lazyhacker

Finally, Long awaited web client for chrome and andriod by whatsapp

2015-01-22T06:07:00.001-08:00

Whatsapp will now make its way to users' desktop with the launch of a web client for Chrome and Android.
According to the Verge, WhatsApp confirmed earlier rumors, which pointed to a newly live page at web.whatsapp.com.
A company spokesman said that the primary use is still on one' phone, but there are people who spend time in front of a computer at home or at work and this will help bridge the two.
In order for the client to work, the phone will need to stay connected to the web.
Also, all user messages will still reside on the phone, the report added.

And World goes on with everyday's pessimistic news

2015-01-16T14:34:00.000-08:00

God has blessed mankind with a special gift in the from of feelings. which gives us an easier way of expressing our emotions. There are different forms of feeling which appears depending upon circumstances which we go through. It varies from person to person. But, overall we can conclude that everybody has emotions and feelings are the way to express them. Human minds are automatically influenced by outer environment and surrounding creatures.

Today's topic is a kind of unanswered question still revolving in my mind. and, I am still struggling to explore it. All of us go through different events and stages in life, and everybody has a different life story. There are things which might repeat in your life. It could be anything like influence from inspiration from somebody. which, for sometimes disappears and then, start again or a quest to do something. but, one thing is for sure, that our external environments puts a massive influence on our minds our personality and our way of thinking. like everybody, I have been through different spheres in life. but, the most tense thing which, I have ever influenced or suffered from is every day's on going situation of the world. Having lack of knowledge about history and geography, I would only try to customise my today's idea.

Almost, from last 10-15 years, which includes late childhood and teenage time period for people who were born in 1990's. I can still visualise that there, is a non stop story going on all around the world. which, is always attracting the attention of communities, societies, counties in all over the world. Taking about those stories doesn't means to act like an pessimistic individual, because there are always positive things happening in different parts of the world. like, sports, educational exchange programs etc. It is very difficult to understand and visualise that why everyday there is something happening which draws attention of the world and its always negative.

I can still imagine, from last 10 years, I have never seen a single week where, you can talk about peace and harmony in the world. there is always some kind of war/bombing/killing/ and negative thing going on the world. I can positively say that I have never heard about a world harmony, where there is full peace in the world. There are always things going on the world which are negative to humans, causing anxiety and lack of happiness in the world. It is obvious that if you are a kind hearted person and, if you hear about some bad things happening to someone, you will fell bad.

The same situation, I have experienced from last few years, always something going on in the world, either it is recent Malaysian airline's disappearance, US drone attacks in Pakistan, Taliban's attack on Malala, India and Pakistan's enmity. nothing is changing and that's the most disturbing situation in the world causing distractions and anxiety in the mind of people. There will be millions of people who don't even care about things happening, but still it does effects, if you have a heart and can feel pain for others. I am still trying to find out answer of this question still drenched somewhere in my mind, and so far I am assuming, that there is some kind of force behind media, which always gives hype to the bad news. They don't seems to be publishing good news with the ration which they do with negative news. Let's hope things will change and there will be lack of pessimism in the world.

Using mobile phone during travel resulting nothing

2014-12-24T01:31:00.001-08:00

Mobile phone is one of the most wonderful invention of late 20th century. It has revolutionised the whole modern world providing a huge benefit of lessening distances and helpin businesses. Over the years, mobile technology has gone through enormous development phases. Starting from absolute basic and simple black screen phone which was just capable of incoming/outgoing calls and perhaps a bit of text messaging facility where text message was just 160 characters approx. But over the years, it has gone through a huge revolutionary and development process. It is just like a product development life cycle, which has transformed a basic black screen mobile phone in to a modern smart phone. Not only equipped with the features of texting, it has also enriched communication applications like skype,viber, whatsapp, tango and many others. Now user are not only capable of sending/receiving instant messaging and making calls, they can easily utilise the wifi(wireless internet ) connection to join a home/office based network and make instant calls an messaging using these amazing application.

Well out of the proportion, these were all the benefits and transformation which a mobile phone device has gone through. By providing benefits to humanity who it revolutionary capability there are so many drawbacks which has been occurred in the society due to existence of this mobile phone technology. Like everything has pros and cons. Means, having positive and negative sides. This mobile phone technology has so many positive and negative effects, which are badly affecting the society especially, in Asian countries, where people tend to explore negative sides more than positive prospects.

By reviewing western world the usage of mobile phones is normally seen when required by individuals. However, reasonless usage of mobile phone can be seen everywhere is most of Asian countries like pakistan/India.

According to my experience, people in west mostly use phone to pretend that they are busy. This scenario can be easily observed during travel in most of the trains/tubes/buses and platforms.

There are so many drawbacks of this act too. Warning signs could be seen on roads and bus stops about using phone on roads, where people are always warned about harms of using mobile phone on roads, especially for teenagers.

It is very difficult to predict, why 95% of people are drenched in their phones during travel. They seems to be connected to some other world using their phones and thy don't realise, what's happening around them.

Equality and justice forms a prosper society

2014-12-23T12:56:00.001-08:00

Equality and justice forms a well balanced society. Having more information about history doesn't makes huge difference. But, utilising that information suitably on your personalities and forming a better sorrounding does makes implicit difference.

Back in the days, when people were not civilised. There was lack of justice and no existice of equality. That was the reason about cast and different kinds of divisions in the society. There used to be masters an their servants. Though, this bacteria still exists in many parts of the world.

But, todays bloggig is just a different view of world from different Angeles.

As, this is obvious wherever we live we stat getting familiar with our sorrounding which includes life style, culture and environment.

Equality what does it means? Does it just means '=' symbol. or, it has different meanings depending ups on society. I guess '=' sign always clicks in my mind, whenever i hear about equality or talk about it. Perhaps it is one of my best words which has implicit impact of almost everything. It just divided everything in two halves. Where sharing comes as a outcome of equality. Sharing is a kind of act which forms many other elements in the society, where firstly, happiness comes in the society and many malwares of humans nature start disappearing. It does bring respect and love in the society by crushing hate and many other aspects. Ultimately, applying '=' i mean equality in society subsequentially forms a well society but balance doesn't comes straight away from equality. Then, another factor comes as a joining part of equality in the form of justice. By applying principles of justice in the society creates a splendid and well balanced society. The type of society where people get freedom, equal rights, right expression by having a strong belief in the society they start working jointly as a team for the well being and formation of successfull society. That process not only influences the current generations but opens up doors of successes for the next coming generations too. Like planting a tree will grow many fruits having seeds that will surely become a source of generating many more plants. That's how life works. Do to get good and do for others. :) even though if you don't get something in return, but it might become a beginning of opportunities for many others.

Hearing about horrific school massacre in Pakistan

2014-12-16T15:30:00.002-08:00

Unity comes by facing pain. We always go through different challenges in our lives. happiness, sadness, up and down everything is a part of life which makes it life. Happiness is something which everybody desires to get, but its really hard to sustain it. Likewise, being human we have emotions and everybody tries to get happiness. Its a state where your mind and heart create resonance which amuses humans. They forget thier hard times and hurdles which they had gone through earlier. But, suddently things change and you start feeling a sudden fall in your emotions, and the state where mind and heart are fully calm turns in to disturbance and irritation. It very hard to keep your emotions same too.

Today's topic is a short revision of the saddes incident which happend in Paksitan. Sometimes, its really hard to jhott your emotions in words. We start finding it really hard to express what we are feeling. Having no knowledge about something keeps you away from talking about it. but, seeing bloodshed and injustice is pushing me to speak up. Break the silence. Everybody has faith in something. According to my faith and what, I learnt from my teachers, if somebody is being oppressed by someone, it becomes our responsibility to try to stop by hand if possible. If we are not in a position to use hand, we should use our tongue to stop the oppression. It shows weakness of your faith. but the weakest point of faith is where we can not say something about oppression. Then, we should atleast feel bad about it in our heart. I guess thats the most weakest point of faith, when you can't speak about oppression.

Likewise, there are moments in life when we see things around us and we ignore everything. we just concentrate on our future wihtout caring about our present. and, suddently a moment comes when you hear about a horrific incident and your mind stops for a moment and you can not resist yourself without using the lowest and weakest point of your faith. i.e. Daring to speak against evil

Today 16th of December 2014, is a similar day where, I am going through different situation.An awkard feeling where you do not hold any power to change things, but you really want to. That's the most difficult time where you want to resist but you don't have any power. You want to speak but you are miles away in a different world, where nobody bothers, even if you speak.

We earn determination by facing pain, we gain confidence by falling again in again. we get success by learning from our failures. But, what the reason that the determination and will power doesn't lasts longer. In the same way as a human it is really hard to see somone in pain. Though, we mostly ignore so many homeless people lying on the streets, bus stops and stations. The reason behind this ignorance is just we think they are normal. that kind of life style is absolutely normal for them.

The hardest part of life is when you have emotions, but you can't find ways to express them. I guess, the same feeling I am going through today. I always used to think that staying abroad makes us careless about our countries. We start taking less internest in the society events in backhome. But today, I felt I was wrong. Staying away from your country could change your life from differnt angeles. but, the bond and linkage which we have with our own country never dies. Its always linked with us through some kind of feeling-force. Today's topic is difficult to express with proper linkage. The saddest incident in the history of Pakistan. How inhuman? I guess I will call them beast who were involved in it. I can't find any way to write about those wild animals who killed many student in a army school of Peshawar (Pakistan). Having personal grudge is a different thing, but how can someone kill a child who has gone to school to get education.

This is so inhuman, no respect for humanity. May those martyred in the incident rest in Jannah with higher ranks. but, my heart goes to the family of those stars. The innocent stars who went to school with a dream of becoming doctor, engineer, programmer and never came back alive. I don't wanna write anything about those beasts responsible for the attack on the school. But, thats a rule of the life. You have played with the life of innocent children. you will get your punishment too. sooner or later. The who attacked on innocent children don't deserve to be called humans. It an insult for animals if we call those **** animals. They are worst than animals.

We always hear many things about pakistan, well mostly negative. There was a time in late 90's when being Pakistan was a proud. but over they years the images of Pakistan is badly crampled over the world. But, Hope never dies. There will be a day and we all have to be united to portrait a positive image. We have gone through many differences, all we need unity to form a nation. The nation which Quaid-e-Azam always wanted. One Nation with One Dream with Full Unity.

Difficulty in choosing Master's program after completing graduation

2013-09-01T17:06:00.000-07:00

This thing is getting worst day by day to choose a course once you complete your bachelor's program. Perhaps, it is because students like me always struggle to get a good job after graduation. So, they start aiming for masters that they will get a job once, they will start their masters degree. Really can't figure out reason behind this mysters!! Need to think about it :p really badly

after 1+ years

do it before you lose your pace

Important things to do once you are over 18 years!!!! Live dream and chase them

2013-08-10T04:02:00.000-07:00

Being young is always exciting but its more exciting if someone gets his goals at the age of 18. Only few people achieve their aims at the age of 18, if they have a very good luck. Majority of people struggle in their whole life, and they never realize that they what is the main purpose of their life. They can't even figure out what they really want to do and where they really want to be after completing their education.
Taking about Asian educational system, Especially Pakistan local schooling, students start getting their brains washed since their birth. First parents start imposing things on them, like My son would be a pilot/ doctor/engineer/business.

