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aiou first assignment of 8604 allama iqbal open university

noreply@blogger.com (Biology information hub) — Tue, 14 Jun 2022 07:01:00 -0700

Q no 1 Describe different sources of knowledge and mention their use in daily life which one is more authentic in your opinion and why?
Source OF Knowledge

Introduction

There is no question that the mystery of our social advancement has been research, turning around areas of obliviousness by finding new realities, which likewise lead with better approaches to making things and better items. There could be no alternate way except for reality accordingly, research. Exploring nearer to reality. Also, human information works on two levels. At the super level it functions as the reason for viable human exercises, for example, when an instructor takes care of numerical issues for understudies or as when a specialist utilizes their insight to treat infections. In Second level, the data is utilized to track down increments to the current ones data. The work that delivers this new data is known as examination. All exploration is push ahead with existing information limits. It takes us past current cut-off points data. Both kick off something new and work on existing information and significant examination exercises. In any case, research adds to existing information in an efficient manner. This request ought to be particularly accentuated. Simply an insignificant and confounding gathering new data doesn't address research. Data from research is approved and can be confirmed by anybody who might want to do as such. The interaction by which it is gotten is rehashed for example can likewise copy the record the expressed outcomes are confirmed. The reason likewise has the ability to get an 'outsider'. Notwithstanding, individuals have been attempting to comprehend, impart, clarify and control items and occasions around them. Passionate insight, reason, culture, authority, transcendentalism, sorcery, well-qualified assessment, individual experience, catch and re-inclusion science is among the frameworks used to acquire data. A work has been made in this unit to feature all wellsprings of data. Goals In the wake of concentrating on this unit, it is trusted that the understudy will actually want to

: 1. Identification of source

2. clarify the idea.

3. Talk about the job of culture, authority, master in the hypothesis of methaphysics in revelation data. 4. investigate various wellsprings of data. cognitive source The main acknowledgment of nature likely came according to a scholarly point of view. It a wide scope of reasonable decisions and ordinary encounters. Reasonable insight can be portrayed as a progression of associated ideas that assist individuals with figuring out a climate that is tumultuous and works with extraordinary accomplishment in it. While the finishes of coherent vision have been and might be huge, they can be it's wrong. For instance, early discovery of the instructor learning process once therapists drove the finish of the hypothesis that activity further develops learning for example "Careful discipline brings about promising results". Acknowledgment of exceptionally gifted individuals as specialists and craftsmen who do a great deal to consummate their abilities, maybe add to this conviction. Thus, understudies have been over and over requested to spell the letters again tables for increase and finish of significant schoolwork. We can statement here the popular scholar Thorndike (1930) who contended that the outcomes may not be so great. As indicated by him, the impacts of training decide at any rate, to some degree, the training productivity. Culture Dependence on culture or custom is additionally required. We frequently allude to the interaction too culture in the event that the issue is addressed. In many positions and circumstances this is fine reckoner achieves the reason well. Exceptionally decides the pod record adapting mode conditions and mode for adapting. The cycle and customs and customs are clear our own food, clothing, discourse, communication and so forth We regularly pay attention to customs too customs and try not to break them. We are attempting to track down clarifications of what's going on through social and social media. Authority Whenever an issue emerges as a result of a startling circumstance or even as far as a tempest or a storm, debacles likewise struggle, one frequently observes that culture isn't sufficient. You frequently escape a state of extreme lethargy fulfillment and searching for new and better practices. A horrible country a shrewd man goes to his divine beings in the difficult situation. The clan leader kept on being boss expert for a long time and his subjects viewed him as all knowing and capable superman. They seek him for direction and course locally, strict, financial, political and, surprisingly, exclusive issues. Essentially, a scholar who assumed the part of power. Adherents go to a strict pioneer for data, exhortation, and clarification of conditions, home issues and treatment. Also, the trained professional or master is the focal point of power that the person looks to in the hours of the issue actually exists. Researchers, scholars, market analysts, or researchers are the most solid translators of accessible data, proof and wellsprings of novel thoughts, development and motivation. A social master is viewed as the answer for that all issues of the impacted region. Eventually, authority is a significant wellspring of data however it has genuine shortcomings.An authority, regardless of whether a government official, a parent, a strict pioneer or a specialist might be to blame. Thus, it is hazardous to depend on a similar wellspring of data. Expert opinion In some cases searching for data one can take the proof of specialists who say, in light of their arrangement, preparing, proficient experience or abilities, are esteemed better compared to other people individuals. Contacts and conversations with an expert likewise help to get data. the cooperation of specialists in gatherings, classes and studios and tuning in Taught experts are extremely useful in acquiring data and recognizing research issues. Nonetheless, a work ought to be made to decide whether the specialists are known exclusively experts in the field and that they are in a situation to know current realities with specific issues to be thought of Request Rationalism is a framework wherein data is accessible for an explanation and not accessible Earth. Likewise called transcendentalism. It is a public type of conclusive data causation and truth. It is regarding the causes and standards of existing things, not regarding experience. Logic sees human thinking as the main solid manual for information. Pragmatists try not to accept that it is important to check information or experience of confidence. At last understanding gives significant approaches to knowing. Wizardry One method for acquiring information is to control the world through wizardry for enchantment emerges from it solid set it on accepts that naturally one occasion follows another, properly and verifiably, regardless intercession. There are two general classifications of sorcery. One is sorcery wizardry, and the other is it is infectious. In impersonation wizardry, individuals attempt to convey the ideal outcome by emulating the outcome. then again, irresistible sorcery depends on the relationship between articles or occasions. Magic One method for acquiring information is to control the world through wizardry. As indicated by Craig (1985, P.6) for wizardry emerges from it sound set it on expects that ordinarily one occasion follows another, properly and undeniably, regardless mediation. There are two general classes of sorcery. One is enchantment wizardry, and the other is it is infectious. In impersonation wizardry, individuals attempt to convey the ideal outcome by emulating the outcome. then again, irresistible wizardry depends on the relationship between items or occasions.

