Civil Stuff

Composition And Resolution Of Forces | Engineering Mechanics

2020-05-30T16:54:00.005+05:30

In engineering mechanics Composition And Resolution Of Forces have immense importance. So if you want to understand this concept in easiest possible way and want to get good marks in Engineering Mechanics then you are at the right place.

1. Composition And Resolution Of Forces :–

1.1) Composition of forces:-

• It is also known as compounding.
• Composition is the process of find out single resultant force of a whole force system

But wait what is resultant?

Resultant:–
• it is basically the single force which can produce the same effect produced by number of forces when acting together.
• This one force which is producing the combined effect of all forces is known as .
• It is represented by “R”.
See the following image, you will get the whole concept about resultant and composition.

Composition of two Perpendicular forces:-

Composition of more than two forces:'

Here as shown in fig, there are 7 coplanar concurrent forces. So as we discussed earlier by using the method of composition of forces we can conpound these forces and find out one single force which is known as resultant as shown in fig.
So the single force shown in fig is the resultant of the 7 forces. Effect of both will remain same. 85.28° is the angle made by resultant with horizontal axis, we'll discuss this next how to calculate this angle and magnitude.

Watch our youtube video to get more information:-

1.1.1) Method Of Composition (To find “R”)

A) Composition of perpendicular or orthogonal forces:-

When two or more coplanar concurrent or non-concurrent forces acting on a body then the resultant can determine by following procedure.

If F1 and F2 are the two forces which are perpendicular to each other as shown in fig,

Then resultant can be found out by following equation.

Read also:-

System of forces
Engineering Mechanics

B) Composition by parallelogram law of forces:-

As per law of parallelogram “If two forces which are simultaneously acting at a point represented by in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, the diagonal of the parallelogram will represent the resultant in magnitude and direction, but passing through the point of intersection of two forces”.

Where,

F₁ and F₂ = forces whose resultant is to be find out
θ = Angle between the force F₁ and F₂
α = angle made by the resultant with any force here force F₁ .
Cor,

Case 1) if θ=0 i.e. both forces acting along the same line then,
R=F₁+F₂ …………since cos(0)=1

Case 2) if θ=90º i.e. both forces are perpendicular to each other then,
R=√(F₁²+F₂²) …………since cos(90)=0

Case 3) if θ=180º i.e. both forces are acting along the same straight line but having opposite direction then,
R=F₁-F₂ …………since cos(180)=-1

Read also:-

20+ Wonderful Civil Engineering Jobs In India

1.2) Resolution of forces:-

•It is exactly opposite to the composition.
•It is the process in which one single force (i.e. Resultant) is split into number of components without changing the effect of the same.
•Process of splitting is known as resolution.
•We can resolved or split a force into number of components but generally we resolve it into two perpendicular or non-perpendicular components.

See the following image you will understand easily what is resolution .

Here, resultant "R" is resolved into two Perpendicular components but we can resolve the force into number of forces as discussed earlier.

1.2.1)Method Of Resolution:-

Forces can be resolved by following two methods:-

A) Orthogonal or perpendicular resolution B) Non-Perpendicular resolution

Let us discuss each one in detail:

A)Orthogonal or perpendicular resolution:-

• In this method the resultant force is split into two Perpendicular components.
• These two Perpendicular components will be acting along X-axis and Y-axis or any two Perpendicular axis.

As shown in fig R may be any force which is inclined at an angle θ with X-axis. So by using this method we can easily resolved this force into two Perpendicular or orthogonal components as shown in fig.

Rx= horizontal component of force R
Ry= vertical component of force R

Now from where these Rcosθ & Rsinθ came from. Let us discuss this

Now you understand how does a force can be resolved into perpendicular direction.

