Inside Public Relations

MA (PR) ROCKS!!!

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Thu, 01 Apr 2010 23:36:00 +0000

It's that time of the year again, when we depart to meet again...

The journey right from the application process to writing my last blog today, has been truly incredible. Having worked in the public relations industry, Masters in Public Relations at the University of Westminster was my first choice. The international welcome programme at the University was great. I met so many wonderful people from different cultures and background during those three days and even after my course actually started. I can never forget my first class because it was on my birthday. It has truly been a wonderful experience. I learnt so much during these six months, it’s hard to express. I want to extend my deepest gratitude to our Course Leader, Pam Williams and Senior Lecturer, Michaela O’Brien for their support and cooperation. Thanks for always being there (especially for instant email replies), for all your guidance, advice and recommendations. You are fantastic leaders and I really felt fortunate to have motivators and educators like you. Also, big thanks to Matt, our New Media module leader, for all the hard work he did to ensure that we gain professional expertise in this new field. Last but not the least, all my wonderful, beautiful, intelligent, creative, spontaneous, lovely, uber cool classmates. Here’s a short message for each one of you:
Kat: I love the pic on your blog post, you look like a professional model. Had a great time with you in the Corp class doing some number crunching for the shares thing. Just want to share a little secret that you speak non stop (on and on and on) when drunk (personal experience Chinese New Year celebrations)
Jyoti: I had an awesome time with you, will cherish it forever
Ayesha: Did I ever tell you that I love the way you presented yourself during the press conference?
Diksha: You made me miss my mum more, you are so lovely!
Nandita: You are such a cutie pie, always felt like pulling your cheeks
Najlaa: You definitely asked some of the most difficult questions in the class
Aneta: I love the colour of your eyes
Soyini: You are so intellectual and intelligent
Luisa: The most professional and confident girl I have ever seen
Marlena: You have an awesome personality and you look stunning in red
Jey: You are born to do fashion PR, you are a star
Gaye: You should be presenting the Toastie show
Raylene: You made the right choice of selecting Gaye for your viral video
Babusha: Had so much fun with you teaching Fillipo about the Indian culture
Roxana: You are gorgeous
Nisha: I wish I had a figure like you
Natasha: You have a beautiful smile
Menglu: You were awesome in the debate
Viola: You guys were perfect hosts during Chinese New Year celebrations
Stephanie: You are so cute and innocent
Sarah: Love your statement: Pizza is for Italy and Rice is for China…fantastic!
Jayne: The women I admire the most. Hats off to your courage and determination
Karolina: You are quite hard working and charming
Natalia: Little bundle of joy
Tatsiana: Will always remember your gorgeous over coat
Samya: Perfect combination of beauty with brains
Adriana: Thanks for the delicious food you got before the Christmas break
Georgios: Your yellow tie looked dashing
Jon: You looked so pretty in Fillipo’s video (don’t get angry please)
Fillipo: I was surprised to know you know so much about India
Yushau A. Shuaib: Your passion, enthusiasm and big smile will be missed

Cheers to all you guys...and wish you good luck for your future.

The first Internet Election in the UK

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Thu, 01 Apr 2010 16:33:00 +0000

The stage is set, the players are ready and the war is about to begin. All eyes are eagerly awaiting the next UK General election 2010. So, wondering what will be different in this general election as compared to the previous ones? The answer is simple, this battle to win hearts and minds will not only be fought through newspapers, radio or television but it will also be fought through a new medium, i.e. the internet. What’s more, political communications experts are cautiously predicting that this will be UK’s first ‘internet election’. Industry professionals are expecting that the web would play a key role during the elections. Portland associate partner George Pascoe-Watson said: 'This will be Britain's first general election with a significant internet contribution for the media.' (Source: PR Week)

The inspiration

Time and again, the media has been running stories that U.S. President Barack Obama's use of the Web on his way to the White House in 2008 has inspired British political parties to ramp up their digital campaigns for a general election expected in May. In my opinion, this might be true. The mastermind, Thomas Gensemer, who acted as a consultant to the Obama campaign's internet strategy, has been giving Labour and the Conservatives some web tips. (Source: The Guardian) but I think using social media alone cannot guarantee success to any political party. Although some leaders in the UK are feeling bit sceptical if the same strategy would work in the UK, the mastermind is convinced that the approach would work in the UK too. Before we delve into what these political parties are doing in the UK, let’s have a glimpse of what Obama did online to organise people and gain their support.

The brand ‘Obama’

At the heart of the Obama web strategy was MyBO (pronounced MyBeau), which worked like any other social networking site, encouraging potential voters to get a membership to this exclusive club, create an identity within it and discuss the cause with acquaintances. But there was a difference. Rather than merely join this network, passively clicking a button to donate or express an allegiance to Obama, members were encouraged to go out into the real world to knock on doors, hand out leaflets and spread the word. The site then encouraged these efforts to be recorded and shared with the online community, making the user feel empowered and on the front line of the campaign. (Source: The Guardian)

Be everywhere: Obama campaign team was everywhere online from YouTube, MySpace, Flickr, Twitter and Facebook. According to the Guardian, they mobilised supporters and organised communities, registering 1.5 million volunteers through myBarackObama.com and raising $600m from 3 million people. Obama even managed to pull off intimate discussions with major donors over dinner, posted to the campaign's YouTube account.

Database: Database collection is one of the biggest challenges of social media but Obama and team built a consensual database of 3m mobile numbers by promising that in return, supporters would get campaign news before the media. I think this was a very smart move because the team was able to engage the public in a transaction where in return they were providing the audience with informational value.

Apart from the above, there were many things which were done offline like creating a logo, photo shoots, merchandising in the form of cups, T-shirts, stickers, hats etc. to create a buzz around brand Obama.

How are the UK political parties using online?

Both Labour and the Conservatives have adopted the U.S. model of providing briefings for key bloggers, who write widely read online commentaries that can influence voters. Labour creates interactive graphics on campaign issues that bloggers can use on their Web sites. The Conservatives allow members to create rapid online fundraising campaigns via myconservatives.com, and to embed adverts within their blogs. All three main parties are following the Obama model of creating a database of potential supporters and, by carefully building up details on their views and interests, targeting them with more personal messages than is possible with other media.

Personally, I am still not convinced if political parties in the UK are using the full potential of this medium not only to reach masses but also to engage people in their respective campaigns. It has been reported in the media that the Conservatives have nine full-time staff in their digital team, the Labour party five and the Liberal Democrats three. By contrast, Obama had 100 at his base in Chicago and another 40 dotted around the battleground states. The reason for hiring such a low number could be many like less freedom in fundraising, less money, and a shorter campaign.

Also, I feel that there is lack of personal touch in their campaigns; this could be because lot of focus has been given to the generation of news in the media. Instead of using social media as a tool to develop relationships with a common man, these parties are using it as a medium to get more media coverage. They should remember that they are not only talking to the media, they also need to talk to the people. For example, the Conservative digital team is spending about 20 percent of its time on Twitter, a short text-based message service, primarily to attract the attention of journalists, says the Conservatives' Head of Online Communities, Craig Elder.

Youth and Politics

Our course Director, Pam Williams, asked us in the class who all are interested in politics. It was not surprising that not even one hand stood up in the class of 30 students. When she asked the reason, different students gave different reasons, some said they are just not interested in politics because politicians don’t fulfil what they promise while some thought that politics is a dirty game and only shrewd or clever people can play it. It has been seen and observed that youth somehow seem to have been disengaged from politics, but now with the help of internet, political parties have a big opportunity in front of them to engage this young group of people. I think this would be a critical factor in determining the success of the UK General Election. How well each political party is able to mobilise this group of people and engage them as advocates is yet to be seen.

References:

http://www.prweek.com/news/rss/977198/Comms-chiefs-predict-first-internet-election-UK/

http://uk.news.yahoo.com/22/20100325/tpl-oukin-uk-britain-election-internet-553508c.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/nov/10/obama-online-strategy

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Image credit:

http://www.liberatemedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/election-2010-the-polls-7041602300.jpg

http://randallbeard.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/obama-logo1.jpg

NGOs, Social marketing and PR

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Wed, 31 Mar 2010 21:56:00 +0000

We had an interesting session in the class with a guest speaker from Friends of the Earth. He highlighted some important points with regards to the relationship between Public Relations and NGO’s and how NGO’s use this tool to meet their campaign objectives. Here’s a brief summary of what we learnt.