The Scientific Approach

As indicated by Kerlinger (1983, P.11) science is coordinated, controlled, and not condemned an examination of fictitious proposition with respect to the alleged connection between nature occasions. Notwithstanding, science depends on the understanding that the universe is something very similar furthermore methodical and administered by the laws of circumstances and logical results. Researchers, then again, are distraught regarding the debilitating of existing information, I have figured out how to join the force of these approaches to knowing in another manner - for example logical technique. In particular, it is a brain blowing and empowering thought they were joined with the logical strategy. In the presentation, visual realities are utilized to deliver thoughts or related thoughts on those realities. Likewise, in captures, certain impacts depend on creative mind. In some cases, both learning and result techniques are utilized to acquire data. Nonetheless, to additionally foster agreement, sorcery and the logical technique. Method for the Scientific techniques In a logical manner, intentional information assortment replaces casual information assortment, and structures are tried by trust rather than theoretical realities. While utilizing logical technique, one locks to and fro among catch and importation; he he partakes in edifying reasoning. In 1910, John Dewey, as we might suspect, broke down the segments of work engaged with the demonstration of intelligent reasoning. An energetic discussion isolates coordinates five phases into the critical thinking process:

1. The trouble you feel

An individual encounters a specific hindrance, experience, or issue that befuddles them.

a. He has no chance of arriving at the end he needs.

b. You experience difficulty distinguishing the personality of the item.

c. Can't depict a surprising occasion.

2. Area and domain trouble accumulates realities - empowers him to clarify his hardships precisely.

3. Recommended arrangements of the issue theories

From his first investigation of realities man made savvy forecasts regarding likely answers for the issue. Wonderful articulations - getting to know him gives a clarification of the upsetting realities called theories.

4. Considering the arrival of the aftereffects of the proposed arrangements

One expects to be that assuming every theory is valid, there are sure results ought to follow.

5. Investigating thoughts through activities

One tests every theory via looking for actual proof that will affirm it whether or not the outcomes to follow are conceivable. Through this interaction, you discover which theory concurs with the genuine realities and afterward gives the most dependable answer for his concern. These means in the demonstration of edifying reasoning uncover how info and decrease work clashing loads of logical cuts that cut bits of truth. "Importation gives a premise to thought, and decrease is a coherent test the consequences of speculations, to wipe out those that don't realities, while the innovation additionally adds to the legitimacy of the leftover idea " Research work keeps on changing between information assortment; to do speculations (theories) to clarify realities; Reducing his belongings thoughts; and looking for extra realities to test the creative mind. By utilizing both of affirmation and confinement, you approach dependable data. The logical strategy for thought introduced above gives understanding into the cycles associated with directing the examination. These means are determined independently also clearly, nonetheless, it can give a more exact perspective on the examination interaction. These the means don't give a solid example in which the researcher needs to drive his reasoning, since simple creative mind can't be arranged. Specialists don't for the most part follow a set arrangement of methodology. Research is frequently a confounding, delicate cycle rather than a sensible one, single request. The specialist doesn't approach slowly and carefully, complete the interaction, and afterward continue on to the subsequent stage. He might confront sporadic advances, venturing back again venture out between steps, or work at least two stages simultaneously. Different advances might be conceivable need less exertion; a few stages can take inconsistent time and energy. At the point when the specialist reports his discoveries to mainstream researchers, he fabricates its show in a clear and efficient manner is like the means of the logical technique recorded previously.