Various conditions in resolution of forces:-

Sign convention:-

1. Components which are acting along towards right hand side are considered as positive

2. Components which are acting left hand side are considered as negative

3. Components acting along vertical upward direction are considered as positive

4. Components acting along vertical downward direction are considered as negative

5. As per the quadrant system following table will help you in determining the sign for 'sine' and 'cosine'

B) Non-Perpendicular resolution:-

• In this method the resultant force is split into two directions which are not perpendicular co components.
Steps to resolve the resultant by Non-Perpendicular resolution method:-

Step 1) Construct a parellelogram by keeping original given resultant (R) along the diagonal and two components adjacent sides of the parallelogram which are passing through same point

Step 2) Now find out 3 angles of any one triangle

Step 3) Apply sine rule in that triangle.

• Important rule:-
While constructing the parallelogram the resultant force should be keep un between the two forces or components and all the three forces should be directed away from the joint.

20+ Wonderful Civil Engineering Jobs In India | Highest Paying Civil Engineering Jobs

2020-05-27T19:52:00.001+05:30

20+ Wonderful Civil Engineering Jobs In India | Highest Paying Civil Engineering Jobs

Friends in this article we are going to discuss 20+ wonderful civil engineering jobs in India. Civil Engineering is considered as one of the oldest and evergreen branch of engineering in India. Due to this reason every year in India many civil engineers are recruited for different jobs whose salary is in no of lakhs. So today we are going to look at all the such 20+ wonderful civil engineering jobs in India.

What Is Civil Engineering?

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, development, construction and maintenance of the various engineering projects, public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.

Basic Course Details Of Civil Engineering In India:

To get admission in Civil Engineering, you have to take Science in 11th and 12th and with physics, chemistry and mathematics. You have to get at least 50% marks in physics, chemistry and mathematics to take admission for civil engineering. Along with this you have to give various entrance exam such as CET, IIT JEE as per the requirements of the particular institute in which you want to take admission.
In India civil engineering is an 4 year undergraduate degree course. This 4 year course is divided into 8 semesters each lasting for a period of 6 months. In these 8 semesters students will study various technical subjects related to their course along with some practical sessions.

One can take admission for diploma in civil engineering after completing 10th. To take admission for diploma in civil engineering students should have take minimum 50% marks in 10th standard. If you are good in mathematics then it will beneficial for you. One main advantage of getting admission in diploma is that you don't have to give any entrance exam, you will get direct admission.

Civil Engineering Jobs In India:

After completing your B.E./B.Tech course lots of jobs are available for you. If you have done your civil engineering from reputed college such as IIt, NIT, IIIT, Government college then you will easily get a well payment civil engineering jobs as soon as your course get completed.

Civil engineering Jobs In India are mainly classified into three main categories:-

1) Private job

2) Government job

3) PSU (Public Sector Units)

Let us discuss briefly about these jobs

1)Private job:-

Private job are considered as best civil engineering jobs for a fresher . In a private job, you may have less salary in the initial days, but as your experience increases, your salary will also increase. The main advantage of a private job is that your promotion happens very quickly. If you want a job with more salary, then you keep changing jobs in every 1-2 years. This will mean that your experience will become much better and the chances of you getting a better job will increase. In india large number of companies offers best civil engineering jobs in private sector

Classification of Private Jobs In India:

A)Campus Placement

B)Off-Campus Placement

Let us discuss in detail

A)Campus Placement:

• When civil engineering students are in last year, then do various companies come in their colleges. They conducts interviews of last year students of the and choose best students for their company. Campus jobs are quite easy to get if are having good academics.
• Promotion is easy.
• One thing should keep in mind that these civil engineering jobs will give low payment during initial period but you will get regular promotion, which is major advantages of private job over government job.
• If your college is reputed such as Government college, IIT, VIT then the campuses of big companies can come to your college. Such as Microsoft Google, L&T, Hindustan construction company etc…
• If you are graduated from top college in India then you will get package around 5-8 lakhs per annum.
• If you are from normal college then you will get something around 3-5 Lakhs per annum.

