<!doctype html><html prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" dir="ltr"><head><meta charset="utf-8">
<script>var __ezHttpConsent={setByCat:function(src,tagType,attributes,category,force){var setScript=function(){if(force||window.ezTcfConsent[category]){var scriptElement=document.createElement(tagType);scriptElement.src=src;attributes.forEach(function(attr){for(var key in attr){if(attr.hasOwnProperty(key)){scriptElement.setAttribute(key,attr[key]);}}});var firstScript=document.getElementsByTagName(tagType)[0];firstScript.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement,firstScript);}};if(force||(window.ezTcfConsent&&window.ezTcfConsent.loaded)){setScript();}else if(typeof getEzConsentData==="function"){getEzConsentData().then(function(ezTcfConsent){if(ezTcfConsent&&ezTcfConsent.loaded){setScript();}else{console.error("cannot get ez consent data");force=true;setScript();}});}else{force=true;setScript();console.error("getEzConsentData is not a function");}},};</script>
<script>var ezTcfConsent=window.ezTcfConsent?window.ezTcfConsent:{loaded:false,store_info:false,develop_and_improve_services:false,measure_ad_performance:false,measure_content_performance:false,select_basic_ads:false,create_ad_profile:false,select_personalized_ads:false,create_content_profile:false,select_personalized_content:false,understand_audiences:false,use_limited_data_to_select_content:false,};function getEzConsentData(){return new Promise(function(resolve){document.addEventListener("ezConsentEvent",function(event){var ezTcfConsent=event.detail.ezTcfConsent;resolve(ezTcfConsent);});});}</script>
<script>function _setEzCookies(ezConsentData){var cookies=[{name:"ezoab_270374",value:"mod211; Path=/; Domain=bioscience.com.pk; Expires=Thu, 25 Jul 2024 02:08:49 UTC",tcfCategory:"store_info",isEzoic:"true",},{name:"ezoadgid_270374",value:"-1; Path=/; Domain=bioscience.com.pk; Expires=Thu, 25 Jul 2024 00:38:49 UTC",tcfCategory:"understand_audiences",isEzoic:"true",},{name:"ezosuibasgeneris-1",value:"9fff333a-7bd8-4a88-577c-82194dd96104; Path=/; Domain=bioscience.com.pk; Expires=Fri, 25 Jul 2025 00:08:49 UTC; Secure; SameSite=None",tcfCategory:"understand_audiences",isEzoic:"true",}];for(var i=0;i<cookies.length;i++){var cookie=cookies[i];if(ezConsentData&&ezConsentData.loaded&&ezConsentData[cookie.tcfCategory]){document.cookie=cookie.name+"="+cookie.value;}}}
if(window.ezTcfConsent&&window.ezTcfConsent.loaded){_setEzCookies(window.ezTcfConsent);}else if(typeof getEzConsentData==="function"){getEzConsentData().then(function(ezTcfConsent){if(ezTcfConsent&&ezTcfConsent.loaded){_setEzCookies(window.ezTcfConsent);}else{console.error("cannot get ez consent data");_setEzCookies(window.ezTcfConsent);}});}else{console.error("getEzConsentData is not a function");_setEzCookies(window.ezTcfConsent);}</script><link rel="preload" as="image" importance="high" fetchpriority="high" href="/media/k2/items/cache/58c14d04ea7d9b2910e24aef05b926e1_XS.jpg?ezimgfmt=rs%3Adevice%2Frscb3-1"><script data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>var __ez=__ez||{};__ez.stms=Date.now();__ez.evt={};__ez.script={};__ez.ck=__ez.ck||{};__ez.template={};__ez.template.isOrig=true;__ez.queue=function(){var e=0,i=0,t=[],n=!1,o=[],r=[],s=!0,a=function(e,i,n,o,r,s,a){var l=arguments.length>7&&void 0!==arguments[7]?arguments[7]:window,d=this;this.name=e,this.funcName=i,this.parameters=null===n?null:w(n)?n:[n],this.isBlock=o,this.blockedBy=r,this.deleteWhenComplete=s,this.isError=!1,this.isComplete=!1,this.isInitialized=!1,this.proceedIfError=a,this.fWindow=l,this.isTimeDelay=!1,this.process=function(){u("... func = "+e),d.isInitialized=!0,d.isComplete=!0,u("... func.apply: "+e);var i=d.funcName.split("."),n=null,o=this.fWindow||window;i.length>3||(n=3===i.length?o[i[0]][i[1]][i[2]]:2===i.length?o[i[0]][i[1]]:o[d.funcName]),null!=n&&n.apply(null,this.parameters),!0===d.deleteWhenComplete&&delete t[e],!0===d.isBlock&&(u("----- F'D: "+d.name),m())}},l=function(e,i,t,n,o,r,s){var a=arguments.length>7&&void 0!==arguments[7]?arguments[7]:window,l=this;this.name=e,this.path=i,this.async=o,this.defer=r,this.isBlock=t,this.blockedBy=n,this.isInitialized=!1,this.isError=!1,this.isComplete=!1,this.proceedIfError=s,this.fWindow=a,this.isTimeDelay=!1,this.isPath=function(e){return"/"===e[0]&&"/"!==e[1]},this.getSrc=function(e){return void 0!==window.__ezScriptHost&&this.isPath(e)&&"banger.js"!==this.name?window.__ezScriptHost+e:e},this.process=function(){l.isInitialized=!0,u("... file = "+e);var i=this.fWindow?this.fWindow.document:document,t=i.createElement("script");t.src=this.getSrc(this.path),!0===o?t.async=!0:!0===r&&(t.defer=!0),t.onerror=function(){var e={url:window.location.href,name:l.name,path:l.path,user_agent:window.navigator.userAgent};"undefined"!=typeof _ezaq&&(e.pageview_id=_ezaq.page_view_id);var i=encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(e)),t=new XMLHttpRequest;t.open("GET","//g.ezoic.net/ezqlog?d="+i,!0),t.send(),u("----- ERR'D: "+l.name),l.isError=!0,!0===l.isBlock&&m()},t.onreadystatechange=t.onload=function(){var e=t.readyState;u("----- F'D: "+l.name),e&&!/loaded|complete/.test(e)||(l.isComplete=!0,!0===l.isBlock&&m())},i.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}},d=function(e,i){this.name=e,this.path="",this.async=!1,this.defer=!1,this.isBlock=!1,this.blockedBy=[],this.isInitialized=!0,this.isError=!1,this.isComplete=i,this.proceedIfError=!1,this.isTimeDelay=!1,this.process=function(){}};function c(e,i,n,s,a,d,c,f,u){var m=new l(e,i,n,s,a,d,c,u);!0===f?o[e]=m:r[e]=m,t[e]=m,h(m)}function h(e){!0!==f(e)&&0!=s&&e.process()}function f(e){if(!0===e.isTimeDelay&&!1===n)return u(e.name+" blocked = TIME DELAY!"),!0;if(w(e.blockedBy))for(var i=0;i<e.blockedBy.length;i++){var o=e.blockedBy[i];if(!1===t.hasOwnProperty(o))return u(e.name+" blocked = "+o),!0;if(!0===e.proceedIfError&&!0===t[o].isError)return!1;if(!1===t[o].isComplete)return u(e.name+" blocked = "+o),!0}return!1}function u(e){var i=window.location.href,t=new RegExp("[?&]ezq=([^&#]*)","i").exec(i);"1"===(t?t[1]:null)&&console.debug(e)}function m(){++e>200||(u("let's go"),p(o),p(r))}function p(e){for(var i in e)if(!1!==e.hasOwnProperty(i)){var t=e[i];!0===t.isComplete||f(t)||!0===t.isInitialized||!0===t.isError?!0===t.isError?u(t.name+": error"):!0===t.isComplete?u(t.name+": complete already"):!0===t.isInitialized&&u(t.name+": initialized already"):t.process()}}function w(e){return"[object Array]"==Object.prototype.toString.call(e)}return window.addEventListener("load",(function(){setTimeout((function(){n=!0,u("TDELAY -----"),m()}),5e3)}),!1),{addFile:c,addFileOnce:function(e,i,n,o,r,s,a,l,d){t[e]||c(e,i,n,o,r,s,a,l,d)},addDelayFile:function(e,i){var n=new l(e,i,!1,[],!1,!1,!0);n.isTimeDelay=!0,u(e+" ...  FILE! TDELAY"),r[e]=n,t[e]=n,h(n)},addFunc:function(e,n,s,l,d,c,f,u,m,p){!0===c&&(e=e+"_"+i++);var w=new a(e,n,s,l,d,f,u,p);!0===m?o[e]=w:r[e]=w,t[e]=w,h(w)},addDelayFunc:function(e,i,n){var o=new a(e,i,n,!1,[],!0,!0);o.isTimeDelay=!0,u(e+" ...  FUNCTION! TDELAY"),r[e]=o,t[e]=o,h(o)},items:t,processAll:m,setallowLoad:function(e){s=e},markLoaded:function(e){if(e&&0!==e.length){if(e in t){var i=t[e];!0===i.isComplete?u(i.name+" "+e+": error loaded duplicate"):(i.isComplete=!0,i.isInitialized=!0)}else t[e]=new d(e,!0);u("markLoaded dummyfile: "+t[e].name)}},logWhatsBlocked:function(){for(var e in t)!1!==t.hasOwnProperty(e)&&f(t[e])}}}();__ez.evt.add=function(e,t,n){e.addEventListener?e.addEventListener(t,n,!1):e.attachEvent?e.attachEvent("on"+t,n):e["on"+t]=n()},__ez.evt.remove=function(e,t,n){e.removeEventListener?e.removeEventListener(t,n,!1):e.detachEvent?e.detachEvent("on"+t,n):delete e["on"+t]};__ez.script.add=function(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.async=!0,t.type="text/javascript",document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)};__ez.dot={};__ez.queue.addFile('/detroitchicago/boise.js','/detroitchicago/boise.js?gcb=195-0&cb=5',true,[],true,false,true,false);__ez.queue.addFile('/parsonsmaize/abilene.js','/parsonsmaize/abilene.js?gcb=195-0&cb=35',true,[],true,false,true,false);</script><script data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false">__ez.ssaf=[17,19,16];__ez.sswp=4;__ez.ssv=651433;__ez.sshsdef=false;</script><script data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false">__ez.queue.addFile('/tardisrocinante/screx.js','/tardisrocinante/screx.js?gcb=0&cb=5',false,['/detroitchicago/tulsa.js'],true,false,true,false);</script><script data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false">(function(){if("function"===typeof window.CustomEvent)return!1;window.CustomEvent=function(c,a){a=a||{bubbles:!1,cancelable:!1,detail:null};var b=document.createEvent("CustomEvent");b.initCustomEvent(c,a.bubbles,a.cancelable,a.detail);return b}})();</script><script data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false">__ez.queue.addFile('/detroitchicago/tulsa.js','/detroitchicago/tulsa.js?gcb=195-0&cb=9',false,[],true,false,true,false);</script><script data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false">window._ezaq=Object.assign({},typeof window._ezaq!=="undefined"?window._ezaq:{},{"ad_cache_level":0,"adpicker_placement_cnt":0,"ai_placeholder_cache_level":2,"ai_placeholder_placement_cnt":0,"domain_id":270374,"ezcache_level":1,"ezcache_skip_code":11,"has_bad_image":0,"has_bad_words":0,"is_sitespeed":1,"lt_cache_level":0,"response_size":96270,"response_size_orig":87864,"response_time_orig":453,"template_id":5,"url":"https://www.bioscience.com.pk/","word_count":0,"worst_bad_word_level":0});__ez.queue.markLoaded('ezaqBaseReady');</script><link rel="preconnect" href="//www.googletagmanager.com" crossorigin><link rel="preconnect" href="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net" crossorigin><link rel="preconnect" href="//partner.googleadservices.com" crossorigin><link rel="preconnect" href="//www.google-analytics.com" crossorigin><link rel="preconnect" href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net" crossorigin><link rel="preconnect" href="//googleads.g.doubleclick.net" crossorigin><link rel="preconnect" href="//www.googletagservices.com" crossorigin><link rel="preconnect" href="//tpc.googlesyndication.com" crossorigin><link rel="preconnect" href="//static.bioscience.com.pk" crossorigin><link rel="preconnect" href="//secure.gravatar.com" crossorigin><link rel="preconnect" href="//adservice.google.com" crossorigin><link rel="preconnect" href="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com" crossorigin><link rel="preconnect" href="//fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin><link rel="preconnect" href="//feeds.feedburner.com" crossorigin><link rel="preconnect" href="//www.gstatic.com" crossorigin><link rel="preconnect" href="//www.googleadservices.com" crossorigin><link rel="preconnect" href="//go.ezoic.net" crossorigin><style class="ezcritcss">*,::after,::before{box-sizing:border-box}body{display:block;margin:0;padding:0;font-family:open sans,sans-serif;overflow-x:hidden}img{aspect-ratio:attr(width)/attr(height)}.znlb{position:relative}.znlb:before{position:absolute;display:block;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;left:0;right:0;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;top:calc(50% - 10px);font-size:14px;line-height:20px;color:#ccc}.adze{position:relative;display:block;width:auto;height:250px;padding:0 5px;overflow:hidden}.adei{position:relative;display:block;width:100%;height:250px;background:#efefef}.adei:before{content:"Advertisement / Zone-E"}.sprt,.spbf:before,.spaf:after{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-color:initial}.container-fluid{width:100%;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.dblk{display:block}.dibk{display:inline-block}.dflx{display:-webkit-box;display:-moz-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.flxc{-webkit-box-align:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.ffrn{flex-flow:row nowrap}.jcsb{justify-content:space-between}.jccn{justify-content:center}.line{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}.line{margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px}.ngut{margin-right:0;margin-left:0}.ngut>.box0{padding-right:0;padding-left:0}.box0{position:relative;width:100%;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px}@media(max-width:767px){.box3,.box5{-ms-flex:0 0 100%;flex:0 0 100%;max-width:100%}}@media(min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.box3{-ms-flex:0 0 50%;flex:0 0 50%;max-width:50%}.box5{-ms-flex:0 0 100%;flex:0 0 100%;max-width:100%}}@media(min-width:1024px){.box3{-ms-flex:0 0 25%;flex:0 0 25%;max-width:25%}.box5{-ms-flex:0 0 50%;flex:0 0 50%;max-width:50%}}h2,h3,h4{margin:0 0 15px;font-family:merriweather,serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal}p{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}.w100{width:100%}.prel{position:relative}.cfix:after,.cfix:before{display:table;content:" "}.cfix:after{clear:both}.mrg0{margin:0}.pad0{padding:0}.mxau{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.lstn{list-style-type:none;list-style:none}.col1{color:#fff}.col2{color:#333}.col3{color:#eee}a{color:#af2c2c;text-decoration:none}button{background:#be281a;color:#fff;text-align:center;border-radius:2px;border:0}button,input,a{outline:0}.tupr{text-transform:uppercase}.clearfix{overflow:auto}.wbrp{display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden}.clm2{-webkit-line-clamp:2}.clm3{-webkit-line-clamp:3}.clm4{-webkit-line-clamp:4}.progressive{position:relative;display:block;overflow:hidden;outline:0}.progressive img{display:block;width:100%;max-width:none;height:auto;border:0}input:-webkit-autofill{border:1px solid #be281a;-webkit-text-fill-color:#be281a;box-shadow:0 0;-webkit-box-shadow:none;background-color:initial}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none}.whed{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;background-color:#fff;padding:0;margin-bottom:20px;box-shadow:0 5px 5px rgba(80,80,80,.14);width:100%;z-index:19}.whdr{width:100%;height:48px;padding:0 5px;z-index:3}.hdrl,.hdrm,.hdrr{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.hdrl{justify-content:flex-start;flex-grow:1}.hdrm{justify-content:center}.hdrr{justify-content:flex-end}.wlom{display:inline-block;position:relative;width:180px;height:40px;margin:4px 0 4px 10px;line-height:48px}.wlog{position:relative}.wlga{display:block;width:165px;height:40px}.yugq{display:block;font:600 27px/40px open sans,sans-serif;color:#111}.search,.tgsh{float:right}.tgsh{height:24px;margin:12px 0;font-size:12px;line-height:13px}.tgsh{width:33px}.search{width:100%;height:48px;line-height:48px}.tgsh{background-position:-624px -470px}.search-expand{top:0;height:48px;line-height:48px}.search-expand input{width:100%;height:34px;border-radius:3px;padding:0 10px;outline:0;border:0}.search-expand input[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none}.bktt:after{display:block;background-color:initial;border:0;outline:0}.dmod{display:block;float:right;position:relative;width:45px;height:26px;margin:11px 14px;border-radius:26px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.1)}.lthm .dmod{background:rgba(0,0,0,.1)}.dmod:before{content:"";font-size:14px;position:absolute;height:19px;width:19px;line-height:20px;text-align:center;left:3px;bottom:3px;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.3);border-radius:50%}.mopn{display:block;float:left;background:0 0;height:48px;border:0;border-radius:0;margin:0;padding:0}.mbar{display:inline-block;position:relative;height:3px;width:38px;border-radius:2px;margin:3px 0 15px}.mbar:after,.mbar:before{display:inline-block;position:absolute;height:3px;width:38px;content:"";-webkit-transform-origin:2px center;-ms-transform-origin:2px center;border-radius:2px;transform-origin:2px center;left:0}.mbar:before{top:8px}.mbar:after{top:16px}.mttl{display:block;font:13px/1.2 open sans,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase}.menu{position:fixed;height:100vh;top:0;overflow-y:auto;overflow-x:hidden;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;z-index:-1}.mein{width:100%;max-width:960px}.mhdr{flex-flow:row nowrap;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;padding:5px 0;margin:0 0 10px}.mhsh{width:calc(100% - 95px);float:left;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;line-height:38px}.mhsi{float:right;margin:6px 15px 6px 5px}.mlgn{background:#9c1515;color:#fff;padding:0 10px;height:26px;line-height:26px}.mclz{position:relative;margin-left:auto;order:3;background:#ccc}.mclz:after,.mclz:before{content:"";position:absolute;background-color:#111}.mclz:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.mclz:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.mcsp{border:0;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-wrap:normal}.memn{padding:0 5px}.mhed{font-size:1.75rem;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:.3125rem;overflow:hidden}.meg2 .mhed{display:block;padding-left:17px}.meg2 .mhed:after,.meg2 .mhed:before{content:"";position:absolute;background:#fff;height:3px;top:50%}.meg2 .mhed:before{width:10px;left:0}.meg2 .mhed:after{width:100%;margin-left:10px}.mlst{flex:none;width:100%}.mlnk li,.mlnk a{display:inline-block}.mlnk a{width:100%;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mftr{padding:5px 0}.mshd{padding:.3125rem 1.25rem .3125rem .3125rem;margin:0;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;text-align:center}.fbmo{margin-right:8px}.hyux{width:38px;height:38px;border-radius:50%}.mfro{display:block;width:20px;height:20px;margin:8px;overflow:hidden}.fbmf{background-position:-352px -53px}.twmf{background-position:-381px -51px}.rsmf{background-position:-449px -52px}.ytmf{background-position:-486px -51px}.mfli{font-size:.75rem;padding-right:8px}.mfla{color:#fff}.mflg{padding:.9375rem 0}.mflg:before{content:"";display:inline-block;position:relative;background-position:-535px -260px;width:106px;height:16px;line-height:16px}.mflp{font-size:.625rem;white-space:nowrap;padding-left:.9375rem;margin:0;color:#fff}.sdol{display:block;position:relative}.dbxx{position:relative;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-touch-callout:none;-ms-touch-action:pan-y;touch-action:pan-y}.dbls{position:relative;display:block;overflow:hidden;margin:0;padding:0}.dbxx .strk,.dbxx .dbls{-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-moz-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-ms-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-o-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);transform:translate3d(0,0,0)}.strk{position:relative;top:0;left:0;display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.strk:before,.strk:after{display:table;content:""}.strk:after{clear:both}.slds{display:none;float:left;height:100%;min-height:1px}.slds img{display:block}.dbin .slds{display:block}.dbpr,.dbnx{font-size:0;line-height:0;position:absolute;top:50%;display:block;width:38px;height:67px;padding:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-50%);-ms-transform:translate(0,-50%);transform:translate(0,-50%);color:transparent;border:0;outline:0;background:0 0;z-index:1}.dbpr.dbds:before{opacity:.25}.dbpr:before,.dbnx:before{content:"";display:block;width:38px;height:67px;opacity:.75;z-index:1}.dbpr{left:0}.dbpr:before{background-position:-664px -55px}.dbnx{right:0}.dbnx:before{background-position:-753px -55px}.homs{position:relative;overflow:hidden;margin-left:5px;margin-right:5px;box-sizing:border-box}.slid{display:block;margin-bottom:15px}.sdim{display:block;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.sdim img{backface-visibility:hidden;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden}.sibg:before{position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;content:"";display:block;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:1}.hmed:after{content:"";top:0;left:0;background-position:-664px -132px;display:block;position:absolute;z-index:50;width:44px;height:44px;opacity:1}.hdn1,.hdn3{font-size:20px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1px}.hdn1{text-align:center;padding:10px 0 8px;margin:0}.hdn2{float:left;font-size:16px;line-height:22px;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0}.hdn3{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:20px 16px;background-position:3px 4px;color:#fff;padding-left:28px;margin:10px 0 0 23px}.evla{color:#ccc}.evlb{color:#fff}.evlc{color:#000}.sld3{background:#eee;border-radius:2px}.slb3{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between}.sli3{width:50%;padding:5px}.sdi3{width:100%;height:116px;background:#fff}.sli3 img{max-width:100%;width:100%;height:120px}.slho{font-size:13px;line-height:17px;color:#fff;margin:10px 0;padding:0 10px;text-align:left;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:2;width:auto;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:merriweather,serif}.sld4{border-top:6px solid #ae1414}.sli4{height:80px;overflow:hidden;border-bottom:1px dotted #bbb;list-style:none}.sldl{display:block;width:calc(100% - 70px);height:80px;padding:10px 0;float:left}.sldt{font-size:14px;line-height:16px;color:#111;margin:0}.sltl{color:#1a1a1a;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:merriweather,serif}.slau{display:inline-block;width:70%;margin:5px 0;font-size:14px;line-height:16px;font-weight:600;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden}.slal{color:#af2c2c}.sldr,.sldm{width:60px;height:60px}.sldr{border-radius:4px;background:#efefef;margin:10px 0;float:right}.sldm{display:block;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #bbb}.slod{display:block;width:100%;margin:0 auto;text-align:center}.slol{display:block;width:100%;padding:7px 0;font-size:14px;line-height:14px;color:#999;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}.slor:after{background:0 0;content:"";display:inline-block;transform:rotate(45deg);position:absolute}.slar:after{width:8px;height:8px;border-right:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999;top:10px;margin-right:2px}.slbr:after{width:7px;height:7px;border-right:1px solid #fff;border-top:1px solid #fff;top:7px;right:0}.slfr{padding:5px 10px;background:#ccc}.slfl{float:right;padding-right:10px;font-size:12px;line-height:22px;text-transform:uppercase}.slb5{float:left;width:255px;height:220px;margin:0 10px 15px;padding-top:15px;border-right:0;overflow:hidden}.sli5,.sdi5,.sdi5 img{height:100%;width:100%;object-fit:cover}.slh5{width:100%;position:absolute;z-index:1;left:0;bottom:10px;padding:0 10px;color:#fff;font-size:15px;line-height:18px;font-family:merriweather,serif}.slr5{float:left;box-sizing:border-box;width:186px;padding:15px 10px 10px;border-right:1px solid #2e3033}.slr5:nth-of-type(3){border-right:0}.sll5{margin:0 0 0 10px;padding:0}.slt5{list-style:disc;font-size:12px;line-height:14px;margin-bottom:14px;clear:left;color:#ed1c24}.slrt{display:inline-block;max-height:28px;overflow:hidden;vertical-align:top}.evel{height:auto;clear:both;padding:5px 10px;color:#000;border-top:1px solid #ccc}.evel ul{display:flow-root;padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style:none}.evel ul:after,.evel ul:before{display:table;content:" "}.evel ul:after{clear:both}.evel li{float:left;font-size:10px;line-height:14px;width:auto;height:auto;margin-right:8px;text-transform:uppercase}.evel li:nth-child(1)~li:not(:last-child){padding-right:8px;border-right:1px solid #ccc}.evel li a{color:#000}.sld6{background:#fafafa;width:100%;position:relative;border:1px solid #ccc}.sldo{float:left;background:#fff}.sldp{float:right;background:#fafafa}.slb6{overflow:hidden}.sli6{width:100%;height:100%;position:relative}.slt6{font-size:12px;line-height:14px;color:#1d4f9e;position:relative;padding-left:10px;margin-bottom:4px;list-style:none}.slt6:before{position:absolute;content:'';width:3px;height:3px;border-radius:50%;left:0;top:5px;background:#ccc}.sldx{font-size:15px;line-height:18px;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:5px}.sld9{background:#85afbe}.sld9,.sldu{overflow:hidden;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box}.sldu{height:144px;padding:10px 25px 15px}.slvd{height:124px;width:218px!important;margin:0 4px 0 0;overflow:hidden}.sdi9{width:100%;height:100%}.slnp .dbar{position:absolute;top:50%;background:0 0;width:22px;height:30px;z-index:2;border:0;transform:translateY(-50%);text-indent:-1e6px}.slnp .dbar.dbds{background:0 0;opacity:.5}.slnp .dbar.dbpr,.slnp .dbar.dbnx{-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;-webkit-background-clip:padding-box;-moz-background-clip:padding;background-clip:padding-box}.slnp .dbar.dbpr{left:-24px}.slnp .dbar.dbnx{right:-24px}.slnp .dbar:before{content:"";width:16px;height:16px;border:solid #fff;border-width:0 2px 2px 0;position:absolute;left:8px;top:9px;background:0 0;opacity:1}.slnp .dbar.dbpr:before{-webkit-transform:rotate(135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(135deg);-o-transform:rotate(135deg);transform:rotate(135deg)}.slnp .dbar.dbnx:before{left:0;-webkit-transform:rotate(-45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-45deg);-o-transform:rotate(-45deg);transform:rotate(-45deg)}.sld0{margin-bottom:10px}.slyn,.tgdu,.slyo,.tgdr{position:relative;margin:0;padding:0 5px}.slyo,.tgdr{width:100%}.hyer,.hyet{position:relative;display:block;width:100%;background:#efefef}.hyer{height:333.32px}.hyet{height:250px}.virt:after{position:absolute;content:'';height:70%;width:100%;left:0;bottom:0;background-size:contain}.shuk{position:absolute;left:0;bottom:15px;width:100%;padding:15px 15px 0;font:22px/1.3 merriweather,serif;color:#fff;z-index:1}.gywq{position:relative;width:100%;height:83.33px;counter-increment:li;list-style:none;border-bottom:1px dotted #999;padding:11.665px 0;font:16px/1.3 merriweather,serif}.viny{position:relative;width:80px;height:60px;float:left;background:#efefef}.hrwb{position:relative;display:block;width:calc(100% - 90px);float:right}.shuz{color:#111}.fbsa{font-size:10px;line-height:1;color:#fff;display:block;text-decoration:none}.backToTop{position:fixed;display:none;left:0;right:0;width:150px;margin:auto;text-align:center;z-index:16}.bktt{background:#c33;color:#fff;box-shadow:1px 1px 6px rgba(0,0,0,.2);font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase}.bktt{display:inline-block;background-size:18px;padding:0 30px;line-height:30px;border-radius:20px}.bktt:after{background-position:-661px -401px;content:"";height:19px;width:15px;left:14px;position:absolute;top:7px}.com1 .sld5{background:#16191c}.com1 .slfr{background:#16191c;border-bottom:1px solid #2e3033}.com1 .evel{color:#ccc;border-top:1px solid #2e3033}.com1 .evel li:nth-child(1)~li:not(:last-child){border-right:1px solid #000}.com5 .sld9{background:#3db4ae}.com8 .sld6{border:1px solid #7bb101}.com8 .slfr,.com8 .slt6:before{background:#7bb101}.com8 .evel{color:#000;border-top:1px solid #7bb101}.com1 .evel li a{color:#ccc}@media(max-width:767px){.dfly,.sldv{display:block}.whdr,.mhdr{background:#af2c2c;box-shadow:0 0;height:48px}.wlog{background-position:-815px -534px}.wlga{width:40px;height:40px}.wlga:before,.wlga:after{position:absolute;left:45px;width:max-content;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;color:#fff}.wlga:before{top:8px;content:"BioScience";font-size:14px;letter-spacing:3px;font-family:merriweather,sans-serif}.wlga:after{top:25px;content:"ISSN 2521-5760";font-size:11px;letter-spacing:2.6px}.dmod:before{background-position:-861px -747px;background-color:#be281a}.mttl,.mnot{color:#fff}.mhed,.mshd,.meg2 .mlnk a{color:#111}.mhdr{position:sticky;position:-webkit-sticky;top:0;margin:0;z-index:1}.mbar,.mbar:after,.mbar:before,.menu.meg2{background-color:#fff}.search-expand{width:calc(100% - 100px);position:absolute;left:50px;background:#af2c2c;z-index:1;display:none}.search-expand input{background:#9c1515;color:#fff}.tgsh{display:block}.backToTop{top:60px}.menu{left:-420px;max-width:420px;width:100%}.meg2 .mlog{background-position:-709px -134px;width:30px;height:38px;line-height:38px;margin:0 5px}.slog{width:30px;height:38px}.mclz{width:38px;height:38px;background:0 0;border:0}.mclz:after,.mclz:before{top:19px;right:0;width:38px;height:1px}.meg2 .mclz:after,.meg2 .mclz:before{background-color:#f57171}.mnot{width:calc(100% - 43px);font-size:12px}.mlhw li{width:46%}.mlfw li{width:96%}.mlnk li{margin:0 2%;padding:5px 0;border-bottom:1px dotted #ccc}.mftr{border-top:1px solid #ccc;margin:0 10px}.fbmf{border:1px solid #3a589b;background-color:#3a589b}.twmf{border:1px solid #55acee;background-color:#55acee}.rsmf{border:1px solid #ff9625;background-color:#ff9625}.ytmf{border:1px solid #e52c27;background-color:#e52c27}.mclz{padding:0}.fwid{width:100vw;position:relative;left:50%;right:50%;margin-left:-50vw;margin-right:-50vw}.slyn,.tgdu{width:100%}.sldo,.sldp,.slb6,.sll6{width:100%}.sldo{padding:0}.sldo{border:0}.sldp{padding:10px}.slb6{height:250px}.sll6{padding:10px}}@media(min-width:768px){.mnot{display:none}.dfly{display:-webkit-box;display:-moz-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.whdr{box-shadow:0 5px 5px rgba(80,80,80,.14)}.whdr,.lthm .whdr{background:#fff}.dmod:before{background-position:-813px -747px;background-color:#fff}.mttl,.lthm .mttl{color:#111}.mhed,.mshd{color:#fff}.mbar,.mbar:after,.mbar:before,.lthm .mbar,.lthm .mbar:after,.lthm .mbar:before{background-color:#111}.meg2 .mclz{background:#fff}.meg2 .mclz:after,.meg2 .mclz:before{background:#f42e94}.hdrl,.hdrm,.hdrr{width:33.33%}.wlog,.lthm .wlog{background-position:-324px -164px;background-size:733px 628px}.slyn,.tgdu{width:50%}.search{margin:0 auto;float:none}.search-expand{width:100%;position:relative;margin:0 auto;left:0;display:block}.search-expand input{background:rgba(0,0,0,4%);color:#000}.lthm .search-expand input{background:rgba(0,0,0,4%);color:#000}.tgsh{display:none}.backToTop{bottom:100px}.menu{left:0;right:0;bottom:0;transform:translateY(-20%);width:100vw}.menu.meg2{background:#d718a7;background:linear-gradient(180deg,#f42e94 0,#ba02ba)}.mhdr{height:60px}.meg2 .mlog{background-position:-338px -290px}.meg2 .mlog,.slog{width:205px;height:50px;line-height:50px}.mclz{border-radius:50%;width:2.5rem;height:2.5rem;margin-top:5px;margin-left:auto}.mclz:after,.mclz:before{top:calc(50% - .0625rem);left:calc(50% - .625rem);width:1.25rem;height:.125rem}.mlnk li{padding-right:1px;line-height:1.6}.mlnk a{padding-right:7px}.meg2 .mlnk a{color:#fff}.mftr{border-top:1px solid #ccc}.meg2 .mftr{border-top:1px solid #fff}.hyux{border:1px solid #ccc;background-color:initial}.meg2 .hyux{border:1px solid #fff}.mlna li{width:16.5%}.mlnb li{width:33.33%}.sldo{width:calc(100% - 225px)}.sldo{padding-left:10px;padding-top:10px}.sldo{border-right:1px solid #999}.sldp{width:225px;padding:10px 5px 5px}.sldv{display:-webkit-box;display:-moz-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.sldv{margin-bottom:10px}.slb6{width:155px;height:128px}.sll6{width:calc(100% - 155px);padding:0 10px}}*,::after,::before{box-sizing:border-box}body{display:block;margin:0;padding:0;font-family:open sans,sans-serif;overflow-x:hidden}img{aspect-ratio:attr(width)/attr(height)}.znlb{position:relative}.znlb:before{position:absolute;display:block;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;left:0;right:0;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;top:calc(50% - 10px);font-size:14px;line-height:20px;color:#ccc}.adze{position:relative;display:block;width:auto;height:250px;padding:0 5px;overflow:hidden}.adei{position:relative;display:block;width:100%;height:250px;background:#efefef}.adei:before{content:"Advertisement / Zone-E"}.sprt,.spbf:before,.spaf:after{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-color:initial}.container-fluid{width:100%;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.dblk{display:block}.dibk{display:inline-block}.dflx{display:-webkit-box;display:-moz-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.flxc{-webkit-box-align:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.ffrn{flex-flow:row nowrap}.jcsb{justify-content:space-between}.jccn{justify-content:center}.line{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}.line{margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px}.ngut{margin-right:0;margin-left:0}.ngut>.box0{padding-right:0;padding-left:0}.box0{position:relative;width:100%;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px}@media(max-width:767px){.box3,.box5{-ms-flex:0 0 100%;flex:0 0 100%;max-width:100%}}@media(min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.box3{-ms-flex:0 0 50%;flex:0 0 50%;max-width:50%}.box5{-ms-flex:0 0 100%;flex:0 0 100%;max-width:100%}}@media(min-width:1024px){.box3{-ms-flex:0 0 25%;flex:0 0 25%;max-width:25%}.box5{-ms-flex:0 0 50%;flex:0 0 50%;max-width:50%}}h2,h3,h4{margin:0 0 15px;font-family:merriweather,serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal}p{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}.w100{width:100%}.prel{position:relative}.cfix:after,.cfix:before{display:table;content:" "}.cfix:after{clear:both}.mrg0{margin:0}.pad0{padding:0}.mxau{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.lstn{list-style-type:none;list-style:none}.col1{color:#fff}.col2{color:#333}.col3{color:#eee}a{color:#af2c2c;text-decoration:none}button{background:#be281a;color:#fff;text-align:center;border-radius:2px;border:0}button,input,a{outline:0}.tupr{text-transform:uppercase}.clearfix{overflow:auto}.wbrp{display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden}.clm2{-webkit-line-clamp:2}.clm3{-webkit-line-clamp:3}.clm4{-webkit-line-clamp:4}.progressive{position:relative;display:block;overflow:hidden;outline:0}.progressive img{display:block;width:100%;max-width:none;height:auto;border:0}input:-webkit-autofill{border:1px solid #be281a;-webkit-text-fill-color:#be281a;box-shadow:0 0;-webkit-box-shadow:none;background-color:initial}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none}.whed{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;background-color:#fff;padding:0;margin-bottom:20px;box-shadow:0 5px 5px rgba(80,80,80,.14);width:100%;z-index:19}.whdr{width:100%;height:48px;padding:0 5px;z-index:3}.hdrl,.hdrm,.hdrr{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.hdrl{justify-content:flex-start;flex-grow:1}.hdrm{justify-content:center}.hdrr{justify-content:flex-end}.wlom{display:inline-block;position:relative;width:180px;height:40px;margin:4px 0 4px 10px;line-height:48px}.wlog{position:relative}.wlga{display:block;width:165px;height:40px}.yugq{display:block;font:600 27px/40px open sans,sans-serif;color:#111}.search,.tgsh{float:right}.tgsh{height:24px;margin:12px 0;font-size:12px;line-height:13px}.tgsh{width:33px}.search{width:100%;height:48px;line-height:48px}.tgsh{background-position:-624px -470px}.search-expand{top:0;height:48px;line-height:48px}.search-expand input{width:100%;height:34px;border-radius:3px;padding:0 10px;outline:0;border:0}.search-expand input[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none}.bktt:after{display:block;background-color:initial;border:0;outline:0}.dmod{display:block;float:right;position:relative;width:45px;height:26px;margin:11px 14px;border-radius:26px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.1)}.lthm .dmod{background:rgba(0,0,0,.1)}.dmod:before{content:"";font-size:14px;position:absolute;height:19px;width:19px;line-height:20px;text-align:center;left:3px;bottom:3px;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.3);border-radius:50%}.mopn{display:block;float:left;background:0 0;height:48px;border:0;border-radius:0;margin:0;padding:0}.mbar{display:inline-block;position:relative;height:3px;width:38px;border-radius:2px;margin:3px 0 15px}.mbar:after,.mbar:before{display:inline-block;position:absolute;height:3px;width:38px;content:"";-webkit-transform-origin:2px center;-ms-transform-origin:2px center;border-radius:2px;transform-origin:2px center;left:0}.mbar:before{top:8px}.mbar:after{top:16px}.mttl{display:block;font:13px/1.2 open sans,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase}.menu{position:fixed;height:100vh;top:0;overflow-y:auto;overflow-x:hidden;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;z-index:-1}.mein{width:100%;max-width:960px}.mhdr{flex-flow:row nowrap;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;padding:5px 0;margin:0 0 10px}.mhsh{width:calc(100% - 95px);float:left;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;line-height:38px}.mhsi{float:right;margin:6px 15px 6px 5px}.mlgn{background:#9c1515;color:#fff;padding:0 10px;height:26px;line-height:26px}.mclz{position:relative;margin-left:auto;order:3;background:#ccc}.mclz:after,.mclz:before{content:"";position:absolute;background-color:#111}.mclz:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.mclz:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.mcsp{border:0;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-wrap:normal}.memn{padding:0 5px}.mhed{font-size:1.75rem;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:.3125rem;overflow:hidden}.meg2 .mhed{display:block;padding-left:17px}.meg2 .mhed:after,.meg2 .mhed:before{content:"";position:absolute;background:#fff;height:3px;top:50%}.meg2 .mhed:before{width:10px;left:0}.meg2 .mhed:after{width:100%;margin-left:10px}.mlst{flex:none;width:100%}.mlnk li,.mlnk a{display:inline-block}.mlnk a{width:100%;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mftr{padding:5px 0}.mshd{padding:.3125rem 1.25rem .3125rem .3125rem;margin:0;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;text-align:center}.fbmo{margin-right:8px}.hyux{width:38px;height:38px;border-radius:50%}.mfro{display:block;width:20px;height:20px;margin:8px;overflow:hidden}.fbmf{background-position:-352px -53px}.twmf{background-position:-381px -51px}.rsmf{background-position:-449px -52px}.ytmf{background-position:-486px -51px}.mfli{font-size:.75rem;padding-right:8px}.mfla{color:#fff}.mflg{padding:.9375rem 0}.mflg:before{content:"";display:inline-block;position:relative;background-position:-535px -260px;width:106px;height:16px;line-height:16px}.mflp{font-size:.625rem;white-space:nowrap;padding-left:.9375rem;margin:0;color:#fff}.sdol{display:block;position:relative}.dbxx{position:relative;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-touch-callout:none;-ms-touch-action:pan-y;touch-action:pan-y}.dbls{position:relative;display:block;overflow:hidden;margin:0;padding:0}.dbxx .strk,.dbxx .dbls{-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-moz-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-ms-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-o-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);transform:translate3d(0,0,0)}.strk{position:relative;top:0;left:0;display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.strk:before,.strk:after{display:table;content:""}.strk:after{clear:both}.slds{display:none;float:left;height:100%;min-height:1px}.slds img{display:block}.dbin .slds{display:block}.dbpr,.dbnx{font-size:0;line-height:0;position:absolute;top:50%;display:block;width:38px;height:67px;padding:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-50%);-ms-transform:translate(0,-50%);transform:translate(0,-50%);color:transparent;border:0;outline:0;background:0 0;z-index:1}.dbpr.dbds:before{opacity:.25}.dbpr:before,.dbnx:before{content:"";display:block;width:38px;height:67px;opacity:.75;z-index:1}.dbpr{left:0}.dbpr:before{background-position:-664px -55px}.dbnx{right:0}.dbnx:before{background-position:-753px -55px}.homs{position:relative;overflow:hidden;margin-left:5px;margin-right:5px;box-sizing:border-box}.slid{display:block;margin-bottom:15px}.sdim{display:block;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.sdim img{backface-visibility:hidden;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden}.sibg:before{position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;content:"";display:block;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:1}.hmed:after{content:"";top:0;left:0;background-position:-664px -132px;display:block;position:absolute;z-index:50;width:44px;height:44px;opacity:1}.hdn1,.hdn3{font-size:20px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1px}.hdn1{text-align:center;padding:10px 0 8px;margin:0}.hdn2{float:left;font-size:16px;line-height:22px;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0}.hdn3{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:20px 16px;background-position:3px 4px;color:#fff;padding-left:28px;margin:10px 0 0 23px}.evla{color:#ccc}.evlb{color:#fff}.evlc{color:#000}.sld3{background:#eee;border-radius:2px}.slb3{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between}.sli3{width:50%;padding:5px}.sdi3{width:100%;height:116px;background:#fff}.sli3 img{max-width:100%;width:100%;height:120px}.slho{font-size:13px;line-height:17px;color:#fff;margin:10px 0;padding:0 10px;text-align:left;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:2;width:auto;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:merriweather,serif}.sld4{border-top:6px solid #ae1414}.sli4{height:80px;overflow:hidden;border-bottom:1px dotted #bbb;list-style:none}.sldl{display:block;width:calc(100% - 70px);height:80px;padding:10px 0;float:left}.sldt{font-size:14px;line-height:16px;color:#111;margin:0}.sltl{color:#1a1a1a;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:merriweather,serif}.slau{display:inline-block;width:70%;margin:5px 0;font-size:14px;line-height:16px;font-weight:600;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden}.slal{color:#af2c2c}.sldr,.sldm{width:60px;height:60px}.sldr{border-radius:4px;background:#efefef;margin:10px 0;float:right}.sldm{display:block;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid #bbb}.slod{display:block;width:100%;margin:0 auto;text-align:center}.slol{display:block;width:100%;padding:7px 0;font-size:14px;line-height:14px;color:#999;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}.slor:after{background:0 0;content:"";display:inline-block;transform:rotate(45deg);position:absolute}.slar:after{width:8px;height:8px;border-right:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999;top:10px;margin-right:2px}.slbr:after{width:7px;height:7px;border-right:1px solid #fff;border-top:1px solid #fff;top:7px;right:0}.slfr{padding:5px 10px;background:#ccc}.slfl{float:right;padding-right:10px;font-size:12px;line-height:22px;text-transform:uppercase}.slb5{float:left;width:255px;height:220px;margin:0 10px 15px;padding-top:15px;border-right:0;overflow:hidden}.sli5,.sdi5,.sdi5 img{height:100%;width:100%;object-fit:cover}.slh5{width:100%;position:absolute;z-index:1;left:0;bottom:10px;padding:0 10px;color:#fff;font-size:15px;line-height:18px;font-family:merriweather,serif}.slr5{float:left;box-sizing:border-box;width:186px;padding:15px 10px 10px;border-right:1px solid #2e3033}.slr5:nth-of-type(3){border-right:0}.sll5{margin:0 0 0 10px;padding:0}.slt5{list-style:disc;font-size:12px;line-height:14px;margin-bottom:14px;clear:left;color:#ed1c24}.slrt{display:inline-block;max-height:28px;overflow:hidden;vertical-align:top}.evel{height:auto;clear:both;padding:5px 10px;color:#000;border-top:1px solid #ccc}.evel ul{display:flow-root;padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style:none}.evel ul:after,.evel ul:before{display:table;content:" "}.evel ul:after{clear:both}.evel li{float:left;font-size:10px;line-height:14px;width:auto;height:auto;margin-right:8px;text-transform:uppercase}.evel li:nth-child(1)~li:not(:last-child){padding-right:8px;border-right:1px solid #ccc}.evel li a{color:#000}.sld6{background:#fafafa;width:100%;position:relative;border:1px solid #ccc}.sldo{float:left;background:#fff}.sldp{float:right;background:#fafafa}.slb6{overflow:hidden}.sli6{width:100%;height:100%;position:relative}.slt6{font-size:12px;line-height:14px;color:#1d4f9e;position:relative;padding-left:10px;margin-bottom:4px;list-style:none}.slt6:before{position:absolute;content:'';width:3px;height:3px;border-radius:50%;left:0;top:5px;background:#ccc}.sldx{font-size:15px;line-height:18px;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:5px}.sld9{background:#85afbe}.sld9,.sldu{overflow:hidden;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box}.sldu{height:144px;padding:10px 25px 15px}.slvd{height:124px;width:218px!important;margin:0 4px 0 0;overflow:hidden}.sdi9{width:100%;height:100%}.slnp .dbar{position:absolute;top:50%;background:0 0;width:22px;height:30px;z-index:2;border:0;transform:translateY(-50%);text-indent:-1e6px}.slnp .dbar.dbds{background:0 0;opacity:.5}.slnp .dbar.dbpr,.slnp .dbar.dbnx{-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;-webkit-background-clip:padding-box;-moz-background-clip:padding;background-clip:padding-box}.slnp .dbar.dbpr{left:-24px}.slnp .dbar.dbnx{right:-24px}.slnp .dbar:before{content:"";width:16px;height:16px;border:solid #fff;border-width:0 2px 2px 0;position:absolute;left:8px;top:9px;background:0 0;opacity:1}.slnp .dbar.dbpr:before{-webkit-transform:rotate(135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(135deg);-o-transform:rotate(135deg);transform:rotate(135deg)}.slnp .dbar.dbnx:before{left:0;-webkit-transform:rotate(-45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-45deg);-o-transform:rotate(-45deg);transform:rotate(-45deg)}.sld0{margin-bottom:10px}.slyn,.tgdu,.slyo,.tgdr{position:relative;margin:0;padding:0 5px}.slyo,.tgdr{width:100%}.hyer,.hyet{position:relative;display:block;width:100%;background:#efefef}.hyer{height:333.32px}.hyet{height:250px}.virt:after{position:absolute;content:'';height:70%;width:100%;left:0;bottom:0;background-size:contain}.shuk{position:absolute;left:0;bottom:15px;width:100%;padding:15px 15px 0;font:22px/1.3 merriweather,serif;color:#fff;z-index:1}.gywq{position:relative;width:100%;height:83.33px;counter-increment:li;list-style:none;border-bottom:1px dotted #999;padding:11.665px 0;font:16px/1.3 merriweather,serif}.viny{position:relative;width:80px;height:60px;float:left;background:#efefef}.hrwb{position:relative;display:block;width:calc(100% - 90px);float:right}.shuz{color:#111}.fbsa{font-size:10px;line-height:1;color:#fff;display:block;text-decoration:none}.backToTop{position:fixed;display:none;left:0;right:0;width:150px;margin:auto;text-align:center;z-index:16}.bktt{background:#c33;color:#fff;box-shadow:1px 1px 6px rgba(0,0,0,.2);font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase}.bktt{display:inline-block;background-size:18px;padding:0 30px;line-height:30px;border-radius:20px}.bktt:after{background-position:-661px -401px;content:"";height:19px;width:15px;left:14px;position:absolute;top:7px}.com1 .sld5{background:#16191c}.com1 .slfr{background:#16191c;border-bottom:1px solid #2e3033}.com1 .evel{color:#ccc;border-top:1px solid #2e3033}.com1 .evel li:nth-child(1)~li:not(:last-child){border-right:1px solid #000}.com5 .sld9{background:#3db4ae}.com8 .sld6{border:1px solid #7bb101}.com8 .slfr,.com8 .slt6:before{background:#7bb101}.com8 .evel{color:#000;border-top:1px solid #7bb101}.com1 .evel li a{color:#ccc}@media(max-width:767px){.dfly,.sldv{display:block}.whdr,.mhdr{background:#af2c2c;box-shadow:0 0;height:48px}.wlog{background-position:-815px -534px}.wlga{width:40px;height:40px}.wlga:before,.wlga:after{position:absolute;left:45px;width:max-content;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;color:#fff}.wlga:before{top:8px;content:"BioScience";font-size:14px;letter-spacing:3px;font-family:merriweather,sans-serif}.wlga:after{top:25px;content:"ISSN 2521-5760";font-size:11px;letter-spacing:2.6px}.dmod:before{background-position:-861px -747px;background-color:#be281a}.mttl,.mnot{color:#fff}.mhed,.mshd,.meg2 .mlnk a{color:#111}.mhdr{position:sticky;position:-webkit-sticky;top:0;margin:0;z-index:1}.mbar,.mbar:after,.mbar:before,.menu.meg2{background-color:#fff}.search-expand{width:calc(100% - 100px);position:absolute;left:50px;background:#af2c2c;z-index:1;display:none}.search-expand input{background:#9c1515;color:#fff}.tgsh{display:block}.backToTop{top:60px}.menu{left:-420px;max-width:420px;width:100%}.meg2 .mlog{background-position:-709px -134px;width:30px;height:38px;line-height:38px;margin:0 5px}.slog{width:30px;height:38px}.mclz{width:38px;height:38px;background:0 0;border:0}.mclz:after,.mclz:before{top:19px;right:0;width:38px;height:1px}.meg2 .mclz:after,.meg2 .mclz:before{background-color:#f57171}.mnot{width:calc(100% - 43px);font-size:12px}.mlhw li{width:46%}.mlfw li{width:96%}.mlnk li{margin:0 2%;padding:5px 0;border-bottom:1px dotted #ccc}.mftr{border-top:1px solid #ccc;margin:0 10px}.fbmf{border:1px solid #3a589b;background-color:#3a589b}.twmf{border:1px solid #55acee;background-color:#55acee}.rsmf{border:1px solid #ff9625;background-color:#ff9625}.ytmf{border:1px solid #e52c27;background-color:#e52c27}.mclz{padding:0}.fwid{width:100vw;position:relative;left:50%;right:50%;margin-left:-50vw;margin-right:-50vw}.slyn,.tgdu{width:100%}.sldo,.sldp,.slb6,.sll6{width:100%}.sldo{padding:0}.sldo{border:0}.sldp{padding:10px}.slb6{height:250px}.sll6{padding:10px}}@media(min-width:768px){.mnot{display:none}.dfly{display:-webkit-box;display:-moz-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.whdr{box-shadow:0 5px 5px rgba(80,80,80,.14)}.whdr,.lthm .whdr{background:#fff}.dmod:before{background-position:-813px -747px;background-color:#fff}.mttl,.lthm .mttl{color:#111}.mhed,.mshd{color:#fff}.mbar,.mbar:after,.mbar:before,.lthm .mbar,.lthm .mbar:after,.lthm .mbar:before{background-color:#111}.meg2 .mclz{background:#fff}.meg2 .mclz:after,.meg2 .mclz:before{background:#f42e94}.hdrl,.hdrm,.hdrr{width:33.33%}.wlog,.lthm .wlog{background-position:-324px -164px;background-size:733px 628px}.slyn,.tgdu{width:50%}.search{margin:0 auto;float:none}.search-expand{width:100%;position:relative;margin:0 auto;left:0;display:block}.search-expand input{background:rgba(0,0,0,4%);color:#000}.lthm .search-expand input{background:rgba(0,0,0,4%);color:#000}.tgsh{display:none}.backToTop{bottom:100px}.menu{left:0;right:0;bottom:0;transform:translateY(-20%);width:100vw}.menu.meg2{background:#d718a7;background:linear-gradient(180deg,#f42e94 0,#ba02ba)}.mhdr{height:60px}.meg2 .mlog{background-position:-338px -290px}.meg2 .mlog,.slog{width:205px;height:50px;line-height:50px}.mclz{border-radius:50%;width:2.5rem;height:2.5rem;margin-top:5px;margin-left:auto}.mclz:after,.mclz:before{top:calc(50% - .0625rem);left:calc(50% - .625rem);width:1.25rem;height:.125rem}.mlnk li{padding-right:1px;line-height:1.6}.mlnk a{padding-right:7px}.meg2 .mlnk a{color:#fff}.mftr{border-top:1px solid #ccc}.meg2 .mftr{border-top:1px solid #fff}.hyux{border:1px solid #ccc;background-color:initial}.meg2 .hyux{border:1px solid #fff}.mlna li{width:16.5%}.mlnb li{width:33.33%}.sldo{width:calc(100% - 225px)}.sldo{padding-left:10px;padding-top:10px}.sldo{border-right:1px solid #999}.sldp{width:225px;padding:10px 5px 5px}.sldv{display:-webkit-box;display:-moz-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.sldv{margin-bottom:10px}.slb6{width:155px;height:128px}.sll6{width:calc(100% - 155px);padding:0 10px}}</style><script data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false">window.ezAnalyticsStatic=true;function analyticsAddScript(script){var ezDynamic=document.createElement('script');ezDynamic.type='text/javascript';ezDynamic.innerHTML=script;document.head.appendChild(ezDynamic);}
function getCookiesWithPrefix(){var allCookies=document.cookie.split(';');var cookiesWithPrefix={};for(var i=0;i<allCookies.length;i++){var cookie=allCookies[i].trim();for(var j=0;j<arguments.length;j++){var prefix=arguments[j];if(cookie.indexOf(prefix)===0){var cookieParts=cookie.split('=');var cookieName=cookieParts[0];var cookieValue=cookieParts.slice(1).join('=');cookiesWithPrefix[cookieName]=decodeURIComponent(cookieValue);break;}}}
return cookiesWithPrefix;}
function productAnalytics(){var d={"ab":"mod211","pr":[4,2]};d.u=_ezaq.url;d.p=_ezaq.page_view_id;d.v=_ezaq.visit_uuid;d.e=JSON.stringify(_ezaq);d.ref=document.referrer;d.c=getCookiesWithPrefix('active_template','ez','lp_');var dataText=JSON.stringify(d);var xhr=new XMLHttpRequest();xhr.open('POST','/ezais/analytics?cb=1',true);xhr.onload=function(){if(xhr.status!=200){return;}
if(document.readyState!=='loading'){analyticsAddScript(xhr.response);return;}
var eventFunc=function(){if(document.readyState==='loading'){return;}
document.removeEventListener('readystatechange',eventFunc,false);analyticsAddScript(xhr.response);};document.addEventListener('readystatechange',eventFunc,false);};xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type','text/plain');xhr.send(dataText);}
__ez.queue.addFunc("productAnalytics","productAnalytics",null,true,['ezaqBaseReady'],false,false,false,true);</script><script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-CTCMGZK4P6"></script><script>window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
gtag('js',new Date());gtag('config','G-CTCMGZK4P6');</script><meta name="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,shrink-to-fit=no"><meta property="fb:pages" content="163671990672388"><base href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/"><meta name="keywords" content="Pathology,Clinical Pathology,PathLab,Laboratory,Medical,Education,Pathologic Methods,Haemotology,Hemotology,Biochemistry,Serology,Parasitology,Microbiology,How to,How-to,Dayyal Dg,JPMC,Karachi,75510,HLP,Pathology,Clinical Pathology,Laboratory,Medical Lab,Medical Laboratory,Clinical Lab,Science,Education,Library,Free Medical Library,Medical Books,E-books,Free Medical Ebook,BioScience-Books,bioscience,PK,free books downloads,pdf downloads,chm downloads,free medical books downloads,free medical ebooks pdf downloads,medical library,the medical library,ABC Series,Alternative Medicine,Anaesthesia,Anatomy,Basic Medical Science,Basic Pathology,Biochemistry,Biology,Biomedical,Blood Bank,Cancer Research,Cardiology,Case Files Series,Clinical Anatomy,Clinical Chemistry,Clinical Hemotology,Clinical Medicine,Clinical Pathology,Clinical Pharmacology,Clinical Physiology,Clinical Research,Critical Care,Cytology,Cytopathology,Dermatology,Diagnostic,Dictionary,Encyclopedia,Endocrinology,ENT,Exam,Forensic Medicine,Forensic Pathology,Forensic Science,Gastroentrology,General Pathology,Genetics,Gross Pathology,Gynaecology,Gynecology,Haemotology,Health Research,Health Tips,Histology,Histopathology,Immunology,Industrial Pharmacy,Infectious Disease,Internal Medicine,Laboratory,Laboratory Science,Laboratory Technique,MBBS,MCQs,Medical Physiology,Medical Technology,Medicine,Microbiology,Microsurgery,Molecular Biology,Molecular Pathology,Nephrology,Neurology,Neuropathology,Neurosurgery,Notes,Nuclear Medicine,Nursing,Nutrition,Oncology,Parasitology,Pathogenesis,Pathology,Pathology Notes,Pathophysiology,Pediatric,Pharmaceutical,Pharmacology,Pharmacopeia,Pharmacy,Physiology,Psychiatry,Psychology,Pulmonary Pathology,Pulmonary Therapy,Pulmonology,Radiology,Renal Pathology,Research,Respiratory Therapy,Rheumatology,Serology,Stem Cell,Surgery,Surgical Pathology,Technician,Toxicology,Transfusion Medicine,Urology,USMLE,Veterinary,Virology,WHO,The Medical Library,bioscience pakistan library,bioscience pk library,bioscience.pk library,digital library,digital library pakistan,medical library pakistan,online medical library,online medical library pakistan,pakistan library books,open access digital library,medical library passwords,free medical library passwords,medical library home page,medical science library,digital library pdf,digital library in pakistan,digital library ppt,digital library software,digital library definition,bioscience journal,bioscience biotechnology and biochemistry,bioscience trends,bioscience reports impact factor,bioscience impact factor,bioscience careers,bioscience pak,bioscience pak medical library"><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="BIOSCIENCE."