Which Method is best in your opinion?

Scientific method is best because you perform with your hand

Aiou first assignment of 8604

Aiou first assignment of 8601 general method of teaching,

noreply@blogger.com (Biology information hub) — Sat, 7 May 2022 00:02:00 -0700

Q no 1 The personal and professional qualities of teachers?

Ans) Personal quality of teacher

Grade teachers need the accompanying attributes:

• solid relational and relational abilities

• a real interest in kids and regard for their distinction

• the capacity to detect kids' singular requirements

• the capacity to be innovative, creative, patient, enthusiastic, coordinated, and clever

• the capacity to lay out compatibility kids and guardians

• solid authority and cooperation abilities and a better than average of humor

• a significant degree of devotion to work which frequently impacts individual way of life decisions

• an unmistakable, lovely talking voice and the capacity to convey certainty

• positive compromise abilities and the capacity to deal with pressure well

Professional quality of teacher

Coordinated effort

The instructor works with others to accomplish a shared objective.

I) Communicates valuably with peers/partners, chairmen, bosses, staff,

coach educators, and guardians

• Shows thought and regard for considerations and sensations of others

• Shows powerful verbal and non-verbal relational abilities

• Shows adaptability with others

• Requests ideas and input from others

• Keeps up with correspondence with partners, bosses, and coach instructors

at the point when different kinds of feedback emerge

• Perceives a scope of substantial perspectives

ii) Capacities as a contributing individual from an educational group to accomplish long haul

educational plan objectives, state content principles, and region norms (term 4)

• Imparts really both verbally and non-verbally

• Shares thoughts and materials

• Presents suggestions and perceptions at IEP gatherings

Genuineness and Honesty

The instructor shows honesty, proficient conduct, and reliability.

I) Presentations genuineness and trustworthiness

• Keeps up with classification

• Inspires trust and regard from the two companions and bosses

• In following through with tasks and field experience tasks, produces unique

work and credits sources when suitable

First assignment of aiou course code 8601

First assignment of aiou course code 8601

Respect

The instructor respects, esteems, and exhibits thought and respect for one and

others.

I) Is conscious of social examples and assumptions inside a local area setting

• Presents self in an expert way (e.g., dress, correspondence)

• Talks and acts in a way that is touchy to etymological and social contrasts and regards the pride and worth of others

• Lays out great compatibility with understudies and partners

• Looks to address the fluctuated advancing necessities of understudies in his/her homeroom, counting lower-performing kids and those with incapacities

• Perceives and regards personalities informed by a gathering's authentic setting Obligation to Learning

The educator values learning for self and understudies.

I) Shows energy, drive, and assurance to make one's school and homeroom the most ideal climate for educating and learning

• Plans and conveys guidance that connects all understudies in his/her study hall furthermore addresses their advancing requirements

• Values continuous appraisal as crucial for the informative interaction

ii) Exhibits a promise to understudies' learning

• Executes research-based techniques

• Proposes thoughts and arrangements that address educational plan, guidance, and homeroom the board

• Finds and additionally makes materials that achieve understudy learning

• Embraces liabilities, finds materials and assets, and gets to the next level educating

• Reflects upon and assesses viability as an instructor, and tries to move along abilities

• Ponders and proposes suggestions to address curricular, educational and homeroom the executives matters

• Draws in understudies in finding how information is built

• Effectively and intentionally searches for stories, intelligence, activity, and manifestations

information according to different viewpoints

iii) Considers execution and perspectives as an instructor

• Reflects upon and assesses viability as an educator, and looks to move along

abilities

• Gets criticism in a positive way and makes fundamental changes

• Routinely re-evaluates his/her obligation to the calling

• Assesses guidance and understudy connections and changes on a case-by-case basis

Enthusiastic Development

The instructor exhibits circumstance suitable conduct.

