Radiology

Lumbar/ Lumbosacral Vertebrae Study

2012-12-25T19:13:00.004+00:00

AP Projection

Patient in supine position;
Flex at the level of the elbows and rest the hands in upper chest;
Aligned the midsagital plane;
Flex the knees to reduce lumbar lordosis.

Central ray perpendicular to the middle of L3 and iliac crest (lumbosacral study) or at the level of L3 (lumbar study).

Respiration: Suspended at the end of expiration.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of T12 to S1or to the end of sacrum;
Intervertebral joints open;
No rotation: symmetry of the vertebrae with spinous process at the center of the bodies;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Lateral Projection

Patient in a lateral recumbent position;
Flex the knees and overlap both of them;
Flex at the level of the elbows with the hands at the side of the head.

Central ray perpendicular ,to the middle of L3 and iliac crest (lumbosacral study) or at the level of L3 (lumbar study), at the midcoronal plane.

Respiration: Suspended at the end of expiration.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of T12 to S1 or to the end of sacrum;
Disk spaces open;
Posterior margins of vertebrae superimposed;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

PA Oblique Projection

Patient in prone position;
Rotation the body 45º approximately;
Support this position with the forearm and with the knee flexed;

Central ray perpendicular at the level L3, 5cm lateral to the elevate side.

Respiration: Suspended at the end of expiration.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization from lower thoracic vertebrae to sacrum;
Good visualization of scotty dog;
L3 in the center of the image;
Iliac crest of the side in the table it is almost in profile position;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Lateral Projection- Hyperflexion and Hyperextension

Patient in lateral recumbent position;

a) Hyperflexion: lean forward as much as possible;
b) Hyperextension: lean backward as much as possible.

Central ray perpendicular to L3.

Respiration: Suspended.

Evaluation Criteria:

No rotation: posterior margins of vertebrae superimposed;

Spinal Fusion in the center of image;

Visualization of T12 to S1;

Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Thoracic vertebrae

2012-12-22T20:27:00.002+00:00

AP Projection

Patient in supine position;
Upper limbs extend along the side of the body;
Aligned the midsagital plane;
Flex the knees.

Central ray perpendicular to the middle of the sternum.

Respiration: Suspended.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of the all 12 thoracic vertebrae;
No rotation;
Spinous process centered and aligned;
Thoracic vertebrae in the center of the image;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Lateral Projection

Patient in a lateral recumbent position;
Flex the knees and overlap both of them;
Flex at the level of the elbows with the hands at the side of the head.

Central ray perpendicular to T7.

Respiration: Suspended at the end of the inspiration.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of the thoracic vertebral totally;
The thoracic vertebrae in the center of the image;
No rotation;
Ribs overlapped;
Disk spaces open;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Cervicothoracic Region Study

2012-12-19T01:16:00.000+00:00

Lateral Projection

Patient in upright position and then in a lateral position;
Elevate the arm close to the vertical table and rest the hand on the patient´s head;
The other arm it is extended along the body.

Central ray perpendicular to space C7-T1.

Respiration: Suspended.

Evaluation Criteria:

No rotation;
Shoulders free overlapped from each other;
Visualization C5 to T4;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Cervical Vertebrae Study

2012-12-16T16:13:00.003+00:00

AP Axial Projection

Patient in upright or supine position;
Extend the chin slightly;

Central ray angled 15º-20º cephalad to C4.

Respiration:Suspended.

Evaluation Criteria:

Disk spaces open;
No rotation;
Spinous process equidistant to the pedicles;
Visualization of C3 to T1 in the center of the image;
Superimposed of the mandible and occiput over the atlas and axis;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Lateral Projection

Patient in upright or seated position;
Place in a true lateral position;
Elevate the chin slightly.

Central ray perpendicular and horizontal to C4.

Respiration: Suspended at the end of the expiration.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of the all seven cervical vertebrae and T1;
No overlapping of mandible to the atlas or axis;
Spine in the center of the image;
No rotation: zygapophysical joints overlapped;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Lateral Projection- Hyperflexion and hyperextension

Patient in a true lateral position;

Hyperflexion: Draw the chin as much as possible to the chest;
Hyperextension: Elevate the chin as much as possible.

Central ray perpendicular and horizontal to C4

Respiration: Suspended.