><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="BSPK"><meta name="citation_issn" content="2521-5760"><meta name="issn" content="2521-5760"><meta name="citation_publisher" content="BIOSCIENCE PAKISTAN"><meta name="magenet-site-verification" content="f2554a2d177a3ac20fcf29e4565d7dac33d8eb69"><meta name="dailymotion-domain-verification" content="dmrednsgem9dthwbs"><meta name="p:domain_verify" content="5198f7036f18c48230779da9ae752813"><meta name="yandex-verification" content="3ce36c31c13e4cd3"><meta name="baidu-site-verification" content="LNs31hqKpQ"><meta name="google-site-verification" content="SXQ3h8Duh6oIphBtjXUsd9Qa5LXleHYLelPcW151ono"><meta name="msvalidate.01" content="7A40D933F0BD84062E0C7F0C7041A8DD"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="BIOSCIENCE"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest/images/144x144.png"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff"><meta name="theme-color" content="#af2c2c"><meta name="twitter:widgets:theme" content="light"><meta name="twitter:widgets:border-color" content="#55acee"><meta name="description" content="BIOSCIENCE's mission is to be your most trusted ally in your pursuit of health and well-being. We’re committed to bringing you authoritative, approachable, and actionable content that inspires and guides you toward the best possible health outcomes for you and your family."><title>BIOSCIENCE. | Read, learn, discover...</title><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest/images/57x57.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest/images/60x60.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest/images/72x72.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest/images/76x76.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest/images/114x114.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest/images/120x120.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest/images/128x128.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="128x128"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest/images/152x152.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest/images/180x180.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest/images/192x192.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="192x192"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest/images/16x16.png" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest/images/32x32.png" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest/images/96x96.png" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest/images/230x230.png" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="230x230"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest/images/256x256.png" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="256x256"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/manifest.json" rel="manifest"><link href="//adservice.google.com" rel="preconnect"><link href="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com" rel="preconnect"><link href="//googleads.g.doubleclick.net" rel="preconnect"><link href="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net" rel="preconnect"><link href="//www.googletagservices.com" rel="preconnect"><link href="//partner.googleadservices.com" rel="preconnect"><link href="//tpc.googlesyndication.com" rel="preconnect"><link href="//www.gstatic.com" rel="preconnect"><link href="//www.googleadservices.com" rel="preconnect"><link href="//www.google-analytics.com" rel="preconnect"><link href="//fonts.gstatic.com" rel="preconnect"><link href="//static.bioscience.com.pk" rel="dns-prefetch"><link href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net" rel="dns-prefetch"><link href="//secure.gravatar.com" rel="dns-prefetch"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/templates/bspk/images/system/sprite.hc.min.png" rel="prefetch" as="image"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/templates/bspk/images/system/sprite.hc.min.webp" rel="preload" as="image" type="image/webp"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/templates/bspk/images/system/bg03.png" rel="prefetch" as="image"><link href="/templates/bspk/fonts/mix/merriweather-v22-latin-regular.woff2" rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"><link href="/templates/bspk/fonts/mix/open-sans-v18-latin-regular.woff2" rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"><link href="/templates/bspk/fonts/mix/open-sans-v18-latin-italic.woff2" rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"><link href="/templates/bspk/css/template.css?v=5.4.9&amp;ez_used_css_s=114" rel="preload" as="style"><link href="/templates/bspk/js/jui/jquery.min.js?52af0b2db7378c38886213dd1a43e40d" rel="preload" as="script"><link href="/templates/bspk/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"><link href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/component/search/?id=263&amp;Itemid=784&amp;format=opensearch" rel="search" title="Search BIOSCIENCE." type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"><link href="/templates/bspk/css/template.css?v=5.4.9&amp;ez_used_css_s=114" rel="preload" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'"><noscript><link href="/templates/bspk/css/template.css?ff=1&amp;v=5.4.9&amp;wps=false&amp;ez_used_css_s=114" rel=stylesheet></noscript><link href="/components/com_seoglossary/assets/css/jqeasytooltip.css?ez_used_css_s=114" rel="preload" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'"><noscript><link href="/components/com_seoglossary/assets/css/jqeasytooltip.css?ff=1&amp;wps=false&amp;ez_used_css_s=114" rel=stylesheet></noscript><style>abbr{border-bottom:1px dotted}span .jqeasytooltip{border-bottom:1px dashed}</style><script src="/components/com_seoglossary/assets/js/jqeasytooltip.v1.3.js?screx=1&amp;sxcb=3a" type="text/ez-screx"></script><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/cardiovascular" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Cardiovascular / Cardiology"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/forensic-pathology" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Forensic Pathology"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/histopathology" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Histopathology"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/technology" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Technology"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/news" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="News"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/others" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Others"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/library" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Digital Library"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/abortion" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Abortion"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/sexual-health" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Sexual Health"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/hair-care" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Hair Care"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/alzheimer-and-dementia" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Alzheimer's & Dementia"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/clinical-pathology" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Clinical Pathology"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/diabetes" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Diabetes"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/heart-disease" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Heart Disease"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/skin-disorders-and-care" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Skin Disorders and Care"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/sleep-disorders" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Sleep /Sleep Disorders / Isomnia"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/womens-health" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Women's Health"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/yellow-fever" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Yellow Fever"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/acid-reflux" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Acid Reflux"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/addiction" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Alcohol / Addiction / Illegal Drugs"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/adhd" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="ADHD"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/aid-and-disasters" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Aid / Disasters"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/ecology" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Ecology"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/pathology" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Pathology"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/zoology" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Zoology"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/biochemistry" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Biochemistry"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/biodiversity" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Biodiversity"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/bioethics" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Bioethics"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/biomedical-engineering" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Biomedical Engineering"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/biophysics" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Biophysics"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/botany" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Botany"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/cell-biology" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Cell Biology"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/chemistry" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Chemistry"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/animal-biotechnology" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Animal Biotechnology"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/food-science" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Food Science"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/forensic-science" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Forensic Science"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/genetics" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Genetics"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/bacterial-genetics" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Bacterial Genetics"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/hemotology" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Hemotology"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/immunology" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Immunology"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/microbiology" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Microbiology"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/molecular-biology" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Molecular Biology"><link href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/bioscience/physiology" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Physiology"><script type="text/ez-screx">function closeJQTip(id){if(window.jQuery)
{jQuery('.jqeasytooltip'+id).jqeasytooltip(('close',{}));}}</script><meta name="yandex-verification" content="1671c6b34e0e6776"><style>.g-ads-h{width:320px;height:100px}.g-ads-s{width:300px;height:250px}.g-ads-downloadManager{width:100%;min-height:250px;height:100%}.g-ads-zone-a{width:320px;height:100px}.g-ads-zone-c{width:100%;height:236px}.g-ads-zone-h{width:160px;height:600px}@media(min-width:768px){.g-ads-zone-h{width:160px;height:600px}}@media(min-width:1330px){.g-ads-zone-h{width:300px;height:600px}}@media(min-width:576px){.g-ads-h{width:300px;height:250px}.g-ads-v{width:468px;height:60px}.g-ads-s{width:300px;height:250px}}@media(min-width:768px){.g-ads-h{width:300px;height:250px}.g-ads-v{width:468px;height:60px}.g-ads-s{width:300px;height:250px}}@media(min-width:992px){.g-ads-h{width:300px;height:250px}.g-ads-v{width:468px;height:60px}.g-ads-s{width:600px;height:250px}}@media(min-width:1200px){.g-ads-h{width:728px;height:90px}.g-ads-v{width:468px;height:60px}.g-ads-s{width:600px;height:250px}}.adz2{display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px}@media(max-width:299px){.adz3{display:inline-block;width:200px;height:200px}}@media(min-width:300px) and (max-width:345px){.adz3{display:inline-block;width:250px;height:250px}}@media(min-width:346px) and (max-width:609px){.adz3{display:inline-block;width:336px;height:280px}}@media(min-width:610px) and (max-width:767px){.adz3{display:inline-block;width:600px;height:300px}}@media(min-width:768px) and (max-width:974px){.adz3{display:inline-block;width:728px;height:90px}}@media(min-width:975px) and (max-width:1319px){.adz3{display:inline-block;width:970px;height:250px}}@media(min-width:1320px){.adz3{display:inline-block;width:160px;height:600px}}</style><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/"><script>var ezoTemplate='orig_site';var ezouid='1';var ezoFormfactor='1';</script><script data-ezscrex="false">var soc_app_id='0';var did=270374;var ezdomain='bioscience.com.pk';var ezoicSearchable=1;</script><script data-cfasync="false">__ez.queue.addFile('/tardisrocinante/lazy_load.js','/tardisrocinante/lazy_load.js?gcb=0&cb=6',false,[],true,false,true,false);</script><link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/bspk/fonts/mix/merriweather-v22-latin-regular.woff2" crossorigin><link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/bspk/fonts/mix/open-sans-v18-latin-regular.woff2" crossorigin><link rel="preload" as="font" href="/templates/bspk/fonts/mix/open-sans-v18-latin-italic.woff2" crossorigin></head><body class="userNotLoggedIn w100"><header class="whed w100"><div class="whdr dflx flxc"><div class="hdrl"><button class="mopn">
<span class="mbar"></span><span class="mttl">Menu</span></button><nav class="sdol" id="popup-menu"><div class="menu meg2 cloz"><div class="mein mxau"><div class="dflx mhdr"><div class="sprt mlog prel dibk"><a href="/" rel="home" class="slog dibk"><span class="mcsp">Homepage</span></a></div><div class="mnot tupr"><span class="mhsh">Login for unlimited free access</span>
<span class="mhsi"><button class="mlgn tupr">Login</button></span></div><button class="mclz"><span class="mcsp">Close the Menu</span></button></div><div class="row no-gutters"><div class="col-sm-12"><div class="moduletable memn"><h2 class="mhed prel">Topics A-Z</h2><ul class="mlst mlnk mlhw mlna lstn pad0"><li class="item-0"><a href="/topics/abortion">Abortion</a><li class="item-1"><a href="/topics/acid-reflux">Acid Reflux</a><li class="item-2"><a href="/topics/adhd">Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)</a><li class="item-3"><a href="/topics/alcohol-addiction-and-illegal-drugs">Alcohol / Addiction / Illegal Drugs</a><li class="item-4"><a href="/topics/allergies">Allergies</a><li class="item-5"><a href="/topics/alzheimer-and-dementia">Alzheimer's & Dementia</a><li class="item-6"><a href="/topics/aid-and-disasters">Aid / Disasters</a><li class="item-7"><a href="/topics/animal-biotechnology">Animal Biotechnology</a><li class="item-8"><a href="/topics/anxiety-and-stress">Anxiety / Stress</a><li class="item-9"><a href="/topics/arrhythmia">Arrhythmia</a><li class="item-10"><a href="/topics/asbestos-and-mesothelioma">Asbestos / Mesothelioma</a><li class="item-11"><a href="/topics/asthma">Asthma</a><li class="item-12"><a href="/topics/atopic-dermatitis-and-eczema">Atopic Dermatitis / Eczema</a><li class="item-13"><a href="/topics/autism">Autism</a><li class="item-14"><a href="/topics/back-pain">Back Pain</a><li class="item-15"><a href="/topics/biochemistry">Biochemistry</a><li class="item-16"><a href="/topics/biodiversity">Biodiversity</a><li class="item-17"><a href="/topics/bioethics">Bioethics</a><li class="item-18"><a href="/topics/biology">Biology</a><li class="item-19"><a href="/topics/biomedical-engineering">Biomedical Engineering</a><li class="item-20"><a href="/topics/biophysics">Biophysics</a><li class="item-21"><a href="/topics/bioterrorism">Bio-terrorism / Terrorism</a><li class="item-22"><a href="/topics/bipolar">Bipolar</a><li class="item-23"><a href="/topics">All Topics A-Z</a></ul></div></div></div><div class="row no-gutters"><div class="col-sm-6"><div class="moduletable memn"><h2 class="mhed prel">Tools</h2><ul class="mlst mlnk mlfw mlnb lstn pad0"><li class="item-0"><a href="#">Symptom Checker</a><li class="item-1"><a href="#">BodyMaps</a><li class="item-2"><a href="#">Find an Online Doctor</a><li class="item-3"><a href="/news/cat">Health News</a><li class="item-4"><a href="#">Newsletters</a><li class="item-5"><a href="#">Diabetes Mine</a></ul></div></div><div class="col-sm-6"><div class="moduletable memn"><h2 class="mhed prel">Web Index</h2><ul class="mlst mlnk mlfw mlnb lstn pad0"><li class="item-0"><a href="/topics">Health Topics A-Z</a><li class="item-1"><a href="/classified" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">BSPK Classified</a><li class="item-2"><a href="/informative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Informative</a><li class="item-3"><a href="/how-to">How-to</a><li class="item-4"><a href="/library">Digital Library</a><li class="item-5"><a href="/prefixes-and-suffixes">Prefixes & Suffixes</a><li class="item-6"><a href="/glossary">Glossary</a></ul></div><div class="moduletable memn"><h2 class="mhed prel">User Area</h2><ul class="mlst mlnk mlfw mlnb lstn pad0"><li class="item-0"><a href="/user/login" class="login-switch">User Login</a><li class="item-1"><a href="/advertiser">Advertiser Login</a><li class="item-2"><a href="/membership/offer">Membership Plans</a><li class="item-3"><a href="/user/registration">Registration Form</a><li class="item-4"><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/guest-post#gpForm">Submit Article</a><li class="item-5"><a href="/write-for-us">Write For Us</a><li class="item-6"><a href="/faqs">FAQs</a></ul></div></div></div><div class="dflx ffrn jcsb flxc mftr"><div class="dflx jccn flxc"><h2 class="mshd">Follow Us</h2><ul class="dflx lstn pad0 mrg0 mful"><li class="dibk fbmo"><a class="fbsa hyux" href="https://www.facebook.com/BioScience.pk" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><i class="mfro sprt fbmf"></i><span class="mcsp">Facebook</span></a><li class="dibk fbmo"><a class="fbsa hyux" href="https://twitter.com/BioScience_PK" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><i class="mfro sprt twmf"></i><span class="mcsp">Twitter</span></a><li class="dibk fbmo"><a class="fbsa hyux" href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/rss"><i class="mfro sprt rsmf"></i><span class="mcsp">RSS Feed</span></a><li class="dibk fbmo"><a class="fbsa hyux" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLTZW9GbVIzdjqbo1_RxRyw" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><i class="mfro sprt ytmf"></i><span class="mcsp">YouTube</span></a></ul></div></div><div class="dflx ffrn jcsb flxc tupr mftr"><div class="mfcl"><ul class="dflx lstn pad0 mrg0 mful"><li class="mfli"><a href="/paid-content" class="mfla">Native Advertorial</a><li class="mfli"><a href="/advertising-policy" class="mfla">Advertising Policy</a><li class="mfli"><a href="/privacy-policy" class="mfla">Privacy Policy</a><li class="mfli"><a href="/terms-of-service" class="mfla">Terms of Service</a><li class="mfli"><a href="/contact" class="mfla">Contact Us</a></ul></div><div class="dflx ffrn jcsb flxc spbf mflg"><p class="mflp">Copyright © 2012-2024 BIOSCIENCE PK, LLC</div></div></div></div></nav><div class="wlom"><a href="/" rel="home" class="sprt wlog wlga"><span class="mcsp yugq">BIOSCIENCE.</span></a></div></div><div class="hdrm"><div class="search"><form action="/" method="post" class="search-expand" id="search-expand"><label for="search-1055" class="mcsp">Search</label>