Once Schooling starts, educational environment starts influencing their personalities. like get good grates to get a good job. If you don't get grades in flying colours (A+,A), you would never be capable for securing a good job. Also, there is no chance to get a job in Government departments unless you have a gigantic bank balance or a very good relationship with top position holders. So, from key stage one, student starts getting pressure that he would have to get good grades, otherwise he will never make good money. This pressure gets his brain shrink and he never gets ability to talk about his aims and desires. This is one of the reasons that even after graduating he still depends on his parents. In this 21st century, studying in a private university is still out of reach of a middle class students. Its only possible for those living in big buildings and their parents have very good political or top level jobs.
A middle class student can hardly study in college to complete BA which is totally ridiculous to discuss because of its ways of schooling.

Things are going away from the topic, well mainly being 18 years old is always exciting but people should start realizing their aims once they reach the age of 18. Purpose is not to discourage those who can't study but its all about dreaming and planning. According to a teacher of mine, "If you want success, you should start dreaming, without dreams you will never succeed." So, start dreaming to make up a bright future.
The main idea is to compare a systematic different between eastern and western education system. mostly, middle class students never get a chance to support their studies by part time jobs in Pakistani and most of Asian cultures. But comparatively, In western countries there is a well developed system based on equality to do things according to your desire. Parents don't get any kind of pressure to pay for their children uni fee, which costs about more than 10,000 pounds.

Also, student never feel that their parents should pay everything in university. But, this culture of getting funds by parents is very common in Asian countries. Even, majority of students start getting a feeling that their parents have responsibility to pay for their schooling and university.

To be continued.......

Life in London!!!!Amazing, Stunning, Full of Tasks!!Never Sucks

2013-08-10T03:37:00.002-07:00

Life in London is amazing. A stunning look of London that create an image of a town filled with multi cultures. Mostly, foreigners come here to chase up their dreams. An immense number of of students has been joining UK from last few decades. Basically, London is a colourful city in itself. Providing opportunities to fulfil your dreams. The most exciting things about London includes its multicultural environment, a life containing a state of race, spectacular views of London and many more.

The most prominent thing about this city is equality and availability of resources to each and every individual. it is really difficult to collaborate London's story in one little article. It has got history. Transport always flowing like an ocean. Londoners are always in a state where they have a waiting task, once they complete one.
People don't have time to do things which don't contain any importance in their life. Overall, a stunning life style if you have good job in hand and credit card:p lol

Shepherd Foods Blackheath

2012-05-28T06:12:00.000-07:00

Shepherd Foods Black-heath located just in front of Blackheath station is one of the best grocery store in Blackheath Village. Normally, the store is known as the most expensive shop in blackheath. Customers' are always complaining about price.
A huge variety of products are available in the store. A well trained staff is always rushing to offer quality services to their customers.

Pakistan Air Plan Crash Such a Tragic Incident:( Fri/20/2012

2012-04-22T15:20:00.000-07:00

A very horrific evening for 127 families in Pakistan and such a painful news for everyone who has a little bit love for humanity. Starting with prayer that May ALLAH THE ALMIGHTY rest all those souls who lost their live in plan crash ( Bhoja Airplan) in heaven and bless them with higher ranks in Jannah. This news fell like a hell fire on almost all Pakistanis whether they were in pakistan or outside. They flew happily from Karachi to Islamabad Airport by saying a very happy good bye to their love ones without knowing that, it was thier last Good bye:(. it was their last journey.
Unluckily, the plan was crashed just before three minutes of landing. No specific reason has were showed.
It was a very sad news for the whole nation of pakistan. ALL the eyes were wet in tears. Every heart was sad. Someone lost his dad in this tragic incident, where someone lost his mom. Someone lost his/her son where someone lost her husband. It was a big loss for Pakistan and estimated 127 families in Pakistan. :(

Every heart was crying and it was a hell like situation in Pakistan. MAY ALLAH BLESS all those affected families by this plan crash. But why these things are happening more in Pakistan as compared to other parts of the world. Why God isn't looking so happy by us? Did we every tried to think about this? Have we ever tried to say SORRY to our GOD for our mistakes.? We need to be purely true in our deeds and action. We Should say sorry to GOD to get benefits from his mercy and to reach the rank where GOD wants us to be. A superior creature.
Today, Our actions almost differ from our planning. We are more involved in to materialistic things. why we have started giving precedence to money, even after knowing that by running after money we won't get and it will come to us, whatever we deserve. Out thinking and planning don't seems to be equal. People are being more self centered. This Post is not a personal or humanistic attack. Just a request to come towards the path which GOD has asked to follow.
May ALLAH THE ALMIGHTY bless all the victims of (BHOJA Airplane Crash) and grant them with higher ranks in JANNAH. ( AMEEN)

Our behavior reflects our personality?

2011-12-16T16:48:00.000-08:00

Behavior is our reaction toward a thing or how we react in a certain situation.
it is one of the most important factor in our lives, which might be superficial
in order to adopt different positive things, but it might drags away a person from
from his track leading to his destination. So, many things are involved in behavior which
includes, How people tackle things? or How they get stressed by little things. it's because they don't have a strong hold on their behavior's improvement. Behavior can't be perfect but it may be sharpened.

According to my observation, the whole judgement about a person could be derived from his personality. As, its is said that "First Impression is the last impression." To some extents, i agree with this quotation, but in reality a concrete analysis about a person or any assumption is not possible to be made about someone without clearly understand and interacting with his personality. One of the important aspect of personality if behavior. Behaviors are different in different situations. It depends, so, easy to make an assumption but hard to really prove and stick on it.

As, personality is an important part in human being's life. Everyone is different and everyone has his own style of thinking, feeling, analyzing and reacting towards a particular situation. So, if you wanna justify a person, that what type of Person he is? don't go straightly towards his personality, Just interact and analyse his behavior in certain situation as well as his whole personality.
based on those conditions it becomes easy to understand about the behavior of people.

Wow I did my Assignments just before submission's Night!

2011-12-09T14:06:00.000-08:00

Assignment a word who is most irritating for students especially when you have to do multiple assignments in a shorter period. Majority of students love word assignments because they hate exams.
Why they hate exams? So many reasons are secreted behind this mysterious question. Only A student can imagine and feel this sweet pain opposed by our teachers, examination system and many more. In short, They hate Exams because they have to struggle to pass them. The main problems behind Exams are :
- you can't skip a chapter.
- Mostly things would come out of course.
- if you left one chapter by saying, Oh! its not important. The Whole exams paper will be filled with that question next day.
- you have to pass them to save yourself from disrespect especially from parents.
- you have to struggle, sometimes, last nights struggle helps to get A grade.
A bunch of reasons could be detailed as a reasons to hate exams.

Why some Students Love Assignments?

Most of the students love doing assignments because they don't have to do anything. They will just repeat only two steps. i,e. CTRL+C & CTRL+ V. Wow All Done!!!!!!

This is amazing only if you pass that assignment which you have done in two steps. This thing is most popular in South Asia ( Pakistan, India) Not a blame just analysis says.
The idea would never work, if your assignment is going through online plagiarism checker. Ultimately, Some people end up by getting Zero, But amazingly, it helps a lot.

i would talk about love for assignments and odium for Exams!!! Exams are always boring. we have to sacrifice our sleep, efforts, Although most of us keep on sleeping on last night as well. Mainly, Students love assignments because they know that they will finish it in one day or night. This is obvious in student life. I would like to highlight those champs who always make a plan to start and finish their assignments during term time, but their plans always fly in a space-shuttle. They would look in a great hurry in couple of days before submission date. Some of them would try to get an extension in deadline, but all their hopes just dies by giving a heart attack that the tutor is not giving a single extra day.
So, finally What they do!! The Last point is so funny. Those who just use Two Steps as mentioned above, finish their 4-5 Assignments in one night. However, some of them succeed to do a bit of research and they accomplish their deadline by working under pressure. This thing is really helpful in certain cases to work under pressure. There are some student who always perform more than their caliber, if they have some external driving force which is constantly pushing pressure on them. That's why they get good grades in the end.
But it is obvious, that a one late night's study can't compete with the whole semester night's study.

To be continued...

Who is a Teacher in reality?

2011-12-07T13:38:00.000-08:00

Teacher is the most influencing personality who flourishes our life. He is the one who start teaching us since our childhood. The most prominent and the most amazing person who serves his life to convey his knowledge to the next generation. A countless numbers of essays could be written in appraisal of a teacher. Teacher the person who brings change in the society. The person who is working on the back end to flourish the life of millions in the society. According to my analysis, The Most Important and The Best Teacher was Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.W). He is the most Honorable Personality and a Brilliant Teacher who reformed in Arab Society and Taught them what they never knew?
I would like to put a short light on Quran's Verse:
iqra bismi rabbikallazee khalaq
Theme:
"Read! In the Name of the Lord, Who Created Men from a clot of blood. Read! Thy lord who is most bounteous. He taught you by pen, those things which you never knew"
reference: Surah Al-Alak (http://protectedbook.blogspot.com/2005/11/read-in-name-of-your-lord.html)
Today, I would like to enlighten the real status and honor that a Teacher is really deserving to have. He is the real front end fighter of nations. A nation is always formed by guidance and day long hard work which is teacher does to brought up his students. A teacher will never be jealous, In fact the most prideful moment comes when the student makes an achievement.
Our History is holding a countless numbers of teacher who have done remarkable things in their life, but Alas! People forget everything once they jump in their practical lives.
Teacher is the person who neither makes the destiny of student nor he changes the destiny, but he is the person who helps people to choose the path (destiny) which is really suitable for them.

to be continued....

Managing Professional Development

2011-12-02T16:56:00.001-08:00

Managing Professional Development

Introduction

All the human being are contestant, and everybody has different qualities and capabilities which they acquire throughout the learning of their life. We keep on learning throughout our life time. So, those learned skills help us in workplace environment, where everybody has to contest with his colleagues in order to prove his

efficiency and power of continence.

The performance and future position of a venture or organisation is totally dependent upon the professional condition of its employees and workers. A healthy developed management can lead an organisation toward his main dream or helps in assessing its main aims and objectives.

To be effective the development of workplace and managerial skills must return the current and projected essentials of the organization. It is a perilous responsibility of senior management to recognise the core consistencies of the enterprise and to ensure that the consistencies required by managers, specialists and the workforce in general are adequate and adequate. Contestant people are the key to future success and offer organizations their only sustainable competitive advantage.

Professional development is an on-going process involving of activities that enhance professional growth. It may include workshops, independent reading and study, conferences, and consultation with peers and experts. Since its primary purpose is to benefit the individual, professional development should be planned and managed by the individual. As a part-time teacher of adults, you may develop your professional development plan in consultation with your supervisor, and you may receive help from others in evaluating and modifying teaching practices.

2. P1 (13.1.01)

Performance management:

Performance management is a process which is used to measure the performance of the organisation, individuals and employees with in any organisation led by line managers.