I) Is self-assured and energetic

• Shows excitement for educating and the topic

• Shows self-assurance through non-verbal communication, voice tone, eye contact, readiness

• Displays energy, drive, and assurance to turn into an expert instructor

ii) Is trustworthy, honest, and prompt

• Shows up before the expected time or on schedule

• Finishes allocated jobs on time

• Completely finishes tasks and assumptions

iii) Models interactive abilities, character qualities and attitudes wanted in understudies.

• Lays out mindful and commonly aware associations with understudies

• Expressly instructs and models wanted practices and mentalities

Initiative and Obligation

The educator acts autonomously and shows responsibility, unwavering quality, and sound

judgment.

I) Knows about and acts as indicated by school approaches and practices

• Has gotten and perused school strategy manual

• Complies with class, school, and area rules and arrangements

I. What is a case method?

Case method

The case technique is an informative methodology that connects with understudies in dynamic conversation about issues and issues intrinsic in functional application. It can feature major issues or basic issues and gives a configuration to pretending uncertain or questionable situations. It empowers the understudies to apply what they realize in the study hall to genuine encounters. A case is a record of a real issue or circumstance which has been capable by an individual or a gathering. It incorporates realities accessible to those dealing with the issue, alongside a portrayal of discernments and perspectives of the people who are stood up to with the issue. Course content cases can emerge out of an assortment of sources. Educators have changed. recent developments or issues announced through print or broadcast media into basic learning encounters to discover answers for basic social study. The case study approach works well in cooperative learning or role-playing environments to stimulate critical thinking and awareness.

II. Define and compare active learning and cooperative learning?

Ans

Active Learning

Meyers and Jones (1993) characterize dynamic learning as learning conditions that permit

"Understudies to talk and tune in, read, compose, and reflect as they approach course content

through critical thinking works out.

Cooperative Learning

It is an orderly instructive system that energizes little gatherings of understudies to cooperate for the accomplishment of a shared objective

Active learning	Cooperative learning
Many investigations show that learning is improved when understudies become effectively associated with the learning system. Educational techniques that draw in understudies in Educational techniques that draw in understudies in the learning system invigorate decisive reasoning and a more prominent consciousness of other viewpoints. .	The term 'Cooperative Learning' is frequently utilized as an equivalent word for helpful realizing when, in truth, it is a different technique that includes a more extensive scope of gathering associations such as creating learning networks, invigorating understudy/personnel conversations, and empowering electronic trades (Bruffee, 1993). .
Surveying or reviewing understudies' commitments in dynamic learning conditions is dangerous	The two methodologies stress the significance of workforce and understudy contribution in the learning system
It is critical that the course schedule plainly diagrams the assessment measures for every task whether individual or gathering. Understudies need and need to realize what is generally anticipated of them.	Cautious preparation and readiness are fundamental, while coordinating helpful or cooperative learning procedures into a course. Seeing how to frame gatherings, guarantee positive association, keep up with individual responsibility, resolve bunch struggle, foster fitting tasks and evaluating rules, and oversee dynamic learning conditions are basic to the accomplishment of an effective agreeable learning

III. What is lesson planning? Write down the five merits of lesson planning for the teachers?

Ans A lesson plan is the educator's guide of what understudies need to realize and how it will be done successfully during the class time. Before you plan your example, you will initially have to recognize the learning targets for the class meeting. Then, at that point, you can configuration fitting learning exercises and foster techniques to acquire criticism on understudy learning.

Motivation

A careful example plan enlivened the instructor to further develop the illustration plan further. You can improve it to accomplish the illustration plan in a superior manner.

2. Assessment

An example plan assists the instructor with assessing his instructing and to contrast it and set destinations. This assessment will help you in accomplishing the set focuses on a superior way.

3. Fearlessness

These example plans create fearlessness in the educator and make them to pursue clear objective.

4. Past Information on the Understudies

An instructor can take an appropriate consideration by thinking about the level and past information on the understudies in your group.

5. Coordinated Matter

An educator will want to complete a specific example in a restricted time. This will help that person to cause the understudies to gain proficiency with a superior and exact way.

Q.2Explain the factors of effective teaching.

Variables of Viable Instructing Cart, (2007) recommends five key factors that could add to a powerful learning and educating climate.

KEY Factor 1: Instructor Information

, Energy and Obligation regarding Learning Great study hall is one in which information is divided between educator and understudies. Educator gives directions as well as takes thoughts of understudies during the teachinglearning system and do conversations. In such a climate the information is shared; understudies and educators generally become students and find the universe of the subject. In such a climate, an instructor assumes liability for the sharing and pleasure in the information.

