is the owner of http://www.onlinegoldfinder.com a program designed to help people find profitable niches to market to online. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/10-reasons-keyword-research-is-so.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/10-reasons-keyword-research-is-so.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-6883869565155610394</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 09:15:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.462-07:00</atom:updated><title>Buying Adsense Websites on ebay</title><description>You can get a good deal from purchasing an adsense website on ebay but...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;* You should use some caution * &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I have seeen the same exact design sold on ebay everyday of the week. You may get 30 or so of these sites (different topics) for about $99. The 30 sites total 6,000 pages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Similar sites are also sold daily (in multiple quantities) on ebay like "Huge Adsense Empire - 100+ sites 16,500 Pages" Imagine 150 of these sold and posted w/out change. 2,475,000 duplicate pages on the web. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Just look at the site for sell then check the sellers feedback from "buyers" - most are private listings. You will see that they may sell 1 to 3 per day!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many new buyers purchase these and are unfamiliar with editing or adding content to a php site and get frustrated.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now, there are some excellent sellers - sites and good deals to be found on ebay but you need to take a good look at the site and the number sold. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Also be sure the articles include the author?s resource box with a live link. Many sites chop off the end of some of the articles or do not display the authors "clickable" link (a no no).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Check the "page title" at the top of your browser. A page titled "New Page" or "Untitled" is not a good sign.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Look at the source code by right clicking your mouse and choosing view source to see if there are any meta tags or keywords in the page header.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Don't confuse most of the "ebay mill" sites with sites you may see for sell that have limited numbers like 25 - are made with private or original articles &amp; have support forums or excellent instructions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These are Great for new users who need help and they provide a way to learn about the site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The ebay mill sites typically are not in the same league.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some of the better sites that are sold on ebay are in limited numbers and include an admin panel where you can easily add your own links - and your own content before and after each article page - giving you some uniqueness. Look for these even if they cost a little bit more&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Not all ebay sites are an unwise purchase - I was a power seller a few years ago &amp; sold websites - you can find a good deal and a good site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Just do your research. With adsense the number two search term on ebay pulse under websites for sale, sellers have really jumped on the popularity of these sites. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tom Dean is a Work at Home Dad who runs multiple websites including The Dean Report. A site for Newbies. Get Your Free Adsense Website and eBook. Visit http://www.tomdean.net/VMNewsletter.htm . &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/buying-adsense-websites-on-ebay.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/buying-adsense-websites-on-ebay.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-5008848479096266685</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 09:13:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.463-07:00</atom:updated><title>Grow Your Adsense Piggy Bank 30 to 300 A Month</title><description>Maybe you?ve had your own ?Aha? moment with Google Adsense.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I had mine earlier this year when I realized I could make more than just pocket change by featuring those now familiar ad blocks on my websites. I had worked hard building my content oriented niche sites and had expected to make decent affiliate income?which never materialized.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You see, most people online (including you and me), are looking for information. I call them ?lookey-loos.? They want to gather information before making a purchasing decision. This is normal behavior. However, if you are looking to earn or make online money via a web site affiliate program, you?ll quickly realize that it takes a lot more than slapping banner ads and links on your site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although, I?ve made a modest amount of affiliate income, it didn?t seem enough to make it worth my while, in spite of what the affiliate marketing ebook gurus said. That?s the point where I decided to put Adsense on my sites. Got nothing to lose, right?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At first I was like ?Cool. A few pennies a day in the piggy bank.? I didn?t have to do anything extra for it, so it was kind of an easy way to make some ?spare change.? I didn?t care how much I made each day. Anything was better than looking at a big fat zero.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then something changed. The money accumulating in my Adsense account began to grow. Hmmm. Maybe there?s something more to this Google Adsense thing than I realized. Adsense seemed like a pretty decent opportunity to make money online.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is when I got serious about the potential to make money with Google Adsense. I know I?m just one of thousands of website publishers that has recently discovered that this is one of several ways to make extra money.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So here many of us sit, anxiously checking our stats to see how much money we?ve made today. What is our CTR (click through rate)? How much are we getting paid per click? And so forth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While we all hear the tales about those making thousands per day or month with Adsense, most of us web publishers, here in the trenches, are not blessed with having a gazillion visitors that produce big fat checks. We are trying to steadily grow our modest Adsense income fairly and honestly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But what is the secret to doing that?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;**WARNING: If you?re interested in information on how to make lots of money quick and easy using black hat techniques or using SPAM website generators, you can stop reading now**&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I believe that slow and steady wins the race?and, you?ll get to keep your Adsense account for the long run. Let me give you some perspective. Google is worth $120 billion. Google stock is now valued at over $400 per share. A good portion of their profit comes from pay-per-click advertising (Adwords). Yet, online advertising is still a relatively small percentage of total (U.S.) advertising dollars spent. However, things are rapidly changing. Online advertising will see steady growth for many years to come.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The potential windfall for online web publishers is enormous. A web publisher making $30 a month today, could be making $300-$500 per day in a few short years. Those who go for the quick, unethical profits now, but lose their Adsense accounts because of it, may be kicking themselves in the future. To me, it?s just not worth it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anyway, for those of you who think that you?ll never make it to that coveted $100 per month mark so that you can join the Google monthly check club, take heart. There?s still plenty of time for you to get there. However, you must get serious. You won?t make the big money if you?re treating your websites like a hobby.