(Michael Armstrong)

Performance management refers to the skills of attracting highly skilled workers, of integrating new workers, and developing and retaining current workers to meet current and future business objectives. Performance management in this context does not refer to the management of entertainers. Companies engaging in a performance management strategy shift the responsibility of employees from the human resources department to all managers throughout the organization.

The process of attracting and retaining profitable employees, as it is increasingly more competitive between firms and of strategic importance, has come to be known as "the war for performance." Performance management is also known as HCM (Human Capital Management).

Performance review:
performance is a necessary step in order to keep organisation on track. Likewise, performance management is also a vital tool used by managers in order to keep track of individuals and their working capabilities. Following are some golden rules which could by prove as great helping material for mangers to measure the performance.

Be prepared:

Firstly, if we are justifying our own performance, we have to be ready to face any kind of challenges that may come in our business management life.

Discuss performance:

I order to review individual or own performance discussion should be made which must be factual and full of evidences. That discussion should not include any individual opinion.

Encourage analysis of performance:

While reviewing performance there is no need to mere appraise the performance. It should be critically analysed by keeping in view all the well and bad performances.

Assessing own performance:

As a performance analyser, there are few tasks which must be kept in mind while assessing the own performance.

1. Seeing yourself as others see you.

2. Being overly critical of yourself.

3. Understanding your theories.

4. Setting realistic standards for you.

5. Attempting to master things beyond your reasonable control.

One way to handle all of this is to think like a project manager in assessing yourself. This can help to remove some of the emotion and personal attachment from the effort. For example, you can:

1. Ask others for an honest performance assessment of yourself, and pointed ask for feedback about specific aspects of your performance, maybe about a very specific situation you are handling.

2. Document your beliefs. What is most important to you? What is least important? To what extent are you really familiar with your deep seated beliefs? Recurring stresses can give you a hint.

3. What job performance standards are you setting for yourself? Are you stretching far enough? Are you setting yourself up for success?

3. P2 (13.1.02)

Conduct a self-assessment inventory:

Name	4. Mr. John W loger
address	London, England
Position	Cashier
Department	HR
Date of birth	02-03-1980

Personal profile

I am reliable individual who believes that education and hard work is the key to progress forward in life. I am able to communicate with individuals of all ages and of all different backgrounds. I am extremely polite and like to treat others how I would like to be treated.

I am able to apply knowledge and understanding to practice and to analyze any problem if and when they occur. I have good organizational skills and I am also very contestant in liaising with people.

I am a quick learner and I am able to follow instructions well. I am also happy to share knowledge with others. I enjoy working with a team but also enjoy opportunities to develop my personal role.

I am an energetic and enthusiastic person who enjoys a challenge and achieving personal goals. My present career aim is to work within IT because I enjoy working with computers, I enjoy the environment and I find the work interesting and satisfying. The opportunity to learn new skills and work with new technologies is particularly attractive to me.

Experience

Shepherd foods sales assistant/cashier August2010- present

I am working as a sales assistant for shepherd foods. My duties include serving customers and helping them in finding different products available at the shop. Moreover I also work on till as a cashier. I find myself so convenient with all the workers and I produce good output as a team member.

St. Francis Library Library' Assistant August 2008- January 2009

I have worked as a library assistant at my School for one year. I have good experience of working as a team member to ensure that we provide good quality of service for the students and customers who came to use the library facilities. I have good computer skills. I have also experience of handling library database.

Interest and Achievements

I am interested in reading books and learning new things. I try to get information about latest

Technology. Mostly, I spend my free time in playing football and different games. I also surf internet to

Browse about economics and marketing.

I have worked for ESEF (Elementary society to excel in future) NGO as a volunteer. I supported majority

Of student and did their career counselling via this organization. We used to collect charity for students

Who were unable to pay their school dues? (www.esef.org.pk)

SKILLS

I have good customers’ service skills. I can work as a good team member.

I have good computing skills in following:

Software’s and programming

Microsoft office including Microsoft word, Excel, power point and Access.

Multimedia Design and website designing

Computing GW Basic, C++, HTML, OOP, OFFICE MANAGEMENT

Date: Employee signature	Print Name
Employer name	Print name

4. P3 (13.1.03):
devise and maintain a current CV and/or portfolio of work

Resume

John W. logers

938 Adams St

Anoka, MN 55303

763-229-3958

johnhelgeson@mnsu.edu

Objective:	To help people better their life. I enjoy working with others and working in a business where I can be of help to someone. Children are my passion, my dream job is to work with children and help them learn.

Skills:	Microsoft Office Microsoft Publisher 3 Years of Retail Experience Great Communication Skills Can answers Telephones
	Enjoy a Challenging Career Very Experienced in Customer Service
Education	St. John High School June 200 Graduated with high honours and a 3.2 GPA London city university Secondary Education, History and Sociology Present Was on Dean's list with a 3.3 GPA May 2009

Experience	Guest Service Team Member at Coon Rapids and Mankato Target November 2006- Current Assist customers in a fun, fast, and friendly manor. Trained in new cashiers Work as a team with other employees Volunteer Library Assistant April 2007-June 2007 Assist a first grade teacher with grading, lesson planning, and tutoring. Help students with reading and math skills Volunteer Preschool Assistant January 2007-April 2007 Assist children with snack, clean up, and activity time Volunteer at Lincoln Community Centre January 2009-May2009 Tutor ESL adults in math, reading, and science Assist teachers with grading, lesson plans, and answering student's question

5. P4

Devise a personal development plan to achieve personal targets and short and long term learning objectives:

Personal development plan should cover overall progress. A plan would be considered effective if it nurtures your personality on all fronts; like;

· The career and the financial aspect

· The social aspect

· Relationships

· Health

· Emotional aspect

Personal development is independent of the age or gender of the person. Any day one decides, one can start working on developing the self and reap rich harvests in the form of higher productivity and satisfaction.

Another imperative aspect of personal development plan is that the enforcement of the plan is perennial; it is a 24/7 process; if focused on properly, it will give the best results. One has to be aware of it every moment of one’s life.

Before developing a personal development plan just ponder if it would help you. Analyze the areas where you need to emphasize and what approach you would take while developing a personal development plan.

What should a good personal development plan focus on?

A wide-ranging outline of a self-development plan could be as follows:

1. List your Short and long term goals and career objectives.

The more one does on the career front, the better one feels. The craving to accomplish more takes precedence and the confidence of achieving all that you want to realise, soars high.

So the first step to develop a personal development plan is to make a list all that you’ve accomplished till now.

Look at it positively. See how your work has benefitted you all along.

Make another list of what more you want to accomplish. Incorporate into that list all the upcoming projects you’d like to undertake.

Think clearly how much exposure and experience will you derive by following each aspiration.

Also consider how strongly it would affect you if you fail to achieve those desired accomplishments.

Thus evaluate and prioritize the projects and goals for future. Set up a mandatory tag to the ones those are extremely important and set up a dead line for each of those important achievements which can act as mile stones in shaping up your career.

1. Perform a SWOT analysis.

The first step to develop a personal development plan is to perform a SWOT analysis.

By reviewing your strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, give yourself a fair idea of where you stand and which areas you need to work on to accomplish the targets you had set for yourself in order to excel.

2. Assess the resources available with you.

Check out all the resources you have and shortlist those you need and do not possess to accomplish your goals. Look at how you can use the ones which are available and how can you acquire those you lack.

According to the availability of the resources, if it’s required, modify the list of your desired accomplishments and the targeted goals.

This is a very important step to develop a personal development plan.

3. Be an Opportunist.

Be observant, grab and hold the opportunities that arrive in front of you. Try to develop and advance yourself to the maximum with each experience.

4. Incorporate learning naturally in your system.

Your personal development plan can be made successful only if followed diligently and applied throughout all times. Hence learning new skills and updating them should also come almost all the times, naturally and effortlessly.

5. Discipline yourself for continued development and lifelong learning.

Develop self-discipline for continuing professional development. Personal development is a lifelong learning process which can be achieved through controlling your thoughts and training the mind to think in a required manner to achieve your aspirations.

6. Try to keep yourself well informed and updated.

Try to keep yourself well informed about current condition and situations of surrounding.

6. P5

Evaluate learning and development with original aims and objectives set in the development plan:

1. Learning by swot analysis

SWOT analysis can help in assessing all the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats regarding your personality. It is a good way of learning about your aims and objectives.

2. Learning by assessing sources.

Assessing available sources can give a good opportunity to individual to come up with a plan in the business organisation.

3. Learning by being an Opportunist.

Being an optimist is also a great power for learning. As we can learn by critically analyzing a topic from different perspectives.

4. Discipline yourself

Being a disciplined and well organised individual is also a nice way to sharpen your personality.

6. Learning by being updated by current situation.

Being aware about what is happening around is also helpful in learning about different mysteries and thing happening around the world. It keeps your well aware about your economical and current statistical situation.

7. P6

Reset objectives in light of evaluation and feedback:

Change a qualitative (and quantitative where possible) model to get the rationale of existing and future separation minima standards.

1. Develop high-level advanced operational concepts which complement existing European initiatives and aimed to enable reduced separation minima.

2. Identify, in collaboration with ICAO, EUROCONTROL, the FAA, ANSPS and national regulators how to accomplish the change for the modified separation minima.

3. Prioritize and select (at least) three potential separation minima reductions for detailed safety, efficiency and economic assessment. The selection and periodization of the cases will be accomplished based in different criteria, apart from the level of attainment of a set of separation goals objectives, related to safety, technical viability, efficiency, stakeholder acceptance and also in terms of their sequence of implementation over time.

4. Identify and apply methods to safely and cost-effectively assess the prioritized separation minima reductions.

5. Feedback the outcome of the safety and economy assessments towards the operational concept designee

8. P7

Identify and create solution to work based problems

Technically speaking, Work is the quantity of energy transferred from one system to another but for question based on this topic-

Work is defined as the amount of job assigned or the amount of job actually done.

Problem on work are based on the application of concept of ratio of time and speed.|

Work is always considered as a whole or one. There exists an analogy between the time-speed-distance problems and work.

Work based problem are more or less related to time speed and distance.

Above mentioned definition of work throws light on three important points.

Work = 1 (as it is always measured as a whole) = Distance

Rate at which work is done = speed

Number of days required to do the work = Time

IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR WORK RELATED PROBLEMS

If A can do a piece of work in 'a' number of days, then in 1 day of the work is done. Conversely, if a man does of work in a day, then he can complete the work in days.

Example: If a man can complete a work in 10 days. How much work he can do in 6 days?
Solution:

A man performs in 10 days = 1 work.
= A man will perform in 1 day = work

If A is 'x' times as good a workman as B, then he will take of the time by B to do the same work.

Example: If A can complete a work in 10 days and B are 100 faster than A. How much time B will take to complete the work?

Solution:

A takes to perform 1 work = 10 days. %

= B will perform the same work = time than A.

= B will take to perform the same work =

9. P 8

Communicate in a variety of style and in good manner:

Communications

- Communication is a way to transmit your messages to others. It represents your behaviour you attitude and differ aspects of your personality.