KEY factor 2: Homeroom Exercises

That Empower Learning In a study hall of chance and experience, the students investigate and do explore. In such an environment the most common way of learning become a proportion of achievement and the understudies feel that they are the experts of their own learning. Perspectives of the instructor in such a study hall can impact the result. An educator needs to be ready to test what is happening in the class. The class exercises used to draw in the understudies should be assessed, returned to, and pulled together to bring understudies into a compelling association with the subject.

KEY factor 3: Evaluation Exercises

That Empower Learning Through Experience. The evaluation contributes towards the making of a compelling learning process. On the off chance that the understudies know the worth of appraisal in the continuous learning process, not at the end, then, at that point, they can function admirably and partake simultaneously and use it to acquire better outcomes. The powerful learning climate includes the cycles of companion mentoring, co usable picking up, addressing, explaining, and summing up. These cycles are utilized to enable the students. For instance, on the off chance that educator poses the inquiry: 'What do you do in the study hall?' If appraisal exercises are important for the 'doing' they become a focal a piece of the learning system.

KEY factor 4 Powerful Criticism

That Lays out the Learning Cycles in the Homeroom Fitting learning related criticism is one of the significant elements in compelling instructing. Various strategies for input empower the educator to draw in the understudies with learning. All clarifications, addressing techniques, directions are essential for criticism and understudy input (Hattie, 1999, p.9). In a viable study hall, the understudies effectively look for the input of their presentation. Alton Lee (2003) features the worth of input however cautions that as well much can be hurtful as excessively little. The input that an instructor gets from the understudies is additionally vital to produce a learning climate. The more criticism that an educator can acquire from understudies, and the more the educator can follow up on that input, the better the learning climate will be that is made.

KEY Variable 5: Successful Collaboration between the Educator and the Understudies,

Establishing a Climate That Regards, Empowers and Invigorates Learning through Experience. Learning is a passionate exercise. Understudies like those things or activities that requests to them inwardly. The instructor who carries a feeling of individual association to the study hall, and who needs to impart the information to the class, who shows that he/she is additionally a piece of the learning cycle, is setting up a relationship with the students. The working climate created by the collaboration can eliminate the shame of 'working' what's more transform the realizing system into fulfilling.

Q.3What is Gagne's frame work for instructional development?

Gagne's casing work for educational turn of events A well-known instructive therapist, Robert Gagne, distinguished nine informative occasions that help learning and that can be utilized in example arranging. These focuses are frequently utilized as a structure for educational improvement by the educators.

Gagne's casing work center around the obtaining of scholarly abilities during guidance. The nine occasions of guidance are:

I) Gaining consideration: - Student’s consideration is acquired towards the example. There are numerous ways of acquiring understudies' consideration, for example, instructor interfaces the illustration with the understudies' past information, start from every day encounters of the understudies connected with the example.

ii) Informing students of the level headed: - express the targets of the illustration. Make the understudies mindful of what they will realize.

iii) Stimulating review of earlier learning: - to make connect with the past information, the instructor may pose inquiries to review the earlier learning.

iv) Presenting the substance: - the educators present the new ideas. Characterize and portray the subtleties of the ideas before the understudies.

v) Providing learning direction: - the instructors utilize the sound and visual guides in request to establish a best learning climate.

vi) Providing amazing chances to rehearse: - the instructors use models from the day-to-day existence and give amazing chances to overhaul/drill the new illustration. At times the educators give class work for the improvement in learning.

vii) Providing input (data regarding how to improve): - the work tasks of the understudies are checked by the educator and remarks are given. The understudies are approached to address the work.

viii) Assessing execution (test, tests, papers): - the assessment strategies are

used to really look at the understudies' exhibition on the learned ideas. The

appraisal of understudies' advancement can be done by every day/month to month tests,

assessments, and so on.

ix) Enhancing maintenance and move: - the instructor put together exercises to help understudies recall and hold the learned ideas. The learned conduct of the understudy is affirmed when he/she applies the information on to various circumstances to take care of different issues (move it to different situations).

Q.4How are objectives stated in behavioral terms?