How NGO’s differ from business/commercial organisations

Last decade has seen a massive growth in the number of civil society organisations. This growth has been so fast that these organisations have become powerful agents of change. But with power comes responsibilities, therefore, these organisations are often looked at from a critical eye to examine whether they are fulfilling their responsibilities properly or not. There are several ways to distinguish between an NGO and a corporate or business organisation. The first point of distinction is ownership; instead of owners or shareholders they have stakeholders and beneficiaries. Second point of distinction is motive; such organisations are driven by value motive whereas a commercial organisation is driven by profit motive. The output of NGO’s is usually subjective, for example, unlike commercial organisation it does not depend on the number of products sold rather it depends on developing or increasing the understanding of the change, delivering a particular thing which could be changing a law or changing the way society looks at something like diversity etc.

Relationship between NGOs and PR

The relationship between NGO’s and PR is quite interesting. The speaker mentioned that PR and NGO are seldom heard together. This is because of the negative perception associated with the word ‘public relations’. So, generally we find that most NGOs have communications department, campaigns or media relations departments’ etc. which share the same role and responsibilities as that off a public relations department. Another reason is since most of the corporations use the term public relations, NGOs are bit wary of using the same term since these corporations are the target of NGOs. But if you scratch the surface, you will find that they do the same thing as PR practitioners like writing press releases, briefing journalists, maintaining relationships with stakeholders and organising an event etc.

Limitations and Advantages

The biggest limitation which NGOs face is the limited access to resources, they operate on very small amount of money. But it is this limitation which has led to the development of a very innovative culture within such organisations. Also, NGOs usually enjoy high levels of trust amongst people and therefore, they get trusted to go in and experiment, it is not unusual to find an NGO taking something which it right at the edge of cutting end technology and using it for a purpose. They are very quick to be in the latest place. For example, NGOs were very quick to be on second life (and quick to leave as well), MySpace, twitter, facebook etc. because they are cheap and quick medium to reach the target audience. For example, 38 Degrees has run many of its campaigns online and have successfully managed to gather tens and thousands of supporters for different causes. Thus, NGOs operate in an innovative culture within their limited resources.

Competition and cooperation

The proliferation of NGOs has resulted in fierce competition in the third sector. They need to be competitive and in order to survive they often form an alliance. Lot of NGOs recognises that they cannot achieve change without being in an alliance because large alliances which come together enable rapid spread of innovation. An idea that sparks off at one part of the sectors spreads fast through alliance.

The process

In order to develop effective campaigns, NGOs first analyse the situation, it includes communication expertise at the very beginning. The process generally takes a long time. Once the situation is analysed, they then need to identify stakeholders who have the power to stop something from happening or bring a change. After this, they map out what is required from those stakeholders and what the NGO want them to do and how will they reach them. NGOs need to be innovative in reaching these stakeholders and once they reach them, the doors would be open to talk and communicate.

Social marketing and PR

Social marketing is about using the tools of marketing looking at individual behaviour to promote a cause. On the other hand, campaigning is like saying we are going to run after companies and not let them do something. Public Relations practitioners need to be aware that social marketing give away lot of information and is very much led by the audience. Therefore, they should be prepared to relinquish control.

Corporate Reputation and Crisis Management

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Tue, 30 Mar 2010 00:02:00 +0000

We had a fantastic guest lecture on Corporate Reputation and Crisis Management by Eddie Bensilum from Regester Larkin, leading crisis and issues management consultancy as part of our corporate communication module.

Difference between an issue and a crisis

The first point Eddie raised was that as public relations practitioners we need to educate clients on the difference between an issue and a crisis. She mentioned that the difference can be understood on the basis of five parameters like speed, surfacing, scrutiny, structure and stance. A crisis happens quickly, suddenly and demands intense scrutiny whereas an issue develops gradually and generates sporadic interests from the audience. An organisation’s structure needs to be rigid during a crisis, on the other hand, in case of an issue, it should be fluid. The stance should be reactive in a crisis situation whereas in the case of an issue, an organisation should be proactive. Although this fundamental difference should be kept in mind by public relations practitioners before formulating crisis communications plan but I think they should also understand the relationship between the two. By this I mean that crisis and issues are not two different entities, rather they share a deep relationship. One can say that if an issue is not managed timely, it can result in a crisis.

Managing reputation

Eddie later highlighted why companies need to bother about managing reputation. She said that reputation is what people (who matter) think about the organisation and it is important because it affects their attitude and behaviour towards the organisation. She pointed that reputation is directly linked to trust which in turn is broken if there exists a gap between what the organisation say and do or if there is a gap between the audience expectations and the performance of the company. The book Exploring Public Relations define crisis as an event that disrupts normal operations of a company or organisation and if, badly managed, can ruin hard-won reputations in just days and even, in some cases, destroy companies. Thus, based on this definition we can say that managing reputation ensures sustainability for organisations.

The Andersen case study mentioned in Exploring Public Relations by Ralph Tench and Liz Yeomans builds upon the point that companies need to be not only careful about their reputation but they also need to be wary of the reputation of other businesses or partners they deal with. Andersen has been best known and respected auditing companies in the world. It was an established and trusted brand. The problem with the Enron energy company crisis (Enron executives had been mismanaging the business and falsifying its financial performance) had a direct impact on Andersen and it saw its business and client base rapidly and drastically reduced. Andersen was later implicated in an attempt to cover-up with reports of coded instructions to employees to ‘clean out’ Enron-related documents as US federal investigators prepared to launch an investigation. In this case study, Andersen was later implicated because of its involvement but what about situations where the partner or suppliers did not do anything wrong. They might still be affected by the crisis situation. Thus, in my opinion, it is imperative for organisations to build and maintain reputation and trust. For any crisis communication plan it is vital that is should have an effective leadership, a clearly defined structure, trained and competent professionals, an agreed process and intuitive and user friendly tools.

The new media age

Eddie rightly pointed out that social media has drastically changed the communication paradigm. As a result, people have access to more knowledge; they demand greater scrutiny and transparency and the trust levels of people on brands and companies has decreased. It has also led to the growth of anti-business activism and NGO proliferation. So, what has been the impact of all this on communication professionals? Well, for them this means that managing crisis is much more complex and therefore requires much more planning and resources.

Crisis is a blessing for PR

A very interesting point which was discussed during the class was that in case of a crisis, public relations or communications department suddenly becomes the centre of attention. The need and importance of public relations practitioners is realised the most in a crisis situation. I think this is quite true since communications play a very important part in managing crisis and public relations practitioners are equipped with skills and techniques of packaging and selling effective messages.

Image credit: http://www.thequietman.org/imagenes/chinese-crisis-2.jpg

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References: Exploring Public Relations by Ralph Tench and Liz Yeomans, chapter 19, Crisis public relations management

Ben and Jerry's fairtrade viral video campaign

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Mon, 29 Mar 2010 10:59:00 +0000

In February 2010, Ben & Jerry announced its commitment to go fully Fairtrade in the UK and Europe by 2011 and across its entire global flavor portfolio by the end of 2013. Ben & Jerry's is the first ice cream company to make such a significant commitment to Fairtrade across its global portfolio. Thus, there is a big opportunity in front of Ben & Jerry to capitalise on this social initiative and gain a strong foothold in the market as a leader in driving social change.

Communication Strategy

The communication strategy is to listen, plan, participate, engage the target audience into a two way communication dialogue and measure and evaluate the results. The idea is to first listen to the conversations which are already taking place about Ben and Jerry’s, plan how and who will facilitate those conversations, then participate in those discussions and finally, engage the audience with the brand in order to build a tribe. The tribe will be persistently engaged in various activities and will be delivered with valuable information from time to time. The strategy aims to establish and maintain a bond with the target audience at an altruistic level and engage them in a transaction where they feel a part of Ben and Jerry’s social mission of driving social change.

Campaign Objectives

•To raise awareness about Ben and Jerry going 100% fair trade in the UK
•To reinforce that Ben and Jerry is still committed to producing ice cream in the nicest possible way and is a leader in driving social change.
•To drive traffic to the website
•To improve search engine ranking

Target Audience

The campaign will primarily target both men and women in the age group of 13 years and over so called ‘Digital Natives’ who are active users of internet in the UK.

Budget

£20,000

Timescale

6 months (March-August 2010)

Men are from Mars and Women are from Public Relations

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Wed, 17 Mar 2010 18:43:00 +0000

In the United States it is estimated that 65% of practitioners are women, while Public Relations Society of America point to 90% female membership. UK’s Chartered Institute of Public Relations figures estimates 62% of practitioners are female. Meanwhile in France it is estimated that 80% of all PR practitioners are women. An immediate thought which comes to the mind is why public relations as a profession is so popular amongst women?

