Top Destination Nepal

Religious Sites

2008-10-23T20:07:00.000-07:00

In Nepal, religion permeates every facet of life with festivals, daily rituals, family celebrations and religious observances. At every step one can see temples and shrines, processions and devotional music. Although Nepal is famous as the world’s only Hindu Nation, it is an intricate and beautiful tapestry woven of Hinduism, Buddhism and other faiths loving together in tolerance and harmony.

Pashupatinath Temple
Shiva, the destroyer, is historically the god most worshipped in the country. He may be worshipped as the holy ascetic, depicted with his consort Parvati and holding a trident and a small drum or more often in the form of the linga, an elongated stone representing his generative powers. The most important linga is situating in the holy shrine of Pashupatinath to west of Kathmandu. In front of Shiva temples one usually sees a statue of Nandi, the divine bull that serves as Shiva’s vehicle. Another popular form of Shiva in Nepal is the terrifying Bhirav. Different aspects of Bhairav plays major roles in many of the Valley’s festivals.

Vishnu, whose primary duty is to assure the preservation of the world and all living forms, is believed to have visited the earth ten times, each times as a different incarnation or avatar. He is often depicted as a boar, a tortoise ,a man-lion and a fish-his four animal incarnations. Throughout South Asia he is most often worshipped in two well-known human forms: prince Ram the hero of the epic Ramayana and the pastoral god Krishna. In Nepal he is often worshipped in his omnipotent form of Narayan, and in some of his most lovely images is seen astride the man-bird Garuda his vehicle.

The archetypal mother or female, goddess in of particular importance in Nepal. She is worshipped in many aspects: as Durga, protector and slayer of the buffalo demon, as Taleju, patron deity of the Valley rulers, and as Kumari, and the living virgin goddess. . Other female goddesses include Laxmi, goddess of wealth and Saraswati, goddess of knowladge and arts. Another widely venerated god is elephant-headed Ganesh, the remover of obstacles and the source of good fortune. Other deities such as Red Machhendranath, are special to Nepal alone and are celebrated with unique local festivals.

Swayambhunath
There is a variety of Buddhist practices in Nepal, the Buddhism of the endemic Newar people, perhaps related to the ancient Buddhism that passed out of India one thousand year ago; the Buddhism of the Sherpa, Tamang and Tibetan people and the relatively modern incursion of Theravadin or Southern Buddhism.

The central beliefs and practices date back to the time of its founder, Prince Siddhartha Gautam who was born in Lumbini in the southern Terai in about 534 B.C. Until the age of 29, the young prince led a sheltered life in the palace of his father, completely unaware of the problems and suffering of the world outside his palace wall. One day he convinced his charioteer to take him outside the palace, where he was shocked at the sight of an old man, a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic. The realization of the true misery of the world persuaded the prince to abandon his luxurious life and goes into the forests to seek enlightenment to end human suffering. For many years, Gautam practiced asceticism without success. One night beneath a pepal tree in the forest of Bodh Gaya he became enlightened. Henceforth known as Lord Buddha, the ‘enlightened one’ he traveled around northern India and southern Nepal preaching the Middle Path to enlightenment. At the age of eighty he passed into the final enlightenment.

Lumbini
Lumbini, the birthplace of Siddhartha Gautam. The Shakya prince and the ultimate Buddha, the Enlightened One, is the pilgrimage destination of the world’s millions of people faithful to all schools of Buddhism. UNESCO lists this nativity site, identified by Indian Emperor Ashoka’s commemorative pillar as a World Heritage Site.

The main attraction at Lumbini remains the Sacred Garden ,which spread over 8sq km and possessing all the treasures of the historic area. The Mayadevi temple is the main attraction for pilgrims and archaeologists alike. Here we find a bas relief of Mayadevi, Buddha’s mother giving birth to him. Standing west to the Mayadevi shrine is the oldest monument of Nepal, the Ashoka Pillar. Emperor Ashoka erected the pillar in 249BC to commemorate his pilgrimage to the sacred site. To the south of the pillar, we find the sacred pond, Puskarni, where Queen Mayadevi had taken a bath just before giving birth to lord Buddha.

There are other places of interest too nearby. It is accessible by air from Kathmandu to Bhairawa. From Kathmandu it takes about eight hours by bus or car.

Muktinath
It is believed that all miseries / sorrows are relieved once you visit this temple (Mukti=Nirvana, Nath=God). The famous temple of Lord Muktinath lies in the district of Mustang and is situated about 18km northeast of Jomsom at an altitude of about 3,749m. The main shrine is a pagoda shaped temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Set into the wall around it is 108 waterspouts from which pour holy water. The temple is situated on a high mountain range and is visited during fair weather. There are two ways to get to Muktinath from Kathmandu. Either take a direct flight from Kathmandu via Pokhara to jomsom and hike for a 7-8 hours via Kagbeni or to trek all the way from Pokhara which takes 7-8 days. It is believed that one should visit this temple after competing pilgrimages of four Dhams in India. This temple held sacred by Hindus as well as Buddhists. The Jwala Mai temple nearby contains a spring and an eternal flame fed by natural gas underground. Jomsom is a major center in the Annapurna region. There is a world-class accommodation facilities in Jomsom from where one can enjoy remarkable natural beauty.

Gosainkunda
One of the most famous pilgrimage destinations of Nepal is Gosainkunda lake which is situated at an altitude of about 4,36m. The best approach to Gosainkunda is through Dhunche, 132km to the northeast of Kathmandu. Dhunche is linked with Kathmandu by a motorable road. Surrounded by high mountains on the north and the south, the lake is grand and picturesque. There are other nice nine famous Lakes such as Saraswati, Bhairav, Sourya, Ganesh Kunda etc.

Devghat
Devghat is a popular pilgrimage spot situated at the confluence of the Kali Gandaki and Trisuli rivers. It lies just north of the Chitwan National Park. During the Magay Sakranti festival in January, Hindu devotees gather here to take holy dips in the river. There are a number of scared and history sites around Devghat which provide interesting side trips: the Triveni temple and Balmiki ashram where the great sage Balmiki had his retreat, the Someswar Kalika temple and fort, Pandavanag where the protagonists of the Mahabharat once lived and the Kabilaspur fort built by the old kings of Palpa.

Manakamana
This temple place at an altitude of 3900 ft. offer very good views of the Ganesh, Manaslu and Annapurna group. The surrounding village though is a mixture of 20th century Nepali bar rock and 2nd World War aftermath. Every day hundreds make the journey to worship at Manakamana's Bhagwati Mandir. For Nag Panchami, in late July or early August, celebrants construct an entire shrine out of flowers and foliage. Visiting Manakamana is a very Nepali thing to do, and even if you don't sacrifice a goat you'll feel like you've received an initiation into the society.

Pathibhara (1763 m.)
Pathibhara situated at the top of Kutidanda and Haaspokhari in Mechi Highway is called as small Pathibhara regarded as the younger sister of Pathibhara in Taplejung. From this hill covered with green forest one can have a view of Terain plains, Mahabharat Range and Mount Kanchanjunga. This place with plenty of transportation facilities seems to have abundant feasibility for Gliding. Thousands of people pay homage to the goddess Pathibhara daily.

Jaleshwar Mahadev
This historic of Jaleshwar lies in the city of Jaleswar, the headquaters of Janakpur zone. Jaleswar Mahadev is one of Nepal’s prominent places of pilgrimage and is mentioned in the Hindu epic, Padam Purana.

According to legend, a hermit named Jagadish arrived in the lonesome forest of Jaleshwar and had a dream in which he was directed to conduct excavation at the spot. In accordance with the dream, he began digging and soon found an image of Jaleshwar Mahadev. He then built a temple with some gold, which he brought from a place called Sunukhadagarh.

Just in front of Jaleshwar Mahadev temple there are two sacred ponds, called Barunsar and Kshiresar. During the Ram Navami Bivaha Panchami feativals, thousands of pilgrims assemble at these ponds.

Dolakha Bhimsen
In the upper part of Dolakha Township lies the temple of Bhimeshwar, popularly known as Dolakha Bhimsen. The people of Dolakha regard Bhimeswar as their supreme lord. The roofless temple houses a Shiva Linga, underneath which is a holy pond. Fairs are held at this temple on such occasions as Bala Chaturdashi, Ram Nava, Chaitra Astami and Bhima Ekadashi. During the Dashain festival, goats are sacrificed here.

Approximately 200 meter from the Bhimeshwar temple is the temple of Tripurasundari where devotees assemble during the festivals of Chaitrastami and Dashian. Only the priest of this temple is allowed a glimpse of the image enshrined within.

Swargadwari
In the western part of the district of Pyuthan (Rapti Zone) lies Swargadwari, a place of Hindu pilgrimage. Swaragadwari lies almost 26 kilometers south of Khalanga Bazar, the district headquarters of Pyuthan. During the festivals of Baisakh Poornima and Kartik Poornima, when pilgrims from different parts of Nepal and India come to pay homage

land of yati

2008-09-21T20:38:00.000-07:00

There are many things one can use to represent its country. If you ask anyone about it, one might probably think of things his/her nation created. The Americans might say their corporate ways, the massive great wall and large scale production for the Chinese, Indians might say the ayurveda, and their skilled IT workforce, the Germans their cars, and high tech machinery. With each country having their own specialty; the list is endless. Now speaking in context of Nepal, that is if I were to represent my own country how would I do it. With the savagery of the khukuri? The might of the Gurkha? The great Himalayas? The birthplace of Buddha? Or will it be this unheard, rarely used word "the Yeti"? Yeti suggests a magical creature, sighting of and encounter with the mystical yeti is not uncommon. Almost a year ago, an American expedition near the Everest base camp found a foot print which they claimed to be that of the yeti. The Himalayas has long been known to be the homeland of the yeti, vivid description of encounters with an immensely fast, strong, dark man like creature is often heard. And if you ask anyone in these regions about the existence of the yeti they will definitely have something to tell you whether it be an anecdote or folklore. And when asked why with all the profound evidence no one has yet captured a yeti, I was told the yeti possesses supernatural powers. Bizarre as it sounds with all the fantasy and no facts proving the existence of the yeti, what has compelled people in believing in the yeti? How did it even come into being, and why even the wisest of people believe in it. Late Sir Edmund Hillary was convinced that a creature such as the yeti exists and even reported seeing one in his Everest expedition. Nepal is one of the smallest countries in the world, with its meager contribution to the world economy and added by the fact that it is mostly hills, mountains and deep dark forests. Nepal is a dot in the world map. Few people in the world know of it, few people know of its beauty and the others who have heard of its deep deadly crevices, savage rivers that carve their way through the misty mountains to the sunny plains, ultimately gave Nepal an identity. It became a mystery. This mystery has been well woven to bring many mysterious creatures to life. Stories of whirling wind in unclimbed mountains, large wandering beasts of burden, undiscovered cascades giving rock faces new, shapes and people’ imagination have only added to this mystery and without any doubt found magical stones of power, mythological artifacts, God itself and maybe the yeti too. I believe the Yeti is part of that mystery that was shaped from the very foundation of a nation and the people that live in it. It is a surreal mystery that seems so true because of Nepal’s geography, its people, and how Nepal is perceived to be by the outsiders, the mystical land of the yeti.

Daman

2008-09-11T19:40:00.000-07:00

Daman has some of the most fantastic views of the Himalaya. It has a great view of the mountains from Dhaulagiri to Mt Everest. Daman is halfwaay between Kathmandu and Hetauda. It is definitely a worth visiting.

Daman is situated 80 kilometers south- west of Kathmandu at an altitude of about 2400 meters. Daman is located on the Tribhuvan Highway in between Kathmandu and the town to Birgunj. For the view of the Breath taking grandeur of the world's highest peaks extending in one glittering are from far-east of Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) there is no better place than Daman. There is a view tower fitted with long range telescopes. Daman can be reached in four hours from Kathmandu because of mountain highway. However it worth visiting the area after watching the landscape of the Himalayas with having luxurious accommodation and cuisine of International standard there if one wish to stay overnight.

Travel to Daman:
Daman by car is about three hours from Kathmandu and four hours from Hetauda. It makes a nice day trip from Kathmandu to come here by car for the day.

Kakani

2008-09-11T19:39:00.000-07:00

Kakani is another good location for viewing the mountain scenery. Only two hours north-west of Kathmandu, one can see the mountain landscape of central Nepal, a vast collection of majestic peaks stretching from Ganesh Himal to the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges. There is an unusually perfect blending of the imposing mountain scenery with the more sylvan environment of the lower valleys. Rhododendrons growing wild on the mountain slopes begin to bloom in late winter and stay in bloom for several months, giving the village even more charm.