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ok. So, here?s some quick tips on what you can do to grow your Adsense profits (I?m currently making over $300 per month with Adsense by following this very strategy):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;=&gt; BUILD QUALITY CONTENT SITES&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Content is King.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You will not see good CTR without quality content. Put yourself in the visitor?s shoes. What?s the first thing you?ll want to do when you visit a crap website? Yeah, that?s right. Leave. Some web publishers believe that quality content doesn?t matter. That people will be less likely to click if they get good information at a site. This is not my experience. Some also believe that a crappy content site will cause visitors to click on Adsense ads to ?escape? a bad site. I think this is B.S. When?s the last time you clicked on an ad to escape someone?s site? It?s too easy to hit the ?back? button or close the browser.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Your job as an online web publisher is to give people quality information. The ads are an added benefit to your visitors. If they want more information on a product or service related to your subject matter, then they are more likely to click on an ad. They will trust your site more. And, yes, my sites consistently have really good CTR. That means ?high interest.?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;=&gt; BUILD MORE THAN ONE WEBSITE&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While a few lucky web publishers have hit the golden jackpot ($10,000 a month and up) with only one site, most of them had built up a very popular site over several years and already had tons of steady traffic (in the thousands). When they put Adsense on their sites, they saw instant big money, and they continue to reap the rewards.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You and I, down here in the trenches with fairly new sites, cannot realistically expect to achieve these lofty heights overnight. It?s gonna take a lot of work to get where they are, if we ever do. Even if we don?t, we can still make a nice enough income to achieve our desired financial goals. So quit obsessing over what so and so is making and focus on your own web publishing business.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now the truth is, the more quality websites you build, the more money you?ll make with Adsense. This goes for blogs too. If one site drops in clicks, then another site often picks up the slack. This is my experience. And these sites don?t have to be big money makers on their own, or get lots of traffic. It?s a numbers game. The more sites you build, the more opportunities you?ll have to reap Adsense profits. How many sites you build is up to you, but it?s not uncommon for successful web publishers to have between two and 10 sites, some have many more!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yes, this takes a lot of work. You have to research a niche topic, keywords, popularity potential, design a decent looking site, write or hire someone to write quality content, get your site listed in the search engines, keep monitoring your site, etc. So, you?ll be working some long hours in front of your computer. But think of it as building your online empire?one site at a time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you want more information on building niche websites, please read my article:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;?How to Build a Niche Web Site in 9 Simple Steps? http://www.1minutesolutions.com/Build_a_Niche_Web_Site.html &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;=&gt; USE HIGHEST PERFORMING AD BLOCK&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While you can test various Adsense ad block sizes and colors on your website, others have already done the research as to the top performing ad block. It?s the 300x250 rectangle. This block should be blended into your web page so that it doesn?t look so conspicuously like an ad. People hate ads. They don?t like to be sold to. However, if your ad blocks don?t scream ?advertisement? to them, they?re more likely to click. This has been proven.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The best positioning for ad blocks is at the top of the page (center position seems to get more clicks). Also, blue link color gets more clicks than any other link colors. But of course, you?re free to experiment with ad blocks on your own site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;=&gt; TWEAK AND UPDATE YOUR WEBSITES&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No website is perfect. You can always make improvements. Change or add new (relevant) information. If your website is ranking low, try adding new information. Search engines love websites that have fresh information. You don?t have to add something new every week, but you can tweak and update your sites periodically. I?ve had sites move into excellent search engine positions just by doing a little tweaking.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BEWARE of auto-generated feeds and content. Google is cracking down on sites that have too much automation. The search engines seem to love organic content that looks and reads like the web publisher put some personal effort into it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;=&gt; WORK ON GETTING MORE TRAFFIC&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I know. This is the 100-pound gorilla for all of us. By now you know it?s not easy getting web site traffic. Whole ebook empires have been built around this very subject. All I can tell you is that there are some proven techniques, but they take work and time. One of the best ways, and the method I use consistently to get great results is writing articles like this one, and submitting them to article directories and lists. It?s also a nice way to get new sites indexed relatively quickly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You MUST keep working on getting more traffic to your websites. Traffic=Clicks=$$&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I know it can be frustrating when your site traffic is in the single digit per day category. Look at it this way, there?s nowhere else to go but UP.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;=&gt; KEEP LEARNING&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An important KEY to increasing your Google Adsense profits is to learn as much as you can about the business of making money online with your website. Knowledge is power. There are plenty of generous people online offering free advice on how you can improve your Adsense income. One place I frequent is here: http://forums.digitalpoint.com/forumdisplay.php?f=27 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I wouldn?t be where I am now without taking full advantage of free and paid resources. Remember, you?re not alone. There are lots of folks going through the same thing that you are. If you are open to learning, you CAN move forward towards reaching your income goals with Google Adsense.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;=&gt; SET GOALS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you made $30 this month, set a goal to make $40 or $50 next month. If you made $80 this month, set a goal to make $100 next month. Having a monthly goal is a great way to stay motivated while you work on your website business. Trust me, I know. My first month with Adsense I earned a whopping $32.46. It took several months for me to make it into the monthly check club. However, with steady work, and determination to increase my Adsense income, that check has grown bigger every month.