B)Off-campus placement:

• Of campus placement are not easy to get. Because these civil engineering jobs offers more payment than campus placement civil engineering jobs.
• Here also promotion is easy.
• If you want higher payment civil engineering jobs then switch your job after every 2-3 years.
• Starting salary of yours will be around 8-10 Lakhs.

List Of Highest Paying Civil Engineering Companies In India:

1)Larsen & Toubro:
Very well known as L&T, the company Larson and you bro is the top most engineering company in the co. The company is known as Indian multinational conglomerate found in the year 1938. The headquarters of this company is located at Mumbai. Their aim is to provide contractions, engineering, information technology, manufacturing good and financial. This is India’s biggest construction company.

2)Tata Projects:
This company is owned by the famous TATA groups. This company is one of the fastest growing and best valued companies in the country. They expertise are big and critical industrial infrastructures project that operates via strategies business units including urban infrastructures, industrial infrastructures, utility services and quality services. This company is working in over 32 countries over the world.

2)Hindustan Construction Company:
This company is known as Hindustan construction company which has its headquarters located in the trading capital of the country, Mumbai. They are highly gun in the field such are real estate, engineering and construction, urban development, management and construction of infrastructures. The company was started in the year 1926, it has constructed large scale and also budget infrastructures and civil projects like tunnel, nuclear power plants, hydro power plants, highways, expressway and bridges.

4)Gammon:
This company is known for its construction of too big mega projects all over India. They are constructing a lot of buildings in the past decades. The ‘Gateway of India’ is one of the most famous and significant contribution of this company to the country. Their structures are considered to be of great iconic view.

5) Afcons:
The company was initiated in the year 1959. It happened when hazarat and co. And rodeo foundation engineering limited from Switzerland came together to make rodio hazarat and co for the under talking of construction works. Currently it is owned by Shapoorji Pallonji group that is the third biggest construction company in the country.

Some other Companies are:

6)Jaiprakash Associates

7)Lanco Infratech

8)Jaypee Group

9)Punj Lloyd

10)Newton Engineering and chemicals ltd

11)Consolidated Construction Consortium Ltd (CCCL)

12)Lakme Projects Ltd.

13)Anant Raj Industries Limited.

14)B Seenaiah & Company (Projects) Ltd (BSCPL)

15)BGR Energy Systems Ltd.

16)Ajay Kadam Association

17)Antant Access

18)Associated Engineering

19)Balaji Railroad Systems Ltd

20)Dr. Kelkar Consultants Pvt. Ltd.

21)Expert Technology – Chennai

22)Hiranandani Construction Private Ltd

23)Nircon Engineering Consultants.

24)Potential Consultants.

25)RDS Projects Ltd.

26)Simplex Projects Ltd.

27)Subhash projects and Marketing Ltd.

28)Vadakar and Associates

Watch:- Best jobs for civil engineers 🔥| highest paying govt/private/psu jobs

Advantages and disadvantages of private jobs :-

Advantages:-

1. Work Style: Private civil engineering jobs ensure that the employees should complete the given task in a given time frame. So, you can be sure that the work style here is fast paced and efficient. You need to be on your toes every time you take up a responsibility and can be sure that your hard work will be appreciated.

2. Work and Growth: In these civil engineering jobs , work and growth are directly related. Better you work, higher will be your growth and vice versa. You can be sure that if you are dedicated and have skills to work up to the next level, your potentials will be noticed and you will be promoted to the next level. This is an added advantage of working in a private sector.

3. Job satisfaction: Private sector civil engineering jobs are not similar to traditional jobs where you have to work for fixed and limited working hours. Here, you can be sure that you are working for late hours but when you move out of your office, you will be satisfied that you have

4. Higher pay: Yes, this is what people are mostly attracted to. In the real world, money is the biggest source of motivation and private sector offers you scope to earn incentives or perks for hard work.