<input name="searchword" id="search-1055" type="search" placeholder="Search ..."> <input type="hidden" name="option" value="com_search">
<input type="hidden" name="task" value="search">
<input type="hidden" name="Itemid" value="784"></form></div></div><div class="hdrr"><button id="darkMode" class="dmod spbf" type="button"><span class="mcsp">Mode</span></button>
<button class="toggle-search sprt tgsh" type="button"><span class="mcsp">Search</span></button></div></div></header><div class="container-fluid content-wrapper no-sidebar-a no-sidebar-b no-sidebar-c homepage"><div class="line ngut"><div class="box0 box5"><div class="moduletable sld0 cfix"><div class="dfly"><ul class="slyn cfix"><li class="hyer lstn even"><a class="virt sdi5 sdim progressive replace" href="/topics/microbiology/virology/item/1540-hepatitis-c-from-lifecycle-to-treatment" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/58c14d04ea7d9b2910e24aef05b926e1_L.jpg"><img class="preview" src="/media/k2/items/cache/58c14d04ea7d9b2910e24aef05b926e1_XS.jpg?ezimgfmt=rs%3Adevice%2Frscb3-1" alt="Hepatitis and Its Types: An In-depth Study of Hepatitis C from Lifecycle to Treatment" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" loading="eager" srcset sizes importance="high" fetchpriority="high">
<span class="wbrp clm4 shuk">Hepatitis and Its Types: An In-depth Study of Hepatitis C from Lifecycle to Treatment</span></a></ul><ul class="tgdu cfix"><li class="lstn gywq even"><a class="viny sdim progressive replace" href="/topics/training/item/1533-understanding-the-significance-of-parent-articles-in-phd-research" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/920e74ddc49b56e1eedc29b60cb99fb2_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Understanding the Significance of Parent Articles in PhD Research" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/920e74ddc49b56e1eedc29b60cb99fb2_XS.jpg"></a>
<span class="hrwb"><a href="/topics/training/item/1533-understanding-the-significance-of-parent-articles-in-phd-research" class="wbrp clm2 shuz">Understanding the Significance of Parent Articles in PhD Research</a></span><li class="lstn gywq odd"><a class="viny sdim progressive replace" href="/topics/nutrition/item/1532-nutrition-in-children-and-infants" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/94af61979eb4ea334f75bd3f71cddfb7_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Nutrition in Children and Infants" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/94af61979eb4ea334f75bd3f71cddfb7_XS.jpg"></a>
<span class="hrwb"><a href="/topics/nutrition/item/1532-nutrition-in-children-and-infants" class="wbrp clm2 shuz">Nutrition in Children and Infants</a></span><li class="lstn gywq even"><a class="viny sdim progressive replace" href="/topics/microbiology/item/1531-understanding-darkfield-microscopy-explore-advantages-limitations-and-the-fundamental-principle" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/9c6fe1c968db328e216ec811fa7a37c6_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Understanding Darkfield Microscopy: Explore Advantages, Limitations, and the Fundamental Principle" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/9c6fe1c968db328e216ec811fa7a37c6_XS.jpg"></a>
<span class="hrwb"><a href="/topics/microbiology/item/1531-understanding-darkfield-microscopy-explore-advantages-limitations-and-the-fundamental-principle" class="wbrp clm2 shuz">Understanding Darkfield Microscopy: Explore Advantages, Limitations, and the Fundamental Principle</a></span><li class="lstn gywq odd"><a class="viny sdim progressive replace" href="/topics/microbiology/item/1530-dark-field-microscopy" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/f0c3a021df8a28f4e3936660c10f3aba_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Darkfield Microscopy: Definition, Principle, Uses, and Diagram" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/f0c3a021df8a28f4e3936660c10f3aba_XS.jpg"></a>
<span class="hrwb"><a href="/topics/microbiology/item/1530-dark-field-microscopy" class="wbrp clm2 shuz">Darkfield Microscopy: Definition, Principle, Uses, and Diagram</a></span></ul></div><div class="dfly"><ul class="tgdu cfix"><li class="lstn gywq even"><a class="viny sdim progressive replace" href="/topics/neurology/item/1523-blood-clot-in-brain-reason-causes-symptoms-and-treatment" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/5b196d4f61e1107a52f84e930c6b5cc0_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Blood Clot in Brain: Reason, Causes, Symptoms &amp;amp; Treatment" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/5b196d4f61e1107a52f84e930c6b5cc0_XS.jpg"></a>
<span class="hrwb"><a href="/topics/neurology/item/1523-blood-clot-in-brain-reason-causes-symptoms-and-treatment" class="wbrp clm2 shuz">Blood Clot in Brain: Reason, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment</a></span></ul><ul class="tgdu cfix"><li class="lstn gywq even"><a class="viny sdim progressive replace" href="/topics/neurology/item/1522-unraveling-the-neurological-factors-contributing-to-left-sided-head-pains" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/69cbbe0c74b3fb8c3ddf875335c22909_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Unraveling the Neurological Factors Contributing to Left-sided Head Pains" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/69cbbe0c74b3fb8c3ddf875335c22909_XS.jpg"></a>
<span class="hrwb"><a href="/topics/neurology/item/1522-unraveling-the-neurological-factors-contributing-to-left-sided-head-pains" class="wbrp clm2 shuz">Unraveling the Neurological Factors Contributing to Left-sided Head Pains</a></span></ul></div></div></div><div class="box0 box3"><div class="moduletable sld0 cfix"><div class="dblk"><ul class="slyo cfix"><li class="hyet lstn even"><a class="virt sdi5 sdim progressive replace" href="/topics/biochemistry/item/1543-bovine-serum-albumin" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/ca2ba6a868d1dc8cd0fcb72369f9e823_L.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA): Structure, Properties, Applications, and Future Research Directions" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/ca2ba6a868d1dc8cd0fcb72369f9e823_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm4 shuk">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA): Structure, Properties, Applications, and Future Research Directions</span></a></ul><ul class="tgdr cfix"><li class="lstn gywq even"><a class="viny sdim progressive replace" href="/topics/information-technology/item/1542-how-to-transfer-files-from-dropbox-to-onedrive-directly" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/5622634ef28273566abb3f639e6e3780_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="How to Transfer Files from Dropbox to OneDrive Directly?" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/5622634ef28273566abb3f639e6e3780_XS.jpg"></a>
<span class="hrwb"><a href="/topics/information-technology/item/1542-how-to-transfer-files-from-dropbox-to-onedrive-directly" class="wbrp clm2 shuz">How to Transfer Files from Dropbox to OneDrive Directly?</a></span><li class="lstn gywq odd"><a class="viny sdim progressive replace" href="/topics/chemistry/item/1536-a-guide-to-gas-chromatography-maintenance-and-repair" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/54850b08ed0b019d42f1dfc4b738fde9_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="A Guide to Gas Chromatography Maintenance and Repair" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/54850b08ed0b019d42f1dfc4b738fde9_XS.jpg"></a>
<span class="hrwb"><a href="/topics/chemistry/item/1536-a-guide-to-gas-chromatography-maintenance-and-repair" class="wbrp clm2 shuz">A Guide to Gas Chromatography Maintenance and Repair</a></span></ul></div></div></div><div class="box0 box3"><div class="moduletable"><div class="adze"><div class="adei znlb"><ins class="adsbygoogle g-ads-zone-c" style="display:inline-block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2826236645572726" data-ad-slot="8698058073"></ins><script type="text/ez-screx">(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});</script></div></div></div><div class="moduletable sld0 cfix"><div class="dblk"><ul class="tgdr cfix"><li class="lstn gywq even"><a class="viny sdim progressive replace" href="/topics/zoology/item/1541-mealworm-characteristics-lifecycle-farm-setup-and-nutrient-benefits" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/f64b0864e862d3c122851be4770d6e9a_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Mealworm: Characteristics, Lifecycle, Farm Setup, and Nutrient Benefits" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/f64b0864e862d3c122851be4770d6e9a_XS.jpg"></a>
<span class="hrwb"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/1541-mealworm-characteristics-lifecycle-farm-setup-and-nutrient-benefits" class="wbrp clm2 shuz">Mealworm: Characteristics, Lifecycle, Farm Setup, and Nutrient Benefits</a></span><li class="lstn gywq odd lastItem"><a class="viny sdim progressive replace" href="/topics/pediatrics/item/1539-baby-weight-percentile-calculator" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/94dc54329e25f79c8a3f66d37ea38c47_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Baby Weight Percentile Calculator: A Comprehensive Guide to Pediatric Growth Metrics" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/94dc54329e25f79c8a3f66d37ea38c47_XS.jpg"></a>
<span class="hrwb"><a href="/topics/pediatrics/item/1539-baby-weight-percentile-calculator" class="wbrp clm2 shuz">Baby Weight Percentile Calculator: A Comprehensive Guide to Pediatric Growth Metrics</a></span></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="line ngut"><div class="box0 box5"><div class="moduletable homs slid com5 fwid clearfix"><div class="sld9"><h3 class="hdn3">Featured Videos</h3><div class="sldu"><div class="slnp dbxx"><div class="slvd even active"><a class="sdi9 sdim sibg progressive replace spaf hmed" href="/topics/sexual-health/item/1493-do-you-want-a-bigger-penis-effective-penis-enlargement-techniques" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/27cdddac1d4facc05cf85e68533d6cb8_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Do You Want a Bigger Penis? Effective Penis Enlargement Techniques" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/27cdddac1d4facc05cf85e68533d6cb8_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm3 slho">Do You Want a Bigger Penis? Effective Penis Enlargement Techniques</span></a></div><div class="slvd odd"><a class="sdi9 sdim sibg progressive replace spaf hmed" href="/topics/fitness/item/1454-the-best-treadmill-brands-for-home-use-in-2021" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/35d242426c151ea294ba310c5a17ad23_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="The Best Treadmill Brands for Home Use in 2021" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/35d242426c151ea294ba310c5a17ad23_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm3 slho">The Best Treadmill Brands for Home Use in 2021</span></a></div><div class="slvd even"><a class="sdi9 sdim sibg progressive replace spaf hmed" href="/topics/complementary-medicine/item/1342-biomagnetism-veras-amazing-transformation-after-the-therapy" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/fdc5bcdd10a8fa7a628dc01912c2a729_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Biomagnetism [Vera's amazing transformation after the therapy]" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/fdc5bcdd10a8fa7a628dc01912c2a729_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm3 slho">Biomagnetism [Vera's amazing transformation after the therapy]</span></a></div><div class="slvd odd"><a class="sdi9 sdim sibg progressive replace spaf hmed" href="/topics/diagnostics/item/1339-artificial-disc-market-to-be-worth-more-than-3-billion-usd-by-2024" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/7a1f84e37f4e5fce0f7ca56b70c7e49a_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Artificial Disc Market to be Worth More Than $3.0 Billion by 2024" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/7a1f84e37f4e5fce0f7ca56b70c7e49a_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm3 slho">Artificial Disc Market to be Worth More Than $3.0 Billion by 2024</span></a></div><div class="slvd even"><a class="sdi9 sdim sibg progressive replace spaf hmed" href="/topics/medical-innovation/item/1325-biomagnetism-a-revolutionary-therapy" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/688edef27d20c6d387d970dcab33395a_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Biomagnetism: A Revolutionary Therapy" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/688edef27d20c6d387d970dcab33395a_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm3 slho">Biomagnetism: A Revolutionary Therapy</span></a></div><div class="slvd odd"><a class="sdi9 sdim sibg progressive replace spaf hmed" href="/topics/bites-and-stings/item/1323-biomagnetism-and-lyme-disease-multi-pathogen-syndrome" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/8952442977db6da9e768909045378306_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Biomagnetism and Lyme Disease: Multi-Pathogen Syndrome" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/8952442977db6da9e768909045378306_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm3 slho">Biomagnetism and Lyme Disease: Multi-Pathogen Syndrome</span></a></div><div class="slvd even"><a class="sdi9 sdim sibg progressive replace spaf hmed" href="/topics/obesity-and-weight-loss/item/1312-what-is-cbd-the-relationship-between-cbd-and-weight-loss" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/20337d78da56454434455f8b6f3ce7ab_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="What Is CBD? The Relationship Between CBD And Weight Loss" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/20337d78da56454434455f8b6f3ce7ab_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm3 slho">What Is CBD? The Relationship Between CBD And Weight Loss</span></a></div><div class="slvd odd"><a class="sdi9 sdim sibg progressive replace spaf hmed" href="/topics/biotech-industry/item/1296-north-america-amines-market-size-is-expected-to-reach-usd-4-02-billion-by-2025" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/6923b87b33bf5bdc641fc5442582f5a8_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="North America Amines Market Size Is Expected To Reach USD 4.02 Billion by 2025" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/6923b87b33bf5bdc641fc5442582f5a8_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm3 slho">North America Amines Market Size Is Expected To Reach USD 4.02 Billion by 2025</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="moduletable homs slid com1 clearfix"><div class="sld5"><div class="slfr clearfix"><h3 class="hdn2 col3 lspn">#COVID-19 Outbreak</h3><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/topics/covid-19" class="slfl evla slor slar slbr prel">Load More</a></div><ul class="slb5 pad0 mrg0"><li class="lstn fhov sli5 even"><a class="sdi5 sdim sibg progressive replace" href="/topics/covid-19/item/1431-delivering-home-health-care-for-elderly-covid-patients" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/bab3071b5f24a146af315fe2e7519640_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Delivering Home Health Care For Elderly COVID Patients" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/bab3071b5f24a146af315fe2e7519640_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm4 slh5">Delivering Home Health Care For Elderly COVID Patients</span></a></ul><div class="slr5"><ul class="sll5"><li class="lstn shov slt5 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/covid-19/item/1364-the-way-forward-for-life-sciences-industry-to-tackle-the-covid-19" class="wbrp clm2 evla">The Way Forward for Life Sciences Industry to Tackle the Covid-19</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt5 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/covid-19/item/1343-immunity-nutrition-and-biomagnetism-important-concepts-to-understand-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic" class="wbrp clm2 evla">Immunity, Nutrition, and Biomagnetism: Important concepts to understand during the Coronavirus pandemic</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt5 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/covid-19/item/1334-the-united-states-test-against-covid-19" class="wbrp