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;=&gt; HAVE RESPECT FOR ADWORDS ADVERTISERS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adwords advertisers respect web publishers who understand that the reason they allow their ads to show up on your website pages is so that you can help bring them quality prospects. Adwords advertisers are looking for a decent return on investment (ROI) for their Adwords dollars. They don?t have to run their ads on the content network. Google makes it easy for them to turn that option off?and many do.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, keep in mind that it?s in YOUR best interest to keep the Adwords advertiser?s best interest in mind when you build your websites. Advertisers want to see profits just like we do. They want some of those clicks to produce sales. If they don?t make enough sales, they will quit using Adwords. That leads to less money for web publishers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are some greedy, opportunistic web publishers out there who only care about filling their pockets with quick cash. They don?t care about how much money their SPAM pages cost advertisers when they send unqualified, or barely interested visitors, clicking onto the advertiser?s site. Poor quality website traffic may make some web publishers a tidy sum, but they risk being downgraded eventually by Adwords advertisers and Google itself. Google is giving their Adwords advertisers more tools to track clicks and sales conversions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Trust me, you want to be on the good list of web publishers that can be trusted by Adwords advertisers to consistently bring them qualified visitors. That?s what they are paying for. And, quit crying over low paying clicks. Google and their advertisers don?t owe you a living. If you want to make more Adsense money, then you?ll have to work smarter and harder.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;=&gt; BE PATIENT BUT PERSISTENT&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While Google Adsense is a great way to earn or make online money, it?s definitely not a get-rich-quick scheme. It?ll take months, maybe even a couple of years before you realize those big check dreams. Meanwhile, keep doing a little bit here and there to build a solid online business.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Actually, what we really do is provide a needed service to people?we provide quality information to help them find what they?re looking for quickly and easily. We help the ?looky-loos? save time and money. We are information providers extraordinaire!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What a great way to make a living.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;© Donna Monday&lt;br /&gt;The Best Information from Around the Web&lt;br /&gt;http://www.1MinuteSolutions.com &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/grow-your-adsense-piggy-bank-30-to-300.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/grow-your-adsense-piggy-bank-30-to-300.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-4525477576544393808</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 09:09:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.463-07:00</atom:updated><title>6 Steps To Picking Profitable Adsense Keywords</title><description>Knowing how to find the best keywords for use in your Adsense ads is not a straightforward process. Finding and implementing high profit, low competition keywords in your ads really is the trick for making Adsense payoff big.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The following process should yield profitable, low competition keywords for your Adsense ads. This process is not perfect, but when you analyze it and try it for yourself, you can see that it makes sense. Adsense that is.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Step 1 Research some keywords for your niche that have a high CPC value. To do this, first find your keywords using the Google Adwords keyword tool or another tool that will give you niche specific lists of keywords. Save those keywords into a spreadsheet program as a csv file. Copy and paste those keywords into Google's Traffic Estimator (you will need an Adwords account). The traffic estimator will give you the estimated clicks per day and the average cost per click (CPC) for each keyword. Copy and paste this information back into your spreadsheet file for later reference.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Step 2 Multiply the average CPC by 30% to get an estimate of your maximum earnings per click. The higher the average CPC, the more likely the CPC for the 2nd - 8th positions are high as well. You want this higher average CPC to start because if the CPC starts to drop off significantly after the 3rd position, your chance of getting high click earnings as an Adsense publisher will be diminished.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Step 3 Use any one of many tools available on the internet for helping to estimate the 1st - 8th position CPC values. These tools will estimate the CPCs for each position and allow you to see how much the CPCs drop off after the first position. This dramatically helps your analysis for picking the most profitable keywords. If the CPC values stay close to the each other and to the value of the first position, then you will more than likely have a profitable keyword.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Step 4 Now determine which Adsense ads occupy which positions. You can do this by searching on Google for your keyword and looking to see which Adsense ads are generated in the search results and in which order they are. Another way to estimate this is to use the Adwords Accelerator tool. It has a feature whereby Adwords ads are dynamically displayed for a given keyword you input into the tool to check. If the Adwords advertiser has used "Adwords for Content" in his advertising, these ads will be the Adsense ads someone else is displaying on their website.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Step 5 Compare the ads you found in step 4 to the results of using a keyword check function tool (available on the internet). If the advertisers you find by doing this closely match those you found in step 4, you will more than likely have a profitable keyword.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If the advertisers are not he same, then the advertiser is possibly not using the "Adwords for Content" mode of advertising in his campaigns. This means that the keyword may not be the basis for the Adsense ads and may not be profitable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Step 6 Now you must get the traffic. If you decide to get traffic using the Adwords approach, then just use the keywords in your Adsense ads that scored well from the above evaluation. Then, use lower cost per click keywords in your Adwords ads. The difference between the earnings from the click you get on your Adsense word from the cost of the click you pay on your Adwords word will be your profit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you are planning to use search engine optimization techniques to get traffic to the website where your ads are, make sure the keywords you choose have the highest KEI possible. KEI is the ratio of the number of searches for a keyword to the number of competing sites having the keyword. The combination of a high KEI and a high score from the above evaluation will yield the best profit results.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Copyright 2006 Sandra Le Vaguereze&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sandra Le Vaguereze is the webmistress of http://www.MakeMoneyOnlineAnywhere.net . &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/6-steps-to-picking-profitable-adsense_11.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/6-steps-to-picking-profitable-adsense_11.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-5099987855041255908</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 09:07:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.463-07:00</atom:updated><title>Adsense And Article Marketing</title><description>You?ve heard about the Adsense craze and decided that you are going to get your share of Adsense cash cow. You?ve either built a website or purchased one, and now you?re ready to rock! You submit it to every search engine and directory that you can think of, dreaming of thousands of surfers coming in from every engine on the planet. All begging to click your Adsense links and make you rich.