Disadvantages :-

1. Pension: People are attracted towards government jobs because they know that when they retire from their job, they will be blessed with a pension plan which will be available to them for the rest of their lives. This facility is not available for those working in the private sector. Private civil engineering jobs may give you higher pay currently, but once you are out of the organization, you may enjoy the post-retirement benefits. However the scenario has changed since there are many private companies who also have started monetary benefits for their retired employees.

2. Job security: This is a point you can never rule out. Imagine a situation. You are a normal employee in a private organization. Recession hits the economy. You may be terminated from your job. However, this possibility is minimal if you are a government employee. Even if a private sector company is suffering loss, then also your job may be at stake.

3. Holidays: Private sectors work on deadlines and holidays are limited in this sector. If work deadlines are not meet, you may also have to work for long hours and even during public holidays.

4. Competition: Employers of private sector appreciate hard work of employees and appraisals are prompt for the employees, depending on their performance and abilities. However, it also promotes fierce competition amongst colleagues.

2)Government Job:-

In India government jobs are considered as the most secure and high payment jobs. But due to large population of India large number of students apply for these government jobs. It is found that the 1 aspirant gets the government job behind every 2000 students. Only wise and skilled student will get the government civil engineering job.

Government civil engineering jobs are classified as follows:

1)Non-technical jobs

You can find these jobs by cracking the below exams
• SSC CGL
• RRB NTPC
• IBPS
• STATE LEVEL PSC
• UPSC CSE

2)Technical jobs

For these jobs you have to crack following exams
• GATE
• UPSC ESE
• SSC JE
• PSU
• ISRO

The salary of these civil engineering jobs is better than the private jobs and more important these jobs are highly secure than any other private job

Some high paying government jobs:

1)IES (Indian Engineering Services)

• Qualification: B.E./B.tech Civil
• Exam: UPSC (Pre+main+interview)
• Salary: 50000+ with perks
• Allowance: home , official vehicles, medical, travel, personal assistant, Driver, servant.

2)ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization)

• Qualification: B.E./B.tech Civil
• Exam: GATE and ISRO written test+ interview
• Salary: 60000+
• Allowance: Transport, housing, medical, canteen

3)DRDO (Defense Research And Development Organization)

• Qualification: B.E./B.tech Civil
• Exam: GATE qualification+Interview
• Salary: 75000+
• Allowance: Transport, medical, housing

4)Indian Army

• Qualification: B.E./B.tech/Diploma Civil
• Salary: B.E/B.Tech =56000+
Diploma=35000+
• Allowance: housing, transport, medical, canteen

5)DMRC (Delhi Metro Rail Corporation)

• Qualification: B.E./B.tech/Diploma
• Salary: 40000+
• Allowance: housing, medical, travel in metro

Advantages and disadvantages of Government jobs:-

Advantages :-

1. Flexibility: Many people have the misconception that timing for government jobs is rigid and switches are not really possible. However, in reality, the government has made provisions for alternative work schedules. Last year, RBI offered flexible work timings for their officers. This practice helps in maintaining a healthier work-life balance.

2. Holidays: Weekend holiday is what every working professional enjoys. Those who are working in government offices enjoy a lot of holidays. In India, there are a number of festivals and they cover up the maximum portion of holiday list of the yearly calendar in India. So, being a government officer, you will get these holidays so that you can spend quality time with family and friends.

3. Prestige: This is an additional perk given to government officers, may it be at the state level or central level. In private sector you may go to a certain level of rank or position and earn prestige and reputation.

4. Low pressure: This is an advantage if you are committed to your job. However, if you are negligent and too lazy to carry out your responsibilities, you can feel the burden on your shoulders all the time. Otherwise the pressure levels are comparatively low in government sector.

Disadvantages:-

1. Work Environment: Many people complained about lazy work environment in government offices. According to them only a handful of people work diligently and
complete their task within the schedule time.

2. Appraisals: You work hard; you expect appraisals for your hard work. It is a universal truth both in private and government sector. However critiques said that in government office, people who are working hard may often go unnoticed.