Why are there more women in PR?

According to Women in PR there are seven main reasons why there are so many women in the industry:
1.They are better, or natural, communicators (33%)
2.They multitask and organise better than men (23%)
3.PR is a soft career suited to women – as are teaching, human resources etc. (18%)
4.The have better and more sensitive “people skills” (18%)
5.They are better able to pay attention to detail and to look at things from different perspectives (15%)
6.They are better suited to a variety of practical administrative tasks (10%)
7.Women have greater imagination, intuition, and are sensitive to nuances (8%)

Although these could be the reasons why there are so many women in PR but I think the ability to communicate, multitask, organise, sensitivity, attention to detail and imagination etc. are some generic qualities which are required in other professions as well. For example, say medicine, law, education etc. then what makes public relations such a special choice for women?

The Popular culture

Trevor Morris and Simon Goldsworthy point out ‘popular culture’ as a factor for the growing influx of women in the industry. The portrayal of public relations on the big and small screen as a sexy, fast moving, well-paid and exciting job that is welcoming to women could be one of the reason why women are attracted towards this profession. This could possibly be true because from my own personal experience, I opted for Public Relations because I found it interesting. I had an impression in my mind that as a public relations professional, I would get an opportunity to influence senior management decisions and maintain good relationships with people. To be honest, that is all I knew about PR before I started working in a consultancy. In fact, I think most students (female) like me do not have a clear understanding of public relations until they join the industry. These stereotype perceptions of public relations being glamorous, well-paid, exciting and powerful etc. could be a strong force to influence women to join this industry.

Are women running Public Relations?

There could be numerous reasons for women to join the PR industry but if you scratch the surface, beneath lies the truth, men still seem to hold more senior positions and in general, earn more than women in the industry. According to Fawcett Society 2009, around 1 in 20 company directors are women and women earn 17-35% less than men. Men with five or more years experience in PR still, on average, earn more than their female counterparts ($124,000 median salary for men versus $85,000 for women according to a 2007 survey).

Why women don’t reach the top?

So, what could be the possible reasons behind it? We had an interesting debate in the class about the issue and my classmates raised some really interesting points. People speaking for the motion (women will always work in PR but will never run it) said that PR is a fast and dynamic profession which requires 100 percent commitment and flexibility, since women need to maintain a balance between their personal and professional lives; they often find it difficult to continue working in the profession. Women still tend to be the key child carers and take career breaks or even give up their career as they start to have children. As a result, they either leave the profession or are not able to make constant progress.

I think all the above mentioned reasons are pretty realistic and practical especially for working mothers. They always find themselves in a situation where they need to prioritise since working in a consultancy means long hours, late nights, more pressure and lot of hard work. At the same time, they have responsibilities towards their children which if remain unfulfilled leads to frustration and disappointment. Some of the main reasons given for the high churn rate in PR, particularly, at the middle level, are to do with long hours, relatively low pay, and lack of job satisfaction.

Shubra Sinha, Account Manager, Accord Public Relations says, “I feel the main reason which stops women from sticking to the high management levels (this is not restricted to PR only) is mainly due to the pressures and demands that they get along. Women undoubtedly have two tasks in hand - family and profession – and obviously demands from both the ends grow as the responsibilities increase. There are women who manage to compromise on some aspects and reach higher levels in the corporate world; however this percentage would be low. Most would still prefer to maintain a balance and sacrifice on the professional front, to be able to give enough time to family.”

Why men earn more?

Another interesting reason which is highlighted in the academics in that men are far better represented in the higher earnings sectors, such as lobbying and financial PR. Most women tend to work either in consumer or lifestyle PR which are traditionally less remunerative. According to a survey of female PRs by Women in PR, 70% of respondents worked in consumer and lifestyle PR.

Impact on Public Relations

‘Because PR is mostly female, the negative impacts associated with being female also impacts negatively on PR.’ Larrisa Grunig (2001). It can be debated if the feminization of PR has a positive or negative impact on the industry. Morris and Goldsworthy are of the opinion that the current evidence suggest that it doesn’t have an impact at all. The industry by almost any measure continues to grow and outperform the wider economy. PR courses in universities and colleges are often oversubscribed and show no signs of decreasing in number. I personally think, gender does not play a role in creating an impact on the PR industry, reason being, there are other professions like teaching, human resources, nursing etc. which are primarily women dominated and this fact doesn’t seem to play any role in building the reputation of that profession. What does impact is the nature and execution of profession and not which gender is dominating it. For example, politics is mainly dominated by men and generally politicians are not perceived as trust worthy, so can we say if politics would have been run or dominated by women, the profession would have enjoyed much more credibility and trust?

References: PR A Persuasive Industry? Trevor Morris and Simon Goldsworthy, 2008, Chapter: Girls, gurus, gays and diversity

Corporate Image, Reputation and Identity (Case Study P&G)

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 23:12:00 +0000

Corporate Overview:
Proctor and Gamble is a Fortune 500 multinational corporation producing consumer goods. The headquarters are in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. It is the 8th largest corporation in the world in terms of its market capitalisation and its market capitalisation is greater than the GDP of many countries. The company has operations in more than 180 countries and is serving nearly 4 billion consumers.
Brand Value:
As per the table of 20 Largest US Companies, P&G has a market capitalisation worth $180 billion and has the strongest portfolio of brands. These 43 brands account for 85% of sales and more than 90% of profit. P&G is certainly one of the most valuable companies in the world.
Corporate Image:
Corporate image is the perception of the company which exists in the minds of its publics and how they view it. Corporate image changes from person to person and from time to time.

Employees: P&G employees feel a sense of pride for being a part of P&G’s rich cultural heritage and its global scale of operations. Their strategy is to Engage and equip all P&G employees to build Sustainability thinking and practices into their everyday work. By offering them a share in the company, P&G made them a part of their growth.
Consumers: For consumers, P&G stand for quality and value for money. P&G has always put consumer at the centre and has always evolved itself with their demands. As a corporate, it supports events and programs through sponsorships to ensure greater visibility and also gives its consumers opportunities to become a part of their growth. For example, P&G sponsored Allstate Gospel music Super fest, US Olympic team and the launch of Brighten Bay Idol, an online talent search for the next bright star.
Suppliers: P&G has nearly 80,000 suppliers across the globe and it sends across their message by recognising their contribution in the company’s success through award ceremonies. This way supplier feels a part of P&G’s growth and it makes the bond stronger. For example, P&G’s Global Business Development Dinner awards Procter & Gamble Company hosted over 50 external companies in Nov09 to acknowledge and celebrate successful external partnerships with P&G's Global Business Development Organization. A separate web page has been created on the website to cater to the information needs of potential and current suppliers.
Communities: P&G is actively engaged in community’s welfare activities. For example, recently P&G made huge contributions for Haiti earthquake victims. Initiatives such as Children’s Safe Drinking Water and Pampers 1 Pack = 1 Vaccine are examples of how P&G is improving the lives of millions of people every day. Therefore, communities see P&G as responsible and committed organisation.
Investors: The Company has been paying dividends without interruption since incorporation in 1890 and the company's dividends have also increased every year - more than 9 percent a year on average, over the past 53 years. The company’s website has a special category called investor relations and it contains all relevant and updated information for investors. The aim is to keep the investors well informed on the achievements and strategies of P&G and also to attract potential investors and encourage them to invest. The investors can also subscribe to press releases and events news on the website.
Media: The website is quite media friendly has a media section which comprises of latest press releases, media kit with product images and logos to download, quick facts about the company and list of media contacts. The journalists can also sign up to receive timely news updates. Through these tactics, P&G conveys a message that they are friendly, approachable and pro-active.
Government: P&G works closely with government regulators to ensure that products meet stringent safety and efficacy criteria.