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then you sit back and wait. And wait. And wait some more. Checking your stats daily hoping to see the rush of traffic pouring in. But for some reason it just doesn?t come.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The days of the above business plan working are long over. It might have worked in 1996, but in 2006 you?re going to have to do a lot more to promote your new website. There are still free traffic sources out there, but they want something in return to link to your new site. Content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is where article marketing comes in. The concept is simple. You write an article that?s relevant to your sites topic, inserting a link or two within the article or the articles footer, linking back to your website. Then you submit it to article directories. They in turn publish your article, giving you a RELEVANT link back to your site and possibly sending you some of their traffic.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many of the article directories out there have a lot of good traffic to share. They also can really help your Google Page Rank when it comes time for Google to rank your site. Google wants to see INBOUND links to your site from other sites with similar content. So the links these article directories can give you are crucial to the weight of your website in the long run.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But the article directories are just the first stop for your article. Almost all of the article directories encourage other webmasters to republish your content on their own sites with similar topics. So one article can really turn into literally thousands of inbound links over the months ahead. This snowball effect is exactly what we are looking for with each article we write.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Article marketing is only as powerful as your commitment to it though. To really build your site?s traffic and page rank you are going to need thousands, if not ten?s of thousands of inbound links. One or two articles is not going to do this for you. It?s going to take a daily time commitment on your part. As the owner of two different article directories ( http://www.articles.pn and http://www.articlescience.com/ ) , I can tell you that there are many article marketers out there submitting as many as ten articles a day in an effort to promote their websites. They obviously see the value of article marketing and they don?t intend to do the job halfway.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;?But Chuck! I can?t write an article!? I hear this all the time from my customers. Frankly, it?s an easy copout. What you?re really saying to me is that you don?t WANT to write articles. You don?t have to be an ex journalism major to write a short article to promote your website. Heck, you don?t even need to be a high school graduate. All you need to do is to be able to read and write. If you can?t read and write then you probably don?t need to be the owner of a website.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It?s very simple. Sit down and write about the topic of your website. Hopefully when you built or purchased your website you picked a topic that you?re at least interested in. It doesn?t have to be a topic that you?re familiar with, just something that interests you. If you?re website?s topic is something you know nothing about, do some research! Write an article sharing what you learned with other readers. You can start as simply as ?I didn?t know this, and you may not either?.?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you?re suffering from severe writer?s block, try using a tape recorder. Dictate things you would like to say about your site or your site?s topic and then transcribe what you recorded later. You can take the recording and edit it in writing and come up with a good article.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The bottom line is this. If you want to promote your new website without spending thousands of dollars, you must integrate article writing into your promotion plan. Without it, your road to success is going to be a lot more bumpy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Till next time,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chuck Crawford&lt;br /&gt;http://www.affiliatewebdesign.com &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chuck Crawford is an established expert in web design, traffic development and website financial analysis. He has been helping people design and develop their internet business since 1996.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This article may be reprinted freely as long as all links remain active.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://www.affiliatewebsitedesign.com &lt;br /&gt;http://www.articles.pn http://www.thegiftedone.com &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/adsense-and-article-marketing_11.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/adsense-and-article-marketing_11.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-1949142470607376110</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 08:57:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.463-07:00</atom:updated><title>5 Ways How You Can Boost Your Google AdSense Earnings</title><description>Google AdSense is a great way for webmasters to monetize their websites. While many webmasters are struggling hard to earn $3 - $10 per day, some 'genius' webmasters have already enjoyed $30, $100, and even $300 a day from AdSense ads on their websites. How are these 'genius' webmasters differ from their counterparts? They think different! They think out of the box! &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let me share with you some tips which has been responsible in boosting my AdSense profits by 700%. Here are 5 of them, and if you follow these steps, I'm sure you'll see a difference in your AdSense income. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here are the tips: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I concentrate on 1 format of AdSense ad, which is the Large Rectangle (336x280). This format has been proven to work with me in resulting high click-through rates (CTR). Why this format? Because the ads look like normal web links, and people are trained to click on these types of links. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I create custom palette for my ads. I choose white as the color for the border and background. This is because, all of my pages have white background. The idea is to make the AdSense ads look like they are a part of my web pages. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Previously, I put all my AdSense ads at the bottom of my pages. One day, I moved those ads to the top of the page. The result surprised me. My earning increased! Since then, I don't hide my AdSense ads anymore! &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I maintain some links to other relevant websites, and I put my AdSense ads at the top of the links, so that my visitors see them first. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I automate the insertion of AdSense code into my webpages using SSI (server side included). You'll need to ask your web administrator whether your server supports SSI or not. Here's how to do it. You just put the AdSense code in a text file, save it as 'adsense.txt', and upload it to the root directory of your web server. Next, call the code on other pages using a one line SSI code like this: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This trick is really a time saver especially for those who use automatic page generators to generate pages on their website. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here's a tool I use to generate thousands of pages on my website within seconds: http://www.adsense-insider-secrets.com/page-generator.htm &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Try these tips today, and I guarantee your AdSense earnings will improve. For more tips, you can visit my site at: http://www.adsense-insider-secrets.com &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mohd Fairuz maintains a website called AdSense Insider Secrets. On his site, he shares with his visitors free tips, secrets &amp; strategies how he managed to boost his Google AdSense earnings by 700%. Go to his website, and get the tips, free of charge at: http://www.adsense-insider-secrets.com &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/5-ways-how-you-can-boost-your-google.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/5-ways-how-you-can-boost-your-google.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-5406637068579086163</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 08:55:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.463-07:00</atom:updated><title>5 Reasons Many Adsense Sites Dont Make Money</title><description>With the huge success Google?s Adsense has been reaping, there are now only a handful of sites you?ll see that doesn?t feature Adsense on their sites. Everyone is hoping that they could make huge earnings from this pay-per-click affiliate program scheme Google has launched.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While there are many success stories (they are true) of sites that have generated good income from Adsense, there are still some sites that couldn?t grasp the real way of making an earning from Adsense.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is because many people have failed to generate the needed factors to create a successful site that compliments the features Adsense provides. Many webmasters just put up or create mediocre sites and place Adsense on their site and just sits back and waits for the cash to roll in.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If that is the mentality of a site owner, then he won't earn from Adsense. Remember, a mediocre site will also get mediocre earnings.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To finally realize the Adsense dream, a webmaster must produce a site that has the factors and characteristics needed to generate the traffic and clicks it needs to be profitable. There are many things a webmaster needs to do to achieve this and be one of the millions of sites who have successfully done so. But there are so much more things a site owner has failed to do to make their site more Adsense friendly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here are five reasons why many Adsense sites don?t make money.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1) There are no good keywords on the site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many sites have failed to do the very essence of search engine optimization, Good Keywords. The internet has many websites competing for the attention of the ?netizens? and many sites contain the same or almost the same subjects, topics or niches. To date, Google is searching at over three billion sites; good keywords can get you a good lead above all the other sites.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is essential that you research well on finding the good keywords your site can use to generate the traffic and get a high ranking on the search engines results. If many internet users are directed to your site, you get a huge opportunity to get great traffic. With traffic comes the profit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In making money you must spend some. Invest in a good program that searches good and proper keywords for your site. These keywords that people are looking for changes and varies, a good keyword searcher is an investment that just keeps on giving.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2) The site doesn?t provide a good niche.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To get the attention of the people, you must provide a site that can perk up the interest of the people. Adsense works well if you maintain a good number of traffic, you have to keep the people?s interest on your site and have a group of people to keep coming back to your site and have them recommend it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You must also find a niche wherein these groups of people are interested in. Find the right niche and you?ll find the right group of people that are willing to spend some money.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3) The site owner doesn?t maintain or update their site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You can only maintain the interest of a person for a short period of time. Many websites have failed to keep up the traffic they generate for their failure to keep their site updated. Immerse yourself in your niche and try to find out what?s new and what?s hot.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You have to serve something new to the people or if not, try to keep abreast with the developments of your niche or maybe add some sub-niches on your site that still pertains to your niche to get new traffic and keep the attention of your clients in your site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4) Some website owners don?t provide the full attention to their Adsense sites.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many people just see their sites as a way to earn some extra money. You have to treat Adsense sites as a full size business to make it big. With the heavy competition you have, a good webmaster should treat their site as if it is their main source of income but still maintain a good schedule of their time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5) Many webmasters have failed to devout time and research to their Adsense site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many elements are needed to build a successful Adsense site. Good keywords and the right niches can roll in the dough, but this takes time and effort. It is imperative to devout a certain amount of time in looking for ways to develop your Adsense site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The internet is abound of sites that could help your own site. A little time, money and hard work can spell the huge difference between a successful Adsense site and a mediocre one.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kevin Anderson has been marketing online since 2002. He is the owner of http://www.onlinegoldfinder.com a program designed to help people find profitable niches to market to online. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/5-reasons-many-adsense-sites-dont-make.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/5-reasons-many-adsense-sites-dont-make.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-4492980932189141798</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 08:52:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.464-07:00</atom:updated><title>Pay Per Click and Google Adsense How To Build Your Website Profits With Targeted Traffic</title><description>With pay per click and Google Adsense you can build your affiliate marketing business with targeted traffic. This has become a very effective way to earn online profits. And if your website is rich with original quality content and you want to earn more profit, you can use Google Adsense to drive your profits.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Why Use Pay Per Click To Promote Affiliate Marketing?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Affiliate marketing is one of the simplest and one of the most effective ways to earn profits online. Online retailers can benefit from affiliate marketing programs, because affiliate marketing actually works for merchants as well as it works for the affiliates. Many affiliate programs pay up to 75% commission.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are many different methods on how the merchant can compensate the affiliate for their services, and for the webmaster, these methods simply are a great way to make cash using these types of services.