Hiperflexion

Hiperextension

Evaluation Criteria:

No rotation;
Cervical vertebrae in profile position;
Visualization of C1 to C7;
In Hyperflexion the body of mandible it is almost in vertical position;
In Hyperextension the body of mandible it is almost in horizontal position;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Hiperflexion

Hiperextension

AP Axial Projection

Patient in upright position;
Body rotation at 45º.

Central ray angled 15-20º cephalad to C4.

Respiration: Suspended.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of C1 to T1;
Intervertebral foramina open;
Disk spaces open;
Occipital and mandible not overlapping to the atlas or axis;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Atlas and Axis Study

2012-12-12T17:26:00.003+00:00

AP Projection

Patient in supine position;
Open the mouth so that the line from the lower edge of the upper incisors to the tip of the mastoid process.

Central ray perpendicular to the middle of the mouth.

Respiration: pronation of the word ah during the exposure.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of the atlas, axis e dens in the center of the mouth;
Upper central incisors and the base of the skull superimposed;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Sacroiliac Joints Study

2012-12-08T16:56:00.001+00:00

AP Projection

Patient in supine position;
Lower limbs in extension.

Central ray angled 30-35º cephalad to the middle between Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) and pubic symphysis.

Respiration: Suspended.

Evaluation Criteria:

Lower spine in the center of the image and centered with the sacrum;
Good visualization of the sacroiliac joints and L5;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

AP Oblique Projection

Patient start in prone supine position;
Elevation from the affected side 25-30º

- LPO to demonstrate the right joint;
- RPO to demonstrate the left joint.

Central ray perpendicular to the middle between Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) and pubic symphysis, of the affected side.

Respiration: Suspended.

Evaluation Criteria:

Sacroiliac joint open and in the center of the image;
Iliac crest almost in profile position;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

RPO- Left joint

Acetabulum Study

2012-12-07T12:00:00.002+00:00

AP Oblique Projection

Patient in supine position;
Elevation from the affected side about 45º (situation A) or approximation the affected side and elevation the other side 45º (situation B).

Central ray perpendicular to the middle, between Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) and pubic symphysis, of the affected side.

Respiration: Suspended.

Situation A:

Obturator foramen opened;
Iliac crest almost in profile;
Acetabulum in the center of the image;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Situation B:

Iliac crest unfolded;
Obturator foramen in oblique position;
Acetabulum in the center of the image;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Anterior Pelvis Bones Study

2012-12-01T16:35:00.001+00:00

Superoinferior axial “Inlet” Projection

Patient in supine position;
Lower limbs in extension.

Central ray angled 45º caudal to the middle between Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) and pubic symphysis.

Respiration: Suspended.

Evaluation Criteria:

Good visualization of the pelvic;
Symphysis pubic in axial projection;
Visualization of the hip joint;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

AP Axial “Outlet” Projection

Patient in supine position;
Lower limbs in extension.

Central ray angled 45º cephalad to the middle between Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) and pubic symphysis.

Respiration: Suspended.

Evaluation Criteria:

Pubic bones superimposed by the sacrum;
Symmetry of the obturator foramen;
Visualization of the hip joint;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Pelvis

2012-12-01T16:30:00.003+00:00

AP Projection

Patient in supine position;
Medially rotation of the lower limbs about 15º.

Central ray perpendicular to the middle between Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) and pubic symphysis.

Respiration: Suspended.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of the entire pelvis and proximal femur;
Lesser trochanter on the medial border;
Greater trochanter in profile;
Spine in the center of the image and centered with the center of the sacrum;
Symmetric of obturator foramina;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Hip Study

2012-11-27T23:59:00.001+00:00

AP Projection

Patient in supine position;
Medially rotation of the lower limb 15º.

Central ray perpendicular to the femoral neck.

Respiration: Suspended.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of the hip joint;
Greater trochanter in profile;
Visualization of one third of the proximal femur;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Lateral Projection

Patient start in supine position;
Rotate slightly the patient from the affected side (30-45º);
Flex the affected knee 90º and the other lower limb it is in extension.

Central ray perpendicular to hip joint.

Respiration: Suspended.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of one third of the proximal femur;
Hip joint in the center of the image;
Femoral neck is overlapped by the greater trochanter;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Femur Study

2012-11-25T16:43:00.000+00:00

AP Projection

Patient in supine position;
Medial rotation of 15º.

Central ray perpendicular to the middle of the femur.