Dhulikhel

2008-09-11T19:37:00.000-07:00

BRIEF ABOUT DHULIKHEL AND ITS HERITAGE

Location:
Dhulikhel is the smallest municipality of Nepal in terms of population. It is situated only 30 km east of Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal on the Arniko Highway at an elevation of 1,550 metre above the mean sea level and along the ridge that seperates the valley of Banepa and Paanchkhal. According to census of 1991, there were 9,664 population living in 1,616 households on an area of approximately 1,087 hactres. The projected population of Dhulikhel for the year 2000 is about 11,000.
How to Reach ?
It takes about forty five minutes to reach Dhulikhel in a taxi or private car, or two-and-a-half to three hours by bicycle from Kathmandu. On the way, one can enjoy the spectrum of Nepalese landscape from lush green rice fields to the women washing clothes and winnowing grains, children carrying water in clay jugs or playing lively games.
Dhulikhel: The Gateway to Tibet
Dhulikhel has for many centuries been an important trading centre on the ancient commercial route linking Nepal to Tibet. Since time immemorial, people of Nepal travel to Tibet to bring home salt and gold. Likewise, the Tibetans every year with their flocks of sheep enter into Nepal during Dashain, the greatest Hindu festival. They purchased chilies and other daily necessities in Nepal and return to their homeland. In those days, a whole day walk from Kathmandu to Dhulikhel was comfortable for Tibet trippers with easily available of food and water at Dhulikhel at the evening for overnight stay. Even now, a bird's eye view from the resorts at Dhulikhel to the landscapes; highway to Tibet and horizons far to the Tibetan borders, clearly exhibits Dhulikhel as the gateway of Tibet. After adjoining with Tibet by motorable road in 1965, Dhulikhel got a face lift and developed as a tourist destination both for Tibet trippers and tourists. Many travel agents operate tours to Tibet. And of course, Dhulikhel is an ideal station to stop for overnight stay while going to Tibet and coming back to Kathmandu.
The Mountains - A Tourist Paradise
The spectacular snowfed mountains seen from Dhuklikhel must be one of the finest panoramic views in the world. When a blue haze covers the lower portion of the mountains, they seem to be floating in the air. With the snowy mountains on the backdrop, Dhulikhel is a stage of immense beauty and a paradise for nature lovers. Green inviting hills of which still virgin and some turned into beautifully carved agricultural terraces cater to the beholders' pleasure. Geographically, the plains rise up gradually up to the green mountains and further into the snow capped Himalayas. The panorama offers a majestic undisturbed views of the Himalayan ranges stretching from Mount Annapurna in the far west to Mount Karolung in the far east. More than twenty Himalayan peaks including Mt. Annapurna (8091) m), Mt. Ganesh Himal (7429 m), Mt. Langtang (7234 m), Mt. Phuribichyachu (6637 m), Mt. Gaurishanker (7134 m), Mt. Lhotse (2516 m) and many others can be seen in their full glory from the different vantage points in Dhulikhel. In short, it is the foremost point for the mountain-oriented sight seeing since time immemorial. The eco-himalayan atmosphere will surprise any one an unforgettable experience in lifetime.
Dhulikhel is an exotic place to magnify a dramatic and beautiful changing color of the mountain range from gray to silver and to gold with the rising of the sun. Both sunrise and sunset views are really breathtaking and sensational.
To enjoy the best mountain views, one should get up at dawn and watch the changing light as the sun reaches the southern side of the mountains. Many people walk up to the Kali Temple (half an hour from the town) where one can see a breathtaking view of snow-fed peaks from Annapurna to the Everest range. But one can also enjoy this view nearly as much in the comfort of many hotel roof-tops and terraces.
The Old Town
The oldest area of the town, the southern end, is an assembly of fine old Newari houses, often occupied by 20 or more members of the local extended families. They may not all have glazed windows, hot water or modern furniture, but they have dignity and a friendly atmosphere. Their most valuable assets are the beautifully carved windows and doors, fine examples of traditional Newari craftsmanship.
As one wanders down the traffic free narrow streets, one passes through a medieval city inhabited for at least five centuries and may have a feeling that he is in the garden of cultural theme park. The plan of the city is based on ancient Hindu planning doctrine with the position, shape, scale & dominance between buildings, temples, public squares all having their own meaning and harmony. The artistic skill and urban ethos of its Newar inhabitants have created a place of charm and beauty. Here, people greet the visitors, with smiles and a leisurely pace of life. The cobbled lane and worn brick buildings, and the open yards surrounded by the traditional houses with flower pots, old pagoda-style temples with glittering gajurs and a typical mountain lifestyle of the people speak silently of the rich history and the cultural heritage of the people. This all creates an aura, which is unique, but at the same time blends so well into what is often described as Nepali Style.
There are organically developed compact settlements around Dhulikhel. These settlements in one hand conserved heat in the cold valley, and at the same time maximized land for agricultural use. One of such old settlements is Shrikhandapur, which lies 2 kms west of the core city near the Kathmandu University, and is also a centuries old Newari settlement. The settlement is protected by Swet Bhairav (an incarnation of Lord Shiva) and Narayan (Vishnu) deties.
Temples
There are numerious temples in the town depicting an example of traditional and old Newari craftsmanship of Dhulikhel. These are important places of worship for local people. The core area of Dhulikhel has interesting narrow cobbled streets and lanes embedded with number of Hindu Shrines and a few Buddhist Stupa.
In the centre of the old town is the Narayan Temple with its yellow metal roofs. It is dedicated to Lord Krishna whose birthday is joyfully celebrated here in August. Alongside is the Harisiddhi Temple whose God responds to the worshippers' problems and sees their good and wrong doings. Both the temples are adorned with profuese wood carvings and fronted by two Garudas in quite different attitude. Bhagwati Temple situated at the top of the western part of the town is considered as one of the best place to see around Dhulikhel and also to enjoy the best mountain views. The Gaukhureshwor Mahadev Temple is about 20 minutes walk to the east of the town near Tundikhel Recreation Park and is located in a peaceful and quite environment. It is probably the most scenic religious centre, beside a small river surrounded by trees. Further up hill, one reaches, within half an hour trek, the Bhagwati (Kali) Temple. This is a beautiful pagoda that one can see on the skyline as one drives into Dhulikhel. One can get a bird's eye view of Dhulikhel town and other surrounding areas from this height. This is one of the best sites around Dhulikhel for viewing snow-fed peaks from Mt. Annapurna to Mt. Everest range, sunrise, sunset and the ever changing play of light on the sky and hills in a fine twilight show. While going to Bhagwati (Kali) Temple, again about 100m from the Tundikhel Recreation Park lies 'Buddha Vihar', a Buddhist Monastery amid lush green 'Dipendra Greenery Park', where cool breeze whispers an ambience of eternal peace and tranquility. About 9 kms from Dhulikhel on the way to Palanchowk Bhagwati lies a holy temple of 'Sankat Mochan Hanuman', the Monkey God, which represents symbol of courage & strength practiced through true celibacy.

WHY DHULIKHEL A HUB FOR ECOTOURISM ?

What is Ecotourism and Why Ecotourism ?
According to World Tourism Organisation (WTO, 1989), tourism has been the world's third largest industry after oil and vehicle production that contributes about 12% of the global GNP. Nepal is one of the best touristic destination in the world because of its geographical diversity, unparalled natural beauty, enormous biological resources, distinct cultural heritage, live culture, religious diversity, splendid hospitalities etc. and tourism is the main source of foreign currency earning. The rich natural and man-made heritage have made our country an unique tourist spot for the foreigners. Our image as the country of Mt. Everest, the birthplace of Lord Buddha and the country of Hindu Kingdom has rendered as a distinct competitive edge in tourism industry. Although tourism in Nepal started developing towards 70s, the economic impact of it have been found to be concentrated in only few destinations and the benefits from the tourism to the local people in term of income generation and employment opportunities have been received only in few mountainous areas. Further, due to the lack of well planned tourism development, it has not only destroyed the environment but also the local culture, historical art and music, which are essential to the communities' ambience.
"Tourism in Nepal has created three different environmental problems, first overcrowding of campsites and littering along trekking trails, thereby resulting in sanitation problems, second increased consumption of firewood by trekker and lodge owner thereby accelerating regional deforestation and thirdly the erosion of indigenous socio-cultural structures and tradition" (A Legislative and Environmental Framework for Environmental Management in Nepal, IUCN, Nepal).
Without the development of comprehensive program for the regulation of the tourism, Nepal may loose some of its very scenic and other attractive environmental qualities, which are the essence of its appeal as a popular tourist destination.
Now, the global travel and tourism industry is becoming increasingly influenced by the need to protect the environment and social-cultural values. The western world is conscious about the ecology and environment. Green marketing concept is working very effectively. Thus, the environmental and socio-cultural concerns in recent years have given rise to the concept of "Eco-tourism", which is believed to be coined by Hector Ceballos-Lascurian in 1983, who defined ecotourism as:
"Tourism that involves traveling to relatively undisturbed natural areas with the objective of admiring, studying and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any cultural features found there".
According to the Ecotourism Society, 1991, ecotourism is a nature based travel defined as "the responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well being of local people".
Wood (1980) described it as "purposeful travel to natural areas to understand the culture and natural history of the environment, taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem while producing economic opportunities that make the conservation of natural resources financially beneficial to local citizens".
Boo (1991), explains that ecotourism should be participatory and nature-oriented and stresses the importance of maximizing the local benefits. The second line of thought is that ecotourism should be entirely ecologically responsible, leaving no impact on the ecosystem it accesses (Zell, 1991).
"The approach will be in accordance with the principle that the local population must be made custodians of their own environment" (Sherpa et. al. 1989)
From the above said, it is very clear that if tourism is to be sustainable and natural and cultural environments are to be conserved, tourism management needs to be integrated with community development and benefit the local inhabitants themselves and this can be achieved only through ecotourism. Some definitions and characterizations of ecotourism are as follows:
" Ecotourism is a subset of Nature tourism in which conservation and tourist interests work together to preserve environmental quality while mutually protecting tourism
" Ecotourism is purposely focused on enhancing and maintaining natural systems through tourism. It is a contemporary strategy that is vital to the maintenance of healthy ecosystems.
" Currently the term ecotourism is apt to be used as a catchhall applied indiscriminately to almost anything that links tourism and nature.
" Ecotourism, narrowly defined, is a nature-oriented tour program based on Nature and Archaeological resources. In a broader sense, it would include indigenous or local culture as a natural resource
" Ecotourism, a new tourism strategy that balances development and economic gains, is seen as a new force that can benefit both nature and developing destinations.
Since recent past, it is because of the increasing concern of the people about environmental and socio-cultural damages, eco-tourism has become popular to minimize the negative impact of tourism. This fact has been realised by His Majesty's Government of Nepal and Ministry of Tourism and National Planning Commission have also emphasized on the promotion of eco-tourism in Nepal. Among others, the following are the benefits to be received from the ecotourism:
" Ecotourism consists of nature and village tourism. 90% of the people of Nepal live in the villages. Hence, villagers are the backbone of Nepal. Without development of villages and village resources, the national development is not possible. Village tourism will assist to develop villages through tourist trade and business. It will provide employment opportunities, generate income for rural people including to poor and disadvantaged group and uplift quality of life thus helping in national tourism development and poverty alleviation program of the government
" The revenue generated through tourism activities will assist in conservation of biodiversity and natural environment, which is the key objectives of ecotourism.
" Ecotourism will help to minimize conflicts between hosts and guests and tourism quality will improve and will have contribution in foreign currency earnings even in rural areas.
" Women are more related to the natural environment than men as they are the principal users of the firewood, fodder and other natural products. In this context, the involvement of women in promotion of ecotourism is must, which means lots of women will also get employment opportunities and generate income
" Ecotourism will help to establish several indigenous industries, cash crop farming, milk production etc., which will again generate additional income for the local people.

Why in Dhulikhel ?

The first destination of most of the tourists visiting Nepal is the capital city of Kathmandu and whole of the Kathmandu valley is becoming more and more overcrowded and polluted. The valley is converting into a chaotic "Concrete Jungle". Hence, there is a growing need to develop a touristic destination in a nearly pollution free environment to diversify the centralised stay of the tourists in Kathmandu valley. Nagarkot, Kakani and Dhulikhel could be such nearest touristic destinations. Out of these three destinations. Dhulikhel is the most idyllic hill destination because of its locational advantage and natural gift. Besides, it is a medieval city full of ancient heritage and rich traditional socio-cultural millieu, which both Nagarkot and Kakani lack and also the industries that Dhulikhel is seeking are tourism related.
Dhulikhel already has about 24 hotels and resorts, and visitors can find accommodation ranging from the budget class to luxury lodges/resorts. These resorts have hospitable staff, lovely gardens with peaceful and pleasant environment, neat and clean rooms with attached bath running hot and cold water, STD, ISTD, money exchange facilities and mailing services. They serve popular menus - Continental, Chinese, Indian and exquisite Nepalese cuisine. They also have conference halls for seminar, training sessions, workshops and meetings. But, tourists in Dhulikhel come through the personal contacts of the individual resort promoters. There is a cut-throat competition and there is no joint efforts of the hoteliers for introducing an efficient marketing strategy to promote Dhulikhel as one of the best touristic destination. Because of this lack, Dhulikhel has not gained due recognition and popularity among the local and foreign travel agents and they are selling other destinations like Pokhara and Nagarkot.
Further, except few short treks, walking through old city and watching mountains, there are no such recreational activities/programmes run by hoteliers, which attracts tourists more and prolong their numbers of days of stay. Hence, until and unless the Dhulikhel Dream Land Project (discussed in separate Article in this Souvenir) is not realized and the Ecotourism (Nature and Village Tourism) is not introduced in Dhulikhel, the desire to make Dhulikhel an idyllic touristic hill destination will remain only in dreams.
Potentials and Prospects of Ecotourism in Dhulikhel
There is tremendous potential and prospects of Ecotourism in Dhullikhel because of the following privileges and advantages Dhulikhel has:
" Very close, only 30 km away from Tribhuvan International Airport at Kathmandu
" An easy and smooth drive from Airport along the newly constructed Arniko Highway
" Dhulikhel has all the prerequisites such as good hotels/resorts, good hospital, one of the best universities "Kathmandu University" including best water supply system and is bestowed with beautiful natural landscapes, awesome view of majestic snowclad peaks, thick forests and tranquil rural settings.
" The major features of Dhulikhel is the pollution free environment and village atmosphere
" The Dhulikhel municipality covers an area of 1,087 hactre of land out of which 50% of the area is slopy area, more than 30 degree with terraces, 40% is covered by forest and agriculture and remaining 10% of the area includes residential, commercial and institutional areas.
" The municipality is surrounded by villages with floral and faunal diversities and the settlement is composed of various ethnic groups dominated by Tamang caste.
" Dhulikhel has a forest area of 150 hactare, which includes "Thulo Ban" (Big Forest) and Gokhureshwor Community Forest in ward no.1 (12.4 hacture). The scattered bushes of rhododendron (national flower) and other diverse type of plants and orchids have further enhanced the beauty of these forests.
" Bird and Butterfly Watching: There is a great range of beautiful species of exotic birds found in the woodlands of Dhulikhel. Also there are many varieties of butterfly in the fields, gardens and woodland, including some rare species. In all the resorts/hotels, one can admire the winged creature fluttering from tree to tree.
" Deers, foxes, ant eaters, squirrels, porcupines, mongoose, pheasants and sometimes tigers and leopards can be seen in the forests of Dhulikhel.
" Most of the people inside and outside Dhulikhel are involved in agriculture and animal husbandary. They have poor economic status. Hence, ecotourism in Dhulikhel will have dual benefits-protection of the natural beauty/biodiversity and upliftment of economic status of urban and rural population by keeping the tourism and environment in harmony. This way, the environment will benefit from the tourism and tourism will benefit from the environment.
" Mountain Biking: Dhulikhhel is a paradise for people who love two-wheeled adventure. This place provides some of the world's most challenging terrains for mountain bike trips. There is no other place in Asia that offers such a diversity of terrain passing through ethnic groups with ancient living culture and backdrop of mighty Himalayas.
Mountain biking is a joy with hill trails and rough road radiating in all directions from Dhulikhel. Some popular routes are Dhulikhel - Panauti - Dhulikhel, Dhulikhel - Banepa - Nala - Dhulikhel and Dhulikhel-Namura-Dapeha-Panauti-Banepa-Dhulikhel.
" The River and Rafting: With two hours drive from Dhulikhel, one can have an exciting rafting experience easily arranged by the Hotels and resorts of Dhulikhel at Bhote Koshi. The 'Bhote' signifies as river from Tibet.
The Bhote Koshi is the main branch of Sunkoshi river which heads-on very steeply before Kodari as a youthful mountain torrent. It then becomes quite and relaxed as the gradient gradually eases before Dolalghat. The upper valley above Barabise is impressively steep and narrow with some dramatic and scenic gorges. Driving along the highway and a cursory look at the river is truly awesome. Emerald green fields on terraced valley, precipitous slopes, and inquisitive villagers on suspension bridges are in fact the matters of amazement as one plunges through cascading waves. A half day long rafting is a really pleasant trip where one can behold blue river, few small rapids and gleaming white beaches waiting with barbecues.
Thus, Dhulikhel can be developed as a Model Touristic Area by introducing eco-tourism and protecting the environment, and socio-economic condition of the area benefitting the hoteliers and the entire urban and ruaral people in and around Dhulikhel.
2.4 Why Dhulikhel a Hub for Ecotourism ?
It is evident from Sections 2.2 and 2.4 above that Dhulikhel itself has a very high potential and prospects for ecotourism. Further, Dhulikhel is surrounded by culturally and naturally abundant places as described below to develope it as a hub for ecotourism, with the centre of stay of tourists at Dhulikhel. These places around Dhulikhel can be reached both by walking and through excursion by car/jeep.

