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Alternative Energy

2021-01-16T13:41:00.002+05:30

What Is Alternative Energy

There is a lot of energy that we can harness if we only seek to research and develop the technologies needed to do so. We can get away from the fossil fuels and the old electrical grids by turning to alternatives to these energy sources.

One of these alternative energy resources is wind power. Wind turbines continue to be developed that are progressively more energy efficient and less costly. “Wind farms” have been springing up in many nations, and they have even become more strategically placed over time so that they are not jeopardizing birds as former wind turbines did.

Another alternative energy resource is the one that is most well known: solar energy. This involves the manufacturing of solar cells which gather and focus the energy given off directly by the sun, and translate it into electricity or, in some cases, hot water. As with wind energy, solar energy creates absolutely zero pollution.

Ocean wave energy is seen by governments and investors as having enormous energy generating potential. A generator in France has been in operation for many years now and is considered to be a great success, and the Irish and Scots are running experimental facilities.

Hydroelectric power has been with us for a while and where it is set up, it is a powerful generator of electricity and cleaner than a grid. However, there are certain limitations to the availability of the right places to set up a large dam. Many run-of-the-river, or small and localized, hydroelectric generators have been set up in recent times due to this limitation.

Geothermal energy is extremely abundant, since it lies directly beneath our feet, just a few miles below the earth’s surface. This energy is produced by the heating of water through the actions of earth’s fantastically hot molten core. The water turns to steam, which can be harnessed and used to drive turbine engines which in turn generate electricity. Great amounts of research and development should be put into geothermal energy tapping.

Waste gas energies, which are essentially methane, reverse the usual energy-pollution relationship by creating energy from waste that lies in the dumps and from some air pollutants. This gas is used in fuel cells and can be used in standard gasoline generators.

Ethanol is a gasoline substitute and is created from such things as wheat, sugarcane, grapes, strawberries, corn, and even wood chips and wood cellulose. There is controversy over this fuel with regards to its ever becoming truly economical or practical except in very localized areas, but technologies for its extraction and admixturing are continuously being refined.

Biodiesel energy is created out of the oils contained in plants. So far, the commercial stores of biodiesel have been created using soybean, rapeseed, and sunflower oils. At the time of this writing, biodiesel is typically produced by entrepreneurial minded individuals or those who want to experiment with alternative energy, but commercial interest from companies is on the rise. It burns much cleaner than oil-based diesel.

Atomic energy is created in atomic energy plants using the process of nuclear fission. This energy is extremely efficient and can generate huge amounts of power. There is concern from some people about what to do with the relatively small amount of waste product atomic energy gives off, since it is radioactive and takes hundreds of years to decay into harmlessness.

How To Seek Grants For Alternative Energy R D

If you are someone who wishes to begin researching and developing alternative energy technologies and you would want to be set up as a not-for-profit organization or entity, you will want to look into getting government grants, on both the state and the federal levels. Government grants for alternative energy research and development have been highly touted by politicians on local, state, and federal levels in recent years, all the way up to the President himself. This is due to the fact that we now recognize as a society that we need to seek out and develop alternative energy sources to those of the fossil fuels that we presently depend upon, as these fuels are not only slowly but surely running out (at least cheap access to digging them up is running out), but also damaging to the environment and air quality.

There is a fairly vast array of government grant programs available for you to check into. The great and most important thing to keep in mind about a government grant is that it’s essentially free money. It is not a loan, you don’t pay any interest, and you don’t ever have to give the money back. However, qualifying for these grants, as you might imagine with something involving the government and free money, has quite a lot of restrictions attached to it. Not only is qualification based on purpose and need in the eyes and opinions of government bureaucrats, but just because you qualify does not mean that you necessarily get the grant. As Marshall McLuen put it, “the medium is the message”. The fact of the matter is that it is typically easier to apply for and qualify to receive a business loan

Alternative Energy From The Ocean

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) was conceived of by the French engineer Jacques D’Arsonval in 1881. However, at the time of this writing the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii is home to the only operating experimental OTEC plant on the face of the earth. OTEC is a potential alternative energy source that needs to be funded and explored much more than it presently is. The great hurdle to get over with OTEC implementation on a wide and practically useful level is cost. It is difficult to get the costs down to a reasonable level because of the processes presently utilized to drive OTEC. Ocean thermal energy would be very clean burning and not add pollutants into the air. However, as it presently would need to be set up with our current technologies, OTEC plants would have the capacity for disrupting and perhaps damaging the local environment.

There are three kinds of OTEC.

“Closed Cycle OTEC” uses a low-boiling point liquid such as, for example, propane to act as an intermediate fluid. The OTEC plant pumps the warm sea water into the reaction chamber and boils the intermediate fluid. This results in the intermediate fluid’s vapor pushing the turbine of the engine, which thus generates electricity. The vapor is then cooled down by putting in cold sea water.

“Open Cycle OTEC” is not that different from closed cycling, except in the Open Cycle there is no intermediate fluid. The sea water itself is the driver of the turbine engine in this OTEC format. Warm sea water found on the surface of the ocean is turned into a low-pressure vapor under the constraint of a vacuum. The low-pressure vapor is released in a focused area and it has the power to drive the turbine. To cool down the vapor and create desalinated water for human consumption, the deeper ocean’s cold waters are added to the vapor after it has generated sufficient electricity.