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here are the 3 types of compensation with affiliate programs:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Pay-per-click&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Pay-per-lead&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Pay-per-sale&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The pay per click method is the method most preferred by many affiliates, for their site?s visitor would only have to visit the advertiser?s site for them to receive money if the visitor clicks on one of the ads. In general this is how Google AdSense works. The traffic is targeted with the right type of original content on the webmasters website.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The other two methods, (pay per lead) and (pay per sale) on the other hand, are sometimes preferred by merchants, as they would only have to compensate you if your visitor becomes one of their customers or if the visitor would actually purchase their products or services.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Building large profits with affiliate marketing programs does not depend so much on the compensation method as it does on the targeted traffic generated to your site. A website that can attract more targeted visitors would generally have the greater chance of profiting in affiliate marketing programs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How Does Google Adsense Relate To Pay Per Click?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Google Adsense is actually an affiliate marketing program in its own right. With Google Adsense, Google acts as the intermediary for the affiliates and the merchants. The merchant, or the advertiser, would simply sign up with Google and provide text ads pertaining to their products and services. These ads, which are actually links to the advertiser?s website, would then appear on Google searches as well as on the websites owned by the affiliates, or by people who have signed up with the Google Adsense program.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You can find some aspects that are similar with Google Adsense and other affiliate marketing programs and you can also see a lot of differences. With Google Adsense, all the person has to do is put some code on their website and Google takes care of just about everything else.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The ads that Google places on your site will generally be targeted and relevant to the content of your site. This is an advantage for both you and for the advertiser, as the visitors of your site would more or less be interested with the products or services that are advertised.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Google Adsense is a program that compensates the affiliate on a pay-per-click basis. The advertiser pays Google a certain amount each time their ad on your site is clicked and Google then forwards this amount to you with checks, although only after Google have deducted their share of the amount. Google Adsense checks are sent monthly after the affiliate has reached a total of $100. Google Adsense helps with a tracking tool that allows you to monitor the earnings you actually get from certain ads.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Affiliate marketing programs and pay per click programs such as Google Adsense work very well, whether you are the merchant or the affiliate. For the merchant?s side, a lot of money can be saved if advertising effort is concentrated on affiliate marketing rather than on dealing with advertising firms. For the webmaster, you can easily gain a lot of profits just by doing what you do best, and that is by creating websites with original targeted content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;With this combination of profits from both the Google Adsense program and other affiliate programs, you could earn some decent income&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Copyright 2006 Dean Shainin&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dean Shainin is the owner of http://pay-per-click.deans-knowledgebase.com . Visit his site for free tools, resources and everything you need to know about setting up and managing pay per click campaigns, avoiding click fraud and maximizing your advertising results. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/pay-per-click-and-google-adsense-how-to.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/pay-per-click-and-google-adsense-how-to.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-7877590014985952550</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 08:50:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.464-07:00</atom:updated><title>Adwords Adsense SEO Common Denominator Keywords</title><description>If you have just put up a website, you probably all ready have heard words like: keywords, Google Adwords,GoogleAdsense, SEO. Adwords, Adsense, SEO have one thing in common ? Keywords. How important are keywords? Very Important. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Google Adwords &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adwords, be it through Google, Miva, or any pay-per-click search engines, you need keywords. With Adwords, you create a three-line ad ? 25 word title, with two 35 word lines of ad copy ? then you create your keywords. To get the hits, you have to brainstorm for different keywords, that are different but relevant to your target audience. Sound easy? It?s not. It takes time, patience, constant tweaking, and hoping that the product you are selling is not already saturated -- to much competition, makes it a little more difficult for the novice to make a profit. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Google Adsense &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Google Adsense is an advertising program created by Google, and which is beginning to be explored by other search engines, such as Yahoo and MSN ? that allows you to put targeted ads on your website. If someone clicks on the ad, you earn a small amount of money. These ads are keyword driven and are relevant to your webpage or website. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sounds simple? Well, not really. There is more too it than just putting an ad on your website and expecting someone to click on it. What?s involved? Let?s see ? color, position, style, to name just a few. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SEO &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Search engine optimization ? this for me has been a time-consuming process ? since I am still learning. SEO is keyword driven ? the search engines pull the keywords from your web copy ? not, to my surprise, from the meta keywords tag. Granted, I still use the meta keywords tag, but maybe in the near future, I will slowly eliminate the tag from my webpages? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The search engines do, however, pull information from Meta Description, Meta Title, and the content of your webpages. Thus, content does reign supreme. Since content reigns supreme, each page should contain useful content and most importantly, your most relevant keywords that you want to emphasize. Secondly, it is best to try and base your keywords around a central theme. I have found that when the keywords diverts away from the main theme ? that sends a red flag to search engines. So, if you want to look at your keywords and the density of the keywords on your webpage or webpages ? You can get a quick rundown at: http://www.ranks.nl/tools/spider.html . It?s a free tool, and very helpful.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To conclude, keywords is one of the main ingredients that leads people to your website, product, service and/or ad. ?AND, keywords based around your quality content will help with your positioning on your website.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vickie J Scanlon has a BBA degree in Administrative Management and Marketing. Visit her site at: http://www.myaffiliateplace.biz for free tools, articles related to affiliate marketing, ebooks, how to info, affiliate opportunities ? all aimed toward the affiliate marketer and the marketing process. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/adwords-adsense-seo-common-denominator.