Walking

(1) Trekking Namobuddha:a Historical, Religious and Cultural Tour/ a Adventurous Nature Walk. Namobuddha is the historically important place where a prince sacrificed himself for the sake of a sick and hungry tigress and her cubs. One can still find an old historical stone slab depicting the whole story of Namobuddha. This is an important Buddhist shrine attracting many pilgrims. Candidly, Namobuddha is a Buddhist retreat and a pilgrimage site perched atop a hill. Namobuddha, which means, "Hail to Buddha" has been a holy site from century and will be for next millennium.
A one-day mini trek out of Dhulikhel to Namobudha is an exciting way to see the glimpse of typical Nepalese lifestyles of country side. It gives the advantage of trekking without any problems of arranging porters, lodging or food. The country side is idyllic due to green fields and blue sky; wind carrying the smell of sun warmed grasses, incredibly steep walled valleys. The voices of the village people calling each other and a woman singing while she works in the fields and her children playing aside are equally noteworthy to observe. As one passes through the trails, one will see traditional Nepalese houses made of clay of various color and hard working people toiling in their fields. One can get the real taste of what life is like in most parts of Nepal. One may feel he is kissing and embracing the beauty of nature. May be one of the best memories, one will take back home from Nepal will be the feeling of incomparable peace and tranquility.
While going to Namobuddha one can also visit the organic vegetable farming at Phulbari.
There are actually two important sites here. One is the white washed stupa and another is the prayer chapel at the end of the roadway. People enjoy sipping "chiyaa" (tea) and watching Buddhist pilgrims spinning prayer wheels and reciting "mantras" as they encircle the stupa.
A trail from this site climbs up for about five minutes to the other site of the hill where there are several more stupas which is considered as a retreat center for Buddhist monks. An ancient carved stone reflecting the legend of Namobuddha is still there which highlights the historical momentous of Buddha who was moved by compassion at the pitable sight of a tigress and her cubs that he offered his own body as food.

(2) Panauti Trekking (2 hours walk):

The historic and ancient small township of Panauti is located at the confluence of two rivers namely Roshi and Punyamati at the south east of Dhulikhel and is the manifestation of urban design, elegant architecture and refined culture of Nepal in the 12th century. The entire city is an important centre for Hindus and is beautyfully adorned with "Patis" (open-air rest houses), natural waterspouts, ghats and temples. The statues and the temples raised along the bank of the holy rivers are beyond description. Panauti is famous for the recently restored Indreshwor Mahadev Temple, particularly well known for its classic design. It is believed that the temple of Indreshwor Mahadev was built over the Shiva Lingam in 1294 at the beginning of the Malla period. This is another ancient city that has been planned according to ancient Hindu doctrine.
One can have a nature walk to Panauti and return by bus via Banepa or can combine it with walk to Namobuddha.

(3) Trekking from Nagarkot to Dhulikhel:

A trek (about 5 hrs) from Nagarkot to Dhulikhel via Banepa and Nala is another exhilarating nature walk from where awe-inspiring panoramic view of entire Kathmandu Valley together with Phulchowki, Nagarjun and Shivapuri ridges can be seen against the northern boundary of Majestic Himalayas. The moderate trail passes mostly downhill and at some points it descends rather steeply. Ridges are followed all the way to Nala and import continuous views into the valley. The trail goes on through Ghimiregaun. Even in the month of February, some of the trails may look a bit muddy and slippery. One should not miss a visit of Chandeswhori Temple while venturing to Banepa. Similarly two major Temples an outstand four storeyed temple of Nala Bhagwati and a Buddist Shrine of Lokeshwor also known as Nala Karunamaya are to be visited at Nala.
(4) Trekking to Helambu:

From the rooftops of resorts & hotels having a north-east vista, one can enjoy the natural sloping terain and vast flat lands of Paanchkhal Valley. From here, one can undertake a wonderful trek towards the north to Helambu, one of the most beautiful Sherpa villages with awesome views of the Himalayan range. It is famous for its apples and the hospitality of its Sherpa people.
(5) Villages and Nature Walk:
As stated above, Dhulikhel is bestowed with such a rich natural serenity and vista that one can also enjoy very short treks through nooks and crannies where there lie spots full of natural settings, woodlands, ponds and view points. One of such spot is Gosainkunda, a holy pond with half an hour walk from the centre of Dhulikhel.
Other suggested short walks are
" Kali Temple Hill
" Gaukhureswar Temple
" Dhulikhel Historical Town etc.

2.4.2 Excursions by Jeep

(1) Palanchok and Palanchok Bhagwati: With half an hour drive from Dhulikhel towards Tibetan border at Lamidanda, a small road turns right to Palanchok hill. There lies the most beautiful and important Hindu goddess Bagawati with eighteen arm. Bhagawati is worshipped as a demon slayer and taken as a goddess of protection from danger and misfortune.
The statue of Palanchowk Bhagwati is one of the most famous goddess in Nepal. A stone inscription on a courtyard pedestal indicates as 503 AD during the Lichhavi Era. His Majesty's Government of Nepal has honoured her by highlighting her statue at the postage stamp of Nepal. Thousand of devotees from different parts of Nepal visit the temple to worship the goddess.
( 2) Changunarayan : Temple of the 8th century of Changunarayan is the oldest in the valley. Only half an hour drive from Bhaktapur to the top of a hill, the colourful view of the valley can be seen from the temple.
(3) Sulphur Springs: You can drive in about 3 hours to the Tibetan border at Kodari, stopping off to see the sulphur springs at Tatopani.
(4) Charikot and Jiri: At 3 hours drive is another beautiful natural terrain of Charikot and at 4 hours drive is Jiri. Both these places are some of those tranquil natural resorts where people go for picnic or nature watch. There are many beautiful spots around Charikot, like Kalinchowk, from where one can relish a never satisfying t]vista of natural display including the imposing presence of mount Gauri-Shankar. Jiri is the place which is also sometimes referred as the Switzerland of Nepal. It is also the gateway of the famous trekking route to the Mount Everest Base Camp.
On the way to Jiri, Kharidhunga is one of the interesting spots with many scenic and excellent view of the Himalayas.
2.5 Actions to be Taken by the Concerned Agencies
In order to promote the ecotourism in Dhulikhel, the following actions plan have been recommended :
" Consolidated efforts will be required from government authorities, international agencies and private sectors involved in tourist industry, hoteliers in order to develop Dhulikhel as an eco-friendly touristic destination. Comprehensive and integrated tourism development plan and program be formulated emphasizing on ecotourism for a sustainable tourism in terms of environments, economic and socio-culture in Dhulikhel including appropriate rules and regulation. A more detail study be conducted for the formulation of ecotourism development plan and program.
" A participatory approach involving rural and host population should be adopted
" A tourist information centre be established to inform tourists about local community, culture and other touristic information
" To involve the local people in ecotourism activities, public awareness program be launched together with the education on ecotourism and training programmes on how to provide services to tourists
" Periodic monitoring of the awareness generation programs be performed
" Tourism activities in the sensitive areas like forest should be planned systematically to reduce the stress on vegetation and wild life. For this, it is recommended to organize package tour with well trained guide
" The existing forest in Ward No. 3 of Dhulikhel Municipality could be developed as Safari Park and for bird watching activities.
" Appropriate solid waste and wastewater management systems be ensured.
" Infrastructure facilities like good roads, water supply systems etc. be ensured
" Shopping complex, local handicraft, curio shops etc. be promoted
" Cultural programs like traditional dance and plays based on the historical legend be organised
" Tamangs are the dominant population in the area. They have unique culture and tradition, which can be one of the potential factor to attract tourist. These groups be supported to build more monasteries in the village areas, which will again attract tourists. The income generated through such programs can be used to preserve the culture and cultural heritage
" Regular tourist coach services be organised from Kathmandu to Dhulikhel in order to attract budget travellers
" A modern new bus park to accommodate the number of buses coming to Dhulikhel be constructed.
" Reforestation programs should be encouraged. The plan and efforts of Rotary Club of Dhulikhel to maintain greenery and garden be supported by active participation with the regular plantation programs.
2.6 Conclusions

Dhulikhel possess excellent natural landscape and vista necessary for developing eco-tourism in the area. To enhance the richness of nature along with a recreational unit such as "Dream Land" will attract a large number of foreign as well as domestic tourist in Dhulikhel. It also lies as a center for other nearby touristic destinations and can serve as facilitating locale for trekkers, rafters, picnickers, nature lovers etc. In short, Dhulikhel has all the locational as well as environmental advantage to function as hub of eco-tourism activities in the region. Implementation of "Dream Land Project" and other complimentary components, as discussed above, will surely bring economic dynamism, employment generation and overall development of the region. The need is quick action from HMGN agencies and commitment and whole hearted support and motivation to private promoters from District Development Committee of Kavre and Dhulikhel Municipality as one of their priority development projects.

Nagarkot

2008-09-11T19:34:00.000-07:00

Nagarkot, located 32 kilometers east of Kathmandu, is one of the most scenic spots in Bhaktapur district and is renowned for its spectacular sunrise view of the Himalaya when the weather is clear. Visitors often travel to Nagarkot from Kathmandu to spend the night so that they can be there for the breathtaking sunrise. Nagarkot has become famous as one of the best spots to view Mount Everest as well as other snow-topped peaks of the Himalayan range of eastern Nepal. It also offers an excellent view of the Indrawati river valley to the east. With an elevation of 2,195 meters, Nagarkot also offers a panoramic view of the Valley and is described by visitors as a place whose beauty endures year round. Many visitors prefer to visit Nagarkot in the spring when surrounding valleys break out in a rich kaleidoscope of different coloured flowers. The flowers are beautiful against the serene backdrop of the snow-covered mountains. Ever popular among the tourists are the short treks and picnics which Nagarkot offers. Treks from Nagarkot are unique and delightful. For anyone who wants to have an adventure without exerting much efforts, a hike to Nagarkot's surrounding areas would be a good option. One can traverse short distances on trekking trails and come close to nature's wonders such as the outer of verdant forests, flower-covered meadows and unusual rock formations.

History Of Buddha

2008-08-04T18:45:00.000-07:00

* Chinese Buddha
* Laughing Buddha
* Gautama Buddha Quotes
* Life of Gautama Buddha
* Teachings of Gautama Buddha
* Japanese Buddha
* Tibetan Buddha
* Zen Buddha
* Buddha Yoga
* Buddha Statues
* Thai Buddha
* Nepal Buddha
* Gautam Buddha Birthplace
* Gautam Buddha Biography

1 Buddhism in China refers to various Buddhism schools that have flourished

since ancient times in China. These Buddhism schools have combined the

ideas of Taoism, Confucianism and other philosophies which became part of

the Chinese civilization. Chinese Buddhism has played an important part in

shaping the life of an average Chinese.
Chinese Buddha has an important role to play in the country of China where

he is revered as god. Originally born in Lumbini forest in Nepal Gautama

Buddha gained followers in not just India and Nepal but even China,

SriLanka, Thailand and a host of other countries.

Modern Chinese Buddha is a mix of Pure Land and Chan schools and the

most important sutra is the Platform Sutra which is the only Sutra written in

ethnic Chinese. China got its first taste of Buddhism when Emperor Ming

dreamt about a tall golden man with glow over his head and after this the

emperor send envoy to India to enquire about the doctrine of Gautama

Buddha which saw his statues and paintings make an appearance in China.

Chinese Buddha statues are not only popular in China but other countries

too where Gautam Buddha is worshipped. Buddhism has emerged as a

religion in the mainland of China which followed different gods and religions.

Chinese Buddha as fondly called gave a direction to the lives of millions of

Chinese.

All this seems to have changed the course of China which have become one

of the biggest followers of Buddhism.

2 Laughing Buddha
You must be wondering who Laughing Buddha is? Hotei or Pu-Tai, a celestial

Buddha is termed as Laughing Buddha and in the country of China he is

referred to as the Loving or Friendly One. Laughing Buddha has been

derived from an eccentric Chinese Zen monk who lived more than thousand

years back and since then has gained significance in the Buddhist and

Shinto culture.Laughing Buddha has been regarded as an incarnation of

bodhisattva and due to his protruding belly and jolly nature was given the

name laughing Buddha. Images of Laughing Buddha can be seen gracing

various amulets, temples and restaurants. The benevolent Buddha is also

regarded as deity of abundance and contentment.

Whenever you see an image of Laughing Buddha you can see it as an

image carrying a cloth sack filled with various precious items and is regarded

as the messiah of downtrodden, weak and children.

As per legendary sayings rubbing of Laughing Buddha fat belly is said to

bring luck, wealth and prosperity. In most of the statues of Laughing Buddha

you will see a smiling Buddha with pot belly exposed and it is known to bring

good luck and happiness.

Besides statues Laughing Buddha tattoos are pretty popular and you might

across certain people adoring the tattoo of this smiling Buddha on their body.

Laughing Buddha Yoga has also gained popularity and is aimed at beginners

and seasoned yogis. This too has added to the popularity of Yoga and that

of Laughing Buddha too.

3 Gautama Buddha Quotes
Gautama Buddha Quotes are pretty popular and lot of people search for

them and try to imbibe them in their lives. There are a lot of famous quotes

on Gautam Buddha related to love, anger, happiness and suffering.
Some of the popular quotes of Gautama Buddha are as follows:

Gautama Buddha quotes on happiness
We are shaped by our thoughts; we become what we think. When the mind

is pure, joy follows like a shadow that never leaves

Gautama Buddha quotes on anger
You will not be punished for your anger you will be punished by your anger
Gautama Buddha quotes on suffering
He who loves fifty people has fifty woes; he who loves no one has no woes

Gautama Buddha quotes about love
A family is a place where minds come in contact with one another. If these

minds love one another the home will be as beautiful as a flower garden. But

if these minds get out of harmony with one another it is like a storm that

plays havoc with the garden

Virtue is persecuted more by the wicked than it is loved by the good
Peace comes from within. Do not seek it without
You yourself, as much as anybody in the entire universe, deserve your love

and affection
Hatred does not cease by hatred, but only by love; this is the eternal rule

4 Life of Gautama Buddha
Not much details are available regarding the life of Gautama Buddha but it is

said that he was a historical figure who lived around 5th century BC in India.