Note: To study the distal femur it is necessary to include the knee joint and in study of proximal femur it is necessary to include the hip joint.

Evaluation Criteria:

In study of distal femur it is necessary to see no rotation in the knee joint;
In study of the proximal femur it is necessary to see the lesser trochanter in medial border and greater trochanter in profile;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Proximal Fémur

Distal Fémur

Lateral Projection

Patient turn to the affected side;
For the study of distal femur flex the knee 30º;
For the study of the proximal femur it is necessary to flex the knee 45º and rotate 5º for the lateral position.

Central ray perpendicular to the middle of the femur.

Proximal Fémur

Distal Fémur

Evaluation Criteria:

In study of distal femur:

Patella in profile;
Patellofemural joint open;

In study of proximal femur:

Greater and lesser trochanters not proeminent;

Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Proximal Fémur

Distal Fémur

Patella Study

2012-11-23T13:58:00.000+00:00

PA Projection

Patient in prone position;
Tip of the foot supported in the table (patella parallel with the plane of the IP).

Central ray perpendicular to the middle of the popliteal area.

Evaluation Criteria:

Patella superimposed by the femur;
No rotation;
Visualization of the knee joint;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Lateral projection

Patient in the lateral recumbent position;
Flex the knee at 30º.

Central ray perpendicular to the middle of pattelofemoral joint.

Evaluation Criteria:

Knee flexed 0º;
Patellofemural joint open;
Patella in profile;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Tangential Projection

Patient in supine position;
Flex the knee at 30º, 60º or 90º;
Ask to patient hold the IP.

Central ray angled 15º (knee flexed 30º), 20º (knee flexed 60º) or 25º (knee flexed 90º) cephalic and tangential to the patella.

Evaluation Criteria:

Patella in profile;
Patellofemural joint open;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Standing Knee Study

2012-11-18T16:24:00.006+00:00

AP Projection

Patient in upright position;
Knees extended and the toes straight ahead.

Central ray horizontal and perpendicular to the center of IP, 2 cm below the apices of the patella.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of all the knees, from femoral distal to proximal tibia and fibula;
No rotation of the knees: Femoral condyles equidistants;
Fibular head and tibia slightly superimposed;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Lateral Projection

Patient in upright position;
Turn to side of the study to the potter;
The other limb it is in forward, flexed and resting in a chair;
Rotation of the limb in study to the external, slightly, wich should be extended.

Central ray to the level of the apice of the patella, at the middle of the knee.

Knee Study

2012-11-16T17:47:00.000+00:00

AP Projection

Patient in supine;
Leg in extension and in slightly medial rotation at 15º.

Central ray perpendicular to 2 cm below the apice of the patella.

Evaluation criteria:

Visualization of the open femorotibial joints space;
Tibia and fibula moderately overlapped in the proximal level;
Patella completely superimposed on the femur;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Lateral Projection

Patient in supine;
turn toward the affected side until it is in lateral position;
flexion of the knee at 30º;

Central ray angle of 5-10º cephalic, to 2 cm posterior of the apice of the patella.

Evaluation Criteria:

Femoral condyles superimposed;
Open joint spaces between femoral condyles and tibia;
Knee flexed;
Patella in profile;
Fibular head and tibia slightly superimposed;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Leg Study

2012-11-13T16:59:00.002+00:00

AP Projection

Patient in supine;
Leg in extension ;
Dorsiflexion of the foot at 90º;
Medial rotation at 15º.

Central Ray perpendicular to the center of the leg.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of the ankle and the knee joints without rotation;
Tibia and fibula moderately overlapped at the level of the proximal and the distal;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Lateral Projection

Patient in supine;
Turn toward the affected side with the leg until it is in lateral position;
Dorsiflexion of the foot at 90º;
Slight rotation such that the malleoli become superimposed.

Central ray perpendicular to the midpoint of the leg.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of the ankle and knee joints without rotation;
Distal fibula lying over the posterior half of the tibia;
Tibia and fibula moderately overlapped in the distal level;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Ankle Study

2012-11-10T16:59:00.003+00:00

AP Projection

Patient in supine;
Lower limb extended;
Dorsiflexion of the foot at 90º;
Medial rotation at 15º.

Central ray perpendicular to the ankle joint at middle at the malleoli.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of the tibiotalar joint space;
Talus slightly overlapped to the distal fibula;
Visualization of the both malleolis;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Lateral Projection

Patient in supine and then turn toward to the affected side until it is in lateral position;
Dorsiflexion of the foot at 90º.