- Following are some consideration which must be followed while communication.

- In Japan, business cards are called meishi. Japanese give and receive meishi with both hands. It should be printed in your home language on one side and Japanese on the other. Present the card with the Japanese language side up.

- The card will contain the name and title along with the company name, address and telephone number of the businessman. In Japan, businessmen are call "sarariman." A sarariman who does not have a

- Take special care in handling cards that are given to you. Do not write on the card. Do not put the card in your pocket or wallet, as either of these actions will be viewed as defacing or disrespecting the business card. Upon receipt of the card, it is important to make a photocopy of the name and title of the individual in your mind. Examine the card carefully as a show of respect.

- In a business situation, business cannot begin until the meishi exchange process is complete.

- The customary greeting is the bow. However, some Japanese may greet you with a handshake, albeit a weak one. Do not misinterpret a weak handshake as an indication of character.

- If you are greeted with a bow, return with a bow as low as the one you received. How low you bow determines the status of the relationship between you and the other individual. When you bow keep your eyes low and your palms flat next to your thighs. The business card should be given after the bow. This is very important to remember.

10. P9

Effective time management strategies:

Be prepared to make drastic changes. Be creative to find and introduce different ways of doing things. If you need a starting point sees the 'Pareto Principle' (80:20 Rules), to assess what efforts and activities are most productive, and which are not. (See also the acronyms PAY and MILE - warning: there is adult content on the acronyms page.)

Manage your emails and phone calls - don't let them manage you. Ideally check at planned times, and avoid continuous notification of incoming emails.

The more senior you are the more selective you need to be about when to be available to receive phone calls.

Really think about how you currently spend your time. If you don't know, keep a time log for a few days to find out there's a free time management time-log template tool here. Knowing exactly what's wrong is the first step to improving it.

Challenge anything that could be wasting time and effort, particularly habitual tasks, meetings and reports where responsibility is inherited or handed down from above. Don't be a slave to a daft process or system.

Download and use the free time management assessment tool at the free online resources section, which will help you or another person to objectively judge your time management, and underlying issues.

Review your activities in terms of your own personal short-term and long-term life and career goals, and prioritise your activities accordingly.

Plan preparation and creative thinking time in your diary for the long-term jobs, because they need it. The short-term urgent tasks will always use up all your time unless you plan to spend it otherwise.

Use a diary, and an activity planner to schedule when to do things, and time-slots for things you know will need doing or responding to. There's as ample with examples on the new time management section.

P10

Methods for learning and personality development

Personality:

Personality is a combination of different thing which includes behaviour, attitude, thinking, feeling and acting in different circumstances.
Everyone wants to be attractive to others. To that end, having a good personality is vital - probably even more so than good looks. In fact, approximately 85% of your success and happiness will be a result of how well you interact with others. Ultimately, it is your personality that determines whether people are attracted to, or shy away from you.

Methods of learning and development:

1. Be a better listener.

a. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was considered one of the most charming women in the world because she cultivated the skill of being an exceptional listener. She was known for the way she would look a person in the eyes, hang on their every word, and make them feel important. There is nothing more appealing than having someone listen to you intently making you feel like you're the only person in the world.

2. Read more and expand your interests.

a. The more you read and cultivate new interests, the more interesting you are to others. When you meet new people it gives you the opportunity to share what you know and to exchange your views with them.

3. Have an Opinion.

a. There is nothing more tiresome than trying to talk to someone who has no opinion on anything. A conversation has nowhere to go if you have nothing to expound on. If, however, you have an uncommon point of view or differing opinion, you are more interesting and stimulating to be with socially (unless you're a know-it-all, of course). A unique outlook expands everyone's perspective.

4. Meet New People.

a. Make the effort to meet new people especially those unlike you. It not only exposes you to different cultures and alternative ways of doing things, it broadens your horizons.

5. Be yourself.

a. The next most tiresome thing after having no opinions is trying to be something you're not. Molding yourself in order to fit in, or be accepted, usually backfires. Since each of us is unique, expressing that uniqueness is what makes us interesting. Attempting to be a carbon copy of someone else not only falls flat, but reveals a lack of authenticity.

P11

Ways to encourage lifelong learning:

Lifelong learning:

Our lifelong learning policy for Scotland is about personal fulfilment and enterprise, employability and adaptability, active citizenship and social inclusion.

Lifelong learning is mainly about the training and learning that people can achieve after they leave school. We want to make it possible for more young people to stay on at school or college. And we want all pupils and students over 14 to gain work-based vocational learning and enterprise experience.

- e-launching Individual Learning Accounts, to widen participation in adult learning

- Asking the Enterprise Networks to strengthen Scotland's skills base. We have also asked them to make sure that Future skills Scotland and Careers Scotland have an increasingly active role in developing people's knowledge and understanding of the needs of the labour market

- merging the Scottish Higher and Further Education Funding Councils

- Promoting the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework to give people a better understanding about how they can build on their qualifications. This will help employers and individuals to see where any qualification sits in relation to another

- improving the quality and consistency of information for learners, by developing learn direct Scotland’s national database of learning opportunities

- improving the literacy and numeracy skills of 150,000 adults by 2006

- piloting Business Learning Accounts with small businesses, providing them with the tools to link training needs with business growth

- encouraging community-based learning

- increasing the potential for students to transfer from college to university, by greater collaboration between the Scottish Qualifications Authority, colleges and universities when they develop qualifications

P12

Different sources of Primary and secondary Data:

Primary data:

There are different ways to collect primary data. For example primary data can be collected by following sources.

- Surveys

- Questionnaires

- observations

- interviews

1- in-depth interviews

2- structured interview

3- unstructured interview

Sources of secondary research:

On the other hand, different sources for secondary research are categorised as.

- Internet

- Journals/newspapers

- Magazines

- Books

- Media (TV, News, academic programs)

Explanation

Questionnaire:

Questionnaire is an important type of primary research. It’s one of the best gadgets used to attempt market research. Normally, questionnaire is a sequence of organised questions related to a particular product or area of business that may handed to respondent to get information. This type of primary research is accompanied only when the interviews has shortage of time. So, the researcher just creates a questionnaire to pass it to concerned person to carry out research.

According to Brown (2001);”questionnaires are many written instruments that present respondent with a series of questions or statements to which they are to react either by writing out their answers or selecting form among existing answers”.

Interviews:

Interview is one of the best ways to gather information directly by interviewing people related to research. By utilizing this method, researchers start their research by interviewing customers and employees related to the business in which they are carrying out their research. Interview may be short or long depending upon the availability of the interviewed person.

There are different types of interviews. Like for example;

- Face to face interviews

- Postal interviews

- Telephonic interviews

- Online interviews (video or audio conferencing)

Above all, face to face interview is one of the best ways of gathering primary data.

“A Customers interview is a conversation with customers and use of projects deliverables to define requirements and needs. Interviews are techniques for one-on-one uses needs assessments”.

(Kendrick (2000)) The project management 2000 Edition

In this type of primary research, different face to face interviews and more than 50 people were interviewed on different areas on London as well as in college.

P 13

Presentation file is attatched with this folder.

References:

Books:

ü How to Be an Even Better Manager: A Complete A-Z of Proven Techniques and...

ü By Michael Armstrong

ü TIME MANAGEMENT

By Dr. Donald E. Wetmore

ü Ashton, D., Green, F. (1996) Education, Training and the Global Economy, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.

ü Aspin, D.N., Chapman, J.D. (1997) The School, the Community and Lifelong Learning, Cassell, London.

ü Bourdieu, P., (1986) "The Forms of Capital" in J. E. Richardson (ed.) Handbook of Theory of Research for the Sociology of Education, translated by R. Nice, Greenwood Press, Paris.

ü Braverman, H. (1976) Labor and Monopoly Capital: the degradation of work in the twentieth century, Monthly Review, New York.

ü Castells, M. (1996) The Rise of the Network Society, Blackwell, Oxford.

Online references;

ü http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=E73D1978836CE51EE3BFA20607B07419.inst1_1a?docId=5001338471

ü http://hbr.org/product/assess-your-own-performance-as-a-leader-hbr-articl/an/12163-PDF-ENG

ü http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9215/guide.htm

ü http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5001338471

ü http://office.microsoft.com/en-ca/templates/professional-development-self-assessment-TC001047924.aspx

ü http://brittanyhelgeson.efoliomn.com/resume

ü http://www.mysticmadness.com/how-to-develop-a-personal-development-plan.html

ü http://reset.aena.es/pages/objectives.html

ü http://www.businessballs.com/time.htm

How to create virus in 20 seconds?

2011-12-01T18:53:00.000-08:00

Classes in C++

2011-12-01T07:18:00.001-08:00

A class is an expanded concept of a data structure: instead of holding only data, it can hold both data and functions.

An object is an instantiation of a class. In terms of variables, a class would be the type, and an object would be the variable.

Classes are generally declared using the keyword class, with the following format:

class class_name {
  access_specifier_1:
    member1;
  access_specifier_2:
    member2;
  ...
  } object_names;

Where class_name is a valid identifier for the class, object_names is an optional list of names for objects of this class. The body of the declaration can contain members, that can be either data or function declarations, and optionally access specifiers.

All is very similar to the declaration on data structures, except that we can now include also functions and members, but also this new thing called access specifier. An access specifier is one of the following three keywords: private, public or protected. These specifiers modify the access rights that the members following them acquire:

private members of a class are accessible only from within other members of the same class or from their friends.
protected members are accessible from members of their same class and from their friends, but also from members of their derived classes.
Finally, public members are accessible from anywhere where the object is visible.

By default, all members of a class declared with the class keyword have private access for all its members. Therefore, any member that is declared before one other class specifier automatically has private access. For example:

1 2 3 4 5 6

class CRectangle {
    int x, y;
  public:
    void set_values (int,int);
    int area (void);
  } rect;

Declares a class (i.e., a type) called CRectangle and an object (i.e., a variable) of this class called rect. This class contains four members: two data members of type int (member x and member y) with private access (because private is the default access level) and two member functions with public access: set_values() and area(), of which for now we have only included their declaration, not their definition.

Notice the difference between the class name and the object name: In the previous example, CRectangle was the class name (i.e., the type), whereas rect was an object of typeCRectangle. It is the same relationship int and a have in the following declaration:

int a;

where int is the type name (the class) and a is the variable name (the object).

After the previous declarations of CRectangle and rect, we can refer within the body of the program to any of the public members of the object rect as if they were normal functions or normal variables, just by putting the object's name followed by a dot (.) and then the name of the member. All very similar to what we did with plain data structures before. For example:

1 2

rect.set_values (3,4);
myarea = rect.area();

The only members of rect that we cannot access from the body of our program outside the class are x and y, since they have private access and they can only be referred from within other members of that same class.

Here is the complete example of class CRectangle:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

// classes example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class CRectangle {
    int x, y;
  public:
    void set_values (int,int);
    int area () {return (x*y);}
};

void CRectangle::set_values (int a, int b) {
  x = a;
  y = b;
}

int main () {
  CRectangle rect;
  rect.set_values (3,4);
  cout << "area: " << rect.area();
  return 0;
}

area: 12

The most important new thing in this code is the operator of scope (::, two colons) included in the definition of set_values(). It is used to define a member of a class from outside the class definition itself.