Rundown of targets the destinations might be conduct goals (what the understudy can do at illustration finish) or information goals (what the understudy knows at illustration finish)

• The set (span in) that centers understudies around the illustration's idea or abilities. these incorporate pictures or models and posing driving inquiries or reviewing the past examples

• An instructional component it depicts the grouping of occasions remembered for a

example. It incorporates the instructor's educational information and directed practice. the understudies

attempt to see new abilities/work with groundbreaking thoughts

•Independent practice-this training permits understudies to broaden information and abilities

by them selves

• An outline the educator wraps up the conversation and replies to the understudies' questions

• An assessment part a test for authority of the trained abilities or ideas for example, a bunch of inquiries to address or a bunch of guidelines to keep

• Analysis part the educator ponders the example like what has been

accomplished/learned, for sure necessities improvement

A continuity component- it audits and connects with the substance from the past

illustration.

Q 5What are the different factors that influence student motivation.

As indicated by JereBrophy (1987), inspiration to learn is a skill procured "through general experience however animated most straightforwardly through displaying, correspondence of assumptions, and direct guidance or socialization by soul mates (particularly guardians and educators)". Youngsters' home climate shapes the underlying star grouping of mentalities they create toward learning. Whenever guardians support their kids' normal interest on the planet by inviting their inquiries, empowering investigation, and acquainting them with assets that can amplify their reality, they are giving their kids the message that learning is advantageous and much of the time fun and fulfilling. Whenever youngsters are brought up in a home that supports a self-appreciation worth, capability, independence, and self-viability, they will be more well-suited to acknowledge the dangers intrinsic in learning. On the other hand, when youngsters don't see themselves as essentially equipped and capable, their opportunity to participate in scholastically provoking pursuits and ability to endure and adapt with disappointment are extraordinarily decreased. When youngsters start school, they are being shaping convictions about their school-related triumphs and disappointments. The sources to which youngsters quality their victories (usually exertion, capacity, karma, or level of undertaking trouble) and disappointments (regularly absence of capacity or absence of exertion) have significant ramifications for how they approach and adapt to learning circumstances. The convictions educators themselves have about instructing and learning and the idea of the assumptions they hold for understudies likewise apply a strong impact (Raffini). As Deborah Stipek (1998) notes, "To an extremely enormous certificate, understudies hope to learn if their educators anticipate that they should learn". School's wide objectives, approaches, and systems additionally associate with homeroom environment and practices to certify or modify understudies' undeniably intricate learning-related perspectives and convictions. Formative changes include another strand of the persuasive web. For model, albeit small kids will generally keep up with elevated requirements for progress indeed, even despite rehashed disappointment, more established understudies don't. Also, albeit more youthful kids will generally see exertion as consistently certain, more seasoned youngsters view it as a "double edged blade" (Ames). To them, disappointment following high exertion seems to convey more negative ramifications particularly for their self-idea of capacity - than disappointment that results from insignificant or no work

The most effective method to help propelling students As indicated by Hymn Ames (1990, 1992), there are six regions that can impact understudies' inspiration to learn:

Task understudies are approached to do.

The strength of our inspiration in a specific not entirely set in stone by our assumption that we can get achievement and the worth of that achievement. To see how a scholar assignment can influence understudy's inspiration, we want to dissect them. Errands can be intriguing or exhausting for understudies. What's more assignments have different incentive for understudies.

The independence understudies are permitted in working.

Provide understudies with a scope of choices that set important errands for them, yet in addition permit them to follow individual interest. The equilibrium should be perfect. An excess of independence is dumbfounding and too little is exhausting.

How understudies are perceived for their achievements.

Understudies ought to be perceived for enhancing their very own best, for handling

troublesome errands, for industriousness, and for inventiveness.

Gathering Practices.

Inspiration can incredibly affected by the manners in which we connect with the others who are moreover engaged with achieving a specific objective. At the point when the assignment includes complex learning also issue abilities, collaboration prompts higher accomplishment than rivalry, particularly for understudies with low capacities. The collaboration with peers that the understudies appreciate to such an extent turns into a piece of learning process. The requirement for having a place portrayed by Maslow is more prone to be met and inspiration is expanded.

Assessment Techniques.

The more prominent the accentuation on serious assessment and reviewing, the more understudies will zero in on execution objectives rather than dominance. Low-accomplishing understudies who have pretty much nothing any desire for either performing admirably or authority the errand may just need to get it over with. How could instructors keep understudies from just zeroing in on the grade or accomplishing the work "just to get wrapped up"? The response is to de-underline grades and stress learning in the class. Understudies need to comprehend the worth of the work or how the data will be valuable in taking care of issues they need to address. One method for accentuating advancing rather than grades is to utilize self-assessment.