3. Control levels: In a government civil engineering jobs , levels of controls are quite low. Government jobs give you a liberty to work freely, but in a restricted space.

4. Selection process: Although you will find thousand of government civil engineering jobs in India but getting a government job is tough. Plus the selection process is quite lengthy and cumbersome. Even you are placed in the merit list, still you may have to wait for a long period of time before you actually join the office.

3)PSU (Public Sector Undertakings):

• PSU or Public Sector Undertaking jobs is to get recruited in companies that is wholly or partly owned by central or state government. The selection is based on the candidates’ GATE score.

• In PSU, the success rate is much higher as there are several PSU companies that recruit without GATE score.

List of highly paying PSU jobs in India:

1.Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL)
Salary- ₹ 60,000 – 1,80,000

2.National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)
Salary- ₹ 60,000 – 1,80,000

3.Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)
Salary- ₹ 60,000 – 1,80,000

4.Indian Oil Corporation (IOCL)
Salary- ₹ 60,000 – 1,80,000

5.Gas Authority of India Ltd. (GAIL)
Salary- ₹ 60,000 – 1,80,000

6.Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL)
Salary- ₹ 60,000 – 1,80,000

7.Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)
Salary-₹ 60,000 – 1,80,000

8.Oil India Limited (OIL)
Salary-₹ 60,000 – 1,80,000

9.Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL)
Salary- ₹ 60,000 – 1,80,000

10.Steel authority of india (SAIL)
Salary- ₹ 20,600 – 46500

Advantages and disadvantages of PSU jobs:-

Advantages :-

• The work schedule is less hectic and there are more holidays compared to IES but it is still one of the elite government jobs.

• In these civil engineering jobs promotion is much faster and depends largely on your hard work and performance.

• The pay scale is much higher than Central government and there is a major scope of increasing your salary as you grow in the company.

• The additional benefits are similar to IES like house, easy loans, transport subsidy, shift allowance etc. However, these perks vary from one company to another.

• These civil engineering jobs are known to be one of the most secure jobs in the country.

Disadvantages :

• These civil engineering jobs are more conventional and in a routine, and eventually can feel monotonous which is seen as a drawback by many candidates.

• PSU companies and factories are located in remote areas- hence, adjusting to the locality after transfer becomes especially difficult if you are from a metro or tier-2 city.

• Most of the PSU companies are really old and hence, the physical appearance of the office buildings and its ambience may not be welcoming and hence, job satisfaction is rare.

CONCLUSION :-

To sum up you, all civil engineering jobs have their own advantages and disadvantages. So choose the jobs which suits you most and then take your decision accordingly.

“Don’t look for short time pleasure

It will decrease your patience

So prepare for the best”

Whichever civil engineering job you choose, our best wishes are there for you. Do share any story or advice on this subject, so that others can benefit from your observations, too..

System Of Forces | Engineering Mechanics

2020-05-25T15:08:00.000+05:30

System Of Forces:-

We know that when single agency is acting on a particle it is called as force but when number of forces simultaneously acting on the particle then the system so formed is called as system of forces.

Fig: System Of Forces

Video on System Of Forces by Civil Stuff:-

Types Of Force System:-

1. Co-planar Force System:-

The force system in which all forces are acting in the same plane us known as coplanar force system.

2.Non-coplanar force system
A force system in which the forces acting in different planes is called as Non-coplaner force system.

3.Collinear force system
The forces which are acting along the same straight line are called as collinear forces.

Read also- What is Mechanics

4.Non-collinear force system
The forces which are not acting along a straight line are called as Non-collinear forces.

5.Concurrent force system
The forces which are passing through a common point are called concurrent forces.

6. Non-concurrent force system
The forces which are not passing through a common point are called as non-concurrent forces.

7.Like parellel force system
The forces which are parallel to each
other and having same direction are called as like parallel forces.

8.Unlike parellel force system
The forces which are parallel to each
other and having different directions are called as unlike parallel forces.