You may notice that the definition of the member function area() has been included directly within the definition of the CRectangle class given its extreme simplicity, whereasset_values() has only its prototype declared within the class, but its definition is outside it. In this outside definition, we must use the operator of scope (::) to specify that we are defining a function that is a member of the class CRectangle and not a regular global function.

The scope operator (::) specifies the class to which the member being declared belongs, granting exactly the same scope properties as if this function definition was directly included within the class definition. For example, in the function set_values() of the previous code, we have been able to use the variables x and y, which are private members of classCRectangle, which means they are only accessible from other members of their class.

The only difference between defining a class member function completely within its class or to include only the prototype and later its definition, is that in the first case the function will automatically be considered an inline member function by the compiler, while in the second it will be a normal (not-inline) class member function, which in fact supposes no difference in behavior.

Members x and y have private access (remember that if nothing else is said, all members of a class defined with keyword class have private access). By declaring them private we deny access to them from anywhere outside the class. This makes sense, since we have already defined a member function to set values for those members within the object: the member function set_values(). Therefore, the rest of the program does not need to have direct access to them. Perhaps in a so simple example as this, it is difficult to see any utility in protecting those two variables, but in greater projects it may be very important that values cannot be modified in an unexpected way (unexpected from the point of view of the object).

One of the greater advantages of a class is that, as any other type, we can declare several objects of it. For example, following with the previous example of class CRectangle, we could have declared the object rectb in addition to the object rect:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

// example: one class, two objects
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class CRectangle {
    int x, y;
  public:
    void set_values (int,int);
    int area () {return (x*y);}
};

void CRectangle::set_values (int a, int b) {
  x = a;
  y = b;
}

int main () {
  CRectangle rect, rectb;
  rect.set_values (3,4);
  rectb.set_values (5,6);
  cout << "rect area: " << rect.area() << endl;
  cout << "rectb area: " << rectb.area() << endl;
  return 0;
}

rect area: 12
rectb area: 30

In this concrete case, the class (type of the objects) to which we are talking about is CRectangle, of which there are two instances or objects: rect and rectb. Each one of them has its own member variables and member functions.

Notice that the call to rect.area() does not give the same result as the call to rectb.area(). This is because each object of class CRectangle has its own variables x and y, as they, in some way, have also their own function members set_value() and area() that each uses its object's own variables to operate.

That is the basic concept of object-oriented programming: Data and functions are both members of the object. We no longer use sets of global variables that we pass from one function to another as parameters, but instead we handle objects that have their own data and functions embedded as members. Notice that we have not had to give any parameters in any of the calls to rect.area or rectb.area. Those member functions directly used the data members of their respective objects rect and rectb.

Constructors and destructors

Objects generally need to initialize variables or assign dynamic memory during their process of creation to become operative and to avoid returning unexpected values during their execution. For example, what would happen if in the previous example we called the member function area() before having called function set_values()? Probably we would have gotten an undetermined result since the members x and y would have never been assigned a value.

In order to avoid that, a class can include a special function called constructor, which is automatically called whenever a new object of this class is created. This constructor function must have the same name as the class, and cannot have any return type; not even void.

We are going to implement CRectangle including a constructor:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

// example: class constructor
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class CRectangle {
    int width, height;
  public:
    CRectangle (int,int);
    int area () {return (width*height);}
};

CRectangle::CRectangle (int a, int b) {
  width = a;
  height = b;
}

int main () {
  CRectangle rect (3,4);
  CRectangle rectb (5,6);
  cout << "rect area: " << rect.area() << endl;
  cout << "rectb area: " << rectb.area() << endl;
  return 0;
}

rect area: 12
rectb area: 30

As you can see, the result of this example is identical to the previous one. But now we have removed the member function set_values(), and have included instead a constructor that performs a similar action: it initializes the values of width and height with the parameters that are passed to it.

Notice how these arguments are passed to the constructor at the moment at which the objects of this class are created:

1 2

CRectangle rect (3,4);
CRectangle rectb (5,6);

Constructors cannot be called explicitly as if they were regular member functions. They are only executed when a new object of that class is created.

You can also see how neither the constructor prototype declaration (within the class) nor the latter constructor definition include a return value; not even void.

The destructor fulfills the opposite functionality. It is automatically called when an object is destroyed, either because its scope of existence has finished (for example, if it was defined as a local object within a function and the function ends) or because it is an object dynamically assigned and it is released using the operator delete.

The destructor must have the same name as the class, but preceded with a tilde sign (~) and it must also return no value.

The use of destructors is especially suitable when an object assigns dynamic memory during its lifetime and at the moment of being destroyed we want to release the memory that the object was allocated.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

// example on constructors and destructors
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class CRectangle {
    int *width, *height;
  public:
    CRectangle (int,int);
    ~CRectangle ();
    int area () {return (*width * *height);}
};

CRectangle::CRectangle (int a, int b) {
  width = new int;
  height = new int;
  *width = a;
  *height = b;
}

CRectangle::~CRectangle () {
  delete width;
  delete height;
}

int main () {
  CRectangle rect (3,4), rectb (5,6);
  cout << "rect area: " << rect.area() << endl;
  cout << "rectb area: " << rectb.area() << endl;
  return 0;
}

rect area: 12
rectb area: 30

Overloading Constructors

Like any other function, a constructor can also be overloaded with more than one function that have the same name but different types or number of parameters. Remember that for overloaded functions the compiler will call the one whose parameters match the arguments used in the function call. In the case of constructors, which are automatically called when an object is created, the one executed is the one that matches the arguments passed on the object declaration:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

// overloading class constructors
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class CRectangle {
    int width, height;
  public:
    CRectangle ();
    CRectangle (int,int);
    int area (void) {return (width*height);}
};

CRectangle::CRectangle () {
  width = 5;
  height = 5;
}

CRectangle::CRectangle (int a, int b) {
  width = a;
  height = b;
}

int main () {
  CRectangle rect (3,4);
  CRectangle rectb;
  cout << "rect area: " << rect.area() << endl;
  cout << "rectb area: " << rectb.area() << endl;
  return 0;
}

rect area: 12
rectb area: 25

In this case, rectb was declared without any arguments, so it has been initialized with the constructor that has no parameters, which initializes both width and height with a value of 5.

Important: Notice how if we declare a new object and we want to use its default constructor (the one without parameters), we do not include parentheses ():

1 2

CRectangle rectb;   // right
CRectangle rectb(); // wrong!

Default constructor

If you do not declare any constructors in a class definition, the compiler assumes the class to have a default constructor with no arguments. Therefore, after declaring a class like this one:

1 2 3 4 5

class CExample {
  public:
    int a,b,c;
    void multiply (int n, int m) { a=n; b=m; c=a*b; }
  };

The compiler assumes that CExample has a default constructor, so you can declare objects of this class by simply declaring them without any arguments:

CExample ex;

But as soon as you declare your own constructor for a class, the compiler no longer provides an implicit default constructor. So you have to declare all objects of that class according to the constructor prototypes you defined for the class:

1 2 3 4 5 6

class CExample {
  public:
    int a,b,c;
    CExample (int n, int m) { a=n; b=m; };
    void multiply () { c=a*b; };
  };

Here we have declared a constructor that takes two parameters of type int. Therefore the following object declaration would be correct:

CExample ex (2,3);

But,

CExample ex;

Would not be correct, since we have declared the class to have an explicit constructor, thus replacing the default constructor.

But the compiler not only creates a default constructor for you if you do not specify your own. It provides three special member functions in total that are implicitly declared if you do not declare your own. These are the copy constructor, the copy assignment operator, and the default destructor.

The copy constructor and the copy assignment operator copy all the data contained in another object to the data members of the current object. For CExample, the copy constructor implicitly declared by the compiler would be something similar to:

1 2 3

CExample::CExample (const CExample& rv) {
  a=rv.a;  b=rv.b;  c=rv.c;
  }

Therefore, the two following object declarations would be correct:

1 2

CExample ex (2,3);
CExample ex2 (ex);   // copy constructor (data copied from ex)

Pointers to classes

It is perfectly valid to create pointers that point to classes. We simply have to consider that once declared, a class becomes a valid type, so we can use the class name as the type for the pointer. For example:

CRectangle * prect;

is a pointer to an object of class CRectangle.

As it happened with data structures, in order to refer directly to a member of an object pointed by a pointer we can use the arrow operator (->) of indirection. Here is an example with some possible combinations:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

// pointer to classes example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class CRectangle {
    int width, height;
  public:
    void set_values (int, int);
    int area (void) {return (width * height);}
};

void CRectangle::set_values (int a, int b) {
  width = a;
  height = b;
}

int main () {
  CRectangle a, *b, *c;
  CRectangle * d = new CRectangle[2];
  b= new CRectangle;
  c= &a;
  a.set_values (1,2);
  b->set_values (3,4);
  d->set_values (5,6);
  d[1].set_values (7,8);
  cout << "a area: " << a.area() << endl;
  cout << "*b area: " << b->area() << endl;
  cout << "*c area: " << c->area() << endl;
  cout << "d[0] area: " << d[0].area() << endl;
  cout << "d[1] area: " << d[1].area() << endl;
  delete[] d;
  delete b;
  return 0;
}

a area: 2
*b area: 12
*c area: 2
d[0] area: 30
d[1] area: 56

Next you have a summary on how can you read some pointer and class operators (*, &, ., ->, [ ]) that appear in the previous example:

expression	can be read as
*x	pointed by x
&x	address of x
x.y	member y of object x
x->y	member y of object pointed by x
(*x).y	member y of object pointed by x (equivalent to the previous one)
x[0]	first object pointed by x
x[1]	second object pointed by x
x[n]	(n+1)th object pointed by x

Be sure that you understand the logic under all of these expressions before proceeding with the next sections. If you have doubts, read again this section and/or consult the previous sections about pointers and data structures.

Classes defined with struct and union

Classes can be defined not only with keyword class, but also with keywords struct and union.

The concepts of class and data structure are so similar that both keywords (struct and class) can be used in C++ to declare classes (i.e. structs can also have function members in C++, not only data members). The only difference between both is that members of classes declared with the keyword struct have public access by default, while members of classes declared with the keyword class have private access. For all other purposes both keywords are equivalent.

The concept of unions is different from that of classes declared with struct and class, since unions only store one data member at a time, but nevertheless they are also classes and can thus also hold function members. The default access in union classes is public.

Previous:
Other Data Types

Index

Next:
Classes (II)

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2011-11-30T04:47:00.001-08:00

Networking Concepts

How to setup and configure a college network?

1. Introduction:

In today’s world information technology has gripped the whole world in a single hand. Information technology has merged the computing with high speed communication link carrying data in the form of images, videos, text, audios etc. from place to place over this global village, where global village means the whole world. Networking enables multiple computer users to share their resources amongst each other. So, in this way multiple computers shares their data in networking. The first and foremost purpose of networking is to centralized information and share information from one computer to other. Moreover, hardware sharing also enables by networking.