Booking of time in the study hall.

Most educators realize that there is a lot of work and insufficient time in the school day. Regardless of whether they become immersed in an undertaking, understudies should pause and direct their concentration toward another subject when the ringer rings or the timetables requests. Besides, understudies must progress collectively. In this way, booking regularly obstructs inspiration by making understudies move quicker or increasingly slow their inclusion. In this manner, instructor ought to be ready to give expanded period when everybody, even the instructors participate in action or t have square planning for which educators work in groups to design bigger squares of time.

Plan with Battling Understudies

At the point when understudies are battling with helpless scholastic execution, low self-productivity, or low inspiration, one technique that might help is to show them how to learn. That is, to layout explicit techniques for finishing a task, note-taking or assessing for a te

Aiou assignment no 1 8601 general method of teaching

Aiou B.ED paper atumn 2021 course code 8601 general method of teaching

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General method of teaching Allama iqbalGeneral method of teaching Allama iqbal open university paper course code 8601 semster Autumn 2021

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what is antigen presenting cell

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Antigen presenting cell

Introduction

Individual is protected from different type of pathogen with the help of immune system. with the help of confocal microscope, we observe mechanism of immune system.

Antigen is defined as cell that is specialized cell that is responsible to stimulate to immune system to fight against disease. There are two types of antigen. Foreign antigen is produced from outside body like infection of virus, bacteria and second type are autoantigen. Antigen presentation cell has two subset professional antigen presenting cell and amateur antigen presenting cell. Macrophage monocyte dendritic cell and b cell are professional antigen presenting cell. Amateur antigen present cell like glial cell pancreatic beta cell keratinocyte cell and thyroid gland act only in special condition. First, we discuss antigen presenting cell

Antigen presenting cell

Monocyte and microphage

Foreign particles engulf by monocyte and microphages. Microphage cell that presents in tissue and monocyte circulate with in blood. Microphages are present in bone, connective tissue, and brain. Kupffer cell are microphage that present in liver cell. Adaptive and innate immunity is controlled by microphages. PAMP, Toll-like, scavenger, and mannose receptors bind with antigen to activate microphages

Dendritic cell

Dendritic cell was described by Steinmann 1973. These are professional antigen cell that produce in bone marrow and part of lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissue. Myeloid stem cell produces two type of dendritic population. Follicular dendritic cell produces when one population migrate toward lymph node. Second population present in non-lymph node and then change in to interstitial dendritic cell. Dendritic cells are suitable for specific antigen presentation These cell highly concentrated at place where microbe enter. Presentation of T cell is processed by dendritic cell and microbe is captured by dendritic cell. Dendritic cells have ability to move in tissue so they stimulate lymph node.

Follicular dendritic cell

Lymph node germinal follicle are responsible in production of follicular dendritic cell. Follicular dendritic cell perform function to activate b cell and main immunological memory. Only FDCs dendritic cell that does not participate in antigen presentation of T cell. FDCs cell produce cytokines that is responsible for activation of B cell in plasma.

Interstitial Dendritic cell

Except brain and eye interstitial cell present in all tissue. The function of these cell to detect foreign particle in body. IDC present in skin in large quantity, skin contain 25% of Langerhans cell and 2- 3 % skin cell. Suprabasilar epidermis is a place where immature Langerhans cell present and identified by cytoplasmic birbeck granule when class 1 class 2 CD +4 and other receptor are expressed in response of pathogen.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cell

These cell is like antibodies that secreted from plasma cell and it is belief that production of these cell in lymphoid progenitor. PDCs are present in lymph node like spleen, tonsil, and blood. These cell activated against viral infection. When virus attack DNA of viruses is capture by toll like receptors 7 and 9. When viral DNA is captured PDCs activate alpha bd beta interferon. These interferon do not allow viral cell to attack on other uninfectious cell.

B cell

T cell is presented by B cell. B cell has specific antigen receptor that bind with antigen and then modified into antibodies. Cross linking of BCR include antigen which is breakdown in cytoplasm and presentation of T cell in context to class 2. B cell is less concentrated. For presentation of antigen B cell concentration is 100 to 10000 time less concentrated than macrophage for antigen presentation.