Type of force:

1)Contact force

Force produced by direct contact of bodies is called as contact force.
it may be of pull type or push type.

2)Body forces

Forces produced without contact of the body is is called body force.
It is the force holds together the particles forming the rigid body.

3)Point force

Force acting at a point is called as point force.
It acts on a very small area compared to total surface are

4)Distributed force
• then force is distributed over large area it is called as distributed force.

5) External and internal force
• The force exerted by weight on a body is external for while the resistance offered to retain its shape is called internal force

6)Action and reaction force

As per Newton’s third law whenever a body exerts force on other body the other body exerts similar force on the former body known as reaction
Action=Reaction

7)Frictional force
• resisting force offered during sliding of a body the surface in contact is called frictional force

8)Wind force

force exerted by wind when it is obstructed by any object is known as wind force

9)Cohesion and adhesion

Force developed between molecules of same material is called as cohesive force.
Force developed between molecules of different materials is called adhesive force.

10)Hydrostatic force

force exerted by water on a body when it is extracted by a body is called as hydrostatic force.

Introduction To Engineering Mechanics

2020-05-24T15:04:00.000+05:30

What is mechanics?

Mechanics can be defined as the physical science which deals with the state of rest or motion of particles and bodies under the effect of forces.

Video on Introduction To Engineering Mechanics by Civil Stuff :-

Classification of Mechanics:-

Engineering mechanics can be broadly classified into two types, they are

1.Statics
2.Dynamics

1.Statics:-
Statics is the branch of mechanics that delas with the study of objects which are are in state of rest.

2.Dynamics:
Dynamics is the branch of mechanics that deals with the study of objects in motion and the forces causing motion or which are in motion.

Dynamics is further classified into two main groups:

A)Kinematics
B)Kinetics

A)Kinematics:

Kinematics is the study of the motion of bodies without consideration of the cause of the motion. Kinematics deals with the space-time relationship of the motion of a body. Some examples of kinematic concepts are displacement, velocity and acceleration.

B)Kinetics:

Kinetics is the branch of mechanics which deals with the study of the motion of bodies by considering the cause of motion.

What is rigid body?

Rigid body is the body which not undergoes any kind of deformation under the action of external forces.
A body is said to be rigid when the relative movements between its particle is negligible.
But in actual practise every body deforms under the action of external forces but the deformation is negligible since it is quite small.
Basically rigid body is body which won't be affected by the external forces and will not undergo any kind of deformation.

What is deformable body?

It is exactly opposite of rigid body
Deformable body is body which undergoes deformation under the action of external forces.
So here we can say that there is a relative movements between the particles and which is not negligible.

Read also- system if forces

Fundamental Concepts:-

Space: It is a geometric region occupied by bodies whose positions are described by linear and angular measurements relative to coordinate system.

Time: It is a measure of the succession of events and is a basic quantity in dynamics.

Mass: It is a measure of the inertia of a body, which is its resistance to a change of velocity.

Force: Force is the action of one body on another. A force tends to move the body in the direction of its action. The action of a force is characterized by its magnitude, by the direction of its action and by its points of application.

Particle: A particle is a body of negligible dimensions.

Scalar quantities: These are the quantities characterized by only magnitude, such as mass, temperature.

Vector quantities: These are the quantities characterized by magnitude and direction, such as velocity, force. We will indicate vector quantities by boldfaced letters.

Free vector: It is a vector, whose action is not confined to or associated with a unique line in space. Only, the direction and magnitude of the vector remains fixed.

Sliding vector: It is a vector, which may be moved along the lines of action without change of meaning. For example, in towing a cart, we may apply the force anywhere along the rope.

Bound vector: It is a vector, which must be applied at definite point. For example, if we are interested in the deformation of body, we must be concerned with the point of application of forces.

Concurrent forces: Two or more forces are said to be concurrent at a point if their lines of action intersect at that point.

Figure showing 4 concurrent forces in single plane:-

Concurrent force system