“Hybrid Cycle OTEC” is really just a theory for the time being. It seeks to describe the way that we could make maximum usage of the thermal energy of the ocean’s waters. There are actually two sub-theories to the theory of Hybrid Cycling. The first involves using a closed cycling to generate electricity. This electricity is in turn used to create the vacuum environment needed for open cycling. The second component is the integration of two open cyclings such that twice the amount of desalinated, potable water is created that with just one open cycle.

In addition to being used for producing electricity, a closed cycle OTEC plant can be utilized for treating chemicals. OTEC plants, both open cycling and close cycling kinds, are also able to be utilized for pumping up cold deep sea water which can then be used for refrigeration and air conditioning. Furthermore, during the moderation period when the sea water is surrounding the plant, the enclosed are can be used for mariculture and aquaculture projects such as fish farming. There is clearly quite an array of products and services that we could derive from this alternative energy source.

Developing Nuclear Power As Alternative Energy

Many researchers believe that harnessing the power of the atom in fission reactions is the most significant alternative energy resource that we have, for the fact of the immense power that it can generate.

Nuclear power plants are very “clean-burning” and their efficiency is rather staggering. Nuclear power is generated at 80% efficiency, meaning that the energy produced by the fission reactions is almost equal to the energy put into producing the fission reactions in the first place. There is not a lot of waste material generated by nuclear fission

Geothermal Power As Alternative Energy

We should be doing everything possible to develop geothermal energy technologies. This is a largely untapped area of tremendous alternative energy potential, as it simply taps the energy being naturally produced by the Earth herself. Vast amounts of power are present below the surface crust on which we move and have our being. All we need do is tap into it and harness it.

At the Earths’ core, the temperature is 60 times greater than that of water being boiled. The tremendous heat creates pressures that exert themselves only a couple of miles below us, and these pressures contain huge amounts of energy. Superheated fluids in the form of magma, which we see the power and energy of whenever there is a volcanic eruption, await our tapping. These fluids also trickle to the surface as steam and emerge from vents. We can create our own vents, and we can create out own containment chambers for the magma and convert all of this energy into electricity to light and heat our homes. In the creation of a geothermal power plant, a well would be dug where there is a good source of magma or heated fluid. Piping would be fitted down into the source, and the fluids forced to the surface to produce the needed steam. The steam would turn a turbine engine, which would generate the electricity.

There are criticisms of geothermal energy tapping which prevent its being implemented on the large scale which it should be. Critics say that study and research to find a resourceful area is too costly and takes up too much time. Then there is more great expense needed to build a geothermal power plant, and there is no promise of the plant turning a profit. Some geothermal sites, once tapped, might be found to not produce a large enough amount of steam for the power plant to be viable or reliable. And we hear from the environmentalists who worry that bringing up magma can bring up potentially harmful materials along with it.

However, the great benefits of geothermal energy would subsume these criticisms if only we would explore it more. The fact that geothermal energy is merely the energy of the Earth herself means it does not produce any pollutants. Geothermal energy is extremely efficient

Wind Power As A Viable Solution To Meeting Alternative Energy Needs

Wind Power as a Viable Solution to Meeting Alternative Energy Needs

Although it is much less expensive to initially get hooked into the local electric company’s grid than it is to set up and hook into wind turbines, in the long run one saves money by utilizing the wind for one’s energy needs

Line Detector Robot using Arduino

2020-08-31T16:12:00.002+05:30

Arduino Line Detector Robot

A Line Follower Robot is an automated guided vehicle, which follow a visual line embedded on the floor or ceiling. Usually, the visual line is the path in which the line follower robot goes and it will be a black line on a white surface but the other way (white line on a black surface) is also possible. Some advanced Line Follower Robots use invisible magnetic field as their paths.

Applications:-

Large line follower robots are usually used in industries for assisting the automated production process.
They are also used in military applications, human assistance purpose, delivery services etc.

Line follower Robot is one of the first robots that beginners and students would get their first robotic experience with. In this project, we have designed a simple Line Follower Robot using Arduino and some other components.

Circuit Diagram

Components Required
Arduino UNO (or Arduino Nano) [Buy Here]
L293D Motor Driver IC [Buy Here]
Geared Motors x 2
Robot Chassis
IR Sensor Module x 2
Black Tape (Electrical Insulation Tape)
Connecting Wires
Power supply
Battery Connector
Battery Holder

Note: We have used a prebuilt IR Sensor Module that consists of an IR LED and a Photo Diode.

Block Diagram Line Detector Robot using Arduino

The line follower robot built in this project is divided in to 4 blocks. The following image shows the block diagram for line follower robot.

Block Diagram Description Line Detector Robot using Arduino

Sensors (IR Sensor): We have used IR Sensor Module as the line detecting sensor for the project. It consists of an IR LED and a Photo diode and some other components like comparator, LED, IC LM358, Photodiode etc.

The working of the IR Sensor and its scope in this project will be explained in the actual working of the Line Follower Robot.

Controller (Arduino UNO): Arduino UNO is the main controller in the project. The data from the sensors (IR Sensors) will be given to Arduino and it gives corresponding signals to the Motor Driver IC.

Motor Driver (L293D): L293D Motor Driver IC is used in this project to drive the motors of the robot. It receives signals from Arduino based on the information from the IR Sensors.

Note: The power supply to the motors must be given from the motor driver IC. Hence, choose the appropriate power supply which is sufficient for all the components including the motors.