Gautama Buddha life is divided into twelve glorious events and important

events of his life are described in paintings known as Twelve Great Deeds of

the Buddha's Life.It not only depicts the progress of Gautam Buddha towards

spiritual enlightenment but also depicts the philosophy underlying the great

Buddha. It talks about the twelve important events in the life of Gautama

Buddha which changed him completely.

Born as Siddhartha Gautama he was also referred to as Sakyamuni and was

bestowed the title of enlightened one by his followers. Gautama Buddha is

believed to have lived between 563 BC and 483 BC.Life of Gautam Buddha

has been passed orally and was written in scriptures few hundred years after

his death. Buddhist scriptures narrate the life of Buddha and how his life

changed over due to certain important events which took place in his life.

It was at the age of 29 Gautam Buddha after visualizing the sufferings of

people and getting dissatisfied with his life left his palace to seek

enlightenment. After leading austere life for more than six years Gautama

Buddha realized that this was not giving him better understanding therefore

he left this and followed the middle path and he achieved enlightenment

under the Bodhi tree and therefore came to be known as the enlightened one

or Buddha.

For forty five years Gautam Buddha traveled across the Gangetic Plain of

central India and preached his findings and teachings. At the age of eighty

Buddha died in Kusinagar in India.

5 Teachings of Gautama Buddha
Gautama Buddha teachings have certainly caste a great impression on

people around the world
The basic teachings of Buddha can be summed up as under:

THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS

This truth was discovered by Gautama Buddha when he achieved

enlightenment

Nothing is lost in the universe
Everything Changes
Law of Cause and Effect

FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS

Nature of Suffering
Origin of Suffering
Cessation of Suffering
Way Leading to the Cessation of Suffering

NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH

Right view
Right intention
Right speech
Right action
Right livelihood
Right effort
Right mindfulness
Right concentration

These can be regarded as some of the important teachings of Gautama

Buddha which he gained as a result of his experience and findings over the

years.

6.Japanese Buddha
Japanese Buddha is dominant in the country of Japan and the history of

Buddhism in Japan can be summed up in three periods which includes the

Nara period, Heian period and post-Heian period. It is believed that

Buddhism was introduced to Japan in 584 BC when Buddhist text and

images were sent by King of Korea to Nihon Shoki.Japanese got their

Buddha through Korea and Japan and the present form of Buddhism in Japan

can be attributed to the Korean kingdom of Kudara of the sixth century.

Though Buddhism was welcomed in Japan but it didn’t spread among the

local people quickly owing to its complex theories.

The modern day Japan has more than ninety million people following

Buddhism but the religion does not affect their daily lives in a strong manner.

The form of Buddhism which dominates Japan is Mahayana and is also

known as the Buddhism of the Greater Vehicle. In modern Japan the main

paths of Buddhism includes Zen Buddhism, Nichiren Buddhism, Amidist

schools and Shingon Buddhism.
The main characters of Chinese Buddha are:
* It was not popular initially
* Japanese Buddhism was related to magical powers
* It didn’t not replace Kami and held in regard its power and existence

Buddha in Japanese is a revered soul and is worshipped by millions of

countrymen. Zen Buddhism has gained prominence in Japan and is one of

the well known forms of Japanese Buddhism outside the country.

Popular schools of Buddhism in Japan are:

Kegon
Tendai
Shingon
Jôdô
Nichiren Shu
All these have contributed to the popularity of Japanese Buddha to quite an

extent.

7. Tibetan Buddha
Tibetan Buddha or Buddhism refers to a body of religious Buddhist

institutions and doctrines of Tibet and Himalayan region which includes

states of Bhutan, northern Nepal, Russia, China and Mongolia. Tibetan

Buddha encompasses teachings of Mahayana, Hinayana and Vajrayana.
Tibetan Buddhism has spread to various western countries after China took

over Tibet. Tibetan Buddha was also known as Lamaism and it refers to

spiritual teacher in Tibetan. Tibetan Buddhism comprises of a number of sub

sects and schools and has become aligned with the hereditary nobility.

Modern Tibetan Buddha is practiced across Nepal, Bhutan, Tibetan Plateau,

Kalmykia and Mongolia and even in Ladhak and Sikkim situated in India.

Some of the popular school of Tibetan Buddhism includes:

Kagyu Nyingma Gelug Sakya

Its is a Mahayana Buddhist tradition which refers to the goal of all practice

for achieving enlightenment and the motivation behind the practice of

Mahayana is Bodhicitta which refers to the intention to emerge as

enlightened for the sake of all sentiments. The Buddhist of Tibet follows the

true nature of reality which is known as the Madhyamika Prsangika.The

history of Tibetan Buddhism dates back to the fifth century and one of the

earliest documented influence of Buddhism in Tibet dates back to the era of

Songtsän Gampo. He is known to have married a Chinese Buddhist princess

and it was Songtsän Gampo who founded the first of the temples of Buddhist.

8, Zen Buddha
Zen Buddha is considered to be more of a philosophy since Zen followers

don’t worship any god. Zen Buddhism is practiced by Samurai religion

followers who meditate to uncover the meaning of life. Zen Buddha has a

glorious past and it was derived from Buddhism and has been derived from

Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. In order to understand the true

meaning of Zen Buddha one needs to meditate to get to know its deeper

meaning.One of the closest translations of Zen Buddhism is contemplation

and the basic forms of contemplation is Shamatha and Vipshayana.

Shamatha
It is regarded as the preparatory measure of Vipshayana meditation.

Vipshayana
Here the meditator should not be interrupted by any other thoughts.

Vipshayana
This form of contemplation enables a person to find enlightenment

In Zen Buddhism its followers do not worship any particular god but worship

the complexity of mind and body. Following no faith has been derived from a

number of cultures prevailing in the east. Zen Buddha started off in Japan

and therefore it has borrowed certain aspects from the Japanese culture. It

might be a little difficult for a common man to understand the real picture of

this form of Buddhism but people who embrace Zen Buddha have a greater

chance of seeking enlightenment.Zen Buddhism refers to the school of

Mahayana Buddhism which has been known for its emphasis on acceptance

of the present moment, spontaneous actions and letting of judgmental

thinking. The emergence of Zen Buddha as a distinct school of Buddhism

was documented in China in the seventh century.

8.Buddha Yoga
Yoga and Buddhism are related to each other as they evolved in a similar

Indian spiritual culture. Swami Vivekananda was the one who was

responsible for bringing Yoga to the West and during this time he realized

that Buddhist sutras and Yoga has a lot of similarity. The name of Bodhi

Tibetan Yoga is more of a misnomer as it is not just one form of Yoga and as

the name suggests its practices certainly did not originate in Tibet.
In modern day Buddha Yoga is known more for its asanas and yogic

postures and is considered to be one of the popular forms of Buddhist

meditation just like Vipassana and Zen.Zen and Vipassana are form of Yoga

which deal with meditation practices and are not just part of the yogic system

but even its core teachings. It has appealed more to the Western culture.

Zen Buddha Yoga has been adopted by people who would like to understand

Yoga beyond its postures and look towards it as a way to understand the

deeper meaning of Yoga through its meditation aspect. There are numerous

yoga classes which teach Yoga Buddha to all those who are willing to get to

know the deeper meaning of life.

Buddha Yoga is aimed at helping in understanding the meditation traditions

created for helping to transcend rebirth and karma and realize the true

meaning of consciousness. One needs to dissolve their ego and return to

reality which is not just limited by seprate self.

One must get connected to Yoga Buddha to understand the true meaning of

life through its meditation techniques and get connected to the true inner self.

9. Buddha Statues
The earliest known Buddha statues were created using stone. Ancient

Buddha statues can be seen Buddha with garb hung close to his body with a

shaven head and sporting a thick top knot. These statues of Buddha were

either standing or in a seated position with crossed legs in a yoga posture or

on a lion throne. Some of the other popular postures of Buddha are the lotus

posture. Buddha statues created under the Gandhara School of art had open

eyes with a little circle between the brow and Lord Buddha statue had a

moustache with earlobes and a heavy cloak worn around his chest which

was hung deep in folds and the gesture of the image was either in Dhyana,

Abhaya, Bhumisparsa or Dharmacakra Parvartana pose.

Some of the popular statues of Buddha are:

Meditating Buddha Statue
Also known as the Amitabha Buddha it is known to symbolize wisdom and

serenity where Buddha is seated in a lotus posture with his hands placed in

lap as a gesture of meditation.

Manjushri Buddha Statue
This Buddha statue shows him brandishing a flaming sword in his right hand.

Akshobhya Buddha Statue
Representing Sakyamuni you can see Lord Buddha touching the earth with

his right hand and can be seen sitting in the Akshobhaya posture

Vajrasattva Buddha Statue
This statue of Gautam Buddha shows him holding a Vajra in his righ hand a

bell in his left hand

Bhaishajya Guru Buddha Statue
In this statue of Gautama Buddha you can see him offering fruit of myrabolan

with his right hand.

Besides stones statues of Lord Buddha has been caste in metal and alloys

such as gold, silver, brass and other metals besides wood.

10. Thai Buddha
Thai or Thailand Buddha refers to Buddha statues which have either been

created in or are seated in the country of Thailand. It was during the

Sukhothai period when Thai Buddha gained prominence and during this era

Lord Buddha was symbolized as elegant body with oval face and slender

body. Here the anatomical details have not been emphasized keeping in mid

the spiritual aspect.During this era Thai Buddha statues were caste in metal

rather than being carved. It was during this period that the walking Buddha

pose became popular and artists of Sukhothai followed defining marks of

Buddha as they were set in ancient texts of Pali.

Given below are some of the attributes of Thai Buddha derived from Pali

texts:

Head
Egg shaped

Hair
Similar to scorpion stingers

Nose
Parrot's beak

Earlobes
Lengthened due to royalty earrings

Eyebrows
Similar to drawn bows

Eyelashes
Similar to a cow

Chin
Similar a mango stone

Hands
Similar to blooming lotus

Fingertips
Like petals

Thighs
Like banyan tree

Legs
Similar to a deer

Skin
Smooth

Using all these features Thai Buddha was created. One can find numerous

Thai Buddha statues on sale symbolizing these very features which earned

him the place of god.

11. Nepal Buddha
Siddartha Gautama or Gautam Buddha as he is proudly called was born in

Lumbini forest in Nepal in 560 BC. He was named Siddhartha and was raised

up in the kingdom of Kapilavastu. Her mother Maya gave birth to Gautama in

Lumbini in a garden beneath the sal tree. The day on which Gautama Buddha

was born is celebrated in Theravada countries as Vasak. He spent 29 years

as the Prince of Kapilavastu during the period which he married Yasodhara

who gave birth to Rahula. In Hinduism Gautama Buddha is regarded as the

reincarnation of Vishnu. Since he was born in Nepal he is also referred to as

the Nepal Buddha. A few years back a teenage boy meditating under a tree

in south central Nepal was sighted and is being regarded as the

reincarnation of the great Buddha. He has also earned the nickname of

Nepal Buddha. The boy named Ram Bahadur Bamjan was witnessed sitting

cross legged in posture of Buddha under a peepal tree. The tree under which

he has been worshiping is festooned and the air gives the smell of incense

sticks.Besides Nepal Buddha he is also known as the Buddha Boy since he

is just a teenager and has drawn curiosity from world over since he has

meditated for over ten months without food and water. People have been left

wondering whether he is the incarnation of Gautama Buddha or not.

12. Gautam Buddha birthplace
It stated that Gautam Buddha was born two hundred years before King

Ashoka reign. Birthplace of Gautam Buddha is regarded as Lumbini in Nepal.

It is said that when his pregnant mother Maya was leaving Kapilvastu to

deliver Gautama at her father’s place she gave birth to a beautiful child in the

gardens of Lumbini below the sal tree. The child was named Siddhartha who

later on came to be known as Gautama Buddha. It was hermit Asita who

declared that the child would either become a great king or a holy man.
The birthplace of Gautam Buddha is situated on the foothills of Himalaya in

the kingdom of Nepal and the day on which Siddhartha Gautam was born is

celebrated as Vesak. King Ashoka visited the Lumbii forest and constructed

four stupas and stone pillars with horse figure on top of it.Lumbini, the

birthplace of Gautam Buddha remained neglected for centuries before a

German archaeologist discovered the famous pillars in 1895 in the foothills

of Churia range and on further excavation a brick temple and sandstone

sculpture was discovered within the temple which depiction of Buddha’s birth.

On the south of the Maya Devi Temple is Puskarni which is the famous

sacred bathing pool and it stated that Maya Devi took a bath in this pool

before delivering the baby. I 1996 a flawless stone placed by Emperor

Ashoka was discovered which was placed in 249 BC to mark the birth of

Buddha 2,600 years ago.

A visit to the birthplace of Gautama Buddha not only leads to spiritual

enlightenment but also brings peace in life.

13.Gautam Buddha Biography
Very little is known about Gautam Buddha. The biography of Gautam Buddha

has come to know through ancient scriptures which were written after details

related to him were passed by generations orally. It is stated that Gautama

Siddartha was a North Indian Prince who lived between 563 and 479 BC and

later on came to be known as Buddha or Enlightened One. It is stated that

Queen Maya died seven days after giving birth to Gautama and Prince

Siddhartha is said to have gone to Trayastrimsa Heaven and stayed there

for three months to preach supreme knowledge to his mother.
Astrologers had stated that Prince Siddhartha would become a great sage on

growing up if he came to know of the sufferings of mankind and in order to

prevent this from happening his father King Suddhodana tried to prevent

access of the outside world to Prince Siddartha and offered him all the

worldly pleasures so that he could turn out to be a worthwhile king but its

stated that nothing can change destiny but a visit to the kingdom changed all

where he saw the sufferings of mankind and he left his kingdom to go on to

become an ascetic.Lord Buddha tried self mortification for six years but

failed and traveled to Gaya and sat under a fig tree to gain enlightenment.

Here he achieved what he wanted and became Buddha, a person who was

released from consciousness of suffering.

It was at the age of thirty that Gautama Buddha left all his worldly belongings

and devoted his life for self denial and spent the rest of his life teaching his

disciples the Four Noble Truth and how they could achieve the state of

Nirvana. The rest as they say is history and Buddhism spread throughout the

world. This is the just of the biography of the great Gautam Buddha.