clm2 evla">The United States Test Against COVID-19</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt5 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/covid-19/item/1331-most-cases-of-covid-19-are-in-the-united-states-5-updates-on-the-pandemic" class="wbrp clm2 evla">Most Cases of COVID-19 Are in the United States: 5 Updates on the Pandemic</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt5 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/covid-19/item/1336-clinical-trial-underway-to-test-nitric-oxide-in-covid-19-patients" class="wbrp clm2 evla">Clinical Trial Underway to Test Nitric Oxide in COVID-19 Patients</a></span></ul></div><div class="slr5"><ul class="sll5"><li class="lstn shov slt5 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/covid-19/item/1333-test-vaccine-elicits-strong-ab-response-to-sars-cov-2-in-mice" class="wbrp clm2 evla">Test Vaccine Elicits Strong Ab Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Mice</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt5 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/covid-19/item/1335-combating-covid-19-best-practices-that-clinicians-need-to-know" class="wbrp clm2 evla">Combating COVID-19: Best Practices That Clinicians Need to Know</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt5 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/covid-19/item/1332-10-myths-about-covid-19" class="wbrp clm2 evla">10 Myths About COVID-19</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt5 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/covid-19/item/1330-cdc-broadens-testing-guidelines-for-coronavirus" class="wbrp clm2 evla">CDC Broadens Testing Guidelines for Coronavirus</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt5 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/covid-19/item/1329-judge-says-more-answers-needed-about-relocation-of-covid-19-patients" class="wbrp clm2 evla">Judge Says More Answers Needed About Relocation of COVID-19 Patients</a></span></ul></div><div class="evel prel"><ul><li>In Focus:<li><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/eg/itemlist/tag/nCov">2019-nCov</a><li><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/eg/itemlist/tag/Coronavirus%20Outbreak">Coronavirus Outbreak</a><li><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/eg/itemlist/tag/Coronavirus%20Symptoms">Coronavirus Symptoms</a><li><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/eg/itemlist/tag/Coronavirus%20Vaccine">COVID-19 Vaccine</a></ul></div></div></div><div class="moduletable homs slid com8 fwid clearfix"><div class="sld6"><div class="slfr clearfix"><h3 class="hdn2 col1">Most Popular</h3><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/topics" class="slfl evlb slor slbr prel">Most Popular</a></div><div class="sldo"><div class="sldv"><ul class="slb6 pad0 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn fhov sli6 even"><a class="sdi5 sdim sibg progressive replace" href="/topics/psychology/item/1311-types-of-human-behavior-in-psychology" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/1c72b5b3dc7bf80ea0618ee08adcc847_M.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Types of Human Behavior In Psychology" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/1c72b5b3dc7bf80ea0618ee08adcc847_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm4 slh5">Types of Human Behavior In Psychology</span></a></ul><ul class="sll6 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/news/cat/acid-reflux/item/940-possible-causes-of-a-bubbling-feeling-in-the-chest" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Possible causes of a bubbling feeling in the chest</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/hemotology/item/800-white-blood-cells-morphology" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">WHITE BLOOD CELLS MORPHOLOGY</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/737-general-characters-of-cephalochordata" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">GENERAL CHARACTERS OF CEPHALOCHORDATA</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/pathology/clinical-pathology/item/822-tests-for-detection-of-ketones-in-urine" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Tests for Detection of Ketones in Urine</a></span></ul></div><div class="sldv"><ul class="slb6 pad0 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn fhov sli6 even"><a class="sdi5 sdim sibg progressive replace" href="/topics/pathology/clinical-pathology/item/825-microscopic-examination-of-urine" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/3f51ec9d49bc461803b454a4875d5aa8_M.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Microscopic Urinalysis: Test Procedure and Components Found in Urine" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/3f51ec9d49bc461803b454a4875d5aa8_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm4 slh5">Microscopic Urinalysis: Test Procedure and Components Found in Urine</span></a></ul><ul class="sll6 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/561-water-vascular-system-in-starfish" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM IN STARFISH</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/cell-biology/item/167-cyanmethemoglobin-hemoglobin-cyanide-method-for-estimation-of-hemoglobin" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Cyanmethemoglobin (Hemoglobin-Cyanide) Method for Estimation of Hemoglobin</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/747-general-characters-of-urochordata" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">GENERAL CHARACTERS OF UROCHORDATA</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/775-comparative-anatomy-excretory-system-of-frog-and-fish" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: EXCRETORY SYSTEM OF FROG AND FISH</a></span></ul></div></div><div class="sldp"><h3 class="sldx">Recommended for you</h3><ul class="slk6 pad0 mrg0"><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/695-ammocoetes-larva" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">AMMOCOETES LARVA</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/hemotology/item/786-determination-of-blood-group-by-slide-method" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">DETERMINATION OF BLOOD GROUP BY SLIDE METHOD</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/466-structure-and-functions-of-rabbit-brain" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RABBIT BRAIN</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/726-dental-formula-in-mammals" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Dental Formula in Mammals</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/319-digestive-glands-in-rabbit" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">DIGESTIVE GLANDS IN RABBIT</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/cell-biology/item/581-structure-and-function-of-mitochondria" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MITOCHONDRIA</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/546-phylum-mollusca" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">PHYLUM MOLLUSCA</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/871-torsion-and-detorsion-in-mollusca" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">TORSION AND DETORSION IN MOLLUSCA</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/468-rabbit-mammals-cranial-nerves-and-their-names-origin-nature-and-distribution" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">RABBIT (MAMMALS) CRANIAL NERVES AND THEIR NAMES ORIGIN, NATURE, AND DISTRIBUTION</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/615-chick-embryo-at-48-hours" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">CHICK EMBRYO AT 48 HOURS</a></span></ul></div><div class="evel prel"><ul><li>In Focus:<li><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/eg/itemlist/tag/Mechanism%20of%20Snake%20Bite">Mechanism of Snake Bite</a><li><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/eg/itemlist/tag/Comparative%20Anatomy">Comparative Anatomy</a><li><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/eg/itemlist/tag/Zoology%20Notes">Zoology Notes</a><li><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/eg/itemlist/tag/Structure%20of%20Mitochondria">Mitochondria</a></ul></div></div></div><div class="moduletable homs slid com3 clearfix"><div class="sld6"><div class="slfr clearfix"><h3 class="hdn2 col1">Zoology</h3><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/topics/zoology" class="slfl evlb slor slbr prel">Load More</a></div><div class="sldo"><div class="sldv"><ul class="slb6 pad0 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn fhov sli6 even"><a class="sdi5 sdim sibg progressive replace" href="/topics/zoology/item/1541-mealworm-characteristics-lifecycle-farm-setup-and-nutrient-benefits" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/f64b0864e862d3c122851be4770d6e9a_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Mealworm: Characteristics, Lifecycle, Farm Setup, and Nutrient Benefits" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/f64b0864e862d3c122851be4770d6e9a_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm4 slh5">Mealworm: Characteristics, Lifecycle, Farm Setup, and Nutrient Benefits</span></a></ul><ul class="sll6 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/1534-ayam-cemani-unveiling-the-mystique-of-this-exotic-chicken-breed" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Ayam Cemani: Unveiling the Mystique of this Exotic Chicken Breed</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/1490-tissues-and-supporting-systems" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Tissues and Supporting Systems</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/871-torsion-and-detorsion-in-mollusca" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">TORSION AND DETORSION IN MOLLUSCA</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/870-process-of-formation-of-pearl-in-molluscs" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">PROCESS OF FORMATION OF PEARL IN MOLLUSCS</a></span></ul></div><div class="sldv"><ul class="slb6 pad0 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn fhov sli6 even"><a class="sdi5 sdim sibg progressive replace" href="/topics/zoology/item/763-comparative-anatomy-pectoral-girdle-of-reptile-bird-and-mammal" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/0b242dd5a6f3b60d9c07a5d96a2bc449_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%22100%22%20height=%2285%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: PECTORAL GIRDLE OF REPTILE, BIRD AND MAMMAL" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/0b242dd5a6f3b60d9c07a5d96a2bc449_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm4 slh5">COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: PECTORAL GIRDLE OF REPTILE, BIRD AND MAMMAL</span></a></ul><ul class="sll6 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/762-comparative-anatomy-pectoral-girdle-of-fish-and-frog" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: PECTORAL GIRDLE OF FISH AND FROG</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/761-comparative-anatomy-respiration-in-birds-reptiles-and-mammals" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: RESPIRATION IN BIRDS, REPTILES AND MAMMALS</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/760-comparative-anatomy-respiratory-organs-of-fish-scoliodon-and-frog-rana" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: RESPIRATORY ORGANS OF FISH (SCOLIODON) AND FROG (RANA)</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/759-comparative-anatomy-digestive-system-of-bird-mammal-and-reptile" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF BIRD, MAMMAL AND REPTILE</a></span></ul></div></div><div class="sldp"><h3 class="sldx">Recommended for you</h3><ul class="slk6 pad0 mrg0"><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/758-comparative-anatomy-integument-in-reptiles-birds-and-mammals" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: INTEGUMENT IN REPTILES, BIRDS AND MAMMALS</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/757-comparative-anatomy-integument-in-scoliodon-and-rana" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: INTEGUMENT IN SCOLIODON AND RANA</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/756-gonads-of-herdmania" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">GONADS OF HERDMANIA</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/755-organisation-of-herdmania-tadpole-larva" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">ORGANISATION OF HERDMANIA TADPOLE LARVA</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/754-retrogressive-metamorphosis-in-herdmania" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">RETROGRESSIVE METAMORPHOSIS IN HERDMANIA</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/753-herdmania-spicules-in-the-test" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">HERDMANIA: SPICULES IN THE TEST</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/752-excretory-organ-of-herdmania" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">EXCRETORY ORGAN OF HERDMANIA</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/751-nervous-system-of-herdmania" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">NERVOUS SYSTEM OF HERDMANIA</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/750-external-characters-of-herdmania" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF HERDMANIA</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/749-affinities-of-urochordates" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">AFFINITIES OF UROCHORDATES</a></span></ul></div><div class="evel prel"><ul><li>In Focus:<li><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/eg/itemlist/tag/Mechanism%20of%20Snake%20Bite">Mechanism of Snake Bite</a><li><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/eg/itemlist/tag/Comparative%20Anatomy">Comparative Anatomy</a><li><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/eg/itemlist/tag/Zoology%20Notes">Zoology Notes</a><li><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/eg/itemlist/tag/Structure%20of%20Mitochondria">Mitochondria</a></ul></div></div></div><div class="moduletable homs slid com6 fwid clearfix"><div class="bgwh sld6"><div class="slfr clearfix"><h3 class="hdn2 col1">Latest Entry</h3><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/topics" class="slfl evlb slor slbr prel">Load More</a></div><div class="sldw cfix"><div class="sldq"><div class="sldy"><ul class="slb6 pad0 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn fhov sli6 even"><a class="sdi5 sdim sibg progressive replace" href="/topics/biochemistry/item/1543-bovine-serum-albumin" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/ca2ba6a868d1dc8cd0fcb72369f9e823_M.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA): Structure, Properties, Applications, and Future Research Directions" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/ca2ba6a868d1dc8cd0fcb72369f9e823_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm4 slh5">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA): Structure, Properties, Applications, and Future Research Directions</span></a></ul><ul class="sll6 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/information-technology/item/1542-how-to-transfer-files-from-dropbox-to-onedrive-directly" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">How to Transfer Files from Dropbox to OneDrive Directly?</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/1541-mealworm-characteristics-lifecycle-farm-setup-and-nutrient-benefits" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Mealworm: Characteristics, Lifecycle, Farm Setup, and Nutrient Benefits</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/microbiology/virology/item/1540-hepatitis-c-from-lifecycle-to-treatment" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Hepatitis and Its Types: An In-depth Study of Hepatitis C from Lifecycle to Treatment</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/pediatrics/item/1539-baby-weight-percentile-calculator" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Baby Weight Percentile Calculator: A Comprehensive Guide to Pediatric Growth Metrics</a></span></ul></div></div><div class="bgwh sldp"><h3 class="sldx">Recommended for you</h3><ul class="slk6 pad0 mrg0"><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/pediatrics/item/1538-baby-weight" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Baby Weight: How Much Weight Should A Baby Gain?</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/physiology/item/1537-blood-flow-laminar-vs-turbulent" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Blood Flow: Laminar Vs Turbulent</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/chemistry/item/1536-a-guide-to-gas-chromatography-maintenance-and-repair" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">A Guide to Gas Chromatography Maintenance and Repair</a></span></ul></div></div><div class="sldw cfix"><div class="sldq"><div class="sldy"><ul class="slb6 pad0 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn fhov sli6 even"><a class="sdi5 sdim sibg progressive replace" href="/topics/biology/item/1535-type-vii-civilization-and-the-kardashev-scale" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/850e17edce6779cc111d239710be36ab_M.