Even the smallest businesses can take advantage of networking to share the cost of peripherals such as printers and scanners and provide access to shared data. However, the growth of wireless networks and the increasing use of virtual private networks, which allow a user to access a business' network via the internet, have not only resulted in a wider choice of solutions for the business owner, but also a number of additional business benefits.

This report will explain networking between 3 departments having multiple computers and 1 server.

Following are main devices in the network:

· Server Computer

· Marketing department (3 PC’s)

· Management (2 PC’s)

· ESTATE (2 PC’s)

In our network printer should be shared only by Marketing and management department.

1.1. Benefits of using networks

With the growth of business, good communication between employees is essential. You can improve efficiency by sharing information such as common files, databases and business application software over a computer network.

With improvements in network capacity and the ability to work wirelessly or remotely, successful businesses should regularly re-evaluate their needs and their IT infrastructure. You can improve communication by connecting your computers and working on standardized systems, so that:

· Staff, suppliers and customers is able to share information and get in touch more easily

· sharing information can make your business more efficient - e.g. networked access to a common database can avoid the same data being keyed multiple times, which would waste time and could result in errors

· Staff are better equipped to deal with queries and deliver a better standard of service as a result of sharing customer data

You can reduce costs and improve efficiency by storing information in one centralized database and streamlining working practices, so that:

§ staff can deal with more customers at the same time by accessing customer and product databases

§ network administration can be centralized, less IT support is required

§ costs are cut through sharing of peripherals such as printers, scanners, external discs, tape drives and internet access

2. Requirements analysis:

As we are supposed to create a network between three departments, where marketing has 3 computers, college management holds 2 computers and likewise, estates hold 2 computers. In order to share printer between management and marketing department we must use firewall to apply restriction protocols in our network. A server will work as main computer and it will handle all services like FTP, software sharing, printer sharing, and any other hardware sharing. We have following basic requirements in order to design an efficient network.

Computers:

We need seven personal computers for three departments. These computers will be used by different departments in our network.

Operating system:

An operating system is a set of programs running in the background of computer providing an environment in which other programs can run and user can work easily and efficiently. Here for our network I thought to use windows XP for networking between three departments (management, marketing, estate) because this is one of the best operating system. However, the most recent version of windows i.e. windows 7 is also capable of developing networking, but in our network I would like to use windows XP on all local computers and server.

Network Interface card:

Each computer which we are interested to connect to the network must contain a network interface card (NIC). Sometimes NIC is called LAN card.

Ethernet cables:

All the computers in network require Ethernet cables to enable a wire connection for resource sharing. For this purpose Ethernet cables should be there in order to implement the network.

Network Routers:

We also require a network router for printer sharing or any network compatible hardware. Basically, network router enables communication between two computers on the network.

Networking Software:

Networking software is used to create networking between computers. So we also need networking software for creation of network between three departments. Most operating systems contain the soft wares and drivers to enable networking.

Examples of network software:

Utilities, communication, VNC, team viewer.

Wireless network:

If we are interested to provide wireless connection to computers in network having wireless card we need a wireless router to accomplish this task.

Printers:

We need a printer in the network that would be shared between marketing and management departments for printing documents.

Switch:

We also need network switches to divide server access and access to hardware between marketing, management and estate. So in order to accomplish these tasks we must have at least four switches for joining three departments at a single place.

Firewall:

We also require a firewall which is a set of related programs located at a network gateway for restricting unauthorized and illegal access to user files and hardware sharing. Moreover, it will enable a secure and compiled data between three departments in our network.

3. Development: and design of network:

In order to develop and design our network we must ensure the basics of networking.

So that in this way we’ll enable ourselves to design an efficient and secure network. Firstly, the basic network connection between two computers can be explained as:

Networking between two PC’s:

We can connect two basic computers by using Ethernet cables and just by using both pc. In this way both these personal computers may share their software resources.

Before carrying on our project we must have suitable knowledge about different types of network.

3.1. What is a network?

A network is a way to produce a linkage between personal computers, so that they may share their own resources like software sharing and hardware sharing.

Main networks:

· LAN (local area network)

· WAN (wide area network)

· MAN (metropolitan area network)

LAN:

A home based network between some computers in the same building, office of institute is referred to as Local area network.

MAN:

A network that is spreader around a city is called metropolitan area network. For example, the network between different branches of a college.

WAN:

A network between geographically speeded computers in called wide area network. For example Internet.

Here, I would like to show a basic network between four computers as shown in below diagram. This type of networking is called peer to peer networking, where all these four computers are connected by a hub. They may share their resources and programs amongst each others.

Available at [Reference: http://techsoup.org][18/05/2010]

I would also like to review client server networking before developing my network.

In client server networking we have multiple clients connected to a single server.

All clients have permission to access data on the single server. This server produces software and file sharing between three clients computers in above little network.
After studying peer to peer and client server networks now we are capable to design our own network where marketing department, management department and estate department should be connected to a single server for sharing their resources and information.

3.2. Review of our own network:

We have chooses windows XP operating system for networking between management, marketing and estate department. XP will enable an ease interconnection between different computers and a server. So we must make sure that window XP operating system is installed on all computers of three departments. After observing different network diagrams and types of networks I formed a network diagram for networking between management, marketing and estate. Network Diagram is shown in diagram_network:

diagram_network

3.3. Explanation of networking diagram:

1. Components of network:

Internet

Router

Server

7 personal computers with XP operating system

Switches

Ethernet cables (depending on requirements)

Printer

Firewall

2. Departments:

2.1. Marketing having 3 computers

2.2. Estates having 2 computers

2.3. Management having 2 computers

3. Restriction in our network

Only management and marketing department has authority to access printer for printing documents. Estate department doesn’t have authority to print any file on this network. However, all personal computers in three departments are authorized to access all files available or shared on the server. Moreover, the restrictions may be modified if required by utilizing networking soft wares. Only network manager has authority to restrict the traffic of data/ file sharing/ hardware sharing. In this way normal user enables him to access shared files if he is not restricted by network administrator. The server computer provides accessibility to all departments to put file on it and share it with a selected department. For example, if marketing department wants to share the pay slip of employees with management department, it will just upload that slip on server and share it with management department. The estates department will be unable to access this pay slip because the administrator has just given this accessibility to management department.

3.4. Brief description of network diagram:

First of all in our network diagram we have internet connection that enables internet access to all departments. Internet (ADSL) is connected to router where router is working to make sure that internet is accessible to all users of three departments. Then firewall (a set of different programs to put restrictions on the network) will purify the data on the network. Here, network administrator has authority to change the accessibility of files on the network. The printer sharing is restricted by manager means only marketing and management departments are capable to print their files via shared printer on the network. However, in some situations if network administrator is interested to provide printer sharing to estate then he can easily provide printer sharing to estate’s department. Then main server computer providing access to all user files if they are shared. The main server enables files sharing, hardware sharing and it is also working as database server as well. We could also use print server and FTP server in our network but it will produce an increase in network cost. So, we will prefer to use only single server performing all these tasks in our network. Then server is connected to a hub or switch that is distributing the internet connection between management, marketing and estate. This switch is further connected to three more switches that are distinctly connected to management, marketing and estate department via Ethernet cables. The printer is connected to central hub/switch through which the management and marketing department access printer and print their files. Firewall is allowing management and marketing departments to share printer and print their files via network.

4. Network Configuration and set up:

In order to setup our network I would like to create a client server networking model in which a centralized computer is used as a server. This centralized computer contains files, database, docs, spreadsheets, web pages and resources like hard diver, printer, fax modem, CD/DVD ROM and others. All clients computer has authority to share those files etc. over the network but only management and marketing department has authority to share printer. All clients’ computers in three departments are connected to the centralized server computer.

First of all we’ll prepare server computer. For this purpose we’ll install windows XP server on server computer and create a domain.

4.1. Domain creation:

In order to create domain we’ll run “DCPROMO” command after successfully installing the server. After running “DCPROMO” command it will ask for domain name. All client computers will use this domain name for becoming part of this domain. This command has installed active directory on server, DNS and other required things. A step by step wizard ran all remain tasks are accomplished. During this procedure the network cable is plugged in the LAN card of the server when we ran DCPROMO.exe command.

After properly creating active directory on the server we did create network users on the server computer and also name/labeled the network resource like printer.

After successfully installing the server we are supposed to install windows XP on all clients. In this way all clients will enable to become a part of network.

4.2. Configuration steps:

1. Choose a unique name for each client such as PC A, B, C etc.

2. Choose unique IP address for each computer for each computer and relevant.

3. Use the same domain name for all client PCs.

Network system can do all these administrative tasks on clients and server computers. Any shared resource on server or client can be easily accessed by MY Network Place in windows XP platform.

a. IP address assigning:

IP address:

An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical label that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network, which uses the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing

In our network:

For giving the IP address you will have to right click on the My Network places>properties>Local Area Connection>Properties>Internet Protocols (TCP/IP)>Properties and then give the IP address and subnet mask of the same range and class for all the computers in the network.

For assigning IP address we decided to use class C for all client computers in the network. For server we used class A IP address as shown in network diagram.

b. Installation of Network software:

After creating our network we may need to upgrade software or we may also require sharing software among different computer users. But we must make sure that this software is properly licensed.

Following are few steps to install software on a network and use it between selected group of users or departments:

1. Power on each computer within the network on which you would like to install the software.

2. Log on to each computer with the administrator username and password. If the network administrator has not established a username and password for the network, you will not be prompted for a username and password.

3. Check each computer to ensure that it meets the minimum system requirements for the software download (for example, the correct operating system, sufficient disk space and correct processor).

4. Insert the software CD into the CD ROM drive of each computer on which you want to install the software. Enter the software license number or product key code. This will be located in your software package.

5. Run the software installation wizard. Some software programs may require configuration after it has been installed.

In this way we will install software over a network. This software can be shared between any or all three departments in our network. Basically, this process has enabled us to share software between any or two departments in our network. Network manager has authority to change the sharing capability of sharing this software between selected departments.

c. Installation of network printer:

As in this assignment of networking we are restricted to share printer only between management and marketing department. But this thing will allow us to use only 1 printer instead of using numerous printers. For printer installation we have connected it to the centralized server computer that will control printer sharing.

First of all we need to install printer software and drivers on all PCs of management and marketing department. After successfully installing printer software and drivers on management and marketing’s PCs and server as well. Now at this place our network diagram will purify and the most recent and efficient diagram of network will be formed as.

Now, we have connected printer with server computer which is centralized. Now management and marketing departments can access to printer.

i. Finding a printer on the network:

Following are few steps to find printer on network in windows XP.

To install the printer using an IP address, go to Start>Control Panel>Printers and Faxes and then click the Add Printer icon. Next, click Create a new port, then select Standard TCP/IP Port from the drop-down menu. You will then be asked to enter an IP address. Enter the IP address of the print server and click next. You will be asked to select the printer manufacturer and the model from the list. If you do not see your printer listed, insert the disk that came with the printer and click Have Disk.