Presentation of exogenic antigen

Exogenic antigen is breakdown on the path of endocyte and fill up on class MHC2 molecule. ClassMHC 2 molecule perform their mechanism in different way with macrophage and B cell. Using different receptor like PAMPs and antibodies dendritic cell bound with antigen. Phagocytic cell ingest opsonizes bacteria and antigen. Pseudopodia is formed by invagination of membrane during re arrangement of cytokinin. Pseudopodia surround material and ingest them; these material change in internal vacuole. Foreign particle is engulfed by B cell using receptor mediated response. Clathrin membrane is area where localization of B cell receptor take place. When receptor bind with clathrin it helps calthrin to move inward membrane and make vesical.

Process of recycle of clathrin completed after that B receptor express on surface of cell and membrane bounded vesical change into vacuole. Phagosome is name of vacuole in microphage and B cell. Phagosome combined with lysozyme that has hydrolytic enzyme that remove material from phagosome and phagosome called phagolysosome.

Dendritic cell and cancer vaccination

Tumor cells are not actively participated in immunity as HLA move downward and antigen of tumor cell do not present to T cell. Immunity against tumor cell is increased by using cross priming vaccine. Tumor cell exerted from patient and then purified. Tumor cell and dendritic cell combine in laboratory and heat up for several day. Complete tumor cell is engulfed by dendritic cell and suitable presentation of class 2 molecule. DCs in patient produce action in responses of tumor cell. Vaccine is produced against tumor according to this concept. cancer is treated by using dendritic cell vaccine.

MHC 1 antigen presentation

MHC 1 cell are mostly present in nucleated cell. MHC1 cell is composed of heterodimer of different kind of alpha chain that coupled noncovalently with b-2 macroglobulin. It is nonpolymorphic. Alpha chain is composed of three domain. Plasma membrane is crossed by alpha 3butalph 2 and alpha 1 is responsible for antigen bonding cell. MHC1 is bounded with peptide that are 8-10 amino acid in length and peptide anchor on MHC 1 molecule with the help of amino acid that are present on specific position.

Endoplasmic reticulum produce MHC 1 molecule ‘s peptide binding site. cytosol is responsible for production of all type of protein. Proteosome are catalytic enzyme that degrade protein small peptide.

Proteome composed of 28 subunits that are cylindrical structure and contain 4 ring and each ring has seven subunit. Innate immunity release IFNs that is responsible in production of three type of proteosome subunits when viral infection take place. Proteosome are produces peptides that bind with MHC molecule when inflammation occur.

MHC class II presentation

APCs, such as dendritic cells (DC), B cell and microphages express MHCII molecule. Protein change into peptide that form binding with MHCII molecule. Alpha and beta chain are part of MHCII molecule, combine in endoplasmic reticulum and invariant chain stabile it. Golgi apparatuses transport invariant chain and MHCII molecule into different compartment these compartment called Ii and MHCII compartment. Proteases cathepsin L and cathepsin S has acidic pH, due to acidic pH these protease activate and digest it invariant chain

Pathway of antigen presentation

Two pathway is used by immune system to remove extracellular and intracellular antigen. Cytosol pathway is responsible for the processing of endogenous antigen and present on membrane. endocytic pathway is path that processed exogenic antigen and present it on membrane with molecule of MHCII.

Two scientist Morrison and Braciale perform experiment to show that presentation of peptide bond is done by MHCI and MHCII molecule Two clone of cytotoxin T cell is used in research, molecule of class MHCI make association with influenza hemagglutinin is recognized by one type of Tc cell. Same antigen that makes association with MHCII molecule that is recognized by atypic TC line cell. Expression of both MHCI and MHC II molecule by target cell and these target cells heated these molecule with infectious influenza virus or with those virus that are inactivated with the help of UV radiation (non-activated viruses have antigen but they loss replication ability). Target cells are also heated with class I and II restricted Tc cell for the determination of lysis of target cells lysis Class I and II restricted Tc cell were heated together. In result Tc cells of class II molecule provide response against target cell which are treated with infectious or non-infectious. The class I restricted cells provide response against those target cells which were treated with infectious virus. Using emetine production of viral protein stop when class I restricted cells treated with viral infection that cause stimulation of class II restricted cell but no stimulation produces in class I restricted cells. When chloroquine using in experiment endocytic process pathway has been blocked by drug it stimulates class I restricted cell. These experiment show that exogenic antigen associated with class MHCII molecule and endogenic antigen associated with MHCII molecule.

Antigen presenting cell

Monocyte macrophages and T lymphocytes antigen presenting cell

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what is antigen presenting cell

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