Motors (Geared Motors): We have used two geared motors at the rear of the line follower robot. These motors provide more torque than normal motors and can be used for carrying some load as well.

Working of Arduino Line Follower Robot

In this project, we have designed an Arduino based Line Follower Robot. The working of the project is pretty simple: detect the black line on the surface and move along that line. The detailed working are as follows:-.

As mentioned in the block diagram, we need sensors to detect the line. For line detection logic, we used two IR Sensors, which consists of IR LED and Photodiode. They are placed in a reflective way i.e. side – by – side so that whenever they come in to proximity of a reflective surface, the light emitted by IR LED will be detected by Photo diode.

The following image shows the working of a typical IR Sensor (IR LED – Photodiode pair) in front of a light coloured surface and a black surface. As the reflectance of the light coloured surface is high, the infrared light emitted by IR LED will be maximum reflected and will be detected by the Photodiode.

In case of black surface, which has a low reflectance, the light gets completely absorbed by the black surface and doesn’t reach the photodiode.

Using the same principle, we will setup the IR Sensors on the Line Follower Robot such that the two IR Sensors are on the either side of the black line on the floor. The setup is shown below.

When the robot moves forward, both the sensors wait for the line to be detected. For example, if the IR Sensor 1 in the above image detects the black line, it means that there is a right curve (or turn) ahead.

Arduino UNO detects this change and sends signal to motor driver accordingly. In order to turn right, the motor on the right side of the robot is slowed down using PWM, while the motor on the left side is run at normal speed.

Similarly, when the IR Sensor 2 detects the black line first, it means that there is a left curve ahead and the robot has to turn left. For the robot to turn left, the motor on the left side of the robot is slowed down (or can be stopped completely or can be rotated in opposite direction) and the motor on the right side is run at normal speed.

Arduino UNO continuously monitors the data from both the sensors and turns the robot as per the line detected by them.

Programming of Line Detector Robot using Arduino

Level Indicator

2020-08-27T14:26:00.004+05:30

The Water Level Indicator employs a simple mechanism to detect and indicate the water level in an overhead tank or any other water container.

The sensing is done by using a set of nine probes which are placed at nine different levels on the tank walls (with probe 9 to probe 1 placed in increasing order of height, common probe (i.e. a supply carrying probe) is placed at the base of the tank). The level 8 represents the “tank full” condition while level 0 represents the “tank empty” condition.

Recommend Reading: How Water Level Controller Circuit Works using 8051 Microcontroller?

When the water-level is below the minimum detectable level (MDL), the seven segment display is arranged to show the digit 0, indicating that the tank is empty, when the water reaches level1 (but is below level2) the connection between the probes gets completed (through the conducting medium – water) and the base voltage of transistor increases.

This causes the base-emitter junction of transistor to get forward biased, this switches transistor from cut-off to conduction mode thus PIN (B7) of microcontroller is pulled to ground hence, the corresponding digit displayed by the seven segment display is 1.

The similar mechanism applies to the detection of all the other levels. When the tank is full, all input pins of microcontroller become low. This causes the display to show 8 and also in this case a buzzer sound is given, thereby indicating a “tank full” condition.

Most water level indicators are equipped to indicate and detect only a single level. The Water Level Indicator implemented here can indicate up to nine such levels and the microcontroller displays the level number on a seven segment display.

So, the circuit not only capable of cautioning a person that the water tank has been filled up to certain level, but also indicates that the water level has fallen below the minimum detectable level. This circuit is important in appliances such as the water cooler where there is a danger of motor-burnout when there is no water in the radiator used up also it can be used in fuel level indication.

Recommened Reading: Water Level Alarm Using 555 Timer

In this project we show the water level indicator using eight transistors which conducts as level rises, a buzzer is also added which will automatically start as the water level becomes full, auto buzzer start with the help of microcontroller. With the help of this project we not only show the level of water on seven segment display but also indicate the water full condition using a buzzer.

Download Project Code
How to Design Water Level Indicator Project using AVR Microcontroller?
How Water Level Indicator Project Circuit Works?
CONDITION 1: Water not available
CONDITION 2: Intermediate levels
CONDITION 3: Water full
Water Level Indicator Project Working Flow Chart:
Water Level Indicator Project Applications:
Water Level Indicator Project Circuit Features:
Easy installation.
Low maintenance.
Compact elegant design.
The Automatic water level controller ensures no overflows or dry running of pump there by saves electricity and water.
Avoid seepage of roofs and walls due to overflowing tanks.
Fully automatic, saves man power.
Consume very little energy, ideal for continuous operation.
Automatic water level controller provides you the flexibility to decide for yourself the water levels for operations of pump set.
Shows clear indication of water levels in the overhead tank.