Corporate Reputation:
Organisational reputation is when an individual collates all the photographs or images taken over a period of time into an album and forms an opinion of the organisation by looking at the entire collection of photographs. Therefore, since its inception P&G has successfully managed to establish its reputation as a leader.
Leadership: Nearly a half-million people apply for P&G jobs every year. They hire less than 1% and attract top talent because of P&G’s reputation as a great company for leaders. So, we can say that P&G has established itself as a pioneer in consumer goods.
Respectable: They are respectable because they show respect for all individuals It ranked 3rd on the world’s most respected companies list compiled by Barron magazine.
Diverse: Diversity & Inclusion is deeply rooted in our company’s Purpose, Values & Principles. P&G brings together individuals from different backgrounds, cultures, and thinking styles providing remarkably different talents, perspectives, and life and career experiences. They all work for a shared purpose together in the most diverse environment representing 140 nationalities. The mission of Diversity & Inclusion at P&G is:
Everyone Valued, Everyone Included, Everyone Performing at Their Peak™. For example, it was named top 50 companies for diversity in 2009.
Innovative: P&G has constantly evolved itself with changing times. One of P&G’s strategies is to shape the future by working transparently with stakeholders to enable continued freedom to innovate in a responsible way. It ranked 12 among world’s most innovative companies as per Business week.
Socially responsible: P&G is deeply committed to improve children’s lives through their socially responsibility programs. For example, through their Learn Live and Thrive initiative, they have reached 135 million children since July 2007. They aim to deliver an additional 20% reduction (per unit production) in CO2 emissions, energy consumption, water consumption and disposed waste from P&G plants, leading to a total reduction over the decade of at least 50%.

Corporate Identity: Corporate Identity is what the organisation communicates via various cues. Olins (1999) specifies three categories to encapsulate different structures of identity: monolithic – where one name and visual identity are used throughout (IBM), endorsed- where an organisation has a group of activities or subsidiaries which it endorses with the same name and identity (Chanel) and branded- where an organisation operates through a series of brands which may be unrelated (Procter & Gamble). According to Van Riel (1995), corporate identity mix includes symbolism, communication and behaviour. Symbolism includes symbols like company’s logo, type face, font, colour, building, stationary, visiting cards etc. through which an organisation consciously or unconsciously sends a message.
For example, P&G changed its logo when its publics started linking it to devil. They thought that the 13 stars represent the original 13 colonies of the US and that the satanic number 666 is hidden in the curly beard. Finally, in 1990s, P&G changed its logo to a wordmark using just P&G. This changed helped P&G in building its brand. The P&G logo and brand name today are far stronger than the old name and logo were. The Procter & Gamble logo was designed in 1991 by Lipson Alport Glass & Associates. The colour is blue which symbolizes trust, loyalty, integrity and power. Procter & Gamble uses the typefaces Franklin Gothic and Times New Roman.
Communication involves how P&G communicates with its stakeholders, for example, through advertising, public relations, marketing and other information sources like websites and new media. Behaviour means how P&G deals with its stakeholders like employees, suppliers, and customers etc.

Brand personality: is the expression of the core values & characteristics of a brand. Corporate personality is made up of the organisation’s history, culture, values and beliefs as realised through its staff, structure systems, its products and or services. Bernstein talks about stakeholders experiences of an organisation building into a mosaic ‘the picture is that of an individual, a corporate portrait of a “Mr. Cadbury’ or Mr Shell or Ms Avon. Olins links the notion of corporate personality to an actual human personality.
Olins links the notion of corporate personality to an actual human personality. If P&G was a person, how would you describe it? This brand personality helps P&G to differentiate itself and thus gain a competitive advantage. As public relations professionals it becomes imperative for us to understand the brand’s personality since this will help us in taking intelligent decisions, for example, choosing the right celebrity for the brand who compliments the brand’s personality which P&G has done quite successfully.

Outcome:
The reason why I picked up this brand is that it is a great example which highlights that the corporate identity task is to manage the multiplicity rather than suppress it. Though P&G has a very distinct division between the brands versus Procter & Gamble as an organisation but its images are consistent, not with each other, but with the organisation central values which includes leadership, reliability, innovation and quality.

References: Exploring Public Relations, Ralph Tench and Liz Yeomans, 2009 and Alison Theaker, The Public Relations Handbook, 2008

Corporate brand image and identity

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Inside Public Relations launch social media webcast on Youtube

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Mon, 08 Mar 2010 23:11:00 +0000

London: Global integrated communications agency, Inside Public Relations today launched a social media webcast on YouTube titled Social Media and Public Relations. The webcast gives an overview of social media and highlights the paradigm shift in the way businesses interact with stakeholders through social media.

The webcast primarily aims to educate businesses on various aspects of social media and provide simple answers to some of the most common questions asked about social media like what is social media, what are the various platforms of social media and why businesses need to care about social media.

Another striking feature of the webcast is the use of case studies demonstrating how businesses can benefit from using social media. It also explains how Inside Public Relations through its expertise can help businesses to harness the power of social media.

Divya Kapoor, MD of Inside Public Relations said, "The Digital Survey 2009 by PR Week found that 83% of clients now request for social media to form a part of PR activity. Although the demand for social media is increasing but many businesses don’t know enough about social media and what benefits it can bring to their business. Therefore, this webcast aims to educate businesses on various aspects of social media so that they can take informed decisions."

To view the webcast click here. For more information, visit Social Media and Public Relations or contact
Divya Kapoor
Managing Director, Inside Public Relations
divyakapoor10@gmail.com
Office: 02086214412
Mobile: 07875084387

About Inside Public Relations
Inside Public Relations is a leading global, integrated communications agency with 20 offices and 600 employees around the world. In 2009, the agency was recognised as a Business Super brand by International Brands Association and was awarded the best place to work in public relations by PR Week. Our services include: Corporate Communications, Consumer Relations, Technology, Public Affairs, Digital Media and Crisis Management. We have worked with several clients and have over 30 years of experience in the communications industry.

Social Media and Public Relations

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Public Relations Ethics: A risible oxymoron?

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Mon, 08 Mar 2010 10:07:00 +0000

‘Public Relations’ as a term suggest different meanings for different people. For some, it’s fluffy, white-washing and all about lying, while for some, it’s a serious profession with a purpose. These different perceptions and images could be a result of individual experiences or knowledge about the profession; however, as a student of public relations, I strongly feel that the ethical decisions which public relations practitioners take are crucial to the profession’s credibility.

The next question which comes to the mind is, on what basis do public relations practitioners determine what is ethical and what’s not. Kevin Moloney in his book Rethinking Public Relations explain that these judgements are arrived at by a mixture of reasoning and emoting in unknown quantities. He also elaborates that the recipients of messages hope that the decisions taken by senders are based on reason, evidence and positive and nurturing emotion but in case they are not, then the observers get disappointed which results in erosion of trust and credibility. Similarly, PR practitioners need to make personal judgement based on morals and ethics before messages are sent to the target audience.

Moral development of PR practitioners

A recent study on the moral development of public relations practitioners: A comparison with other professions and influences on higher quality ethical reasoning by Renita Coleman, School of Journalism, University of Texas-Austin and Lee Wilkins, School of Journalism, University of Missouri suggested that public relations practitioner’s rank 7th highest on moral development among all professionals tested and that they performed significantly better when the ethical dilemmas were about public relations issues than when they were not which indicates domain expertise on ethical issues. Although this study signifies the strong moral development of PR practitioners but then why is it that the phrase ‘public relations ethics’ is subject to much amusement and paradoxical connotation.

What makes PR more accountable?

Moloney argues that, for PR professionals, the activity of themselves speaking the words of rightness or goodness or truth gives a particular personal dimension to their choices that is not present when the engineer, for example, sees another car leave the production line or when a marketing professional publishes a trends survey. When they send messages, PR people utter words that are right, good or true. So, can we say that the front facing role of PR practitioners could be one of the reasons why PR is held more accountable? In my opinion, the answer is yes, for example, take the case of Toyota recent crisis where customers started complaining about the quality of cars, bad crisis management affected the reputation of Toyota of being a leader in innovation and more questions were raised about reputational issues like Toyota engaging in drip-drip revelations for several weeks, keeping customers in the dark and playing a cat-and-mouse game. How many people blamed or accused the engineers for the fault in the production design? As most of us know, reputation management is a forte of public relations; hence, it is subject to much criticism and scrutiny from stakeholders. Parsons (2004, p. 7-8) says, ‘As the interface between the organisation and its public, arguably the keeper of the organisational reputation, the public relations function has even more important role as the social conscience of the organisation.’

Limitations of PR practitioners

Another point is the status of PR practitioners in an organisation, most PR people do not have the status to engage actively in the management decision process and only few enjoy that sort of power and authority. As Tedlow (1974, p. 201) explains PR people who have self-consciously set about to reform their employers as the first order of business…most likely meet with failure more often than success. This limits the scope of practicing ethical public relations.