If you do not know the IP address of the printer, you can sometime select Browse for printer in the beginning of the process. If the networked printer is attached to another computer is being shared, you will need to enter the name of the computer followed by the share name of the printer. For example: \\computername\printername.

In our network we assign 192.168.0.8 IP address to our printer. By using this IP address management and marketing departments are capable of printing their source documents.

4. Network management:

5. GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES

Network manager manages the enterprise voice and data networks for Carroll County Government.

ESSENTIAL TASKS include the following; other duties may be assigned.

1. Perform supervisory responsibilities in accordance with the current Carroll County

Personnel Ordinance, County policies and applicable laws

2. Assign duties and examine work for exactness, neatness, and conformance to policies and

Procedures

3. Manage local and wide-area voice and data networks by providing access to network

Resources, maintaining equipment, and monitoring network performance

4. Interpret needs and oversee planning, installation, setup, support and documentation of

Network systems

5. Evaluate and recommend server hardware and software components and upgrades as

Required

6. Install, upgrade and configure client accounts, network printing, directory structures,

Rights, security and software on file servers

7. Respond to the needs and questions of clients concerning their access to resources on the

Network

8. Responsible for backup and disaster recovery measures

9. Maintain current knowledge of software and hardware methods, trends and techniques

10. Perform related duties as to specific assignments

11. Provide service to customers by answering questions, providing information, making

Referrals, and assuring appropriate follow-through and/or resolution

12. Communicate with managers, supervisors, co-workers, citizens, and others, maintains

Confidentiality; and represents the County

6. Rights and responsibilities of network manager:

6.1. Network manager:

A network manager is a person who is responsible for consistency and progress of network. He must make sure that network is working properly and all clients are accessing their files on server easily.

As a network manager, yours is a role of two halves. You’ll be responsible for installing and maintaining your company's computer networks, and also to train staff to provide first rate technical support.
If there are problems with the system, it’ll be down to you to have a recovery plan to minimize any disruption to the business. As most organizations are becoming increasingly reliant on technology, this makes your role particularly vital to the smooth running of the business. Depending on the size of the organization you may have more than one type of network to manage.

6.2. Required skills for network managers:

Being a network manager is a varied role as it combines both strong IT and leadership skills. Employers will expect you to have the following:

• In-depth knowledge of all networks, especially those used by the company
• Interpersonal skills and experience in presenting
• Problem solving and project management experience
• Negotiation skills
• Team working skills
• Understanding of business
• Financial planning and budgeting experience

6.3. Entry requirements
Training to become a network manager can start straight from school, provided you have good GCSE grades in English, Math’s, IT and Science. Although a degree or BTEC HND in a relevant computer course can give you an advantage. To enter the profession at network manager level you'll need a proven track record and relevant experience such as a previous role as a network engineer, IT support technician or IT manager.

6.4. Hours and environment

As a Network Manager, you’ll often work 37 to 40 hours a week in and office or between office sites. When a new system is being installed it may be necessary to work out of hours or at the weekend to minimize disruption to the office.

6.5. Basic responsibilities of network managers:

The administrator's basic responsibilities include:

 security, including password monitoring

 designing and implementing back-up procedures - see our guide on keeping your systems and data secure

 disaster recovery planning

One or more individuals are responsible for every IP net or subnet which is connected to the Internet. Their names, phone numbers and postal addresses MUST be supplied to the Internet NIC (or to the local or regional transit network's NIC) prior to the network's initial connection to the Internet, and updates and corrections MUST be provided in a timely manner for as long as the net remains connected.

As the network grows the network administrator will need further training. At this point you will need their expertise to also cover the installation, configuration and maintenance of PCs, networking equipment and network operating systems.

It is a good idea to define exactly what type of emergency support and after-sales services your technology providers should supply, as they can be an important point of contact for any queries or problems you may have. If they cannot provide these services, consider another supplier who can. See our guide on computer hardware: the basics.

You need to maintain your network. You'll need to monitor software compatibility. This doesn't necessarily mean automatically getting the latest release available. Compatibility needs to extend across the network, so an upgrade strategy must be carefully planned and budgeted.

Make rules for file naming to ensure that changes take place to the right files at the right time. Multiple file copies will be created as employees download central files to work on whilst off-site and upload them later. Naming rules prevent overwriting of any changes made to the original files.

Network security issues

The increase in businesses connecting their systems and using the internet has its drawbacks. When all computers are networked, one user's problems may affect everyone. You should consider the greater potential for data loss, security breaches and viruses when creating a network.

It is important to ensure data security through regular housekeeping such as backing up files, password routines and system logs. It is important to remove access from employees who leave; otherwise they may still be able to access customer records.

As your data will be stored in one location on the server, physical security is very important. See our guide on keeping your systems and data secure.

You should enhance your system security to protect your business from potential virus attacks and hacking. This should include anti-virus software and a firewall or software barrier. See our guide on IT security: the basics.

Keep this up to date and download relevant patches - updates to software that fix security threats - because new viruses are frequently released. If you are affected by a virus your employees could lose data and have difficulties using their computers, and your business could come to a standstill.

If your staff needs to access the network while off-site, consider a virtual private network. This creates a secure link and protects information sent and received.

If you opt for a wireless networking solution then be aware that they can be insecure unless you take appropriate precautions. Typical threats include people being able to eavesdrop on your business activities or a hacker using a wireless connection to gain access to your key business systems. See our guide on securing your wireless systems.

Irrespective of the technology solution you select, you should seek expert advice when your system is installed - from your internet service provider, system provider, installer or an adviser. As when seeking any type of professional guidance, you should find out whether any adviser is familiar with businesses of your size or in your sector, or follow personal recommendations. Consult your local Chamber of Commerce or Business Link.

A Windows-based computer that is configured to use DHCP can automatically assign itself an Internet Protocol (IP) address if a DHCP server is not available. For example, this could occur on a network without a DHCP server or on a network if a DHCP server is temporarily down for maintenance.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved 169.254.0.0-169.254.255.255 for Automatic Private IP Addressing. As a result, APIPA provides an address that is guaranteed not to conflict with routable addresses.

After the network adapter has been assigned an IP address, the computer can use TCP/IP to communicate with any other computer that is connected to the same LAN and that is also configured for APIPA or has the IP address manually set to the 169.254.x.y (where x.y is the client’s unique identifier) address range with a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0. Note that the computer cannot communicate with computers on other subnets, or with computers that do not use automatic private IP addressing. Automatic private IP addressing is enabled by default.

You may want to disable it in any of the following cases:

- Your network uses routers.

- Your network is connected to the Internet without a NAT or proxy server.

7. Rights and responsibilities of Network Users:

7.1. User rights:

While the Network monitors electronic usage as part of its normal network operating procedures, the NA (network administrator) does not routinely inspect or monitor users’ computer hardware or files, email, and/or telephone message system, nor disclose information created or stored in such media without the user’s consent. The NA (network administrator) shall attempt to notify users before accessing computer hardware and files or prior to suspending service. In the event that the District acts without user consent, under its District Rights specified above, the NA shall do so with the least perusal of contents and the least action necessary to resolve the immediate situation. When NA accesses files without user consent, it shall notify the user as soon as possible of its access and provide the reason for its action.

In our network all the client computers in management and marketing department has right to access printer they can print their files via printer simultaneously. Similarly, all client computers has right to get information available on the server, they can share files by centralizing them on server.

7.2. User responsibilities:

In our network the server computer allows all clients in three departments to share their resources. So, all users of client computer should be very much responsible on the network. The users must respect the rights of other users of the network e.g. management department. Likewise, the open access to internet for all client users determines that the users should utilize this access only for office work only. If a file is uploaded only for management department by marketing department but it is shared between all departments. Then the users of estate department should not delete or modify these files, because it is their responsibility to respect rights of others computer users. All users should be aware of their rights and responsibilities on the network.

8. Print queue management:

Print queue management is really very essential in order to make best use of network. As we are only allowed to share printer between management and marketing departments. This task can be accomplished by using print server software on the server. This software can perform all jobs related to print queuing. After configuring and installing this software on server, management and marketing department we are capable to configure various print queues. So, only management and marketing departments will get their prints via printer. But if we provide precedence to marketing department then the files of marketing department will be printed first. However, we have used only FIFO (first in first out) structure same like stacks. It means which department will click to print a file; its files will be printed first then others.

9. Conclusion:

In conclusion of this report I would like to overview my network configuration and setup. As networking is one of the best ways to share all kinds of information amongst multiple computers. We just need to centralize this information on a server, and then all clients will be capable of accessing it. So, the users of different departments like management and marketing don’t need to type the same files for the same users separately. We just need to type those files once and share them on server. For example, if marketing and management department require the fee information a student. They just have to access server where the student database is centralized. In this way networking provides us a lot of pros such as time saving, efforts saving, ease and instant access to information. Moreover, networking also reduces the cost of system in an organization. In our network model we are using only single printer which is shared between management and marketing departments. It means that 2 users of management and 3 users of marketing department are printing their files via single printer on the network. However, without network we would require five separate printers for all 5 users in two departments.

The network manager and network users should be very responsible on the network. The network manager has authority to change privileges of server access for a selected group of users. In this way we designed an efficient network model where server computer is centralized and printer is shared between only management and marketing department.

Online references:

Different network diagrams

ü [http://images.google.com][viewed almost daily]

ü [www.google.com][visited daily for browsing about networks]

Roshan, P. & Leary, J. (2010) Wireless LAN Fundamentals

Sebastopol, CA: Cisco Press

ü [available at: http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/1587050773] [Viewed on 14/05/2010].

Configuration of LAN networks

ü [http://www.networktutorials.info/about_us.html] [Viewed on 14/05/2010].

Printer queuing handling in the network

ü [http://www.networkprinting.info/] [Viewed on 15/05/2010].

LAN models and routers in network

ü [http://www.pcnineoneone.com/howto/hmnetwk1.html][Viewed on 17/05/2010].

Setting IP addresses and IP routing.

ü [http://ultralight.caltech.edu/web-site/ultralight/workgroups/network/netconfig.html][Viewed on 17/05/2010].

Introduction to windows peer to peer networking

ü [technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb457079.aspx][viewed on 17/05/2010]

Networking in xp, introduction at Microsoft

ü [www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/.../networking/.../default.mspx][viewed on 18/05/2010]

Linux networking setup and routing in the network

ü [http://www.comptechdoc.org/os/linux/usersguide/linux_ugbasicnet.html][Viewed on 18/05/2010].

Petri.co.il by Daniel Petri is one of the most comprehensive IT and certification related web sites

ü [http://www.petrikb.com/adsl_home_network_config.htm][viewed on 19/05/2010]

International case studies, LAN switching

ü [www.cisco.com/en/US/.../internetworking/.../cs010.html] [viewed on 18/05/2010]

Wireless LANs

ü [learningnetwork.cisco.com/.../wireless_lan][viewed on 21/05/2010]

The End

How to design Network Diagram for a College Network?