Water Level Indicator Project Block Diagram:

Water Level Indicator Circuit Diagram:

Program of water level indicator using 8051 Microcontroller
How to Design Water Level Indicator Project using AVR Microcontroller?
A constant 5v power supply is given to the microcontroller and rest of the circuit from a battery.
The tank has 9 conductive type sensors (other types of sensors have been mentioned earlier but in our project only conductive type are used) embedded into it and 8 wires of sensors out of 9 are connected to transistors and the 9th is connected to 5v+ supply.
The use of transistor is it acts as inverter (i.e. in on state gives low voltage at output and in non conducting state gives high voltage at its output), all transistors outputs are connected to PORTB of microcontroller.
Seven segment display is connected to PORTD. It is connected in common cathode fashion.
The Output for the 7th level is not only shown on seven segment display but also indicated with a discontinuous buzzer sound.
Output for the 8th level (i.e. tank full condition) is not only shown in seven segment display but also indicated with a continuous buzzer sound.
How Water Level Indicator Project Circuit Works?
The operation of this project is very simple and can be understood easily. In our project “water level indicator” there are 3 main conditions:

There is no water available in the source tank.
Intermediate level i.e. either of 3rd to 7th level.
There is ample amount of water available in the source tank.
So let us discuss more about these 3 conditions

CONDITION 1: Water not available
When the tank is empty there is no conductive path between any of the 8 indicating probes and the common probe (which is connected to 5v+ supply) so the transistor base emitter region will not have sufficient biasing voltage hence it remains in cut off region and the output across its collector will be Vc approximately 4.2v.

As in this case the microcontroller is used in the active low region (which means it considers 0-2 volts for HIGH and 3-5 volts for LOW) now the output of transistor which is 4.2v approximately will be considered as LOW by the microcontroller and hence the default value given by microcontroller to the seven segment display is 0 which indicates as the tank is empty.

CONDITION 2: Intermediate levels
Now as the water starts filling in the tank a conductive path is established between the sensing probes and the common probe and the corresponding transistors get sufficient biasing at their base, they starts conducting and now the outputs will be Vce (i.e. 1.2v-1.8v) approximately which is given to microcontroller.

Here the microcontroller is programmed as a priority encoder which detects the highest priority input and displays corresponding water level in the seven segment display.

In this project while the water level reaches the 7th level i.e. last but one level along with display in seven segment a discontinuous buzzer is activated which warns user that tank is going to be full soon.

CONDITION 3: Water full
When the tank becomes full, the top level probe gets the conductive path through water and the corresponding transistor gets into conduction whose output given to microcontroller with this input microcontroller not only displays the level in seven segment display but also activates the continuous buzzer by which user can understand that tank is full and can switch off the motor and save water.

Water Level Indicator Project Working Flow Chart:

Flow chart gives the clear and easy understanding of the project. The process goes on as follows:
The microcontroller checks for tank full condition, if the condition is satisfied it indicates the same on display unit and also sounds a buzzer if the condition fails it checks again and this process continues and the corresponding level is indicated in the display unit.

Water Level Indicator Project Applications:
Automatic Water level Controller can be used in Hotels, Factories, Homes Apartments, Commercial Complexes, Drainage, etc., It can be fixed for single phase motor, Single Phase Submersibles, Three Phase motors. (For 3Æ and Single Phase Submersible Starter is necessary) and open well, Bore well and Sump. We can control two motor and two sumps and two overhead tanks by single unit.
Automatic water level controller will automatically START the pump set as soon as the water level falls below the predetermined level (usually 1/2 tank) and shall SWITCH OFF the pump set as soon as tank is full.
Fuel level indicator in vehicles.
Liquid level indicator in the huge containers in the companies.
We are providing complete information i.e circuit diagram and project code here, it would be great if you can share some of your project details with us.

New Arduino JPEG Library Focuses On Speed

2020-08-27T14:10:00.002+05:30

Working with graphics on micro-controllers has always meant that specialize in making the foremost of limited resources. Particularly within the 8-bit era, all manner of tricks were wont to get low-performance chips to realize feats beyond their lowly station. However, these days, we’re blessed with 32-bit workhorses with clock speeds in the tens, or even hundreds, of MHz and many kilobytes of RAM to match.

As discusses during a blog post on the subject , JPEG libraries exist already for the Arduino platform. However, many of those are aimed toward 8-bit platforms with tiny amounts of RAM. While it’s possible to decode JPEGs piece by piece with some intelligent code under these conditions, it’s possible to travel much faster when you’ve got a touch more headroom. Does an excellent job of explaining the variability of optimizations, developed within the 20 years since writing his first JPEG decoder back in 1994. From eliminating unnecessary marker checks to ignoring unneeded data for scaled-down output, it all adds up to urge the work done faster. The library targets the Cortex-M0+, or any chip with a minimum of 20K of RAM, as its bare minimum to work .

Faster chips with higher clock rates naturally do better, and provides benchmark decoding times for various common hardware using the library.

We’ve featured GIF decoder for the Arduino platform before, again a useful library that’s optimised permanently performance. If you’ve got your own neat tricks for image processing on microcontrollers, you know how to call!

Programming of Line Detector Robots using Arduino

2020-08-14T14:28:00.002+05:30

int mot1=9;
int mot2=6;
int mot3=5;
int mot4=3;

int left=13;
int right=12;

int Left=0;
int Right=0;

void LEFT (void);
void RIGHT (void);
void STOP (void);

void setup()
{
pinMode(mot1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(mot2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(mot3,OUTPUT);
pinMode(mot4,OUTPUT);

pinMode(left,INPUT);
pinMode(right,INPUT);

digitalWrite(left,HIGH);
digitalWrite(right,HIGH);