Conclusion

Whatever the limitations or reasons could be, strong emphasis on ethics awareness and implementation will make PR a more credible profession. However, in reality how practical it is, still remains an argument. Atkinson in his survey of PR ethics (2004, pp. 427-35) has summed up accurately: The role of the corporate communicator remains challenging. There will continue to be a requirement to ‘soften’ or ‘control’ the effect of ‘bad’ news whether financial or otherwise. There will continue to be pressure to create the perception that all is fine even when it is not.

“The industries of conscience”- Do NGOs sell a product?

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 17:35:00 +0000

Government and big corporations have often been condemned for the use of PR. But it’s not only government and big corporations that are using PR for building reputation; international nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) are also using PR to propagate their agenda. According to wikipedia, the number of internationally operating NGOs is estimated at 40,000. National numbers are even higher: Russia has 277,000 NGOs and India is estimated to have between 1 million and 2 million NGOs.

Trevor Morris and Simon Goldsworthy in their book PR A Persuasive industry mention that “it could be argued that NGOs do sell a product – that as what have been called “industries of conscience” – they “sell” their donors and volunteers that most delicate of luxury goods, a contended conscience. I personally don’t agree with the statement, reason being, you can identify the objectives with which NGOs exists through their actions, communication messages etc. but you can’t always recognise the real objective with which a donor donates money or a volunteer offers his/her services.

Therefore, donor and volunteers might not always be looking for a transaction that offers them a “contended conscience” in return. For example, according to a research done by Vinspired (online survey of 1,997 young people aged 16-25 in England) in June 2009, the motivations for volunteering (considering volunteering) inevitably involved a mix of altruism and self-interest. While nearly half (46%) said that helping others would be an attractive reason for volunteering, young people indicated a great many personal benefits that would make volunteering appealing. Around six in ten (57%) thought gaining work experience and training was an attractive reason for volunteering and over two in five (42%) said building up a CV would be appealing. The research Engage Young people in Politics (2008) which involved a poll of 1,000 girls aged 14-25 who are members of Girlguiding UK also supports the same analysis. As per the report, the main motive for volunteering given was CV points with 61 percent of girls naming it as their top reason.

Moreover, NGOs heavily rely on public relations to express their viewpoints, create awareness about their activities and concerns, and highlight their achievements etc. For example, Ron Sereg in his article PR Boosts Third Sector Results argues that if NGOs are to be sustainable and effective they must make a commitment to PR. Also, Trevor Morris and Simon Goldsworthy state that since NGOs are engaged in a sophisticated transaction, which most of the participants would rather not see as a transaction at all, therefore, it requires lashings of public relations. Thus, the point here is that the job of PR is not to “sell” but to build and maintain mutually beneficial relationships. Hence, NGOs do not really “sell” their donors and volunteers a contended conscience; they engage their stakeholders in an effort to build relationships with them so that they can act as advocates for the cause.

Public Relations and NGO sector in UK

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IS CSR MERE WINDOW DRESSING?

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Mon, 01 Mar 2010 10:21:00 +0000

Corporate Social Responsibility is subject to much debate and criticism. Some argue that it is sheer window dressing, companies should stick to the aim of profit making and that companies use CSR as a tool to divert attention of stakeholders from much more serious issues while the supporters of the concept think that since organisations have a major impact on the social and physical environments in which they operate, therefore, companies should be held accountable to societies and communities in which they operate. Also, they believe that by engaging in CSR activities, organisations benefit in multiple ways and can enjoy strong relationships and sustainability. In this blog, I will discuss some arguments related to this issue.

Corporations are only responsible to its shareholders
Milton Friedman and others have argued that a corporation's purpose is to maximize returns to its shareholders, and that corporations are only responsible to their shareholders and not to society as a whole. They also support the fact that companies should obey the laws of the countries within which they operate but they assert that corporations have no other obligation to society.

While shareholders are definitely one of the most important stakeholders in any business model, but just think for a second, can an organisation really survive by not paying attention to the interests of other stakeholders like customers, communities, activists groups and employees etc? Those who support this view reject Friedman’s ‘stockholder’ or ‘shareholder’ model in favour of what is usually referred to as the ‘stakeholder’ model where corporate managers need to balance the interests of all the different groups who have a ‘stake’ in the company. These groups might include shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, the local community and even broader society.

Corporations use CSR to distract the public
Critics of CSR believe that CSR programs are undertaken and publicised to distract the public from the core issues. They also argue that corporations use CSR as a tool for their commercial benefit for example, by building relationships and reputation.

If companies genuinely engage in CSR activities, the benefits will be substantial and visible for example, increase in sales or image or reputation. Thus, if companies are undertaking CSR activities to distract publics, they will themselves stand at a loosing end. Also, effective governmental and international regulations and enforcement can ensure that companies operate in socially responsible manner.

CSR is the responsibility of the government and politicians
There is also an argument that CSR is the responsibility of government and politicians since they are there to ensure the welfare of people and the state so why should companies engage their time and resources to do CSR.

Although government’s primary role is to ensure welfare of the state but there are certain areas where it has been ineffective or incapable of creating and implementing solutions to some of the societal problems. This is where big corporations or multinationals come in to the picture. They have the resources and means to create and implement solutions which benefit their stakeholders.

This can be particularly true in the case of developing countries, for example, where the government of India has been incapable of providing education, food and shelter to children in rural areas, TATA group through its corporate social responsibility initiatives has supported many causes ranging from education, healthcare, reuse, recycling, energy saving and employing people with disabilities etc. Rather the very existence of this group is to provide community support.

Conclusion
CSR as a concept is gaining value and importance. If companies genuinely engage in CSR activities then the results will be substantial and if companies use CSR as a tool for window dressing not only they will loose the potential benefits but will also put their reputation at stake. This is because of the emergence of new media which demands more accountability and scrutiny from stakeholders. Window dressing might work for short term but if corporations want to enjoy long time sustainability, they need to integrate CSR in the way their business is being managed.

Image credit: http://static.technorati.com/10/01/06/2953/community-globe.jpg

SOCIAL MEDIA AND PUBLIC RELATIONS

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Tue, 23 Feb 2010 23:53:00 +0000

The Public Relations industry has been constantly evolving and adapting itself to the changing environment. The emergence and growth of social media has completely transformed the way businesses interact with their target audience and hence have made an impact on the public relations industry. As demand for social media increases, Public Relations practitioners need to educate their clients on social media. The video has been produced under the New Media module of my course. It is for academic purpose only. This video aims to introduce certain key aspects and issues regarding social media like what is social media, why is it called social media, what are the advantages and disadvantages of using social media, what are the sociological and cultural concepts behind social media and what is their relevance to PR and how social media can be used. Hope you find this video informative and please feel free to leave comments or email me at divyakapoor10@gmail.com. Enjoy!

Download answers to common questions on social media here

Social Media and Public Relations

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UNDERSTANDING CSR

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Sun, 21 Feb 2010 12:03:00 +0000

Corporate Social Responsibility as a concept has evolved over a period of time. The Public Relations handbook by Alison Theaker defines CSR as voluntary actions that business can take, over and above compliance with minimum legal requirements, to address both its own competitive interests and the interests of the wider society. The term ‘social responsibility’ implies that business is motivated by more than just self-interest and is in fact, an activity that aims to promote the interest of society at large.

While formulating CSR policies, corporate organisations need to ensure that it is well integrated into the way their business is being administrated. It should not be considered as a separate set of activity that needs to be undertaken in order to build a strong and credible image. CSR is not only about donating money to charities, it is a much more holistic and comprehensive approach which organisations need to incorporate into their business strategy to develop and maintain partnerships with its stakeholders.

Benefits of doing CSR

After discussing some of the characteristics of CSR, the next obvious question which comes to the mind is why do CSR? Although there are lot of benefits of doing CSR, here are some of the key ones:

• Building Good Reputation: Corporate organisations can build their reputation through CSR. They can also enhance their image of being honest and trustworthy. Once they build this image, organisations can develop a strong bond with their stakeholders. Johnson & Johnson’s chief executive officer, James Burke, demonstrates that companies with a reputation for ethics and social responsibility grew at a rate of 11.3% annually from 1959 to 1990 while the growth rate for similar companies without the same ethical approach was 6.2%. As Warren Buffet says, “It takes 20 years to build a reputation and five minutes to ruin it.” Ralph Tench and Liz Yeomans in their book Exploring Public Relations explain the importance of a good reputation:

• Risk Management: CSR helps organisation to develop a protective shield in the times of crisis. It enables businesses to operate in communities and act as a social license, a form of insurance against unforeseen risks to corporate image, reputation or profits for example, in the case of Cadbury, the company had such a strong reputation that even in times of crisis (salmonella discovery in their chocolates in 2006 in the UK), public still maintained their trust in the company. This does not mean that the company can escape from its responsibilities, it simply means that all its stakeholders would be more willing to listen and understand an organisation’s point of view during a crisis situation.