Central ray perpendicular to the medial malleolus.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of the both malleolus superimposed;
Fibula overlapped to the posterior half of the tibia;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Subtalar Joint Study

2012-11-10T16:52:00.003+00:00

AP Axial Oblique Projection

Patient in supine position;
Leg extended;
Dorsiflexion of the foot at 90º;
Ankle joint in flexion at 45º medially.

Central ray angled cephalic 10, 20, 30, 40º to the joint.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of the anterior and posterior portions of the posterior subtalar joint;
Visualization of the distal ankle to calcaneus;
Dorsiflexion of the foot at 90º;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

10º

20º

30º

40º

Calcaneus Study

2012-11-04T12:28:00.000+00:00

Lateral Projection

Patient in supine;
Turn to the affected side until is in lateral side;
Foot in dorsiflexion at 90º.

Central ray perpendicular to the calcaneus.

Evaluation Criteria:

No rotation of the calcaneus;
Visualization of the sinus tarsi and sustentaculum tali;
Dorsiflexion of the foot at 90º;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Axial Projection

Patient in supine and the leg extended;
Place a long gauze around the foot and make the patient hold it to make the right dorsiflexion.

Central ray angled 30-40º cephalic to the calcaneus.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of the calcaneus and subtalar joint;
Sustentaculum tali in profile;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Standing foot study

2012-11-01T14:30:00.004+00:00

AP Axial Projection

Patient in the standing-upright position over the IP with the feet centered on each side.

Central ray angled 10-15º cephalic at the level of the base of the first metatarsals.

Evaluation Criteria:

Both feet centered on image;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Lateral Projection

Patient in the standing-upright position;
Place the IP between the foots;
Medial face of the foot against the sensitive part of the IP.

Central ray perpendicular and horizontal to the base of the fifth metatarsal.

Evaluation Criteria:

Superimposed of the fibula and tibia;
Overlapped of the metatarsal heads;
Visualization of the entire foot and distal leg;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Sesamoids Study

2012-10-29T12:00:00.001+00:00

Tangential Projection

Patient in prone position;
Rest the first toe in the IP of dorsiflexion.

Central ray perpendicular and tangential to the first metatarsophalangeal joint.

Evaluation Criteria:

Sesamoids free of any portion of the first metatarsal;
Good visualization of the metatarsal heads;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Foot Study

2012-10-29T11:57:00.001+00:00

AP Projection

Patient in supine position;
Flex the knee with the sole of the foot firmly on the IP;
Toes on extension.

Central ray angled 10º toward to the base of the third metatarsal.

Evaluation Criteria:

No rotation of the foot;
Equal amount of space between the second and fourth metatarsals;
Overlap of the second through fifth metatarsal bases;
Base of the first and second metatarsal, medial and intermediate cuneiform free of superimposing;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

AP Oblique Projection

Patient in supine position;
Medial aspect of the foot on the IP at an angle of 30-45º with the same.

Central Ray perpendicular to the base of the third metatarsal.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of the sinus tarsi and tuberosity of the fifth metatarsals;
Base of the first and second metatarsal, medial and intermediate cuneiform superimposed;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Study of the first toe

2012-10-25T19:00:00.002+01:00

AP projection

The patient is seated or placed supine on the table;
Flex the knee;
sole of the foot in IP;
The contralateral limb in extension.

Central ray perpendicular through the first interphalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint.

Evaluation Criteria:

No rotation of the toe;
Visualization of metatarsophalangeal joint;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Lateral Projection

The patient is seated or placed supine on the table;
Flex of the knee;
Support of the internal face of the first toe;

Central ray perpendicular through the first interphalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint.

Evaluation Criteria:

Phalange in profile;
Without superimposition of adjacent toes;
Open interphalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Toes (second to fifth) Study

2012-10-22T14:48:00.001+01:00

AP Projection

The patient is seated or placed supine on the table;
Flex the knee;
sole of the foot in IP;
The contralateral limb in extension.

Central ray perpendicular through the third metatarsophalangeal joint.

Evaluation criteria:

No rotation of phalanges;
Toes separated from each other;
Distal ends of the metatarsals;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

AP Oblique Projection

The patient is seated or placed supine on the table;
Flex the knee and rest the sole of the foot on the IP;
Medial rotation of the leg and the foot 45º.