}

void loop()
{

analogWrite(mot1,255);
analogWrite(mot2,0);
analogWrite(mot3,255);
analogWrite(mot4,0);

while(1)
{
Left=digitalRead(left);
Right=digitalRead(right);

if((Left==0 && Right==1)==1)
LEFT();
else if((Right==0 && Left==1)==1)
RIGHT();
}
}

void LEFT (void)
{
analogWrite(mot3,0);
analogWrite(mot4,30);

while(Left==0)
{
Left=digitalRead(left);
Right=digitalRead(right);
if(Right==0)
{
int lprev=Left;
int rprev=Right;
STOP();
while(((lprev==Left)&&(rprev==Right))==1)
{
Left=digitalRead(left);
Right=digitalRead(right);
}
}
analogWrite(mot1,255);
analogWrite(mot2,0);
}
analogWrite(mot3,255);
analogWrite(mot4,0);
}

void RIGHT (void)
{
analogWrite(mot1,0);
analogWrite(mot2,30);

while(Right==0)
{
Left=digitalRead(left);
Right=digitalRead(right);
if(Left==0)
{
int lprev=Left;
int rprev=Right;
STOP();
while(((lprev==Left)&&(rprev==Right))==1)
{
Left=digitalRead(left);
Right=digitalRead(right);
}
}
analogWrite(mot3,255);
analogWrite(mot4,0);
}
analogWrite(mot1,255);
analogWrite(mot2,0);
}
void STOP (void)
{
analogWrite(mot1,0);
analogWrite(mot2,0);
analogWrite(mot3,0);
analogWrite(mot4,0);

}

Programming of Frequency Counter Circuit using 8051 Microcontroller.

2020-08-14T14:07:00.002+05:30

#include
#define lcd P1
sbit rs=P3^0;
sbit e=P3^1;

unsigned long z=0;
void delay (int);
void display (unsigned char);
void cmd (unsigned char);
void init (void);
void string (char *);
void intro (void);
char i=0;

void delay (int i)
{
int j=0;
for(j=0;j
{
TMOD=0x51;
TH0=0xFC;
TL0=0x66;
TR0=1;
while(TF0==0);
TR0=0;
TF0=0;
}
}

void cmd (unsigned char c)
{
lcd=c;
rs=0;
e=1;
delay(10);
e=0;
}
void display (unsigned char c)
{
lcd=c;
rs=1;
e=1;
delay(10);
e=0;
}
void string (char *c)
{
while(*c)
{
display(*c++);
}
}
void init (void)
{
cmd(0x38);
cmd(0x01);
cmd(0x0c);
cmd(0x80);
}
void intro (void)
{
cmd(0x80);
string(" Electronics ");
cmd(0xc0);
string(" Hub ");
delay(2000);
cmd(0x01);
cmd(0x80);
string(" Frequency ");
cmd(0xc0);
string(" Counter ");
delay(2000);
cmd(0x01);
cmd(0x80);
}

void main()
{
unsigned int temp=0;
unsigned int temp1=0;
unsigned int frequency;
init();
intro();
delay(100);
while(1)
{

TMOD=0x51;
TH1=0;
TL1=0;
TR1=1;
delay(100);
TR1=0;
frequency=(TH1*256)+TL1;
frequency=frequency*10;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
if(i==0)
{
string("Frequency In Hz");
i++;
}

cmd(0xc5);
if((frequency>=1) && (frequency<10 span="">
{
string(" ");
temp=frequency*10000;
temp1=((temp/10000)+48);
display(temp1);

}
else if((frequency>=10) && (frequency<100 span="">
{
string(" ");
temp=frequency*1000;
temp1=((temp/10000)+48);
display(temp1);

temp1=(((temp/1000)%10)+48);
display(temp1);

}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
else if((frequency>=100) && (frequency<1000 span="">
{
string(" ");
temp=frequency*100;
temp1=((temp/10000)+48);
display(temp1);

temp1=(((temp/1000)%10)+48);
display(temp1);

temp1=(((temp/100)%10)+48);
display(temp1);

}

else if((frequency>=1000) && (frequency<10000 span="">
{
string(" ");
temp=frequency*10;
temp1=((temp/10000)+48);
display(temp1);

temp1=(((temp/1000)%10)+48);
display(temp1);

temp1=(((temp/100)%10)+48);
display(temp1);

temp1=(((temp/10)%10)+48);
display(temp1);

}
else if((frequency>=10000) && (frequency<100000 span="">
{
temp=frequency*1;
temp1=((temp/10000)+48);
display(temp1);

temp1=(((temp/1000)%10)+48);
display(temp1);

temp1=(((temp/100)%10)+48);
display(temp1);

temp1=(((temp/10)%10)+48);
display(temp1);

temp1=((temp%10)+48);
display(temp1);

}
else
{
string(" 0");
}
delay(500);
}
while(1);
}

WATER LEVEL INDICATOR USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

2020-08-14T14:01:00.002+05:30

WATER LEVEL INDICATOR 8051 MICROCONTROLLER CODE.