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/adwords-adsense-seo-common-denominator.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-1073223246965483327</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 08:47:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.464-07:00</atom:updated><title>What Can AdSense Do For You</title><description>In three words, earn you money. More relevant ads on your pages translate into more clicks and more money that you receive. Because when users click on an ad, Google will pay you. If you have set up your own sales team, you will get an additional benefit: AdSense complements their effort. It does not compete with them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;With AdSense, you get a report page that lets you know how your ads are doing and what they bring in.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Google have ads for all kinds of businesses and for every type of content.. You can also use AdSense in many languages..&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;AdSense has the ability to deliver relevant ads because the gurus at Google understand how web pages really work and they are continuously refining their technology.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When you put a Google search box on your site you start making money off of web searchers that people do on your site. This ability to search off of your page keeps them on your site longer, because they can search from right there where they are. It will only take you a few minutes to get AdSense up and running.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The best part, of course, is that AdSense is free for you to use.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You can increase you income substantially by using AdSense.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I was able to learn so much about this from a very easy to follow handbook called: ?Building Your Own Adsense Empire.? It is a ?must have? book for all of you who wants to get into AdSense.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This book can be found at: www.AdSenseCrow.com and teaches you all you need to know.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hege Crowton&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lille Hege is establishing her self as an expert copywriter. She is known for doing in-depth research before writing her articles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many of her articles are posted on www.EzineCrow.com and she also does a lot of writing for www.CrowSites.com .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/what-can-adsense-do-for-you.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/what-can-adsense-do-for-you.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-6632316551392318377</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 08:45:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.464-07:00</atom:updated><title>Blogger AdSense</title><description>Every body has some reason, why become a blogger. Like myself, I became a blogger because I want to share my opinion with somebody else. I can write and post my point of view about everything that amuses me. Beside that I can get chance to get some money too as a blogger. We can make our blog revenue with Google as an AdSense publisher. The following basic guidelines and term of service (TOS) rules: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.The blog must be functional.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Make sure your link work and your blog available to visitors without difficulty. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.The blog must supported language.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Indonesian Language currently not supported. The Supported language is English, French, German, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese, Japanese, Spanish or Chinese. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.Don?t put competing ads.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You can?t run other ads derived from search engine, or text ads that look like substantially similar to AdWord. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.The blog must not illegal Content&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Google prohibited the blog contains any pornographic, hate related, violent, cracking and hacking. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5.The blog must be professional.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Blog not only tell the story about your son and daughter, the content of the blog must contain content of some substance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, make some money from your blog, and remember don?t bomb the reader with ads, make the ads look nice to see and don?t make blog just for the money, make a good content too.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bunyamin Najmi is a Blogger who write article at http://bunyaminnajmi.blogspot.com .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/blogger-adsense.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/blogger-adsense.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-4570963882944190622</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 08:43:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.464-07:00</atom:updated><title>AdSense Tips For Bloggers</title><description>If you have joined the blogging revolution that is sweeping the net, and you think you might want to make a little revenue ? or a lot of revenue ? from your blogging efforts, you need AdSense tips for bloggers. Blogging has opened up an entirely new way of how non-technical people interact with the Internet, and now, anyone can publish anything about any topic ? without having a website ? and anyone can profit without even having a product!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adsense for blogs make perfect sense. Google?s advertising programs are designed to work with sites related to the keywords for the ads that are being presented. Each time you add content to your blog, the Google spiders gobble it up. The more you update, the more the Google spider visits your page. Ultimately, you move up in the SERPs (Search Engine Results Pages) for the topics that you write about. You see where this is going. The higher your search ranking, the more traffic you receive, which ultimately leads to higher revenue from AdSense ads.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The beauty of blogs is their potential for rapid growth. If you become known as an expert in your area of expertise, word of mouth spreads quickly and your blog can become very popular. So it is vital that you always teach something with every blog entry. You want your readers to come back frequently and they will if they know they will learn something. Not only will your readers bookmark your blog and return often, but they will link to your blog enthusiastically as well. People in forums will refer to your blogs and discuss what they learned. Websites will link to you as a valuable resource. In short, an informative blog can grow very quickly if the information it provides is valuable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is important to write about specific topics, and sprinkle your blog entries with specific keywords to get the best results ? and the highest revenue ? with your Google AdSense ads. There is a method to the madness. Start your revenue generating blog by testing the waters. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Decide what area you would like to write about and then do some keyword research. Research is easy if you use Google?s keyword tools found at https://adwords.google.com/select/KeywordSandbox . The keyword tools are located in your Google AdWords account. Yes, you need a free AdWords account to be successful but you don?t have to fund it to use the keyword tools. Look for keywords related to your subject that are high paying. These are keywords where the bid amounts are high. Make a list of the top paying keywords, and use that list to determine what topics you will write about.