Central ray perpendicular through the third metatarsophalangeal joint.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of all phalanges;
Oblique toes and separate from each other;
Open interphalangeal and second through fifth metatarsophalangeal joint space;
The first metatarsophalangeal joint isn’t always open;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Chest

2012-10-19T11:44:00.000+01:00

PA Projection

Patient in upright position;
Flexed of the arms with the back of the hands resting on the hips;
Extended the chin upward;
Adjust the shoulders in the same plane.

Central ray perpendicular at the lever T7.

Respiration: Full inspiration.

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of the entire lungs, from the apices to the costophrenic angles;
No rotation;
Scapula projected outside the lung fields;
Spine in the center of the image;
Visualization of the first three dorsal vertebrae, and the others will be erasing progressively.

Lateral Projection

Patient in upright position;
Turn the patient to the lateral position;
Extended the upper limbs with the forearms above the head.

Central ray perpendicular on the midcoronal plane ate the level of T7.

Respiration: Full inspiration.

Evaluation Criteria:

Superimposed of the ribs posterior in the spine;
Sternum in profile without rotation;
Visualization of the all lungs, from apices to costophrenic angles.

Ribs

2012-10-16T15:47:00.001+01:00

PA/AP Projection

Patient in upright position;
Hands in resting at level of the hips (PA Projection) or extended arms to the vertical with the hands abose the head (AP Projection).

Central ray perpendicular at the middle of the ribs in study.

Respiration: Suspended (totally ribs) or at the end of expiration (inferior ribs) or at the end of the inspiration (upper ribs).

PA Projection

AP Projection

Evaluation Criteria:

Visualization of the entire ribs;
In a unilateral study, not visualization from the opposite side;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

PA Projection

AP Projection

AP/PA Oblique Projection

Patient in upright position;
Rotate the patient 45º placing the affected side closes to the IP ( AP Projection) or placing the affected side away from the IP (PA Projection);
Abduct the arm and elevate (AP Projection) or abduct the arm with he hand on the hip (PA Projection).

Central ray perpendicular to the center of the IP.

Respiration: Suspended (totally ribs) or at the end of expiration (inferior ribs) or at the end of the inspiration (upper ribs).

PA Projection

AP Projection

Evaluation Criteria:

Ribs are projected free of superimposition;
Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

PA Projection

AP Projection

Radiology

Lumbar/ Lumbosacral Vertebrae Study

AP Projection

Lateral Projection

PA Oblique Projection

Lateral Projection- Hyperflexion and Hyperextension

Evaluation Criteria: No rotation: posterior margins of vertebrae superimposed; Spinal Fusion in the center of image; Visualization of T12 to S1; Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).

Thoracic vertebrae

AP Projection

Lateral Projection

Cervicothoracic Region Study

Lateral Projection

Cervical Vertebrae Study

AP Axial Projection

Lateral Projection

Lateral Projection- Hyperflexion and hyperextension

AP Axial Projection

Atlas and Axis Study

AP Projection

Sacroiliac Joints Study

AP Oblique Projection

Acetabulum Study

AP Oblique Projection

Anterior Pelvis Bones Study

Superoinferior axial “Inlet” Projection

AP Axial “Outlet” Projection

Pelvis

AP Projection

Hip Study

Lateral Projection

Femur Study

AP Projection

Lateral Projection

Patella Study

PA Projection

Lateral projection

Tangential Projection

Standing Knee Study

AP Projection

Lateral Projection

Knee Study

AP Projection

Lateral Projection

Leg Study

Ankle Study

AP Projection

Lateral Projection

Subtalar Joint Study

AP Axial Oblique Projection

Calcaneus Study

Lateral Projection

Axial Projection

Standing foot study

AP Axial Projection

Lateral Projection

Sesamoids Study

Tangential Projection

Foot Study

AP Projection

AP Oblique Projection

Study of the first toe

AP projection

Toes (second to fifth) Study

AP Projection

AP Oblique Projection

Chest

PA Projection

Lateral Projection

Ribs

PA/AP Projection

AP/PA Oblique Projection

Evaluation Criteria:

No rotation: posterior margins of vertebrae superimposed;

Spinal Fusion in the center of image;

Visualization of T12 to S1;

Appropriate exposure values (visualization of the all bony trabeculation and soft tissue).