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Type 7 Civilization and the Kardashev Scale" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/850e17edce6779cc111d239710be36ab_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm4 slh5">Type 7 Civilization and the Kardashev Scale</span></a></ul><ul class="sll6 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/1534-ayam-cemani-unveiling-the-mystique-of-this-exotic-chicken-breed" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Ayam Cemani: Unveiling the Mystique of this Exotic Chicken Breed</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/training/item/1533-understanding-the-significance-of-parent-articles-in-phd-research" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Understanding the Significance of Parent Articles in PhD Research</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/nutrition/item/1532-nutrition-in-children-and-infants" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Nutrition in Children and Infants</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/microbiology/item/1531-understanding-darkfield-microscopy-explore-advantages-limitations-and-the-fundamental-principle" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Understanding Darkfield Microscopy: Explore Advantages, Limitations, and the Fundamental Principle</a></span></ul></div></div><div class="bgwh sldp"><h3 class="sldx">Recommended for you</h3><ul class="slk6 pad0 mrg0"><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/microbiology/item/1530-dark-field-microscopy" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Darkfield Microscopy: Definition, Principle, Uses, and Diagram</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/cell-biology/item/1529-mitochondria-definition-function-structure-and-facts" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Mitochondria: Definition, Function, Structure and Facts</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/respiratory/item/1528-upper-respiratory-infection" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Upper Respiratory Infection (ICD-10)</a></span></ul></div></div><div class="sldw lotp cfix"><div class="sldq"><div class="sldy"><ul class="slb6 pad0 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn fhov sli6 even"><a class="sdi5 sdim sibg progressive replace" href="/topics/chemistry/item/1527-atoms-under-the-microscope" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/68e3eaa9d829c459454ed745e7bf69f0_M.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Atoms Under the Microscope" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/68e3eaa9d829c459454ed745e7bf69f0_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm4 slh5">Atoms Under the Microscope</span></a></ul><ul class="sll6 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/psychology/item/1526-what-is-assimilation-in-psychology" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">What Is Assimilation in Psychology?</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/immunology/item/1525-hypersensitivity" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Hypersensitivity: An Overview</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/pharmacy/item/1524-albuterol-classification-uses-dosages-and-side-effects" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Albuterol: Classification, Uses, Dosages and Side Effects</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/neurology/item/1523-blood-clot-in-brain-reason-causes-symptoms-and-treatment" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Blood Clot in Brain: Reason, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment</a></span></ul></div></div><div class="bgwh sldp"><h3 class="sldx">Recommended for you</h3><ul class="slk6 pad0 mrg0"><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/neurology/item/1522-unraveling-the-neurological-factors-contributing-to-left-sided-head-pains" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Unraveling the Neurological Factors Contributing to Left-sided Head Pains</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/stroke/item/1521-blood-clot-brain-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-and-nhs-insights" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Blood Clot Brain Symptoms: Diagnosis, Treatment, and NHS Insights</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/respiratory/item/1520-back-pain-when-breathing-causes-treatment-prevention" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Back Pain When Breathing: Causes, Treatment & Prevention</a></span></ul></div></div><div class="evel prel"><ul><li>In Focus:<li><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/eg/itemlist/tag/Mechanism%20of%20Snake%20Bite">Mechanism of Snake Bite</a><li><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/eg/itemlist/tag/Comparative%20Anatomy">Comparative Anatomy</a><li><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/eg/itemlist/tag/Zoology%20Notes">Zoology Notes</a><li><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/eg/itemlist/tag/Structure%20of%20Mitochondria">Mitochondria</a></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="box0 box3"><div class="moduletable homs slid clearfix"><div class="sld3"><h3 class="hdn1 col2 lspn">Featured Today</h3><ul class="slb3 pad0 mrg0"><li class="lstn shov sli3 even"><a class="sdi3 sdim sibg progressive replace" href="/topics/fertility/item/1448-how-many-times-should-a-man-release-sperm-in-a-week" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/587746ff6320613e33bbe5dba0deac7f_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="How Many Times Should a Man Release Sperm in a Week?" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/587746ff6320613e33bbe5dba0deac7f_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm3 slho">How Many Times Should a Man Release Sperm in a Week?</span></a><li class="lstn shov sli3 odd"><a class="sdi3 sdim sibg progressive replace" href="/topics/information-technology/item/1443-advice-for-software-developers-in-interviews" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/ac347702ca3ad0f96bcae571a150c1fc_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Advice for Software Developers in Interviews" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/ac347702ca3ad0f96bcae571a150c1fc_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm3 slho">Advice for Software Developers in Interviews</span></a><li class="lstn shov sli3 even"><a class="sdi3 sdim sibg progressive replace" href="/topics/lifestyle/item/1428-best-eid-collection-2021" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/d38916892cbd0b9efc4f852e27e6bcac_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Best Eid Collection 2021" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/d38916892cbd0b9efc4f852e27e6bcac_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm3 slho">Best Eid Collection 2021</span></a><li class="lstn shov sli3 odd"><a class="sdi3 sdim sibg progressive replace" href="/topics/fitness/item/1352-five-things-you-should-know-before-you-start-mountain-biking" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/a121e39f639f5564abd14d939cc78407_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="5 Things You Should Know Before You Start Mountain Biking" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/a121e39f639f5564abd14d939cc78407_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm3 slho">5 Things You Should Know Before You Start Mountain Biking</span></a><li class="lstn shov sli3 even"><a class="sdi3 sdim sibg progressive replace" href="/topics/hemotology/item/1351-blood-screening-market" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/483626bf9b173fda9016bf6acae67bd1_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Blood Screening Market" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/483626bf9b173fda9016bf6acae67bd1_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm3 slho">Blood Screening Market</span></a><li class="lstn shov sli3 odd lastItem"><a class="sdi3 sdim sibg progressive replace" href="/informative/item/1345-home-improvement-tips-to-help-decorate-small-spaces" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/3daa548df3a7c35dfeb00ecdaf2cb7fc_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Home Improvement Tips to Help Decorate Small Spaces" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/3daa548df3a7c35dfeb00ecdaf2cb7fc_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm3 slho">Home Improvement Tips to Help Decorate Small Spaces</span></a></ul><div class="slod prel"><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/topics" class="slol slor slar prel">Load More</a></div></div></div></div><div class="box0 box3"><div class="moduletable homs slid clearfix"><div class="sld4"><h3 class="hdn1 col2 lspn">Editor’s Pick</h3><ul class="pad0 mrg0"><li class="lstn sli4 even"><span class="sldl"><h4 class="sldt"><a href="/topics/fertility/item/1448-how-many-times-should-a-man-release-sperm-in-a-week" class="wbrp clm2 sltl">How Many Times Should a Man Release Sperm in a Week?</a></h4><span class="slau"><a href="/eg/itemlist/user/2956-mahamudulhasan" class="slal">Mahamudul Hasan</a></span></span>
<span class="sldr"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%22116%22%20height=%22116%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Mahamudul Hasan" title="Mahamudul Hasan" class="ezlazyload sldm" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/users/1793.jpg?t=20210803_0353"></span><li class="lstn sli4 odd"><span class="sldl"><h4 class="sldt"><a href="/topics/information-technology/item/1443-advice-for-software-developers-in-interviews" class="wbrp clm2 sltl">Advice for Software Developers in Interviews</a></h4><span class="slau"><a href="/eg/itemlist/user/2952-filanfisteku" class="slal">Filan Fisteku</a></span></span>
<span class="sldr"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%22116%22%20height=%22116%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Filan Fisteku" title="Filan Fisteku" class="ezlazyload sldm" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/users/1789.jpg?t=20210725_1638"></span><li class="lstn sli4 even"><span class="sldl"><h4 class="sldt"><a href="/topics/lifestyle/item/1428-best-eid-collection-2021" class="wbrp clm2 sltl">Best Eid Collection 2021</a></h4><span class="slau"><a href="/eg/itemlist/user/2946-amnakhan" class="slal">Amna Khan</a></span></span>
<span class="sldr"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%22128%22%20height=%22128%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Amna Khan" title="Amna Khan" class="ezlazyload sldm" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/ezoimgfmt/secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8dfa5ad5985db5dc3f53273cb80fc7ca?s=116&amp;default=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioscience.com.pk%2Fcomponents%2Fcom_k2%2Fimages%2Fplaceholder%2Fuser.png"></span><li class="lstn sli4 odd"><span class="sldl"><h4 class="sldt"><a href="/topics/fitness/item/1352-five-things-you-should-know-before-you-start-mountain-biking" class="wbrp clm2 sltl">5 Things You Should Know Before You Start Mountain Biking</a></h4><span class="slau"><a href="/eg/itemlist/user/2862-solangecarpen" class="slal">Solange Carpen</a></span></span>
<span class="sldr"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%22116%22%20height=%22116%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Solange Carpen" title="Solange Carpen" class="ezlazyload sldm" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/users/1769.jpg?t=20200926_1043"></span><li class="lstn sli4 even lastItem"><span class="sldl"><h4 class="sldt"><a href="/topics/hemotology/item/1351-blood-screening-market" class="wbrp clm2 sltl">Blood Screening Market</a></h4><span class="slau"><a href="/eg/itemlist/user/2806-pramodkumar" class="slal">Pramod Kumar</a></span></span>
<span class="sldr"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%22116%22%20height=%22116%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Pramod Kumar" title="Pramod Kumar" class="ezlazyload sldm" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/users/1759.jpg?t=20200930_0326"></span></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="line ngut"><div class="box0 box5"><div class="moduletable homs slid com7 fwid clearfix"><div class="sld6 slny cfix"><div class="slfr clearfix"><h3 class="hdn2 col1">Acid Reflux</h3><a href="/topics/diabetes" class="slfl evlb slor slbr prel">Load More</a></div><div class="sldg"><div class="sldv"><ul class="slq1 pad0 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn fhov sli6 even"><a class="sdi5 sdim sibg progressive replace" href="/topics/hemotology/item/800-white-blood-cells-morphology" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/ddbd51c6174319adf1ea9a6d30392812_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%22100%22%20height=%2237%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="WHITE BLOOD CELLS MORPHOLOGY" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/ddbd51c6174319adf1ea9a6d30392812_XS.jpg">
<span class="wbrp clm4 slh5">WHITE BLOOD CELLS MORPHOLOGY</span></a></ul><ul class="sll6 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/pathology/clinical-pathology/item/822-tests-for-detection-of-ketones-in-urine" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Tests for Detection of Ketones in Urine</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/pathology/clinical-pathology/item/825-microscopic-examination-of-urine" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Microscopic Urinalysis: Test Procedure and Components Found in Urine</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/cell-biology/item/167-cyanmethemoglobin-hemoglobin-cyanide-method-for-estimation-of-hemoglobin" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Cyanmethemoglobin (Hemoglobin-Cyanide) Method for Estimation of Hemoglobin</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/hemotology/item/786-determination-of-blood-group-by-slide-method" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">DETERMINATION OF BLOOD GROUP BY SLIDE METHOD</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/zoology/item/871-torsion-and-detorsion-in-mollusca" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">TORSION AND DETORSION IN MOLLUSCA</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/hemotology/item/811-principles-of-working-of-automated-hemotology-analyzer" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">PRINCIPLES OF WORKING OF AUTOMATED HEMOTOLOGY ANALYZER</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/hemotology/item/785-determination-of-blood-group-by-tube-method" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">DETERMINATION OF BLOOD GROUP BY TUBE METHOD</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/cell-biology/item/165-sahlis-acid-hematin-method" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Sahli’s Acid Hematin Method for the Estimation of Hemoglobin</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/pathology/clinical-pathology/item/823-test-for-detection-of-bilirubin-in-urine" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Test for Detection of Bilirubin in Urine</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/pathology/clinical-pathology/item/818-test-for-detection-of-urobilinogen-in-urine" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Test for Detection of Urobilinogen in Urine</a></span></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="line ngut"><div class="box0 box3"><div class="moduletable homs slid com7 fwid clearfix"><div class="sld7"><div class="slfr clearfix"><h3 class="hdn2 col1">Pathology</h3><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/topics/pathology" class="slfl evlb slor slbr prel">Pathology</a></div><div class="sldd"><ul class="slb7 pad0 cfix"><li class="lstn fhov sli6 cfix even"><a class="sdi7 sdim progressive replace" href="/topics/pathology/item/1505-seven-vital-elements-for-ensuring-lab-excellence-through-maintenance-repair-and-calibration" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/474d52ab97f559cf97024390d286c9cc_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="7 Vital Elements for Ensuring Lab Excellence through Maintenance, Repair, and Calibration" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/474d52ab97f559cf97024390d286c9cc_XS.jpg"></a>
<a class="sdi5 evlc" href="/topics/pathology/item/1505-seven-vital-elements-for-ensuring-lab-excellence-through-maintenance-repair-and-calibration"><span class="wbrp clm4 slh7">7 Vital Elements for Ensuring Lab Excellence through Maintenance, Repair, and Calibration</span></a></ul><ul class="sll7 pad0 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/pathology/item/1503-shift-and-trend-analysis-in-medical-laboratory-quality-control-monitoring-accuracy-and-reliability" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Shift and Trend Analysis in Medical Laboratory Quality Control: Monitoring Accuracy and Reliability</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/pathology/item/1502-understanding-westgard-rules-quality-control-in-laboratory-testing" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Understanding Westgard Rules: Quality Control in Laboratory Testing</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/pathology/clinical-pathology/item/1190-detection-of-fake-or-adulterate-urine-sample" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Detection of Fake or Adulterate Urine Sample</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/pathology/clinical-pathology/item/1186-examination-of-peritoneal-fluid" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Examination of Peritoneal Fluid</a></span></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="box0 box3"><div class="moduletable homs slid com7 fwid clearfix"><div class="sld7"><div class="slfr clearfix"><h3 class="hdn2 col1">Diabetes</h3><a href="/topics/diabetes" class="slfl evlb slor slbr prel">Load More</a></div><div class="sldd"><ul class="slb7 pad0 cfix"><li class="lstn fhov sli6 cfix even"><a class="sdi7 sdim progressive replace" href="/topics/diabetes/item/1193-long-term-complications-of-diabetes-mellitus" data-href="/media/k2/items/cache/09dad4a644cf4e7edd2e0dd7a337d51f_S.jpg"><img class="ezlazyload preview" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%2220%22%20height=%2215%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Long-Term Complications of Diabetes Mellitus" ezimgfmt="rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3" data-ezsrc="/media/k2/items/cache/09dad4a644cf4e7edd2e0dd7a337d51f_XS.jpg"></a>