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Remember, you want people to visit your blog time and time again, and build up a readership, make sure that your blog is well written and informative. Don?t just target keywords for the sake of targeting keywords ? the writing needs to make sense! Writing valuable content is the first step to generating traffic to your blog, and traffic is needed to profit from AdSense ads!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You are allowed to use the AdSense ad units in two different places on each page. You can accomplish this in a couple of different ways. First, you can add the AdSense ad code to the template for your blog. This is done through the control panel for your blog, and some knowledge of HTML is needed. The other option is to paste the AdSense code directly in your blog post each time you submit a new post. You can use it once at the top and once at the bottom, or once after a few paragraphs of the post, and again after a few more paragraphs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Get that code in there however you see fit ? but then pay close attention to the results so you can see what is working and what isn?t. Tracking is everything if you want to make real money! &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Of course, you need to advertise your blog as much as possible as well. Make sure that you provide Trackbacks to other people?s blogs as often as possible, and that you visit blogs, leave comments ? and leave a link for your blog as well!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Discuss this topic in the ReveNow AdSense Forums: http://www.revenow.com/forums/ &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ReveNow.com is an AdSense marketing resource ( www.revenow.com ) covering AdSense, AdWords, affiliate marketing, and SEO. Discuss this article in the AdSense Forums: http://www.revenow.com/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=5 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/adsense-tips-for-bloggers.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/adsense-tips-for-bloggers.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>mybestresources@gmail.com (All Things About)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125403199647453274.post-391570219491876282</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2007 08:40:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2007-10-21T06:28:10.464-07:00</atom:updated><title>5 Proven Strategies To Skyrocket Your Adsense Earnings</title><description>Would you like to find out what those-in-the-know have to say about Adsense? The information in the article below comes straight from well-informed experts with special knowledge about Adsense. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Think about what you've read so far. Does it reinforce what you already know about Adsense? Or was there something completely new? What about the remaining paragraphs? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If webmasters want to monetize their websites, the great way to do it is through Adsense. There are lots of webmasters struggling hard to earn some good money a day through their sites. But then some of the ?geniuses? of them are enjoying hundreds of dollars a day from Adsense ads on their websites. What makes these webmasters different from the other kind is that they are different and they think out of the box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The ones who have been there and done it have quite some useful tips to help those who would want to venture into this field. Some of these tips have boosted quite a lot of earnings in the past and is continuously doing so. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here are some 5 proven ways on how best to improve your Adsense earnings.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Concentrating on one format of Adsense ad. The one format that worked well for the majority is the Large Rectangle (336X280). This same format have the tendency to result in higher CTR, or the click-through rates. Why choose this format out of the many you can use? Basically because the ads will look like normal web links, and people, being used to clicking on them, click these types of links. They may or may not know they are clicking on your Adsense but as long as there are clicks, then it will all be for your advantage.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Create a custom palette for your ads. Choose a color that will go well with the background of your site. If your site has a white background, try to use white as the color of your ad border and background. The idea to patterning the colors is to make the Adsense look like it is part of the web pages. Again, This will result to more clicks from people visiting your site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Remove the Adsense from the bottom pages of your site and put them at the top. Do not try to hide your Adsense. Put them in the place where people can see them quickly. You will be amazed how the difference between Adsense locations can make when you see your earnings.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Maintain links to relevant websites. If you think some sites are better off than the others, put your ads there and try to maintaining and managing them. If there is already lots of Adsense put into that certain site, put yours on top of all of them. That way visitor will see your ads first upon browsing into that site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Try to automate the insertion of your Adsense code into the webpages using SSI (or server side included). Ask your web administrator if your server supports SSI or not. How do you do it? Just save your Adsense code in a text file, save it as ?adsense text?, and upload it to the root directory of the web server. Then using SSI, call the code on other pages. This tip is a time saver especially for those who are using automatic page generators to generate pages on their website.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These are some of the tips that have worked well for some who want to generate hundreds and even thousands on their websites. It is important to know though that ads are displayed because it fits the interest of the people viewing them. So focusing on a specific topic should be your primary purpose because the displays will be especially targeted on a topic that persons will be viewing already. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Note also that there are many other Adsense sharing the same topic as you. It is best to think of making a good ad that will be somewhat different and unique than the ones already done. Every clickthrough that visitors make is a point for you so make every click count by making your Adsense something that people will definitely click on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tips given by those who have boosted their earnings are just guidelines they want to share with others. If they have somehow worked wonders to some, maybe it can work wonders for you too. Try them out into your ads and see the result it will bring.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If others have done it, there is nothing wrong trying it out for yourself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Is there really any information about Adsense that is nonessential? We all see things from different angles, so something relatively insignificant to one may be crucial to another.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About The Author &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sinta Makah is a Full Time Adsense Publisher and She Makes her living from Adsense. She is passionate about sharing her Adsense Knowledge. Further information may be obtained from:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://www.mydomainname101.com/adsense_technique.htm &lt;br /&gt;http://www.mydomainname101.com/Improve-Adsense-Earnings.htm &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://all-things-about.blogspot.com/2007/09/5-proven-strategies-to-skyrocket-your.html" rel="tag"&gt;Technorati&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
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