• Human Resource: Another direct benefit generated by CSR is related to Human resource selection process. Studies done in 2005 have shown that over 75% of the MBA graduates would set aside the financial benefits in order to work for an organisation that has a better reputation in CSR and ethics. It also helps to improve employee morale.

• Enhance and add value to the organisation products and services: For example, Sainsbury’s announced in Dec06 that it would switch to 100% fair-trade bananas by July 2007. They did it within the specified time frame and the result: 5% increase in banana sales (35 million bananas) since they switched to Fair-trade.

• Brand Differentiation and competitive advantage: In today’s competitive market, companies strive for a unique selling proposition that can separate them from the competition in the minds of consumers. This brand differentiation and competitive advantage helps build customer loyalty and generate sales. Several major brands, such as The Co-operative Group, IBM and Cadbury etc. are built on ethical values. "Companies with their eye on their 'triple-bottom-line' outperform their less fastidious peers on the stock market" - The Economist.

Conclusion
Hence, we conclude that corporate social responsibility should not been as a distinct or a separate function, it needs to be integrated in to the day-to-day operations of the business. Also, companies can benefit in a lot of ways if they engage in genuine and consistent CSR activities.

Image credits:
http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Temabilder/CSR%20LightbulbMedium.jpg
http://www.adonisconstruction.co.uk/Content/ContentImages/1.jpg

IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Fri, 19 Feb 2010 09:03:00 +0000

Social media has opened a plethora of opportunities in front of PR practitioners. The growth and development of social media has fundamentally transformed the way businesses are interacting with their stakeholders. Public Relations industry has been striving hard to deal with such fast-moving and dynamic developments. It is imperative for PR practitioners to be competent in using these new technologies in order to leverage current and future business opportunities. Therefore, with the help of two case studies, I would like to highlight the impact social media can have on a company’s policy and the need for businesses to understand that they need to adapt themselves with the changing environment.

Examples of the impact of social media on PR:

Case Study 1

Source: Public Relations handbook by Alison Theaker
Brands: Greenpeace and Apple

The Story: Greenpeace established a sub-website ‘A Greener Apple’to challenge the company over its corporate social responsibility. Greenpeace wanted customers to campaign for a Green Apple, focusing on iPoison and iWaste to urge CEO Steve Jobs to prioritise environmental concerns. The site used social media with lots of ideas for how users could promote the campaign. As a result, in May 2007, Apple launched a new policy to talk more about its environmental activities.

Lesson learnt: Social media can have a deep impact on a company’s policy and companies need to respond quickly to the demands of the social media interactions.

Case study 2

Source: Public Relations handbook by Alison Theaker
Brand: Avis
The Story: In January 2007, Avis started a blog ‘We Try Harder’ with the aim of getting established before gaining media attention. Initially, the blogs did not have a human voice and appeared to be self-congratulatory in tone. Also, the company was too slow in responding to customer demands. However, gradually the company realised these shortcomings and changed its approach by responding to the bloggers feedback. As a result, it helped the company in developing a positive image of brand and has shown itself to be delivering on its brand message and corporate values.

Lesson learnt: If used in the right way, social media can be an effective tool for building brand image and reputation.

Conclusion

As PR practitioners we learn that in today’s world of social media, it is impossible for any brand to hide itself, in fact, social media provides an opportunity for brands to be open, vocal and transparent about their plans and policies and if their messages are communicated at the right time and at the right place, social media can enhance their brand image and value.

POLITICS AND NEW MEDIA

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Sat, 13 Feb 2010 17:06:00 +0000

An interesting debate is going on in the PR industry; the hot topic is the “impact of new media in politics”. Recent articles in The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph and Reuters UK all seem to be analysing the impact new media will have on the 2010 General Elections in the UK. I think Barack Obama’s successful online campaign during U.S. presidential election in 2008 is one of the best examples to illustrate the fact that new media provides a real time opportunity in front of political parties to proactively engage and converse with their stakeholders. This blog attempts to analyse why and how politicians are using the new media to influence their target audience.

How and why politicians are using the new media?

Emphasise: Political parties can use new media to reiterate their core message along with traditional media. For example, Webcameron is a website where Conservative leader David Cameron has been talking to voters since 2006 and has been emphasising the fact that Conservatives are much more capable of running the country than the Labour. Labour on the other hand is doing the same thing through its website http://www.labour.org.uk/.

Reach new audience: Platforms like Twitter, Facebook and YouTube enables them to reach a different segment of the target audience i.e. youth which is hard to reach through traditional media. For example, the Labour Party in Feb 2009 launched a system to integrate Labour MPs' websites with Twitter and Facebook.

Influence: Online advocacy (26%) is becoming the most influential channel for European consumers. Hence, political parties can influence their target audience using this medium of communication. For example, Labour party was first to start inviting bloggers to press conferences.

Speed: When Cameron launched the conservative party’s election campaign in early January this year in Oxfordshire; his “new media” team alerted tens of thousands of followers through instant updates on Facebook and Twitter. They also provided the followers with a link to the full speech so that they could download it. Political bloggers were briefed before they gave their instant analysis on to the web and Films were put on YouTube. Thus, with just the press of a button, politicians can reach millions of people within seconds.

Direct reach and Flexibility: Unlike traditional media where the messages need to pass through gatekeepers (the media), new media offers an opportunity for politicians to reach their voters directly. Moreover, it gives politicians the flexibility to change their approach as and when required. For example, David Cameron had an individual account which has been shut down at the request of Tory HQ. The webpage asks its visitors to follow conservative’s webpage for latest updates. The reason as Cameron explains is that it’s hard to convey complicated messages in just 140 characters.

Conclusion:

I think new media cannot be seen as an end in itself rather it should be seen as a tool to amplify the message. Although 70% of households in the UK have access to internet but the real question is what percentage of this 70% is new media literate. Also, credibility is another issue which needs to be considered. Weber Shandwick’s INLINE communications research highlights that 40% of Europeans do not believe what they read on new media. Although, I think new media will definitely play an important role in 2010 general elections in the UK but political parties need to be conscious of the fact that they cannot simply rely on the power of new media. In fact, they need to adopt an integrated approach where all the channels of communications (traditional and new media) send across a simple and consistent message.

Other Useful links:

http://personaldemocracy.com/blog-entry/uk-labours-new-media-strategy

http://www.socialmedia-forum.com/conference/social-media-world-forum/617-kerry-mccarthy-new-media-campaigns-spokesperson-labour-party-.html

http://www.labourlist.org/new_media_spokesperson_kerry_mccarthy_interview_mark_hanson

http://www.prweek.com/uk/news/search/908505/David-Cameron-urged-extend-online-strategy-additional-new-media-plans/

http://www.clickz.com/3636434?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+ClickZExperts+%28ClickZ+Experts%29

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8479000.stm

Labour New Media Strategy

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EMBRACING NEW MEDIA

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Sun, 07 Feb 2010 22:14:00 +0000

The public relations industry has evolved itself with changing times. The emergence of new media is a hot debate these days. According to a social media report by Josh Gordon, marketing consultant and president of Selling2.0 Marketing and PR are currently the leading business uses of social media. Although many public relations agencies claim to have joined the bandwagon; the question is how public relations as an industry is embracing the new media.

1.Code of conduct: Professional bodies like CIPR updated its 2007 guidelines for members and wider PR community to increase awareness as to how social media should be handled so that professionals can take informed and educated decisions about using the social media for their clients.

2.Integration: Clients are expecting PR agencies to have a good understanding of the new media. PR agencies are facing stiff competition from other digital or marketing agencies. These agencies claim that they are more proficient in handling new media. Therefore, PR agencies are launching branding and marketing arms to gain their share of the pie.

3.Emergence of specialist digital agencies: With social media trend on the rise, PR agencies are diversifying in to the new Digital domain. For example, Hotwire launched a specialist digital agency called 33Digital and Bullet PR, a PR agency specialising in the digital media was launched in Brighton in June 2009.

4.More investment in digital: PR agencies are investing heavily by training staff, hiring digital experts and bringing in external digital gurus. It is believed that the popularity of social networking sites such as Twitter, Facebook, YouTube could be one reason for the growing importance of digital PR. PR professionals are spending lot of time in running blogs, managing Twitter accounts, creating podcasts and vodcasts for their clients. For example, the website of Berkley PR, a technology public relations agency mentions that they are investing heavily in this growth area to ensure that they harness digital media to the best advantage of their clients.