Welcome To Gautam Buddha

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Gautama Buddha or Siddhartha Gautam was the founder of Buddhism. This spiritual leader is regarded in high regard among followers of Buddhism as he left all worldly pleasures at a young age to become an ascetic. Though there is uncertainty over the birth date of this noble soul but it is stated that Gautama Buddha lived between 563 BC and 483 BC.

Gautam Buddha is also known as Sakyamuni and his teachings were passed orally and his collection teachings were mentioned in Triptika few centuries after his death. The main source of information regarding Lord Buddha can be had from various Buddhist texts. It is said that Gautam Buddha was born in Lumbini forest in Nepal under Sal tree and he was named Siddhartha on his birth.

The birth date of Gautama Buddha is celebrated as Vesak in Theravada countries. The name Siddhartha means one who achieves his aim and it was seer Asita who stated that Gautama Siddhartha would either become a great king or a holy man.

It is stated that Gautama Siddhartha led a pretty luxurious life as a prince and at the age of sixteen was married off to Yasodhara who gave birth to a son named Rahula and after staying in Kapilavastu for 29 years Lord Buddha left all worldly pleasures to live the life of the ascetic. After witnessing illness, old age, death and ascetic while moving on his chariot in his kingdom he decided to leave all the worldly pleasures and escaped with the help of his charioteer Channa on his horse Kanthaka and it is said that the hooves of the horse were muffled by the gods to prevent the guards about the leaving of Gautam Buddha and this particular event is termed as The Great Departure.

After leaving his kingdom Gautam Buddha lived the life of austere for six years and realizing that it was doing no good sat under the Bodhi Tree in Bodh Gaya where he achieved Enlightenment and came to be known as the Buddha or Awakened One. He is also referred to as the Sakyamuni Buddha. For the rest of forty five years Gautama Buddha traveled across Gangetic Plains and taught his doctrine to numerous people. This is how Buddhism spread across the world and Gautama Buddha came to be regarded a revered saint.

More About Buddha

Kathmandu Valley

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History on culture and religious

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Major forms of Art in Nepal
Architecture
The real architecture of Nepal is found in the Nepal Temples, stupas and other religious buildings and monuments. Nepal Temples are usually one of three types; pagodas, shikaras or stupas. Stupas are exclusively a Buddhist temple, but pagodas and shikaras may be Hindu or Buddhist. Buddhist temples are almost always surrounded by a wall with a defined entrance way. A wall of prayer wheels often surrounds the temple. Whether Hindu or Buddhist, these temples are not places of religious gatherings popular within Christianity and Muslim religions but are sites of individual worship.

Pottery
Pottery flourishes in Patan and Thimi, a locality near Bhaktapur. Common forms of pottery are terra cotta oil lamps used to light homes during the festival Dipawali, and flower pots decorated with peacocks and elephants.

Paintings
Thangkas, a more predominant form of painting, are popular among Buddhists in Nepal as well as in Tibet and date back to the late 14th century. These paintings on cotton are rectangular in shape and usually longer than they are wide. They are framed with three stripes of Chinese brocade of blue, yellow and red which represent the rainbow which separates sacred objects from the material world. Older Thangkas consisted of mineral-based colors, while current Thangkas are produced with vegetable-based or chemical colors. Frequent themes of Thangkas include images of Buddhist figures, mandala designs, the wheel of life design, or depiction of scenes or stories.

Bronze figures
Bronze figures, sometimes alloyed with copper, appeared in the valley around 8th century AD. These images usually represented religious deities or legendary figures. The most frequently used production technique is that of cire perdue, a form of wax casting. Images often contain embedded semi-precious stones, usually coral or turquoise, or are gilded with gold.

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Galleries and Museums

The Natural History Museum

Located in the western end of Kathmandu and a few minutes walk down from the famous Swayambhunath Stupa, the National museum has a large collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance. Initially built as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, the museum has an extra-ordinary collection of eighteenth and nineteenth century weapons, firearms locally made and captured from the various wars, leather canons and relics of natural calamities like great earthquake of 1934. In addition, the museum is the unique treasure house of medieval and modern works in wood, metal and bronze, stoneworks and the paintings.

The Natural History Museum

Situated at the southern foothills of Swayambhunath, the museum is a window to the natural history of Nepal. The museum has a sizeable collection of different species of animals, butterflies and plants. The special feature of this museum is a serial display of diverse life from prehistoric shells to the stuffed animals, birds, crocodiles and many other interesting exhibits. It is open on all the weekdays except Saturdays and government holidays.

Patan Museum

Located in the palace complex of Patan Durbar Square, the Patan Museum is a house to some of the unique medieval works in bronze. The earliest specimens date back to 11th century or even earlier Lichhavi period. Most of the exhibits are deities from the Buddhist pantheon like images of Buddhas and Lokeswore. And in the lesser number, there are icons from Hindu pantheon like Vishnu and other deities

Nepal Art Council Gallery

Situated in Babar Mahal- on the way to Tribhuvan International Airport, the Gallery has an excellent space area for exhibitions. The gallery holds exhibitions of paintings and sculptures. The gallery is noted for the display of works of selected artists of the country and abroad.

Buddhism in Nepal
Buddhism has significant number of its residents in Nepal. Approximate 26% of the population practises Buddhism, specially Tibetan form of Buddhism. Nepal can be said to be the meeting point of Indian and Tibetan streams of Buddhism. This is not surprising for Nepal is in close proximity to Tibet. Fine Buddhist art has also hugely developed in Nepal. Ethnic groups residing in Central Nepal are mostly the followers of Buddhism. Buddhism in Nepal has also been influenced by Hinduism, another dominant religion in Nepal.

History of Nepal Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama, who founded Buddhism, was himself born in an ancient kingdom of Nepal. The country's closeness with India ensured that it became a treasury of Buddhist Sanskrit literature. Emperor Ashoka of India had established a pillar in Lumbini, the birthplace of Lord Buddha. Gradually, Buddhism became a dominant religion in sparsely populated northern areas of the country.

Buddhist Pilgrimage Sites in Nepal
Nepal hosts several Buddhist pilgrimage sites which are highly revered by the Buddhists. Ancient stupas of Swayambhunath and Bodhnath are considered most sacred among Nepali pilgrimage sites.

Kapilavastu
Kapilvastu, a historic town, is closely associated with Buddha's life. It is located about 250 km from Kathmandu and 25 km from Lumbini. It was here where Siddhartha Gautama, who later became Lord Buddha, was born in the sixth century B.C. Lord Buddha lived in Kapilvastu to the age of 29. Today the town is visited for religious, cultural and archaeological importance

Lumbini
Divine feelings like spirituality and holiness occupy one's heart when one is in Lumbini. Included among the world heritage sites, Lumbini has rich natural backdrop and impressive architectural beauty. The city, located in South-Western Terai of Nepal, is one of the most important Buddhist pilgrimages.

Svayambhunath
Swayambhunath, located west of Kathmandu is a pilgrimage held in high esteem Swambhunath can be literally translated as 'self-existent Buddha'. The grand stupa tells how Buddhism spread its influence in Nepal. The Stupa tells all about history and origin of Buddhism in Nepal.

Bouddhanath
Tibetan culture can be experienced in Bodhnath Stupa, located in Kathmandu valley. After the 1959 Chinese invasion, thousands of Tibetans arrived in Bouddhanath. Henceforth, the temple developed as one of the most important centers of Tibetan Buddhism. This largest stupa in Nepal was erected sometime in the 14th century after the Mughal invasion.

Branches of Buddhism
Buddhism in Nepal comprises Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana streams. The Tibetan Mahayana tradition has most of its adherents in northern Nepal, with approximately 3000 monasteries. Newar Vajrayana Buddhism is a popular religious system in the Kathmandu Valley with number of rituals.Some Nepalese have also turned to Theravada practice based on the Pali canon.

Buddhist Practices
Prostrating pilgrims, the spinning of prayer wheels, collective chants and burning lamps are some popular Buddhist practices often seen by tourists. Buddhists believe that if a slip of paper bearing a mantra is kept inside the wheels, the prayers reach gods when the wheel is spun. Several Buddhists are seen performing these practices in Buddhist religious sites all around the country.

Nepal Culture

Nepal is blessed with one of the richest cultures in the world. Culture has been called 'the way of life for an entire society'. The statement holds particularly true in case of Nepal where every aspect of life, food, clothing and even occupations are culturally guided. The culture of Nepal includes the codes of manners, dress, language, rituals, norms of behavior and systems of belief.

Nice to Know

» The culture of Nepal is a unique combination of tradition and novelty. The traditions are followed as they were and new customs are created to keep pace with the changing times.

» Culture in Nepal is an assemblage of music, architecture, religion and literature.
» The mountain kingdom of Nepal is multi-ethic and multi-lingual. The land is rich with unique cultural groups like Tharu,Yadav, Ahir, Newars and others.

Nepal Hospitality

Nepalese are among the most hospitable hosts. This is the reason for which tourists from far and wide enjoy coming to Nepal time and again. Local Nepalese are generally rural people who welcome the tourists to their homes for tea, coffee or supper. Nepalese are culturally warm, hospitable and affectionate hosts who place their heart above their head.

Nepal Dress

Daura-Suruwal, typically termed as 'Labeda-Suruwal' is the traditional Nepali dress. The dress has several religious beliefs identifying its designs and has therefore remained the same from the years. The Daura has eight strings that serves to tie itself up around the body. Eight is the lucky number in Nepali mythology.

Also, the Daura has five pleats or Kallis, signifying Pancha Buddha or Pancha Ratna. And the closed neck of the Daura signifies the snake around the Lord Shiva's neck. The Nepali dress for women is a cotton sari (Guniu), that is gaining great popularity in the fashion world.

Rituals

The main rituals followed in Nepal are naming ceremony, rice-feeding ceremony, tonsure ceremony, ceremony of giving Nepali Sari (Guniu), marriage ceremony and funeral rite.The rituals are still prevailing in society and are performed with zeal.. Different ritual experts have different roles in these rituals.

Cultural Sites

Astonishing enough, seven out of the ten world heritage sites in Nepal are termed cultural by UNESCO. Thus, the stupas, monasteries, temples and architecture are all representatives of the rich cultural heritage of Nepal. The following are the cultural world heritage sites of Nepal.

» Kathmandu Durbar Square
» Patan Durbar Square
» Bhaktapur Durbar Square
» Changu Narayan Temple
» Swayambhunath Stupa
» Pashupatinath Temple
» Lumbini
» Bouddhanath Stupa

Apart form the world heritage sites there are other pilgrimage sites in Nepal that hold great cultural importance. A tour to these places will make you familiar with the rich Nepal culture.

» Barah Chhetra, Halesi Mahadev, Janakpur, Pathibhara, Tengboche in East Nepal
» Manakaman, Gorkha, Lumbini, Muktinath, Gosainkunda, Tansen, Kathmandu Valley in Central Nepal
» Swargadwari, Khaptad Ashram in West Nepal are famous pilgrimage sites in Nepal.

Nepal Food

The food of Nepal is as diverse as the country itself. The Nepalese recipes are quick to cook and good to eat. Nepalese food is famous for its nutrition level and tempting taste. Whilst Nepalese cuisine is somewhat basic, it certainly does not lack in flavor, making extensive use of spices and flavorings such as ginger, garlic, coriander, pepper, cumin, chilies, cilantro, mustard oil, ghee and occasionally yak butter. Come let us savour some of the famous dishes of Nepal.

Eating Habits
Main Meal

In most part of country, especially rice-growing areas, Dal Bhat (pulses and rice) is the staple food of Nepalese, that is eaten twice a day.

Snacking

Snacks such as bread, chura (beaten rice), roti (flat bread), curried vegetables, milked tea and other snacks are also generally eaten in between the two big meals.

Famous Nepalese Cuisine

Gundrook- Dheedo

Equally popular among Nepali people and foreign tourists, Gundrook-Dheedo is a sugar-free dish made of wheat, maize and dried green vegetable. The food is high on nutrition level and satisfies the taste buds as well.

Alu Tama

Aloo Tama (Alu Tama) simply means 'Potato Bamboo Shoots'. It is a unique and classic Nepali curry flavor dish. It is unique in the sense that it is unlike any other Indian or South Asian curry since they rarely use bamboo shoots. Similarly, unlike other East Asian cuisine such as Chinese that uses Bamboo shoots but do not use curry spices.

Vegetable Pulao (Fried Nepali Rice)

Vegetable Pulao is one of the popular ways rice is served during the parties and events in the Nepalese household. It has flavor of turmeric and cumin to it. The rice is particularly famous among tourists who prefer eating it with curd and Manchurian.

Masu

Masu is spiced or curried meat (usually chicken, mutton, buffalo or pork) with gravy. Served with rice, it is a main course dish, very popular in Nepal.

Vegetable Thukpa (Egg Noodles)

This is a seasonal dish. Tibetan Vegetable Thukpa is one of the main food. During Tibetan new year celebration 'Losar'the dish is a part of celebration and tradition for the Nepalese.

Chatamari

Regarded as Newari pizza, Chatamari is a flat bread made from rice flour with or without toppings (meat, vegetables, eggs, sugar). It is highly savoured by the tourists who consider it as a good and healthy substitute to pizza.

Drinks

Tongba

A special Limbu culture drink, Tongba is homemade wine. Fermented millet seeds are put in a wooden or plastic mug which is filled with hot water. One sips through a bamboo straw as more hot water is added which makes Tongba go down easily with greater impact and taste. Many consume this drink during winter season, and is also a favorite drink among the tourists.

Rakshi

Rakshi is a millet-based distilled alcoholic drink It is traditionally an important requirement at a lot of religious rituals and social events, perhaps because it is not only an alcoholic drink but also because of its antiseptic qualities. It is a strong drink, and is often brewed at home.Apart from its traditional food the country offers a wide range of Chinese and Japanese fast foods like momos and macaroni. There are many food outlets in the city which provide the traveler with excellent cooking. The food in Nepal is delicious and is available at a very reasonable price to the tourist so that they could fully enjoy the mouth watering traditional recipes of the region.

Nepal Music

The rhythm, beats, bounce of Nepali traditional folk and classical music is spiritual enough to sooth you and entertaining enough to cheer you. Music is associated with every event in Nepal, then be it birth, marriage, festivals or National events.

Various songs, musical instruments and dances are connected with various religious, social and cultural life of the Nepalese. Music is the heartbeat of Nepal. Music is associated to every event of life, then be it festivals, feasts, marriage, birth ceremonies or funeral processions. The main genres of Nepali music are pop, rock, folk, and classical. There are a number of other genres that are yet to be cataloged.