#define F_CPU 8000000UL
#include
#include

int main(void)
{
DDRB = 0x00; // PORTB pins as input
DDRD = 0xff; // PORTD as output
DDRC = 0x01; // Buzzer
unsigned char seg[10] = {0x3f,0x06,0x5b,0x4f,0x66,0x6d,0x7d,0x07,0x7f,0x67};
while(1)
{
if((PINB & 0xff)==0x00) // 8th probe, Tank full
{
PORTC = 0x01;
PORTD = seg[8];
}
else if((PINB & 0xff)==0x01) // 7th probe
{
PORTC = 0x01;
_delay_ms(500);
PORTC = 0x00;
_delay_ms(500);
PORTD = seg[7];
}
else if((PINB & 0xff)==0x03) // 6th probe
{
PORTC = 0x00;
PORTD = seg[6];
}
else if((PINB & 0xff)== 0x07) // 5th probe
{
PORTC = 0x00;
PORTD = seg[5];
}
else if((PINB & 0xff)== 0x0f) // 4th probe
{
PORTC = 0x00;
PORTD = seg[4];
}
else if((PINB & 0xff)==0x1f) // 3rd probe
{
PORTC = 0x00;
PORTD = seg[3];
}
else if((PINB & 0xff) == 0x3f) // 2nd probe
{
PORTC = 0x00;
PORTD = seg[2];
}
else if((PINB & 0xff) == 0x7f) // 1st probe
{
PORTC = 0x00;
PORTD = seg[1];
}
else // Tank empty
{
PORTC = 0x00;
PORTD = seg[0];
}
}
}

Night lamp using scrap CFL

2013-02-11T20:02:00.004+05:30

An unserviceable CFL, the filament has reached the end of its life but
there is every possibility that the electronic ballast circuit inside
the bottom of the CFL is in working condition. The night lamp circuit
described here uses the serviceable electronic circuit fitted in the
base of an 11-watt CFL

For constructing this night lamp, remove the CFL glass tube and replace it
with four white LEDs as described below. You should be careful not to
break the tube as it contains hazardous materials such as mercury.
Carefully open the base of CFL holder using an appropriate tool. You can
see the electronic ballast circuit on a circular PCB

Use the components from the ballast circuit and a series combination of
four bright white LEDs as shown in Fig. 1. Remove all other components
from the original ballast circuit. As per the requirement of light
intensity in your room, you can increase the number of white LEDs up to
eight. As shown in Figure, the full-wave bridge rectifier
comprising diodes D1 through D4 converts AC voltage into DC voltage.
Snubber capacitor C1 at the input reduces the line input voltage of 230V
to a very low-level AC voltage. Series current-limiting resistor R2 and
series inductor coil L1 avoid voltage spikes. Fit the circular

PCB in the waste CFL holder and your night lamp is ready for use.

Photo Timer Circuit

2010-07-09T22:23:00.002+05:30

Time is set by potentiometer R2 which provides a range or 1 sec. To 100 seconds with timing capacitor C1 of 100uF. The output at pin 3 is normally low and the relay is held off. A momentary push on switch S1 energies the relay which is held closed for a time 1.1 X (R1+R2). C1 and then released. The exact length of the timing interval will depend on the actual capacitance of C1. Most electrolytic capacitors are rated on the basis of minimum guaranteed value and the actual value may be higher. The circuit should be calibrated for various positions of the control knob of R2 after the timing capacitor has had a chance to age. Once the capacitor has reached its stable value, the timings provided should be well within the photographic requirements.

Parts List

C1-100uF,25Velectrolytic
C2-0.01uF,discceramic
D1,D2-DR50or1N4001
R!,R2-10Kohms,¼watts
R3-1Mohms,potentiometer
RLY1-12V, DC relay, operating current less than 200mA
S1-Push-to-onswitch
U1-NE555timerIC

P1 & P2 are for exposure lamp ckt.

Science Duniya: Potentiometer

2010-06-14T21:15:00.000+05:30

Science Duniya: Potentiometer

FM Telephone Bug

2010-02-15T14:50:00.002+05:30

Description:

Here is a simple transmitter that when connected to a phone line, will transmit anything on that line (execpt the dial tone) to any FM radio. The frequency can be tuned from 88 to about 94Mhz and the range is about 200 feet. It is extremely easy to build and is therefore a good, useful beginner project.

Notes:

1. L1 is 7 turns of 22 AWG wire wound on a 9/64 drill bit. You may need to experiment with the number of turns.

2. By stretching and compressing the coils of L1, you can change the frequency of the transmitter. The min frequency is about 88 Mhz, while the max frequency is around 94 Mhz.

3. The green wire from the phone line goes to IN1. The red wire from the phone line goes to IN2. The green wire from OUT1 goes to the phone(s), as well as the red wire from OUT2.

4. The antenna is a piece of thin (22 AWG) wire about 5 inches long.

5. All capacitors are rated for 250V or greater.

6. The transmitter is powered by the phone line and is on only when the phone is in use. S1 can be used to turn the transmitter off if it is not needed.

7. If you have problems with the LED burning out, then add a 300 ohm 1/4W resistor in series with it.

Parts:

Part Total Qty. Description
R1 1 180 Ohm 1/4 W Resistor
R2 1 12K 1/4 W Resistor
C1 1 330pF Capacitor
C2 1 12pF Capacitor
C3 1 471pF Capacitor
C4 1 22pF Capacitor
Q1 1 2SA933 Transistor
D1,D2,D3,D4 4 1SS119 Silicon Diode
D5 1 Red LED
S1 1 SPDT Switch
L1 1 Tuning Coil
MISC 1 Wire, Circuit Board

7 Segment LED Counter

2010-02-15T14:11:00.001+05:30

7 Segment LED Counter

This simple counter can be used to count pulses, as the basis for a customer counter (like you see at the doors of some stores), or for anything else that may be counted. The circuit accepts any TTL compatible logic signal, and can be expanded easily.