5.Educating clients on new media: Since social media is a relatively new field, PR agencies are educating their clients about the potential benefits of using new media. This way client realise the value of new media and PR agencies are able to justify their budgets.

Can you think of any other ways through which PR agencies are embracing the new media?

Embracing Social Media

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(Image Source: http://milblogging.com/popups/images/social-media-icons.jpg)

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PR AND PROPAGANDA

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Thu, 28 Jan 2010 23:06:00 +0000

Before you read this blog, I would like to tell you that this is an extension of my first blog on defining PR and Propaganda. I know that you must be wondering why, well, I have just finished reading one of the chapters (From PR to Propaganda) of PR a Persuasive Industry? by Trevor Morris and Simon Goldsworthy and to be honest I could not resist from expressing my views on it. So, here it goes…

CONTENT

In terms of content, the following points have been highlighted in the chapter:

PR is persuasive in nature but the industry is reluctant in admitting this fact. Morris and Goldsworthy thinks that the negative connotations attached with the word persuasion is the reason behind it.

I think PR has always been striving hard to establish its own identity in the communication mix. Some people might perceive ‘persuasion’ in the context of marketing, for example, persuading customers to buy a product. Therefore, practitioners want to make this distinction clear between marketing and public relations and this could be another reason for not using the term ‘persuasion’.

The authors define public relations as the planned persuasion of people to behave in ways that further its sponsor’s objectives. It works primarily through the use of media relations and other forms of third party endorsement.

Here, I would like to highlight the argument made by the authors regarding media relations being the primary tool for PR. In my opinion, even today, developing and maintaining media relations is the primary function of PR. This can be supported by the survey done by PR Week where 51% respondents replied that they see ‘Proactive media relations’ as their agencies main contribution.

The authors answer the question I asked in my first blog i.e. is PR another expression of Propaganda? According to them, there are no real moral distinctions between the two: both are essentially amoral, capable of serving any cause. However, they see some practical differences which are as follows:

PR has far fewer levers of influence to pull on.
PR exists in conditions where many competing persuasive messages are communicated.
The public relations practitioner, unlike the propagandist, does not have effective powers of censorship or any lasting control over the media.

In addition to this, in my opinion, the difference can also be highlighted in the scale of propaganda and public relations. Edward Bernays said in his 1928 book Propaganda that propaganda is the conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses. Public Relations campaign, on the other hand, can and cannot involve masses. Public Relation practitioners often think about their target audience before planning a campaign. The target audience can be a segment of masses or it can be general, nationwide or worldwide audience.

OUTCOME

Reading this chapter was an absolute pleasure. The way both the authors have expressed their opinions is fantastic. If I could describe their writing in three words it would be, CLEAR, PASSIONATE and CRITICAL. Talking about what I learnt from the chapter is the fact that the definitions, theories and concepts of Public Relations written by the most experienced and senior practitioners can be challenged. There is nothing which is absolute in PR and in my opinion; this is the most striking feature of the industry. It is this space and freedom to practice which enables PR practitioners to experiment and implement new ideas and then learn from them. I can say this with a lot of conviction that PR is quite INNOVATIVE.

ELEMENTS OF PROPAGANDA

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Wed, 27 Jan 2010 10:30:00 +0000

After discussing the history of propaganda and relevance of the term ‘propaganda’ in the current scenario, this blog particularly focuses on five key elements of propaganda. There are some common tactics which are used by the propagandists to make their propaganda more effective, it can be through the use of imagery or by repeating the same message over and over again. Thus, as a public relations student, I thought it is imperative to learn and educate myself on some of the key elements of propaganda.

1. Control the media: For any propaganda to survive and flourish, media needs to be controlled. This applies specifically in the case of war. For example, during Iraq War 2003 the key tactic was to embed 600 journalists with the troops. Embedded journalists rely heavily on the army for their food, shelter and protection and therefore, this is a good opportunity for the propagandist country to get their message across. Thus, by controlling the flow of information, the desired objectives can be achieved.

2. Emotional appeal: Propaganda generally has a human face. It has an emotional appeal in order to gain public support. For example, Kevin Moloney in his book Rethinking Public Relations mention that Hill & Knowlton was shown to be involved in false stories about Iraqi troops removing 312 babies from incubators in Kuwait in October 1990, just before US involvement in the Gulf War. The motive behind this could have been to show that the enemy is evil and nasty and thus appeal to the hearts and minds of people to gain their support and trust.

3. Keep off certain issues and Imagery: The aim is to divert attention from troublesome issues and reveal only partial facts. As U.S. Senator Hiram Johnson said in 1917 “The first casualty when war comes is Truth”. Imagery is a very important element of propaganda especially when language can be a barrier. Images and pictures provide a realistic angle to propaganda and the impact of such messages is usually quite strong. For example, 100 cameras were embedded during Iraq War propaganda and military videos were distributed to the media to propagate the message. Apart from this, posters were used to convey a strong and bold message. (Some of the classic examples of such posters are attached with the blog,
Source: http://weburbanist.com/2009/06/09/pretty-persuasion-pumped-up-propaganda-of-the-past/)

4. Simplicity and Repetition: Professor David Welch on the BBC website points out that the Nazi propaganda is a classic example of how to achieve political ends through propaganda. It mentions that the Nazi propaganda for the masses was simple, and had a great appeal to the emotions. To maintain its simplicity, the propaganda put over just a few main points, which were repeated many times.

5. Legitimacy: Anup Shah in his blog War, Propaganda and the Media explains those who promote the negative image of the “enemy” may often reinforce it with rhetoric about the righteousness of themselves; the attempt is to muster up support and nurture the belief that what is to be done is in the positive and beneficial interest of everyone. Moloney (2006) mention that the slogan for the First World War was ‘The war to end all wars’, thus, the aim behind the creation of this slogan could be to generate some hope and justify the inevitability of a war.

Videos: (Source: Youtube)

War Made Easy: How Presidents & Pundits Keep Spinning Us to Death

Nazi Propaganda

Other Related Links:

http://www.globalissues.org/article/157/war-propaganda-and-the-media#ElementsofPropaganda
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nazi_propaganda_gallery_01.shtml
"http://www.foothilltech.org/rgeib/english/media_literacy/basic_elements_of_propaganda.htm
http://www.heretical.com/miscellx/language.html

THE HISTORY OF PROPAGANDA

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Tue, 26 Jan 2010 22:58:00 +0000

In my first blog, I gave a brief description of what propaganda and PR means and how some of the authors have defined them. This blog focuses on the emergence of Propaganda and PR and goes back in to the history to find out the reason behind the negative perception of propaganda and PR.

Ralph Tench and Liz Yeomans (2009) mention that the word propaganda has its origins in the seventeenth century Catholic Church where it meant to ‘propagate the faith’ and it played a major part in recruiting support for the First World War, when the key Committee on Public Information (CPI) was established in the USA. I was quite surprised to learn that propaganda was a neutral term at the start of the twentieth century when theorists such as Bernays (1923), Lippman (1925) and Laswell (1934) saw no problem with trying to organise the responses of mass audiences. So, the question is how and why did the image of propaganda change from neutral to negative?

Tench and Yeomans highlight that propaganda was not seen as a negative concept until after the Second World War, when everyone saw the power of Nazi propaganda, especially their use of film, to promote anti-Semitism and the horrific consequences of that message. It was then that communicators distanced themselves from the concept of propaganda.

All this makes me wonder if Nazi propaganda would not have been successful or it would not have been a part of the history, would it (propaganda) be still relevant in the current scenario? Communication professionals would have been running propaganda agencies instead of PR agencies? Imagine job profiles like Propaganda consultants or Head of Propaganda Department!

In my opinion, this would not have happened. The reason could have been the intellectual progression of our society. Sooner or later the masses would have realised the real intentions behind the messages targeted towards them in the form of propaganda due to the intellectual growth and stimulation and hence, public relations as a profession would have felt a great need to evolve itself. Thus, scholars and practitioners would have thought of giving public relations a new identity which would have portrayed a more holistic and ethical image of the industry. For example, Moloney (2006) in his book Rethinking Public Relations mentions that modern PR messages are subject to greater scrutiny in an increasing pluralism of interests and their propagandistic intentions (where known) meet with greater challenge in the media and in politics from competing interests. As a consequence, a better educated, more media-literate public may be less compliant than their parents' and grandparents' generations.