<a class="sdi5 evlc" href="/topics/diabetes/item/1193-long-term-complications-of-diabetes-mellitus"><span class="wbrp clm4 slh7">Long-Term Complications of Diabetes Mellitus</span></a></ul><ul class="sll7 pad0 mrg0 cfix"><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/diabetes/item/1191-classification-of-diabetes-mellitus" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 odd"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/diabetes/item/1192-metabolic-effects-of-insulin" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Metabolic Effects of Insulin</a></span><li class="lstn shov slt6 even"><span class="slrt"><a href="/topics/diabetes/item/1194-prediabetes-a-chance-to-prevent-type-2-diabetes" class="wbrp clm2 evlc">Prediabetes: A Chance to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes</a></span></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="row no-gutters"><div class="col-md-12 container-component"><div id="system-message-container"></div></div></div></div><footer class="prel footer" id="foti"><div class="fotr prel"><div class="fotw w100 mxau"><div class="line mx-0"><div class="box0 box1"><div class="moduletable ftmn"><h2 class="fttl ftbl prel tupr">Topics A-Z</h2><ul class="flnk flnp flna lstn pad0"><li class="item-0"><a href="/topics/abortion">Abortion</a><li class="item-1"><a href="/topics/acid-reflux">Acid Reflux</a><li class="item-2"><a href="/topics/adhd">Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)</a><li class="item-3"><a href="/topics/alcohol-addiction-and-illegal-drugs">Alcohol / Addiction / Illegal Drugs</a><li class="item-4"><a href="/topics/allergies">Allergies</a><li class="item-5"><a href="/topics/alzheimer-and-dementia">Alzheimer's & Dementia</a><li class="item-6"><a href="/topics/aid-and-disasters">Aid / Disasters</a><li class="item-7"><a href="/topics/animal-biotechnology">Animal Biotechnology</a><li class="item-8"><a href="/topics/anxiety-and-stress">Anxiety / Stress</a><li class="item-9"><a href="/topics/arrhythmia">Arrhythmia</a><li class="item-10"><a href="/topics/asbestos-and-mesothelioma">Asbestos / Mesothelioma</a><li class="item-11"><a href="/topics/asthma">Asthma</a><li class="item-12"><a href="/topics/atopic-dermatitis-and-eczema">Atopic Dermatitis / Eczema</a><li class="item-13"><a href="/topics/autism">Autism</a><li class="item-14"><a href="/topics/back-pain">Back Pain</a><li class="item-15"><a href="/topics/biochemistry">Biochemistry</a><li class="item-16"><a href="/topics/biodiversity">Biodiversity</a><li class="item-17"><a href="/topics/bioethics">Bioethics</a><li class="item-18"><a href="/topics/biology">Biology</a><li class="item-19"><a href="/topics/biomedical-engineering">Biomedical Engineering</a><li class="item-20"><a href="/topics/biophysics">Biophysics</a><li class="item-21"><a href="/topics/bioterrorism">Bio-terrorism / Terrorism</a><li class="item-22"><a href="/topics/bipolar">Bipolar</a><li class="item-23"><a href="/topics">All Topics A-Z</a></ul></div></div></div><div class="line mx-0"><div class="box0 box5"><div class="moduletable ftmn htag"><h2 class="fttl ftbl prel tupr">Popular Tags</h2><ul class="flnk flnp flnb lstn pad0"><li><a href="/eg/itemlist/tag/Article">Article</a><li><a href="/downloads/books">Book</a><li><a href="/eg/itemlist/tag/Download">Download</a><li><a href="/eg/itemlist/tag/Free Download">Free Download</a><li><a href="/eg/itemlist/tag/Hemotology">Hemotology</a><li><a href="/eg/itemlist/tag/How to">How to</a><li><a href="/eg/itemlist/tag/Microbiology">Microbiology</a><li><a href="/eg/itemlist/tag/Notes">Notes</a><li><a href="/eg/itemlist/tag/Pathology">Pathology</a><li><a href="/eg/itemlist/tag/pdf">pdf</a><li><a href="/eg/itemlist/tag/Zoology">Zoology</a><li><a href="/eg/itemlist/tag/Zoology Notes">Zoology Notes</a></ul></div><div class="moduletable ftmn"><h2 class="fttl ftbl prel tupr">Tools</h2><ul class="flnk flnp flnb lstn pad0"><li class="item-0"><a href="#">Symptom Checker</a><li class="item-1"><a href="#">BodyMaps</a><li class="item-2"><a href="#">Find an Online Doctor</a><li class="item-3"><a href="/news/cat">Health News</a><li class="item-4"><a href="#">Newsletters</a><li class="item-5"><a href="#">Diabetes Mine</a></ul></div></div><div class="box0 box5"><div class="moduletable ftmn"><h2 class="fttl ftbl prel tupr">Web Index</h2><ul class="flnk flnp flnb lstn pad0"><li class="item-0"><a href="/topics">Health Topics A-Z</a><li class="item-1"><a href="/classified" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">BSPK Classified</a><li class="item-2"><a href="/informative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Informative</a><li class="item-3"><a href="/how-to">How-to</a><li class="item-4"><a href="/library">Digital Library</a><li class="item-5"><a href="/prefixes-and-suffixes">Prefixes & Suffixes</a><li class="item-6"><a href="/glossary">Glossary</a></ul></div><div class="moduletable ftmn"><h2 class="fttl ftbl prel tupr">User Area</h2><ul class="flnk flnp flnb lstn pad0"><li class="item-0"><a href="/user/login" class="login-switch">User Login</a><li class="item-1"><a href="/advertiser">Advertiser Login</a><li class="item-2"><a href="/membership/offer">Membership Plans</a><li class="item-3"><a href="/user/registration">Registration Form</a><li class="item-4"><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/guest-post#gpForm">Submit Article</a><li class="item-5"><a href="/write-for-us">Write For Us</a><li class="item-6"><a href="/faqs">FAQs</a></ul></div><div class="moduletable ftmn"><h2 class="fttl ftbl prel tupr">Stay Connected</h2><ul class="flnk flnp flnb lstn pad0"><li class="item-0"><a href="/contact">Contact Us</a><li class="item-1"><a href="/erb">Staff Index</a><li class="item-2"><a href="/copyright-information">Reprints & Permissions</a><li class="item-3"><a href="/contact">Feedback</a><li class="item-4"><a href="/contact">Report Spelling Mistakes</a><li class="item-5"><a href="/contact">Report Dead Links</a><li class="item-6"><a href="/contact">Complain Center</a><li class="item-7"><a href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/contact/press">Press and Media</a></ul></div></div></div><div class="line mx-0"><div class="fsin w100 mx15"><div class="fsoh"><div class="fsol tcen prel"><h2 class="fttl fsth prel tupr">Follow us on</h2><ul class="pad0 mrg0"><li class="dibk lstn fbso"><a class="fbsa tupr" href="https://www.facebook.com/BioScience.pk" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><i class="fsoc sprt fbkf"></i>Facebook</a><li class="dibk lstn fbso"><a class="fbsa tupr" href="https://twitter.com/BioScience_PK" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><i class="fsoc sprt twtf"></i>Twitter</a><li class="dibk lstn fbso"><a class="fbsa tupr" href="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/rss"><i class="fsoc sprt rssf"></i>Rss Feed</a><li class="dibk lstn fbso"><a class="fbsa tupr" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLTZW9GbVIzdjqbo1_RxRyw" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><i class="fsoc sprt ytbf"></i>YouTube</a></ul></div></div><div class="fsoh"><div class="fsor tcen prel"><h2 class="fttl fsth prel tupr">Download BSPK app</h2><ul class="pad0 mrg0"><li class="dibk lstn fbso"><a class="fbsa tupr" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.bioscience.pk" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><i class="fsoc fsob sprt andf"></i>Android</a><li class="dibk lstn fbso"><a class="fbsa tupr" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><i class="fsoc fsob sprt iphf"></i>iPhone</a><li class="dibk lstn fbso"><a class="fbsa tupr" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><i class="fsoc fsob sprt blbf"></i>BlackBerry</a><li class="dibk lstn fbso"><a class="fbsa tupr" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><i class="fsoc fsob sprt ipaf"></i>iPad</a><li class="dibk lstn fbso"><a class="fbsa tupr" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><i class="fsoc fsob sprt winf"></i>Windows Phone</a></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fsed w100 mxau"><div class="fotw w100 mxau"><div class="sprt flog"><a href="/" rel="home" class="flok"><span class="mcsp yugv">BIOSCIENCE.</span></a></div><div class="moduletable ftme"><ul class="flnk flnc lstn pad0 mrg0"><li class="item-0"><a href="/about">About this Site</a><li class="item-1"><a href="/content-and-services">Content & Services</a><li class="item-2"><a href="/erb">Editorial Review Board</a><li class="item-3"><a href="/acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</a><li class="item-4"><a href="/paid-content">Native Advertorial</a><li class="item-5"><a href="/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a><li class="item-6"><a href="/cookie-policy">Cookie Policy</a><li class="item-7"><a href="/copyright-information">Copyright Policy</a><li class="item-8"><a href="/advertising-policy">Advertising Policy</a><li class="item-9"><a href="/refund-policy">Refund Policy</a><li class="item-10"><a href="/legal">Legal</a><li class="item-11"><a href="/dmca">DMCA</a><li class="item-12"><a href="/terms-of-service">Terms of Service</a><li class="item-13"><a href="http://www.aboutads.info/choices/" class="spbf adch" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Your Ad Choices</a></ul></div></div></div><div class="fotw w100 mxau"><div class="moduletable cprt"><p>BIOSCIENCE.® does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. <a href="/disclaimer">See additional information</a>.<p>BIOSCIENCE.® is a nonprofit organization and proceeds from Web advertising and membership fee help support our mission.<p>BIOSCIENCE.® does not endorse or sell any of the third party products and services advertised.<p>Copyright © 2012-2021 BIOSCIENCE PK, LLC. All rights reserved. For reprint rights: BSPK Syndication Service<p>Produced by BIOSCIENCE PK, LLC</div><div class="fuin"><span class="fuis">Not logged in</span>
<span class="fuis">Not member</span></div></div><div id="toTop" class="backToTop"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="goTop()" class="spaf bktt">Back to Top</a></div><div class="systemMessages"><div id="system-message-container"></div></div></div></footer><script src="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/templates/bspk/js/jui/jquery.min.js?52af0b2db7378c38886213dd1a43e40d=&amp;screx=1&amp;sxcb=3a" type="text/ez-screx"></script><script src="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/templates/bspk/js/slick-1.1.0.js?screx=1&amp;sxcb=3a" type="text/ez-screx"></script><script defer async src="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/templates/bspk/js/progressive-image.js?screx=1&amp;sxcb=3a" type="text/ez-screx"></script><script defer async src="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/templates/bspk/js/lazysizes.min.js?screx=1&amp;sxcb=3a" type="text/ez-screx"></script><script defer async src="https://www.bioscience.com.pk/templates/bspk/js/custom-no-conflict.js?screx=1&amp;sxcb=3a&amp;v=5.4.9" type="text/ez-screx"></script><script type="text/ez-screx">var la=!1;window.addEventListener("scroll",function(){(0!=document.documentElement.scrollTop&&!1===la||0!=document.body.scrollTop&&!1===la)&&(!function(){var e=document.createElement("script");e.type="text/javascript",e.async=!0,e.src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js";var a=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];a.parentNode.insertBefore(e,a)}(),la=!0)},!0);var jq=jQuery.noConflict();ezoicSiteSpeed(jq(document),String(/documentReady/).substring(1).slice(0,-1),String(/jQuery-document-dot-ready/).substring(1).slice(0,-1),function(){jq('.dbxx').slck({dots:false,infinite:false,variableWidth:true});});if("serviceWorker"in navigator){navigator.serviceWorker.register("/pwa-service-worker.js");}</script><script data-cfasync="false">!function(){var e=function(e,t){for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++){var n=t[r];if(0==n.complete||void 0!==n.readyState&&n.readyState<4){var o=n.getAttribute("src")||n.currentSrc;void 0!==n.readyState&&0==n.readyState?n.addEventListener("loadstart",(function(e){var t=e.currentTarget.getAttribute("src")||e.currentSrc;window.ezorqs(e,t)})):(o=n.getAttribute("src")||n.currentSrc,window.ezorqs(n,o)),n.addEventListener("load",(function(e){var t=e.currentTarget.getAttribute("src")||e.srcElement.currentSrc;window.ezorqe(e,t)})),n.addEventListener("loadeddata",(function(e){var t=e.currentTarget.getAttribute("src")||e.srcElement.currentSrc;window.ezorqe(e,t)})),n.addEventListener("error",(function(e){var t=e.currentTarget.getAttribute("src")||e.srcElement.currentSrc;window.ezorqe(e,t)}))}}};function t(e){for(var t=0;t<document.styleSheets.length;t++)if(document.styleSheets[t].href==e)return!0;return!1}__ez_addAllListeners=function(){e(0,document.querySelectorAll("img")),e(0,document.querySelectorAll("video")),e(0,document.querySelectorAll("audio")),function(e){for(var r=0;r<e.length;r++){var n=e[r];if(("preload"==n.getAttribute("rel")||"stylesheet"==n.getAttribute("rel"))&&null!=n.getAttribute("href")&&t(n.getAttribute("href"))){window.ezorqs(n,n.getAttribute("href"));var o=document.createElement("img");o.onerror=function(e){void 0!==e.path&&void 0!==e.path[0].currentSrc?window.ezorqe(n,e.path[0].currentSrc):void 0!==e.srcElement&&void 0!==e.srcElement.href&&window.ezorqe(n,e.srcElement.href)},o.src=n.getAttribute("href")}}}(document.querySelectorAll("link")),void 0!==window.__ez.ssaf&&window.__ez.ssaf.indexOf(16)>-1&&void 0!==window.__ez.sshsdef&&!1===window.__ez.sshsdef&&Element.prototype.addEventListener&&("function"==typeof window.onload&&(window.addEventListener("load",window.onload),window.onload=null),"function"==typeof document.onload&&(document.addEventListener.addEventListener("load",document.onload),document.onload=null))},__ez.queue.addFunc("__ez_addAllListeners","__ez_addAllListeners",null,!1,["/detroitchicago/tulsa.js"],!0,!0,!0,!0)}();</script><script>__ez.queue.addFile('/tardisrocinante/css_onload.js','/tardisrocinante/css_onload.js?gcb=0&cb=1',false,[],true,false,true,false);</script><script data-cfasync="false">__ez.queue.addFile('/tardisrocinante/script_delay.js','/tardisrocinante/script_delay.js?gcb=0&cb=2',false,['/tardisrocinante/screx.js'],true,false,true,false);</script><script data-cfasync="false">function _emitEzConsentEvent(){var customEvent=new CustomEvent("ezConsentEvent",{detail:{ezTcfConsent:window.ezTcfConsent},bubbles:true,cancelable:true,});document.dispatchEvent(customEvent);}
(function(window,document){function _setAllEzConsentTrue(){window.ezTcfConsent.loaded=true;window.ezTcfConsent.store_info=true;window.ezTcfConsent.develop_and_improve_services=true;window.ezTcfConsent.measure_ad_performance=true;window.ezTcfConsent.measure_content_performance=true;window.ezTcfConsent.select_basic_ads=true;window.ezTcfConsent.create_ad_profile=true;window.ezTcfConsent.select_personalized_ads=true;window.ezTcfConsent.create_content_profile=true;window.ezTcfConsent.select_personalized_content=true;window.ezTcfConsent.understand_audiences=true;window.ezTcfConsent.use_limited_data_to_select_content=true;window.ezTcfConsent.select_personalized_content=true;}
function _clearEzConsentCookie(){document.cookie="ezCMPCookieConsent=tcf2;Domain=.bioscience.com.pk;Path=/;expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT";}
_clearEzConsentCookie();if(typeof window.__tcfapi!=="undefined"){window.ezgconsent=false;var amazonHasRun=false;function _ezAllowed(tcdata,purpose){return(tcdata.purpose.consents[purpose]||tcdata.purpose.legitimateInterests[purpose]);}
function _reloadAds(){if(typeof window.ezorefgsl==="function"&&typeof window.ezslots==="object"){if(typeof __ezapsFetchBids=="function"&&amazonHasRun===false){ezapsFetchBids(__ezaps);if(typeof __ezapsVideo!="undefined"){ezapsFetchBids(__ezapsVideo,"video");}
amazonHasRun=true;}
var slots=[];for(var i=0;i<window.ezslots.length;i++){if(window[window.ezslots[i]]&&typeof window[window.ezslots[i]]==="object"){slots.push(window[window.ezslots[i]]);}else{setTimeout(_reloadAds,100);return false;}}
for(var i=0;i<slots.length;i++){window.ezorefgsl(slots[i]);}}else if(!window.ezadtimeoutset){window.ezadtimeoutset=true;setTimeout(_reloadAds,100);}}
function _handleConsentDecision(tcdata){window.ezTcfConsent.loaded=true;if(!tcdata.vendor.consents["347"]&&!tcdata.vendor.legitimateInterests["347"]){window._emitEzConsentEvent();return;}
window.ezTcfConsent.store_info=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"1");window.ezTcfConsent.develop_and_improve_services=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"10");window.ezTcfConsent.measure_content_performance=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"8");window.ezTcfConsent.select_basic_ads=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"2");window.ezTcfConsent.create_ad_profile=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"3");window.ezTcfConsent.select_personalized_ads=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"4");window.ezTcfConsent.create_content_profile=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"5");window.ezTcfConsent.measure_ad_performance=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"7");window.ezTcfConsent.use_limited_data_to_select_content=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"11");window.ezTcfConsent.select_personalized_content=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"6");window.ezTcfConsent.understand_audiences=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"9");window._emitEzConsentEvent();}
function _handleGoogleConsentV2(tcdata){if(!tcdata||!tcdata.purpose||!tcdata.purpose.consents){return;}
var googConsentV2={};if(tcdata.purpose.consents[1]){googConsentV2.ad_storage='granted';googConsentV2.analytics_storage='granted';}
if(tcdata.purpose.consents[3]&&tcdata.purpose.consents[4]){googConsentV2.ad_personalization='granted';}
if(tcdata.purpose.consents[1]&&tcdata.purpose.consents[7]){googConsentV2.ad_user_data='granted';}
if(googConsentV2.analytics_storage=='denied'){gtag('set','url_passthrough',true);}
gtag('consent','update',googConsentV2);}
__tcfapi("addEventListener",2,function(tcdata,success){if(!success||!tcdata){window._emitEzConsentEvent();return;}
if(!tcdata.gdprApplies){_setAllEzConsentTrue();window._emitEzConsentEvent();return;}
if(tcdata.eventStatus==="useractioncomplete"||tcdata.eventStatus==="tcloaded"){if(typeof gtag!='undefined'){_handleGoogleConsentV2(tcdata);}
_handleConsentDecision(tcdata);if(tcdata.purpose.consents["1"]===true&&tcdata.vendor.consents["755"]!==false){window.ezgconsent=true;(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).pauseAdRequests=0;_reloadAds();}else{_reloadAds();}
if(window.__ezconsent){__ezconsent.setEzoicConsentSettings(ezConsentCategories);}
__tcfapi("removeEventListener",2,function(success){return null;},tcdata.listenerId);if(!(tcdata.purpose.consents["1"]===true&&_ezAllowed(tcdata,"2")&&_ezAllowed(tcdata,"3")&&_ezAllowed(tcdata,"4"))){if(typeof __ez=="object"&&typeof __ez.bit=="object"&&typeof window["_ezaq"]=="object"&&typeof window["_ezaq"]["page_view_id"]=="string"){__ez.bit.AddAndFire(window["_ezaq"]["page_view_id"],[new __ezDotData("non_personalized_ads",true),]);}}}});}else{_setAllEzConsentTrue();window._emitEzConsentEvent();}})(window,document);</script></body></html>