Fast Facts

Traditional Nepali Music	Imported Music
Newari Music	Indian Music Bhajan Filmi music
Khas Music	Western Music Rock & Roll Rock Metal Latino Punk Hip-Hop Rap
Gurung Music
Kirant Music
Tamang Music
Magar Music
Sherpa Music
Maithili Music
Bhojpuri Music

Popular Indigenous Nepalese Music
The following music genres have their roots in Nepal and are therefore considered to be indigenous. This includes:-

Newari Music
The Newars are well-known for their Newari music. It mainly consists of percussion instruments, some wind instruments and no string instruments. All the castes have their musical tunes and bands. Music is cherished by people of all walks of life. There are tunes of certain festivals and seasons and even of certain times of day. The God of artists called Nâsadya is found in all the Newar localities. The presence of a Newari musical band in a guthi is considered as a sign of opulence.

Khas Music
Khas music belongs to the Khas society where castes like Damai used to play a number of instruments on occasions such as marriages, birth and other feasts. This tradition is now on decline owing to the growing popularity of television, radio and other means of mass communication. The minstrels used to play instruments like Sarangi but even the Gaine are declining in number.

People of Nepal
Nepal is a melting pot of many races and tribes. With the population of twenty-two million, Nepal is an assortment of races and tribes, living in different regions, following different costumes and speaking different languages. Nepalese live under diverse environmental conditions from the low, nearly sea level plains at the border of India, northward through the middle hills and up to the flanks of the great Himalayan range where there are settlements at altitude of up to 4,800m. Farming practices are therefore equally diverse along with life styles and social customs.

Fast facts

Original Inhabitants	Newaras
Early Settlements	Mongoloid groups from Tibet Indo-aryan from Northen India
Major Religion	Hinduism (90%) Buddhism (10%)
Official Language	Sanskrit
Native Language	Nepali

Major Groups
The early settlement of Nepal was accomplished by large-scale emigrations of Mongoloid groups from Tibet and of Indo-Aryan peoples from northern India. Nepalese of Indo-Aryan ancestry constitutes the great majority of the total population. Tibeto-Nepalese peoples form a significant minority of the country's population. Nepali, a derivative of Sanskrit, is the official language; Newari, a language of the Tibeto-Burman family, and numerous other languages are spoken. About 90% of the population is Hindu, and the remaining Buddhist.

Sherpas
The best known of the high mountain people are the Sherpas who inhabit the central and eastern regions of Nepal. The Sherpas have easy access to Bhot (Tibet) for trade and social intercourse and therefore Tibetan influence on their culture and civilization remains distinct.

Tibetan speaking people
The high Himalayan settlements of Tibetan speaking people are found perched precariously on mountain ledges and slopes. Life here is delicate balance of hard work and social merrymaking, tempered by a culture deeply steeped in ancient religious traditions.

Tibeto-Burman and Indo-Aryan
The midlands are inhabited by various Tibeto-Burman and Indo-Aryan speaking hill and valley people, for example the Brahmins, Chettris, and Newars. While the Brahmins and Chettris are widely distribute through out the country, the Newars are mainly concentrated in the Katmandu Valley and other towns.

The Rais, Limbus, Tamangs, Magars, Sunwars, Jirels, Gurungs, Thakalis, and Chepangs are other Tibeto-Burman speaking Mongoloid people found living in the middle hills. Each have their own distinct social and cultural patterns.

Lowland Terai People
The Dun valleys and the lowland Terai are inhabited by people such as the Brahmins, Rajputs, Tharus, Danwars, Majhis, Darais, Rajbansis, Statars, Dhimals and Dhangars. Though Nepal is a veritable mosaic of dozens of ethnic groups, they are bound together by their loyalty to the institution of monarchy, and by the ideas of peaceful coexistence and religious tolerance to form one unified nation.

Nepal Religion
Religion in Nepal is not only a system of social coherence based on certain rituals and beliefs. It is the binding force that ties this mountain kingdom together. Though Nepal is famous as the world's only Hindu Kingdom, equal respect is given to other religions as well. Buddhism is the second largest religion followed in Nepal, others being Tantrism, Islam and Christianity.

Hinduism	86.51%
Buddhism	7.78%
Islam	3.53%
Christianity, Tantrism & others	2.17%

Pilgrimage Sites
East Nepal - Barah Chhetra, Halesi Mahadev, Janakpur, Pathibhara, Tengboche
Central Nepal - Manakaman, Gorkha, Lumbini, Muktinath, Gosainkunda, Tansen, Kathmandu Valley
West Nepal - Swargadwari, Khaptad Ashram

Nepalese Society & Religion
Religion occupies an integral position in Nepalese life and society. In the early 1990s, Nepal was the only constitutionally declared Hindu state in the world. There is, however, a great deal of intermingling of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs. Many of the people regarded as Hindus in the 1981 census could, with as much justification, be called Buddhists.

The fact that Hindus worshipped at Buddhist temples and Buddhists worshipped at Hindu temples has been one of the principal reasons adherents of the two dominant groups in Nepal have never engaged in any overt religious conflicts. Because of such dual faith practic,es and mutual respect the differences between Hindus and Buddhists have been in general very subtle in nature.

Hinduism in Nepal
Hinduism is the major religion of Nepal. In the 1991 census, approximately 89.5 percent of the Nepalese people identified themselves as Hindus. Buddhists and Muslims comprised 5.3 and 2.7 percent, respectively. The remainder followed other religions, including Christianity.

The national calendar of Nepal, Bikram Sambat (B.S.), is a solar Hindu calendar essentially the same to that widespread in North India as a religious calendar, and is based on Vedic principles of time-keeping. The geographical distribution of religious groups revealed a preponderance of Hindus, accounting for at least 87 percent of the population in every region. Among the Tibeto-Nepalese, those most influenced by Hinduism were the Magar, Sunwar, and Rai peoples.

Buddhism in Nepal
Buddhism in Nepal dates from the birth of Siddhartha Gautama himself. Nepal is the meeting point for Indian and Tibetan Buddhist teachers. The country became a repository of Buddhist Sanskrit literature and famous for its production of fine Buddhist art.

Intermingling of Hinduism & Buddhism
There has traditionally been a great deal of intermingling of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs. Many of the people regarded as Hindus in the 1981 census could also in some senses be called Buddhists. Hindus worshipp at Buddhist temples and Buddhists at Hindu temples. The reason for this is that both Hinduism and Buddhism have common roots as religions, and over most of their history, have not been seen as separate communions, but rather rival tendencies within a shared religious tradition.

Brief History of Nepal

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Nepal: Chronology of Important Events

Period	Description
ca. 563 B.C.	Buddha born in Lumbini
ca. A.D.400-750	Licchavi kingdom in power in Kathmandu
1100-1484	Khasa Mall kings rule in western Nepal
1200-16	Arimalla, first monarch of the Malla Dynasty, rules in Kathmandu Valley.
1312	Khasa King Ripumalla leads raid in Kathmandu Valley
1345-46	Sultan Shams ud-din Ilyas of Bengal leads raid in Kathmandu Valley.
1382-95	Jayasthitimalla rules as king of united Malla kingdom in Kathmandu Valley.
1428-82	Yakshamalla reigns - height of united Malla kingdom.
1484	Malla kingdom divided; three kingdoms of Kathmandu, Bhadgaon, and Patan established.
1559	Gorkha kindgom established by Dravya Shah.
1606-33	Ram Shah of Gorkha reigns; Gorkha kindgom experiences first expansion.
1743	Prithvi Narayan Shah ascends to throne of Gorkha.
1768-90	Gorkha conquers Kathmandu and Patan, Bhadgaon, eastern Nepal, and western Nepal.
1775	Prithvi Narayan Shah dies, first king of united Nepal.
1814-1816	The Anglo-Nepalese War and the resulting Treaty of Sagauli reduces the territory of Nepal.
1846	Jang Bahadur Rana takes over as prime minister and establishes hereditary Rana rule.
1946	The Nepali Congress Party is founded.
1947	The United States establishes diplomatic relations with Nepal.
1948	The country's first constitution, the Government of Nepal Act, is promulgated; Prime Minister Padma Shamsher Rana resigns in the wake of opposition to the new constitution from conservative Ranas; Mohan Shamsher becomes prime minister; constitution is suspended.
1951	Mohan Shamsher capitulates; King Tribhuvan is restored to the throne
1952	Koirala resigns; King assumes direct rule.
1953	Koirala is recalled as prime minister.
1955	King Tribhuvan dies and is succeeded by Mahendra; Nepal joins the United Nations; National Police Force is formed; Koirala resigns; Mahendra takes over direct control.
1956	Tanka Prasad Acharya is named prime minister; Border treaty with China concluded;
1957	Acharya resigns; K.I. Singh becomes prime minister for a few months.
1958	USSR opens an embassy at Kathmandu; Subarna Shamsher is named new prime minister.
1959	United States opens an embassy at Kathmandu; New constitution is promulgated, superseding Constitution of 1951; First general elections are held; Nepal Congress Party wins absolute majority; Tribhuvan University founded;
1960	B.P. Koirala heads first popular government; Koirala's policies are opposed by the king, and Koirala is abruptly dismissed; All political parties are banned; the king takes over direct control of government; Treaty of Peace and Friendship with China is concluded.
1961	Kind proclaims guided democracy; Boundary treaty with China renewed.
1962	New constitution, third since 1951, establishes panchayat form of government; Land Reorganization Act and Mulki Ain, new legal code, are promulgated; Anti-India riots erupt in Kathmandu over Indian aid to dissidents.
1963	Emergency is ended; Panchayat elections begin; National Guidance Council is formed; Tulsi Giri is named prime minister;
1965	Local government reorganized; Giri resigns; Surya Bahadur Thapa is appointed prime minister
1969	Thapa yields office to Kirti Nidhi Bista; Indian military mission withdrawn.
1970	Bista resigns; Raj Bhandari becomes interim prime minister.
1971	Bista is recalled as prime minister; New trade and transit treaty negotiated with India.
1972	Mahedra dies and is succeeded by King Birendra; Development regions are established under National Development Council.
1973	Nagendra Prasad Rijal is named prime minister; Singha Durbar, the seat of government, burns down.
1975	Rijal resigns; Tulsi Giri is appointed prime minister; King Birendra is crowned; "Go to the Village" campaign is launched.
1976	B.P. Koirala returns from India and is arrested; Treaty with India expires and is not renewed.
1977	Tulsi Giri resigns as prime minister in the wake of corruption charges; Former prime minister Kirti Nidhi Bista is reinstated as prime minister.
1979	Following nationwide demonstrations by students, Bista is replaced as prime minister by Surya Bahadur Thapa; King announces referendum on the panchayat form of government.
1980	In national referendum people vote for continuance of the panchayat form of government and against the reintroduction of political parties.
1982	B.P. Koirala, Nepali Congress Party leader dies.
1983	Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa is defeated in the Rastriya Panchayat and is replaced by Lokendra Bahadur Chand.
1986	Second elections to Rastriya Panchayat held; Marich Man Singh Shrestha becomes prime minister.
1989	Failure to renegotiate trade and transit treaties with India disrupts economy.
1990	Demonstrations for the restoration of democracy; Panchayat system is dissolved; Interim government made up of various parties and king's representatives formed; New constitution promulgated.
1991	Elections to Parliament held; Nepali Congress wins a narrow majority; G.P. Koirala becomes prime minister.President of Nepali Congress and interim prime minister, K.P. Bhattarai, defeated in the polls by the leader of CPN-UML, Madan Bhandari.
1992	Local elections held; Nepali Congress wins a majority of the seats.
1993	Madan Bhandari killed in a mysterious car crash. Violent demonstrations by communists to overthrow Koirala's government; Devastating floods kill hundreds.
1994	Prime minister Koirala resigns and calls for new elections afte losing a parliamentary vote due to the abstention of 36 members of his own party. New elections in November results in a hung parliament; CPN-UML, which emerged as the single largest party, formes a minority government.
1995	The minority goverment of CPN-UML loses power in a parliamentary vote of no-confidence. A coalition government of Nepali Congress, RPP and Sadhvabana is formed.
1997	The NC-RPP coalition government loses power resulting in a UML-RPP coalition. This government itself loses power six months later to another NC-RPP coalition. Ganesh Man Singh, who led the 1990 democracy movement dies.
1999	The third general elections after restoration of democracy results in Nepali Congress coming back to power with an absolute majority in the House. Krishna P. Bhattarai becomes Prime Minister for the second time.

Mountains in Nepal

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Let Us Touch the Sky...

Nepal is the home of mountains. The awe-inspiring, majestic mountains of Nepal attract the tourists from far and wide. Mount Everest, the world's highest peak, juts out in north eastern region of the country, on the Sino-Nepalese border. It seems competing with other mighty mountains. Adventure activities like mountaineering, trekking and hiking can be enjoyed in this mountain range. Journey on these mountains transends one to an entirely different world. Mountain biking is also a popular game in this region.

Fast Facts

Mountain	Height	Date of Ascent	Ranking in the World
Everest	8848m (29028ft)	29th May 1953	Highest mountain in the World
Kanchenjunga	8586m (28169ft)	25th May 1955	# 3
Lhotse	8501m (27890ft)	18th May 1956	# 4
Makalu	8463m (27765ft)	15th May 1955	# 5
Cho Oyu	8,201m (26,906ft)	-	# 6
Dhaulagiri	8167m (26794ft)	13th May 60	# 7
Manaslu	8156m (26758ft)	9th May 1956	# 8
Annapurna	8091m (26545ft)	3rd June 1950	# 10

Travel Directory of Nepal

Snow Line
Snow line generally occurs between 5,000 and 5,500 meters. The region is characterised by cold climatic and rugged topographic conditions. Human habitation and economic activities are extremely limited.

Population
The region is sparsely populated, and whatever farming activity does exist is also confined to the low-lying valleys and the river basins. Upper Kali Gandaki Valley is an example of such valleys.

Mountaineering Regulations
According to the Nepal Mountaineering Association:-

Any person or mountaineering team wanting to climb Nepal Mountains and Peaks must receive permission from Nepal Mountaineering Association.
The team shall not indulge in activities that may be contrary to the customs and religious, political, social or cultural traditions of the locals.
The team shall set up camps in its route to the base camp in such a way that they are acceptable to the local people or as prescribed by Government.
The team shall not have any arms, ammunition and explosives etc. They are required to take government permission for the same.
The team shall not get involved in any activity, which is or may be likely to affect negatively to the security and reputation of Nepal.

Language of Nepal

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Though Nepali (Khaskura bhasha) is the official language or the mother tongue of Nepal, there are as many as 126 listed languages spoken in Nepal. Out of these, three languages, Dura, Kusunda and Waling have become extinct. Apart from Nepali, the other most commonly spoken languages in Nepal are:

Awadhi
Newari
Hindi
Bahing
Limbu
Maithili
Mundari

Status of Nepali language

Spoken In	Nepal, India, Bhutan.
Region	South Asia.
Total speakers	35 million approx.
Ranking	57
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Pahari (Northern zone) Eastern Pahari
Writing System	Devanagari script

Nepal Bhasa (NB) Speakers in Nepal

Region	Newars	NB Speakers	Retaination
Eastern	148305	40644	27.16
Central	740868	586722	79.19
Western	126455	57999	45.86
Mid-Western	17787	3662	20.58
Far-Western	6197	940	15.16
Total in Nepal	1041090	690007	66.27

Creative literature at a glance

First Story Book	Tantrakhyan (1518 A.D.)
First Song	Walangata Simule Swambaraya (In reign of Pranmol malla, 1523-1550 A.D.)
First One-act Play	Ekadashi Brata (1633A.D.) by Sidhhinarasingha Malla
First Drama	Mooldev Shashidev by Jagat Prakash Malla (1645-1673 A.D.)