Schematic

7 Segment Display Reference

Parts:

Part	Total Qty.	Description	Substitutions
R1-R7	7	470 Ohm 1/4 Watt Resistor
U1	1	74LS90 TTL BCD Counter IC	7490,74HC90
U2	1	74LS47 TTL Seven Segment Display Driver IC	7447,74HC47
DISP1	1	Common Anode 7 Segment LED Display
MISC	1	Board, Sockets For ICs, Wire

1. All pulses to be counted are to be TTL compatible. They should not exeed 5V and not fall below ground.

2. You can add more digits by building a second (or third, or fourth, etc...) circuit and connecting the pin 11-6 junction of the 74LS90 and 74LS47 to pin 14 of the 74LS90 in the other circuit. You can keep expanding this way to as many digits as you want.

Long FM Transistor

2010-01-23T18:58:00.000+05:30

Several circuits for constructing FM transmitters have been published in EFY. The power output of most of these circuits are very low because no power amplifier stages were incorporated. The transmitter circuit described here has an extra RF power amplifier stage, after the oscillator stage, to raise the power output to 200-250 milliwatts. With a good matching 50-ohm ground plane antenna or multi-element Yagi antenna, this transmitter can provide reasonably good signal strength up to a distance of about 2 kilometres. The circuit built around transistor T1 (BF494) is a basic low-power variable-frequency VHF oscillator. A varicap diode circuit is included to change the frequency of the transmitter and to provide frequency modulation by audio signals. The output of the oscillator is about 50 milliwatts. Transistor T2 (2N3866) forms a VHF-class A power amplifier. It boosts the oscillator signals’ power four to five times. Thus, 200-250 milliwatts of power is generated at the collector of transistor T2. For better results, assemble the circuit on a good-quality glass epoxy board and house the transmitter inside an aluminium case. Shield the oscillator stage using an aluminium sheet. Coil winding details are given below: L1 - 4 turns of 20 SWG wire close wound over 8mm diameter plastic former. L2 - 2 turns of 24 SWG wire near top end of L1. (Note: No core (i.e. air core) is used for the above coils) L3 - 7 turns of 24 SWG wire close wound with 4mm diameter air core. L4 - 7 turns of 24 SWG wire-wound on a ferrite bead (as choke) Potentiometer VR1 is used to vary the fundamental frequency whereas potentiometer VR2 is used as power control. For hum-free operation, operate the transmitter on a 12V rechargeable battery pack of 10 x 1.2-volt Ni-Cd cells. Transistor T2 must be mounted on a heat sink. Do not switch on the transmitter without a matching antenna. Adjust both trimmers (VC1 and VC2) for maximum transmission power. Adjust potentiometer VR1 to set the fundamental frequency near 100 MHz. This transmitter should only be used for educational purposes. Regular transmission using such a transmitter without a licence is illegal in India

Live-line Detector

2010-01-21T17:14:00.000+05:30

Live-line Detector

Detects the presence of a live mains conductor

Parts:

C1____________100nF 63V Polyester or Ceramic Capacitor D1_____________Red LED (any type) IC1____________4017 Decade counter with 10 decoded outputs IC P1_____________SPST Pushbutton B1_____________3V Battery (two 1.5V AA or AAA cells in series etc.) Sensing probe__3 to 15 cm. long, stiff insulated piece of wire

Diagram:

Circuit operation:

If the unit is brought close to a live conductor (insulated, and even buried in plaster) capacitive coupling between the live conductor and the probe clocks the counter, and causes the LED to flash 5 times per second, because the 4017 IC divides the mains 50Hz frequency by 10. When remote from a live line, the unit stops counting, the LED resulting permanently off.

Notes:

Sensitivity can be varied using a more or less long sensing probe.
Due to 3V operation, the LED's current limiting resistor can be omitted.

ATA 50 to 40 pin CD-ROM pinout

2010-01-21T17:05:00.000+05:30

ATA 50 to 40 pin (notebook CD-ROM) pinout

ATA (40) Pin	CD-ROM (50) Pin	Name	Description
	1	Audio Left	audio left
	2	Audio Right	audio right
	3	Audio ground	audio ground
2	4	GND	Ground
1	5	/RESET	Reset
4	6	DD8	Data 8
3	7	DD7	Data 7
6	8	DD9	Data 9
5	9	DD6	Data 6
8	10	DD10	Data 10
7	11	DD5	Data 5
10	12	DD11	Data 11
9	13	DD4	Data 4
12	14	DD12	Data 12
11	15	DD3	Data 3
14	16	DD13	Data 13
13	17	DD2	Data 2
16	18	DD14	Data 14
15	19	DD1	Data 1
18	20	DD15	Data 15
17	21	DD0	Data 0
21	22	DMARQ	DMA Request
19	23	GND	Ground
25	24	/DIOR	Read Strobe
23	25	/DIOW	Write Strobe
22	26	GND	Ground
27	27	IORDY	I/O Ready
29	28	/DMACK	DMA Acknowledge
31	29	INTRQ	Interrupt Request
32	30	/IOCS16	IO ChipSelect 16
33	31	DA1	Address 1
34	32	PDIAG	Passed Diagnostics
35	33	DA0	Address 0
36	34	DA2	Address 2
37	35	/IDE_CS0	(1F0-1F7)
38	36	/IDE_CS1	(3F6-3F7)
39	37	/ACTIVE - /DASI - DASP	Led driver
+5V	38	+5V	+ 5 volts power
+5V	39	+5V	+ 5 volts power
+5V	40	+5V	+ 5 volts power
+5V	41	+5V	+ 5 volts power
+5V	42	+5V	+ 5 volts power
24	43	GND	Ground
26	44	GND	Ground
30	45	GND	Ground
40	46	GND	Ground
28	47	Device Cfg	Spindle Sync or Cable Select
GROUND	48	GND	Ground
	49	reserved	Vendor Unique
	50	reserved	Vendor Unique

Lie Detector

2010-01-21T01:13:00.001+05:30

Here's a simple lie detector that can be built in a few minutes, but can be incredibly useful when you want to know if someone is really telling you the truth. It is not as sophisticated as the ones the professionals use, but it works. It works by measuring skin resistance, which goes down when you lie.