(Image Source: http://weburbanist.com/2009/06/09/pretty-persuasion-pumped-up-propaganda-of-the-past/)

DEFINING PROPAGANDA AND PR

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Mon, 25 Jan 2010 21:03:00 +0000

I was reading Ralph Tench and Liz Yeomans (2009) book ‘Exploring Public Relations’ and one of its chapter’s define and establish the relationship between Public Relations and Propaganda. Many scholars and practitioners have defined them in different ways; this blog tries to analyse such existing definitions.

PROPAGANDA
Jowett and O’Donnell (1992:4) define propaganda as the deliberate and systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist.

PUBLIC RELATIONS
Public Relations has been defined as the planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and understanding between an organisation and its publics, according to UK Institute of Public Relations 1987.

SIMILARITY
Objective: The above definitions highlight that there is a common link which exist between propaganda and PR i.e. to influence perceptions. Therefore, we can say that the purpose of propaganda and PR is to influence public perception in order to generate a desired response. For example, it can either be to buy a company’s product or to have a positive perception about a brand etc. This could be one of the reason as to why public relations has always been seen as propaganda. As Ralph Tench and Liz Yeomans in their book Exploring Public Relations introduce the chapter by saying that many journalists assume that PR is largely propaganda.

DIFFERENCE
Expression: Although, the similarity lies in the objective of propaganda and PR, the only distinction lies in the expression of how each of them has been defined. If we look at the definitions, we can clearly derive that public relations seem to define the process of negotiation and adaptation in a much more acceptable and ethical way by including words like goodwill and understanding.

Therefore, the question here is that has PR evolved out of Propaganda and Persuasion? Is it just another expression of the core nature of Propaganda and Persuasion (excluding the negative connotations attached with both) in order to illustrate a more ethical approach to communications?

CONCLUSION
Well, there seems to be no clear answer to the question. Some practitioners and scholars think they are associated while some think they are different. Kevin Moloney in his book Rethinking Public Relations mention that Sproule (1997, p.18) says that he associated PR with propaganda after the end of First World War. Also, he highlights that Bernays appears to make PR a sub-set of propaganda, which was a larger and positive societal process of manipulation and Tye (1998, pp.264-5) concludes that Bernays refined PR to make it become more effective in creating consent, sometimes for benign purposes, but that he remains ‘a role model for propagandists’.

However, on the other hand, Moloney points out that Jefkins, one of the most popular UK textbook authors gave the reason for distinction between PR and Propaganda. He says that the popular belief that public relations is a form of propaganda nullifies its purpose and destroys its credibility (Traverse-Healy 1988, p.10). Grunig has offered a developmental model for transformation towards a propaganda-free PR.

Videos: (Source: Youtube)

PR, Not Propaganda - Web 2.0 Expo

View more documents from Valeria Maltoni.

(Source: http://www.slideshare.net/ConversationAgent/pr-not-propaganda-web-20-expo)

Other related links:

http://www.trankin.com/advisor/propaganda.asp
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4422/is_n6_v15/ai_20860360/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasion
http://www.evancarmichael.com/Public-Relations/224/The-Six-Stages-of-Persuasion.html

Image source: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/nazprop.html

Global PR: does the PR paradigm work across cultures?

noreply@blogger.com (Divya Kapoor) — Mon, 25 Jan 2010 20:57:00 +0000

We had an interesting debate in the class on the issue, “Good PR is always context and culture specific. The idea of a global PR is anathema”. Both the teams had some strong points to stand for the motion and against the motion. The team for the motion basically emphasised the point that in order to develop effective communications plan, public relations practitioners need to identify and understand the local context and culture. The team against the motion highlighted that with so many consultancies becoming international, global public relations is the future. It is not easy to give one answer to the question, as our course leader, Pam Williams, said, the answer probably lies somewhere in between. The debate, however, provided a lot of food for thought for everybody in the class. So, I decided to do some research on the issue and this blog highlight my learning and findings.

Difference between global and international public relations

Are terms IPR and global PR synonymous or mean different things? In academic literature, both these terms have been used interchangeably but Tench and Yeomans refers global PR to the internalisation of the profession, which is being practised in more and more countries throughout the globe, while IPR refers to the planning and implementation of programmes and campaigns carried out abroad, involving two or more countries. In my opinion, this distinction by Szondi (2006) is valid because if we go by the dictionary meaning of international, it means between or among nations, whereas the term, global means, around the globe or involving the entire earth. So, global in terms of its literary meaning sounds more holistic and comprehensive. If this is the basic distinction then I think one can argue if international public relations is a part of global public relations?

Who drives global public relations?

Global public relations is driven by many factors like political, social, economic and technological etc. As Ralph Tench and Liz Yeomans mention in their book Exploring Public Relations, many non-governmental organisations, such as, Greenpeace, Red Cross, Save the Children or Amnesty International, cannot be associated with a particular country and they communicate with a variety of peoples and countries all over the globe. Not only multinational organisations but also countries and their governments frequently engage in international public relations to create a positive reputation of the particular country abroad or a receptive environment for achieving foreign or economic policy goals. I think technology has played a pivotal role in driving global public relations. The phrase, ‘the world is a global village’ by Marshall McLuhan very much holds existence in today’s world. The development of tools like internet and social media has provided public relations practitioners with the medium to reach audience across geographical borders.

Does international public relations exist at all?

The PR industry seems to be divided on the issue. Some practitioners think that there is no such thing as international public relations while others think that international public relations is the most rapidly growing segment of the profession. I personally think international public relations does exist and is growing at a significant rate. Alison Theaker in the Public Relations Handbook mentions that Wakefield (2001) reports that there are now 40,000 multinational entities, financial markets are converging and new technologies are facilitating communication. Most of the leading public relations consultancies like Weber Shandwick, Fleishman-Hillard, Edelman, Porter Novelli, and Lewis PR etc. are global public relations firms and practice international public relations. These international PR agencies have their networks in many different countries. They have local offices and hire local PR practitioners which give them more credibility. Thus, these multinational organisations adapt to the culture of the host country. According to Tench and Yeomans, public relations industry has been slow to adapt itself with the theories and models of their practices in the international context.

Are PR theories and concepts universally applicable?

Most of the theories and concepts in PR developed in USA and the UK, therefore, practitioners and scholars have been interested to find out if these theories and concepts are universally applicable. For example, Grunig’s two-way symmetrical model, one can argue if that is applicable universally. I think in a democratic country like India, it might be applicable but its application might be restricted in communist countries like China.

Culture and global PR

As societies become increasingly diverse, public relations practitioners face a greater challenge to speak to the needs of each market. I think in order to reach their target audience effectively, global public relations practitioners need to have a good understanding of local cultures. The Public Relations handbook mentions that Homogenous cultures are rare. Jandt (2004) states that 95 percent of the world’s countries are ethnically heterogeneous. This has a direct impact on public relations practitioners since the culture background of targeted publics can change which media channels practitioners should use.

What is culture?

Sriramesh and Vercic (2003:8) quote Tylor (1871), who defined culture as ‘that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom, any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society’. On the other hand, Hofstede defined culture as ‘collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.’

Can PR work across cultures?

I think PR can definitely work across cultures if consultancies ‘Think Global and Act Local’. In fact, in today’s information age, PR practitioners have no choice but to adapt themselves according to globalisation of PR. They need to be open and flexible in their approach in order to develop effective international PR strategies. There have been numerous examples where global public relations campaigns have been successful. For example, the best job in the world campaign. Tourism Queensland claims that the campaign generated more than $80m (£49m) of equivalent media advertising space (source: The Guardian). On the other hand there are some examples which didn’t work internationally like British Airways when it went global in 1996. In June 1997 the airline unveiled a new £60m corporate identity and £1m global advertising campaign with the slogan: ‘The world is closer than you think’. The new identity was based on 50 world images commissioned from ethnic artists around the world. BA’s plan to fly world images instead of the Union flag backfired. Eventually, the airline had to retreat and repaint its planes in 2001, bringing back the Union flag. Thus, public relations can work across cultures but PR practitioners need to keep in mind various factors before implementing international communication plans.

Image credit: http://www.oecd.org/vgn/images/portal/cit_731/0/54/39748906GlobalForum_50_150dpi.jpg

References: Ralph Tench and Liz Yeomans, Exploring Public Relations, Chapter: International context of public relations
Alison Theaker, The Public Relations Handbook, Chapter: Coping with culture