History Of Nepal

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Nepal has been a Kingdom for over 1500 years from now. The Newars are thought to have lived in the Nepal Valley since the 4th century AD, developing a Hindu-Buddhist culture. Cited below is a brief chronology of the important events that happened in Nepal.

Nepal Flag

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The Nepal Flag was officially adopted on December 16, 1962 and it is the only national flag that is not rectangle or square.

Symbolism
The blue border in the National Flag of Nepal symbolizes peace, while red is the colour of the Rhododendron- Nepal's National flower. The crescent moon represents the Royal House, while the Sun is the symbol of the Rana family of Nepal.

History
Initially the sun and moon in the National flag of Nepal had human faces, but they were removed when the flag was updated in 1962. The flag is said to express the hope that Nepal will endure as long as the sun and the moon exist. The present National Flag of Nepal was adopted on December 16, 1962. The flag of Nepal is the only national flag which is not rectangular in shape. It is based upon two separate pennants which belonged to rival branches of the Rana dynasty, which formerly ruled the country. The two pennants were first joined in the last century, but it was not adopted as the official flag until 1962, the year in which the constitutional form of government was established in Nepal.

Nepal Information

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Your Tour Guide

The information on Nepal given below will serve as a guide to the tourists before they actually venture into the beautiful mountain kingdom of Nepal. The site will provide the tourists detailed information on the weather, climatic conditions, history, lifestyle, health, festivals and entertainment sources in Nepal.

Country Description
Known as the Land of Everest, Nepal is a developing country with extensive tourist facilities. Cited below is a table on the important facts of Nepal.

Name of the Country	Kingdom of Nepal
Area	140,800 sq km
Population	23 million (20001 census)
Capital City	Kathmandu
People	Hindus, Newars, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Rais, Limbus, Sherpas
National Language	Nepali (Khaskura)
Other Languages	Awadhi, Newari, Hindi, Bahing, Limbu, Maithili, Mundari
Tourist Language	English
Religion	Hindu
Government	Parliamentary Democracy & Constitutional Monarchy
Major Industries	Tourism, Handicraft, Agriculture and Water Resources

Useful Resource
Please click on the following links to get important information you should know before you visit Nepal:

Nepal Facts & Figures

Have a quick look at the geographical, political, economic, demographic and national details of Nepal. The factual details are an overview to the small mountain Kingdom.

Geographical
Located between two Asian giants, China and India, Nepal traditionally has been characterized as 'a yam caught between two rocks'. The country is famous for the majestic Himalayas and astonishing geographic beauty that includes pristine forests, crystal clear lakes, towering peaks and ancient valley cities.

Location	Nepal is a landlocked country situated in South Asia, between China in North and India in South
Area	147,181 sq km.
Boundary	2,926 km.
Land	Arable: 17% Irrigated: 8,500 sq sm.
Climate	Cool summers and severe winters in north to sub-tropical summers and mild winters in south
Time	GMT + 5 hours 45 minutes

National
The Nepalese are traditionally very patriotic people. They have great respect for their nation and the national symbols like national flag, national anthem, national flower etc.

Nepal Country Code	+977
Internet Domain	.np
Flower	Rhododendron
Bird	Danphe Monal Pheasant Lophophorus ImSpeyanus
Colour	Crimson-red (Simrik)
National Anthem	Shri mân gumbhira nepâli prachanda pratâpi bhupati Shri pânch sarkâr mahârâjâdhirâjako sadâ rahos unnatti Rakhun chirâyu eeshale prajâ phailiyos pukâraun jaya premale Hâmi nepâli sârâle.
English Translation	May glory crown you, courageous Sovereign, You, the gallant Nepalese, Shri Panch Maharajadhiraja, our glorious ruler, May he live for many years to come And may the number of his subjects increase. Let every Nepalese sing this with joy.

Population

Total	24,546,861 (2003 Census)
Growth Rate	2.24%
Structure	Male : 115,63,921 Female : 115,87,502
Life Expectancy	Male : 58.84 yrs Female : 57.35 yrs
Religion	Hindu: 80.62%, Budhist: 10.74%, Muslim: 4.20%, Others: 4.44%
Literacy	103,48,472 (53.74%), Male 62,42,975 (68.51%), Female 41,05,470 (42.49%)

Political
Though Nepal has witnessed great political instabilities in the recent past, the country has a strong base of parliamentary democracy & constitutional monarchy.

Form	Parliamentary Democracy & Constitutional Monarchy.
Head of State	King
Head of Government	Prime Minister
Legislative	House of Representative(lower house)-205 members National Assembly (upper house)-60 members.
Judiciary	Supreme Court, Appellate Court: 11, District court: 75
Administrative Division	Development region: 5, Zone: 14, District: 75
Capital	Kathmandu

Economy
Nepal is a developing country. The major industries in Nepal are tourism, handicraft, agriculture and water resources.

GDP Composition	Agriculture: 40%, Industry: 22%, Services: 37%
GDP Real Growth Rate	4.9% (2000-2001)
Average Inflation Rate	2.1% (2000-2001)
Per Capita Income	$ 240 (Rs 17,718) for (2000-2001), $236 (Rs 18,083) estimate for(2001-2002)
Unit of Currency	Rupee
Labour Force	Agriculture: 81%, Industry: 3%, Service: 11%, Other: 5%.

Festivals in Nepal

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Celebrating Life...

Festivity is synonym to the Nepalese Culture. For the Nepalese, festivals are not merely the annual spectacles, but also are a living part of their rich cultural heritage. Festivals effectively bind together the Nepalese people of diverse cultural backgrounds and beliefs into one nation. Most Nepalese festivals are related to different Hindu and Buddhist deities. They are celebrated on days consecrated for them by religion and tradition.

Month	Festival
Jan-Feb	Sweta Manchhendra Snan Swasthani Puja Maghe Sankranti Basanta Panchmi & Saraswati Puja
Feb-March	Maha Shivaratri Losar Fagu Purnima or Holi
March-April	Chaitra Dasain Ghode Jatra
April-May	Biska Jatra New Year's Day Red Machhendranath Jatra Buddha Jayanti
July-August	Gunla Krishna Astami Janai Purnima
August-Sept	Gai Jatra Teej
Sept-Oct	Indra Jatra Dasain or Durga Puja
Oct-Nov	Mani Rimdu Tihar or Deepali
Nov-Dec	Balachaturdarsi Bibah Panchani Yomari Punhi

Nepal Culture & Religion

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Culture is embedded in the high peaks of Nepal, tradition flows with its rivers, art traverses through its valleys and religion lies in the heart of its people. Nepal, in short, is a country where art, culture and religion are a part of life of the inhabitants. People celebrate every moment with aroma, adding novelty to the traditions without affecting their essence.

Art of Nepal Nepal
Art is unique, exotic and enchanting. Nepalese expressions of art, classical and modern style, are embedded in the daily practice of religion. Craftsmanship is most easily found in temples, architecture, shrines, fountains and the designs of religious objects.

Art Galleries and Museums in Nepal
It is this thriving milieu that makes a visit to the art galleries of Kathmandu a pleasurable and rewarding prospect. A list of famous museums and galleries are presented below which should serve as a preliminary guide to the visitors.

Name	Location
The Natural History Museum	Kathmandu
The National Library	Lalitpur (Patan)
Patan Museum	Lalitpur (Patan)
Nepal Art Council Gallery	Near Tribhuvan International Airport

Trekking

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Trekking Peaks of Nepal

Thriving Heights...

Out of the 10 highest peaks in the world, eight lie in Nepal. No doubt Nepal is the favorite destination for mountaineers and trekkers, with more than 600 expeditions trudging up the Himalayas each year. But not all peaks in Nepal are open for trekking.

Nepal Mountaineering Association (NMA) has set aside a total of eighteen peaks that can be trekked with the pre-requisite permit of NMA.

Trekking Peaks
The 'Trekking Peaks' of Nepal gives hobby-climbers an opportunity to tackle the high Himalayan peaks without having to organize a major expedition. Although these peaks are lower than their more famous cousins - the 8000 meter peaks - many of the climbs are no less demanding and adventurous in nature. The climbing treks offer a chance to climb a Himalayan summit and a taste of being in the `white wilderness'. Most of these trips can be completed within a short period of time.

Mountain Peak	Height
	In feet	In metres
Mera Peak	22,476	6,654
Kusum Kangguru	20,883	6,367
Gyachung Kang	25,910	7,897
Himalchuli	25,801	7,864
Nuptse	25,726	7,841
Makalu II	25,120	7,657
Jongsong Peak	24,472	7,459
Chamlang	24,012	7,319
Kabru	24,002	7,316
Baruntse	23,688	7,220
Gauri Sankar	23,440	7,145
Pyramid	23,400	7,132
Api	23,399	7,132
Ama Dablam	22,494	6,856

Helpline
Ministry of Culture
Tourism & Civil Aviation, Tourism Industry Administration
Mountaineering Division, Bhrikuti Mandap, Kathmandu
Tel: +(977)-(1)-4256234

Rafting in Nepal

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Rivers of Nepal

The Untamed Beauty of Nature

Rivers in Nepal are treated as goddesses. They are the ever flowing and inspiring source of beauty, abundance and infinite adventure. The rugged topography, extreme variations and excessive snow melting in Nepal make this mountain kingdom blessed with blosoming, flowering rivers, running across the country. This makes Nepal an obvious choice for river adventure.

River journeys in Nepal are electrifying and nerve thrilling. Your life flashes before you as you comfortably hurtle towards monster boulders and towering walls of water. So come let us indulge in this maddening and bone chilling experience.

Fast Facts

Name	Location	Speciality	Distance	Duration
Sunkoshi	Eastern Nepal	The Golden River	270 km	9 days
Trisuli	Central Nepal	Best for White water rafting	38 km	½ day
Marshyangdi	Western Nepal	The Thrilling River	47 km	4 days
Seti	Western Nepal	The Isolated River	35 km	2 days
Kali Gandaki	Western Nepal	Best for Kayaking	70 km	5 days
Karnali	Mid Western Nepal	Largest and longest river	180 km	5 days

Ultimate Sports Adventure & Activities
Nepal is a country of adventures. The raging rivers, high mountains, exotic valleys and jungle safaris are all sources of adventure. Cited below are some of the most thrilling and engaging adventurous activities of Nepal.

River Rafting/White Water Rafting
River Rafting is journeying on torrential river on an inflatable rubber boat. A River Raft is the most enjoyable way of checking one's guts. Both amateur and experienced rafters equally enjoy it. A river trip also provides the opportunity for geological surveys and fishing.

In a country like Nepal, blessed by Himalayan rivers, a river trip is one of the best ways to explore a typical cross section of the country's natural as well as ethno-cultural heritage. The river is regarded as a form of goddess and is used for the purpose of various religious rituals under both Hinduism and Buddhism. A variety of cultural activities can be witnessed being performed along the river. The adjoining slopes of the river often harbor dense vegetation and interesting wildlife.

Kayaking
A water sport, kayaking is a very enjoyable river adventure, specially in the blossoming rivers of Nepal. Kayaks are made from a special type of plastic and have floatation devices inserted to aid buoyancy. Kayakers move through the water with a double blade paddle, and are able to negotiate rapids and obstacles on the river.

With its wide range of rivers and wealth of challenging rapids, Nepal is the perfect destination for Kayakink. Whether you are a total beginner or an experienced white water kayaker keen to tackle one of the challenging rivers, Nepal is ideal for you.

Sightseeing
One can spend hours sitting at the banks of Nepal rivers and watching the waves playing with each other admist the most earthen background. An evening more relaxed, soothing and calm is hard to imagine. If you long for a dream-like, heavenly experience, then let your soul feel the tranquility of being near to Nature's one of the most amiable gift i.e. the rivers of Nepal.

Know-How of River Basins
The splendid rivers of Nepal can be divided into three categories in accordance to their origins. The first category comprises the three main river systems of the country - the Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali river systems, all of them originating from glaciers and snow-fed lakes.

The Koshi River System

The Koshi river system consists of Tamor, Arun, Dudhkoshi, Likhu, Tamakoshi, Sunkoshi and Indravati rivers.
The Arun and Sunkoshi originate in Tibet. The confluence of these rivers is at Tribeni (near Dharan) in Sagarmatha Zone.
Flowing for almost 10 kms through a narrow gorge before entering the plains, the 'Sapta Kosi' or simply the 'Koshi', swollen with the waters of the seven rivers, finally merges into the Ganges.
The Kali Gandaki originates in Mustang and converges with the Trishuli at Deoghat in Chitwan. The river is then called the 'Narayani' and goes on to meet the Ganges.

The Gandaki River System

The Kali Gandaki originates in Mustang and converges with the Trishuli at Deoghat in Chitwan. The river is then called the 'Narayani' and goes on to meet the Ganges.
The Gandaki river system in central Nepal consists of the Kali Gandaki, Budhi Gandaki, Marsyanghi, Trishuli, Seti, Madi and Daraundi rivers.
The Kaligandaki is the longest river and the Trishuli, the main tributary of this system.

The Karnali River System

The Karnali river system in Western Nepal consists of the Humla Karnali, Mugu Karnali, Seti and Bheri rivers and is the longest river system in the country.
The Humla Karnali, which rises in Tibet, is the main tributary. After entering India, this river assumes the name Gogra.

Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve

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Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve is located on the banks of the Sapta-Koshi, one of the three main tributaries of the Ganges, in eastern Nepal. Similar somewhat to a rectangle, it stretches south of the Sapta Koshi to the Indian border. The wildlife reserve consists of tall grassland with patches of khair-sissoo scrub forest and deciduous riverine forest. The popular reserve is set against the backdrop of the Eastern Himalaya, including Makalu (8475 m), the world's fifth highest mountain. The unique backdrop makes it more attractive for the wildlife lovers and the tourists alike.

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Fast Facts

Location	East Nepal
Attraction	Migratory Birds
Area Covered	175 sq. km.
Endangered Species	Wild Buffalo or ArnaI, Gharial crocodile and Gangetic dolphin
Best Season to Visit	October to November and December to February
Best Route	October to November and December to February

Adventure & Activities
Elephant-back Safaris
Elephant -back safaris are one of major travel attractions of Kosi Tappu. The nilgai (blue bull), chital (spotted deer), hog deer, and wild boar are some other animals in the Reserve which can be seen from the back of the elephants. Watching the elephants from atop the pachyderms gives the wild life lovers sense of great excitement.