Parts

Part Total Qty.

ResistorR1 1 33K 1/4W

Resistor R2 1 5K Pot

Resistor R3 1 1.5K 1/4W

Capacitor C1 1 1uF 16V Electrolytic Capacitor

Transistor Q1 1 2N3565 NPN Transistor

Analog Meter M1 1 0-1 mA

Case

Wire

Electrodes

Notes

1. The electrodes can be alligator clips (although they can be painful), electrode pads (like the type they use in the hospital), or just wires and tape.

2. To use the circuit, attach the electrodes to the back of the subjects hand, about 1 inch apart. Then, adjust the meter for a reading of 0. Ask the questions. You know the subject is lying when the meter changes.

Magnetic Gun

2009-10-16T18:06:00.000+05:30

Magnetic Gun

courtesy

Picture in figure is a miniature magnetic gun. When optimally tuned, it will propel a small slug about 1.5 metres high, or 2.5 metres horizontally. IC1 is a 555 timer in astable mode, sending approx. 10 ms pulses to decade counter IC2. IC2 is continually reset through R3, until pin 15 is taken low through the "Fire" button. IC2 then sequences through outputs Q1 to Q7, to feed power transistors TR1 to TR4, which fire electromagnets L1 to L4 in rapid sequence. Transformer T1 secondary is 18 volts 1 amp A.C. When rectified and smoothed, this provides 25.2 V D.C for electromagnets L1 to L4. Resistor R4 drops 12 V to obtain a supply voltage low enough for IC1 and IC2. The electromagnets are wound on a 25 cm long, 3 mm dia. copper tube (available at hobby shops). Two "stops" may be cut from tin for each electromagnet, and 500 turns of approx. 30 swg. enamelled copper wire wound between them. The electromagnets should be wound on a base of reversed sellotape, so that one may slide them on the copper tube. The slug (or "bullet") is a 3 cm long piece of 2 mm dia. galvanized wire, which should slide loosely inside the copper tube. Most crucial to the effectiveness of the gun are the setting of VR1 and the positions of electromagnets L1 to L4 on the copper tube (the values and measurements shown are merely a guide). Firstly, with L2 to L4 disconnected, VR1 should be tuned and L1 positioned for optimum effectiveness (place a wire inside the tube to feel how far the slug jumps with L1). Then L2 (now connected) should be positioned for optimum effectiveness (the slug will now exit the tube). Repeat with L3 and L4. Electromagnets L2 to L4 were each found to substantially increase the range of the gun. In a forthcoming edition of EPE, the author will describe how readers may land a small projectile on Mars.

2009-10-15T12:14:00.001+05:30

I. IC's

1. IC LM 386 -4

2. IC LM 567 -2

3. IC CD 4093 - 2

TRANSISTORS

1. TRANSISTOR BC 547- 12

RESISTORS

18 k 4

1 k 4

3.3 k 6

47 k 8

5.6 k 2

22 k 4

2.2 k 8

220 k 2

12 k 4

470 k 2

1 k 8

10 k 12

4.7 k 4

100 W 6

IV. CAPACITORS

1. 0.001mf 8

2. 0 .01 mf 14

3. 1 mf / 14 volt 4

4. 4.7 mf /50 volt 10

5. 0 .04 mf 10

6. 470 mf /16 volt 2

7. 100 mf /16 volt 2

8. 220 mf /16 volt 4

9. .022 mf /680 volt 4

10. 370 pf 2

11. 1000 mf /50 volt 4

12. .022 mf 2

DIODES

1. Diode 1N 4148 -18

2. Diode 1N 4007 -8

3. Zener Diode, 9 Volt - 2

4. Zener Diode, 6 Volt - 2

VI. MISCELENEOUS

1. READ SWITCH - 2

2. COIL SET -7

3. SPEAKER -2

4. MICROPHONE -2

5. STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER -2

6. P.C.B - 2

7. HANDSET COVER- 2

8. WIRE 2 meters

9. PLUG - 2

10. MAGNETS -2

2009-10-15T11:45:00.000+05:30

VIEW DISCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM

Circuit Diagram Of PLCC

2009-10-15T11:35:00.000+05:30

View List of Component

Electronics and communication

2009-01-29T14:29:00.000+05:30

Dear to All engineer the blog http://homemadecircuits is requesting to all engineers if they want to express his knowledge than we are very thankful to them. Our main motto is to make every person aware with the Every Green Electronics and Communication. So if you want to express any kind of knowledge we are ready to help you. You can express your knowledge by simply writing the blog on this website

Remote control appliances

2009-01-29T14:00:00.000+05:30

We are very thank full to http://babieseworld.blogspot.com for our support. This circuit is useful for controlling the appliance with the help of remote. This circuit can be connect in any appliance such as T.V. ,Radio, Fan etc.