Canoe Rides
Canoeing on Kosi Tappu’s rivers is an excellent way of observing waterfalls. The park's freshwater dolphins and crocodiles, are the endangered species found in the river. Watching the elephants showering is a particular treat.

Jungle Walks
The jungle can be felt at best on foot. Although fauna and wild life can be witnessed from with comfort and personal safety from an elephant's back, nothing can be compared with the walker's sense of excitement when he comes face to face with the jungle world. The senses are always alert as they are enabled by nature to recieve myriad of experiences.

Bird-watching tours
Birds such as water fowl, waders and shore birds are delight for avid bird watchers. Many of the birds witnessed here are not seen elsewhere in Nepal.

Fauna & Flora
Variety of wild life can be seen while touring the wildlife park. It is the residence of the last surviving population of wild buffalo or arna. Nilgai (blue bull), chital (spotted deer), hog deer, and wild boar are some other animals residing in the Reserve.

More than 280 different species of birds can be found in the Reserve. These include twenty species of ducks, two species of ibises, many storks, egrets, herons, swamp partridge and Bengal florican. It is used by the migratory birds as their staging ground and resting place. Endangered aquatic animals like gharial, crocodile and Gangetic dolphin can be found in the Koshi river.

Royal Bardia National Park

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Royal Bardia National Park, the largest and most undisturbed park in the lowland region of Terai, is known for abundance of wilderness. Initially a royal hunting reserve, it was later granted the status of a national park.. The purpose was to preserve the ecosystem of the region including all wild species. The park encompasses approximate 300 sq km of sal forests and riverine grasslands. High elephant grass and dense forests provide home to plenty of animals.

Becoming of the Park
Royal Bardia National Park was once an open area of wilderness. Rana rulers of Nepal earmarked it as their royal hunting reserve from 1846 to 1950. In 1976 the region was gazetted as Royal Karnali Wildlife Reserve with an area of 368 sq. km. In 1982, it was rechristened as Royal Bardia Wildlife Reserve including the Babai river valley. It was designated a national park in 1988.

Fast Facts

Location	Western Lowland Terai , Nepal
Importance	Largest park in the lowland Terai
Area Covered	968 sq. km.
Endangered Species	Gharial crocodile, marsh mugger and Gangetic dolphin, Bengal tiger, wild elephant, Greater one-horned rhinoceros, swamp deer, and black buck
Best Season to Visit	From October to February
Major Attraction	Greater One-horned Rhinoceros

Fauna
Most popular attraction of Royal Bardia National Park is one-horned rhinoceros which was relocated from one other national park in 1986, 1991 and 1999. The park is also known for one of the last known herds of wild Elephants in South Asia. Several deer species also reside in Nepal. These include Chital or spotted deer with white spots on a brown coat; Sambhar, the largest deer on Indian subcontinent, Swamp Deer, locally called Barasingha; Hog deer, similar but smaller than Chital; and the Barking Deer, the park's smallest deer with reddish skin.

Other big animals residing in the park are Blue Bull, locally called Nilgai, which is the biggest antelope on the Indian subcontinent; Wild Boar, an omnivorous beast with huge tusks; Sloth Bear, a shaggy black bear; and Gaur, the biggest wild oxen. Serow, Goral and Himalayan Tahr are also hit among the tourists. Langur, a kind of monkey; Rhesus Macaque, Mongoose, Jackal and Indian Otter are few small creatures living in park. The park also holds large number of bird species, many of which are migratory.

Striking Features

Several open grasslands are within the park. Game viewing is excellent in these grasslands. Many of the forest tracks throughout the park also present very good game viewing.

More than 350 species including storks, geese, jungle fowls, king-fishers, cormorants, egret, and endangered species such as the Bengal florican, silver-eared mesia and the saurus crane. This makes the park highly attractive for bird lovers.

The park, a sub-tropical jungle, is thickly forested by sal trees and carpeted with grass, savannah and riverine vegetation.

The northern part is bordered by the Churia hill range, the west by the Karnali river, while the Babai river flows through the middle of the park.

On the southern part of the park are the villages of Tharu people. One of the most picturesque national parks in Asia, it teems with rich and varied flora and fauna.

How to Reach
By Air:
Daily flights operate from Kathmandu to Nepalgunj Airport, nearest to the Royal Bardia National Park.

By Road:
Private transport can be hired to reach th park. Buses running on the route of Mahendranagar, Dhangadi, or Karnali can be boarded.

Sagarmatha National Park

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The Sagarmatha National Park is the highest national park in world, located above 3000 meters i.e. 9700 feet. The park comprises the upper catchment areas of Dudh Kosi and Bhote Kosi Rivers. Most part of the landscape is rugged terrain and gorges of the high Himalayas.

The Park is located amidst the peaks which are counted among the tallest in the world. Mount Sagarmatha is none other than Mt. Everest itself. Other well known peaks such as Lhotse, Thamerku, Pumori, Ama Dablam, Cho Oyu, Kwangde, Kangtaiga and Gyachyung Kang are also located nearby. More than 118 species of birds and 26 species of butterflies reside in the park.

Fast Facts

Location	Solu-Khumbu District of the Sagarmatha Zone, Northeast of Kathmandu
Established On	July 19, 1976
Importance	UNESCO World Heritage Site
UNESCO Category	Natural
Listed In Year	1976
Area Covered	1,148 sq. km.
Endangered Species	Wild Yak, Musk Deer, Red Panda, Snow Leopard and Himalayan Black Bear
Best Season To Visit	October to November and December to February

UNESCO World Heritage Site

The Mt. Sagarmatha (Everest) and the surrounding areas are important not only to Nepal but also to the rest of the world. too. Its recognition as a National Park since 1976 intends to protect its unique cultural, physical and scientific values.
The UNESCO recognised Sagarmatha National Park as a world heritage site in 1976 as the park 'contains superlative natural beauty and is of great aesthetic importance'.

Fauna
Creatures that can be witnessed in the wildlife tour of the park are following:

Endangered Animals : Endangered animals residing in this park are Snow Leopard, Musk Deer, Wild Yak, Red Panda and Himalayan Black Bear.
Large Mammals : Big mammals commonly seen in the park are the Himalayan Tahr and Musk Deer.
Other Mammals : Other mammals include the Himalayan Black Bear, Jackal, Weasels, Marten, Common Langur and the Himalayan Mousehare (Pika).
Birds : The park is the residence of more than 118 species of birds. The most common ones are the Impeyan Pheasant (Danphe), Redbilled Chough, Blood pheasant and Yellow-billed Chough.

Flora
Pine and hemlock forests are found at the lower elevations of the park. Above 3500m, trees such as birch, rhododendron, silver fir and juniper trees can be seen. Rhododendron show luminous colours in spring and monsoon seasons. The tree line in the region is at 4500m. Birch gives way to juniper and rhododendron scrubs. The park landscape is cut by deep rivers and glaciers. It can be segregated into four climatic zones:

The Lower Forested Zone where Juniper, Birch, Blue Pines, Bamboo, Firs and Rhododendon grow.
The Upper Zone where plant life is limited to Lichens and Mosses.
The Artic Zone where plants stop to grow.

Activities
Nature Walk
The park can be best experienced on foot. Nothing can match the walker's sense of excitement at complete fusion with the world of Nature by observing the park's vegetation and wildlife.

Trekking
From Sagarmatha National Park, trekking trail to Kala Pathar Peak is the most popular, though the treks to Gokyoand Chukung Valleys are no less thrilling.

Places of Interest
Apart from the greatly varied flora and fauna as well as the impressive mountain scenery of the park, there are some monasteries and gompas in the Sagarmatha National Park premises that hold the travellers' attention. Here is brief infomation about such places.

Park Visitor Center
It is located at Mendalphu i.e. the park's Headquarters. While staying at Namche Bazar, don't forget to visit the natural history and cultural heritage museum.

Thame Gomba
It is one of the most important religious centers in the area. Renowned Mani Rimdu festival is celebrated here in May.

Khumjung Gomba
In June the Dumje festival is observed here as well as at the monasteries of Namche and Pangboche.

Highlights

Marvellous mountains, glaciers and deep valleys, dominated by Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world (8,848 m).
Several rare species, such as the snow leopard and the lesser panda, can be found in the park.
The presence of the Sherpas, with their unique culture, makes the site more interesting.

How to Reach
Common ways to reach the national park are:

Flight to Lukla followed by two days walk.
Bus to Jiri and 10 days walk
Flight to Tumlingtar and 10 days walk.
Flight to Syangboche, the highest airstrip in the world.
Flight to Phaplu and 5 days walk.

Royal Chitwan National Park

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Wild roars of tigers, chirping of jungle birds, soothing breeze and the splashing ripples of the river Rapti... a visit to the Royal Chitwan National Park may sound dream-like but reality speaks for itself. Visit Chitwan if you believe the above statement and all the more if you doubt it.

Fast Facts

Location	120 km South West Of Kathmandu, Nepal
Area Coverage	932 sq km
Wildlife Attractions	One-Horned Rhino, Royal Bengal Tiger
Temperature	Max- 34°C & Min- 1°C
Best Time to Visit	From October to February
Nearest Access	Bharatpur

Striking Features

There are more than 43 species of mammals, over 450 species of birds, and more than 45 species of amphibians and reptiles in the park.
One of the most important sub-tropical parks in Indian sub-continent.
More than 43 mammal species, 450 bird species, and more than 45 species of amphibians and reptiles.
Known for diversity of eco-systems. Within the park are Churia hills, ox-bow lakes, and the flood plains of Rapti, Reu and Narayani rivers.

Fauna and Flora
Mammals
There are more than 50 species of mammals in the park. The park is famous for conservation of the endangered one-horned rhinoceros, tiger, gharial, gaur, wild elephant, four horned antelope, striped hyena, pangolin, Gangetic dolphin, monitor lizard, and python. Some other animals found in the park are sambar, chital (deer), hog deer, barking deer, sloth deer, common leopard, ratel, palm civet, wild dog, langur and rhesus monkeys.

Amphibians
More than 45 species of amphibians and reptiles live in the park, more famous of which are the marsh crocodile, cobra, green pit viper and various species of frogs and tortoises.

Birds
There are more than species of birds in the park. Counted among the endangered birds are the Bengal florican, giant hornbill, lesser florican, black stork and white stork. Few common birds are peafowl, red jungle fowl, and different species of egrets, herons, kingfishers, flycatchers and woodpeckers. The best time for watching birds is in March and December.

Flora
One fifth of the park is comprises the floodplain of the Narayani, Rapti and the Reu Rivers. It is covered by dense Elephant grass interspersed with forests of silk cotton (Kapok), Acacia and Sisam trees.

Adventure Activities
Watching the wonders of Nature
Watching unique birds and animals from atop an elephant can be quite exciting. Here is a list of activities that can make your trip to the Royal Chitwan National Park more memorable.

Canoeing
Canoeing on Chitwan rivers is an excellent way of seeing waterfalls. The park's dolphins and crocodiles, however, are seldom seen. The high temperatures experienced in the park make bathing in the river an attractive pastime. Water-holes are also lure for a swim. Watching the elephants showering is very interesting.

Elephant Tracking
Elephant rides is a major Chitwan attractions. Wild boar, red deer and other creatures of the jungle can be seen, in the morning and evening especially, from from atop the tall pachyderms. One more advantage is that rhinos can be approached without danger. Apart from the animals, luxuriant vegetation and jungle chorus - different sounds in different parts of the day - make the ride a memorable experience.

Jeep Safari
Jungle safaris make it possible to explore the length and breadth of the National Park.

White- Water Rafting
White-water rafting expedition and jungle safari together represent the ultimate adventure. The river trip itself takes two to three days, commencing at or upstream of Mugling and ending in Narayanghat.

Animal Watching from Hides
Apart from safaris on foot and elephant back, hides offer animal watchers another way of getting what they want. Called machans in local language, these wooden towers are usually erected in clearings crossed by game paths. Best time to watch red deer and rhinos is early morning and evening.

Travel Tips

Try to be well informed about the routes of the park
Consult the doctor before you leave for the trip
Do not disturb the animals and birds in the park
Remain in a group
Try to take a guide along with you while exploring the park

What To Bring With You

Binoculars
Sun Hat and Sun Cream
Swim Wear
Light Clothes; Color should blend with natural surroundings
Light sweater or jacket for mornings and evenings during the winter season (Dec to Feb)
Shoes for easy movement
Flashlight
Swiss knife

How To Reach Royal Chitwan National Park
By Road
Move on the Kathmandu-Narayanghat Highway. Then drive on the Pokhara - Narayanghat Highway which takes you to the park.

By Raft
You can raft down the Trisuli River (from Kathmandu) or Seti River (from Pokhara) ro reach the park.

By Air
Regular charter flights are available from Kathmandu, Pokhara, Biratnagar (Koshi Tappu), Bhairawa (Lumbini), Nepalgunj (Bardia).

Wildlife in Nepal

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The Himalayan kingdom of Nepal, blessed by mother nature with rich and diverse biogeography has several national parks, sanctuaries and reserves brimming with wildlife. Nepalese landscape has altitudinal variance in short distances.

This means that the country has variety of vegetation, from luxuriant vegetation and alpine deserts to lush grasslands. It is endowed with rich and varied biodiversity. Altitudinal variances in short distance give Nepal's biogeography variety that range from lush moist forests and sparse alpine deserts to luxurious grasslands in lowland Terai. Some rare wild life creatures reside in the jungles of the Himalayan nation.

Fast Facts

S.No.	Name	Location	Significance
1.	Royal Chitwan National Park	Chitwan City	UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site
2.	Sagarmatha National Park	Mount Everest	UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site
3.	Royal Bardia National Park	Lowland Terai	Largest Widlife Park in Lowland Terai
4.	Kosi Tappu	East Nepal	Home to the lendangered Wild Buffalo or Arnal.

Bird Parks
Concentration of bird species in Asia is surprising. Few other countries in Asia have such variety. The Himalayan country straddles two of planet's best bird zone, which are Lolarctic to the north, and Oriental to the south.

Protected Species
Endangered and protected species you can see on your wildlife safari tour are as following:

Tiger, Snow Leopard, Wild Elephant, Rhino, Brown Bear, Clouded Leopard, Red Panda, Gangetic Dolphin, Wolf, Giant horn-bill, Swamp deer, Wild yak, Nayan, Black buck, Pangolin, Saras Crane, Four horned antelope, Tibetan antelope, Impean Pheasant, Python, Gharial, Indian bustard, Musk deer pigmy hog, Asamese Macaque, Haspd hare