2011-11-30T04:44:00.001-08:00

Developing Strategic Management and leadership

2011-11-29T16:11:00.001-08:00

Exclusive Summary

The British airway is one of the largest travel companies of the world providing different facilities in United Kingdom. These services included transportation of goods, clothes, heavy machinery and the most important thing is travel of passengers between UK and other European countries. It’s main and busiest centres are located in London including Heathrow as the busiest airport, but this company is working all over England with a proper management and structure.

The main objective of this report is to explain different aspects of strategic management and to enlighten different leadership style and development in leadership.

Initially, different concepts of strategic management and different leadership are explained step by step in the first phase of this report. However, the second part of this report explains the critical analysis of these two concepts and relationships between them.

Finally, the last part of this report expresses the brief justification of management and different theories and models of leadership. In conclusion, different development tricks and methods are expalineds which are used by Bristish airways in order to increase the performance of their organization.

1.

Preface:

This report is a brief study of strategic management and leadership at British airways. It analysis the different co aspects of management and leadership which are held inside British airways. The main purpose of this report is to reveal different managerial skills of British airways companies which are working as a leading company in the United Kingdom.

Firstly, different definitions of strategic management and leadership are inscribed. Then, afterwards relationship between strategic management and leadership are analysed. All those strategies to achieve corporate objectives used by British airways are also expressed in second portion of this report.

Finally, in the end all leadership theories and different leadership styles inside British airways are explained thoroughly.

Introduction and definitions:

2.1

The concept of strategic management:

Definition:

“Strategic management is a systematic analysis of those factors which are concerned with customers and competitors (the external environment), and organization itself, to provide the basis for changing the current managerial techniques to bring a solid reform in the organization. Its objective is to achieve better alignment of corporate policies and strategic priorities “

(businessdictionary.com)

Explanation:

According to Braker in 1980;

“The direct organisational application of the concepts of business strategy that have been developed in the academic realm.

That is, strategic management entails the analysis of internal and external environments of a firm, to maximise the utilization of resources in relation to objectives.”

As a brief analysis this above definition perfectly explains is a super ways to learn about weakness in the organization. It maps out a ways to bring some good changes and reforms in the organizational environment.

2.2

Leadership’s concept:

Definition:

“Leadership can be defined as the act of establishing a clear vision, sharing and communicating that vision with others so that they will follow willingly, providing information, knowledge and methods to realize that vision and coordinating and balancing the conflicting interests of all members or stakeholders “

(businessdictionary.com)

Explanation of the concept:

According the Glenn (2008) leadership is the capability to influence people to set aside their personal concerns and support a larger agenda at least for a while. He stressed that effective leaders stimulate the people of their nation to bring changes and revolution in the organization.

Similarity, Bennis 1999 also have the same opinion that leadership is a function of knowing oneself, having a vision that is well communicated, building trust among colleagues and taking effective action to realize your own leadership potential.

Review and Analysis

3.1      Relationship between strategic management and leadership:

The main purpose of British airways organization is to properly explain their corporate objectives and vision. According to vision of British airways, the customers should fly safely and happily.

Their aim is to facilitate their customers during their journey as much as they can. For this purpose different strategies are implemented to overcome these corporate objectives. The management of these strategies are separated into four main categories:

-         Environment

-         Community

-         Market place

-         Workplace

As according to study of British airways the strategic management includes those decisions and actions that are taken by the management to increase the performance of organization, however, leadership is just an individual or group of people to achieve a particular aim.

Strategic management at British Airways includes its long-term vision statement, (which is to be the world’s leading global premium airline), a scan of external factors that will affect the operationalization of the vision, strategic plans and policies based on the result of the scan in comparison with the strengths and drawbacks of British Airways.

The external factors that influence the operations of British Airways vision include political, environmental, social and technological and economic factors (see table 1.0 below).

External Factors

Examples

Political

Political concerns affecting British Airways ranges from operating restrictions, route agreements, new government policies

Environmental

Environmental issues include restrictions on flight zones pollution, pressure to reduce carbon footprint.

Social

Social effects include employee staffing issues, disputes, unions’ pressures.

Technological

Technological advancement. Competitors advancing in technology on baggage handling, check-ins

Economic

Factors here include interest rates government interactions exchange rates, price wars, competition from low-fares airlines

                                                                                                                                                                                                            Table 1.0

Structure of a Program

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Probably the best way to start learning a programming language is by writing a program. Therefore, here is our first program: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 // my first program in C++ #include using namespace std; int main () { cout << "Hello World!"; return 0; } Hello World! The first panel (in light blue) shows the source code for our first program. The second one (in light gray) shows the result of the program once compiled and executed. To the left, the grey numbers represent the line numbers - these are not part of the program, and are shown here merely for informational purposes. The way to edit and compile a program depends on the compiler you are using. Depending on whether it has a Development Interface or not and on its version. Consult the compilers section and the manual or help included with your compiler if you have doubts on how to compile a C++ console program. The previous program is the typical program that programmer apprentices write for the first time, and its result is the printing on screen of the "Hello World!" sentence. It is one of the simplest programs that can be written in C++, but it already contains the fundamental components that every C++ program has. We are going to look line by line at the code we have just written: // my first program in C++ This is a comment line. All lines beginning with two slash signs (//) are considered comments and do not have any effect on the behavior of the program. The programmer can use them to include short explanations or observations within the source code itself. In this case, the line is a brief description of what our program is. #include Lines beginning with a hash sign (#) are directives for the preprocessor. They are not regular code lines with expressions but indications for the compiler's preprocessor. In this case the directive #include tells the preprocessor to include the iostream standard file. This specific file (iostream) includes the declarations of the basic standard input-output library in C++, and it is included because its functionality is going to be used later in the program. using namespace std; All the elements of the standard C++ library are declared within what is called a namespace, the namespace with the name std. So in order to access its functionality we declare with this expression that we will be using these entities. This line is very frequent in C++ programs that use the standard library, and in fact it will be included in most of the source codes included in these tutorials. int main () This line corresponds to the beginning of the definition of the main function. The main function is the point by where all C++ programs start their execution, independently of its location within the source code. It does not matter whether there are other functions with other names defined before or after it - the instructions contained within this function's definition will always be the first ones to be executed in any C++ program. For that same reason, it is essential that all C++ programs have a main function. The word main is followed in the code by a pair of parentheses (()). That is because it is a function declaration: In C++, what differentiates a function declaration from other types of expressions are these parentheses that follow its name. Optionally, these parentheses may enclose a list of parameters within them. Right after these parentheses we can find the body of the main function enclosed in braces ({}). What is contained within these braces is what the function does when it is executed. cout << "Hello World!"; This line is a C++ statement. A statement is a simple or compound expression that can actually produce some effect. In fact, this statement performs the only action that generates a visible effect in our first program. cout is the name of the standard output stream in C++, and the meaning of the entire statement is to insert a sequence of characters (in this case the Hello World sequence of characters) into the standard output stream (cout, which usually corresponds to the screen). cout is declared in the iostream standard file within the std namespace, so that's why we needed to include that specific file and to declare that we were going to use this specific namespace earlier in our code. Notice that the statement ends with a semicolon character (;). This character is used to mark the end of the statement and in fact it must be included at the end of all expression statements in all C++ programs (one of the most common syntax errors is indeed to forget to include some semicolon after a statement). return 0; The return statement causes the main function to finish. return may be followed by a return code (in our example is followed by the return code with a value of zero). A return code of 0 for the main function is generally interpreted as the program worked as expected without any errors during its execution. This is the most usual way to end a C++ console program. You may have noticed that not all the lines of this program perform actions when the code is executed. There were lines containing only comments (those beginning by //). There were lines with directives for the compiler's preprocessor (those beginning by #). Then there were lines that began the declaration of a function (in this case, the main function) and, finally lines with statements (like the insertion into cout), which were all included within the block delimited by the braces ({}) of the main function. The program has been structured in different lines in order to be more readable, but in C++, we do not have strict rules on how to separate instructions in different lines. For example, instead of 1 2 3 4 5 int main () { cout << " Hello World!"; return 0; } We could have written: int main () { cout << "Hello World!"; return 0; } All in just one line and this would have had exactly the same meaning as the previous code. In C++, the separation between statements is specified with an ending semicolon (;) at the end of each one, so the separation in different code lines does not matter at all for this purpose. We can write many statements per line or write a single statement that takes many code lines. The division of code in different lines serves only to make it more legible and schematic for the humans that may read it. Let us add an additional instruction to our first program: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 // my second program in C++ #include using namespace std; int main () { cout << "Hello World! "; cout << "I'm a C++ program"; return 0; } Hello World! I'm a C++ program In this case, we performed two insertions into cout in two different statements. Once again, the separation in different lines of code has been done just to give greater readability to the program, since main could have been perfectly valid defined this way: int main () { cout << " Hello World! "; cout << " I'm a C++ program "; return 0; } We were also free to divide the code into more lines if we considered it more convenient: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 int main () { cout << "Hello World!"; cout << "I'm a C++ program"; return 0; } And the result would again have been exactly the same as in the previous examples. Preprocessor directives (those that begin by #) are out of this general rule since they are not statements. They are lines read and processed by the preprocessor and do not produce any code by themselves. Preprocessor directives must be specified in their own line and do not have to end with a semicolon (;). Comments Comments are parts of the source code disregarded by the compiler. They simply do nothing. Their purpose is only to allow the programmer to insert notes or descriptions embedded within the source code. C++ supports two ways to insert comments: 1 2 // line comment /* block comment */ The first of them, known as line comment, discards everything from where the pair of slash signs (//) is found up to the end of that same line. The second one, known as block comment, discards everything between the /* characters and the first appearance of the */ characters, with the possibility of including more than one line. We are going to add comments to our second program: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 /* my second program in C++ with more comments */ #include using namespace std; int main () { cout << "Hello World! "; // prints Hello World! cout << "I'm a C++ program"; // prints I'm a C++ program return 0; } Hello World! I'm a C++ program If you include comments within the source code of your programs without using the comment characters combinations //, /* or */, the compiler will take them as if they were C++ expressions, most likely causing one or several error messages when you compile it.

2011-11-28T17:31:00.001-08:00

2011-11-28T17:29:00.001-08:00

Requirement analysis

Introduction:

In computing, requirement analysis is an important phase in order to develop a successful system or business project. It can be defined as a set of tasks to gather information about needs, conditions and requirements of users and new system which is going to be implemented.

The success of a system/software or a project is highly dependent upon requirement analysis phase, where all the financial, technical and main requirements are analyzed properly in order to develop a successful system.

Explanation:

Requirement analysis is a pre-phase before developing any project in business organizations. This technique is not only used in computing but in any business project. Basically, in this phase all the requirements and needs of new systems are analyzed and explained. The system/project developer briefly analyzes the drawback of current system or requirements which should be available in new system.

For this purpose, he may conduct interviews and surveys in order to gather user’s problems and requirements which they want to be available in new system. He can also use a questionnaire to gather information by different customers and employees linked with this project.

All financial and technical requirements are analyzed properly that whether the cost of system is manageable or development of new system will be successful or not.

In this phase all requirements are inscribed on paper and analyzed properly including an initial design of system which will explain that how this system will work in future. In short, requirement analysis is just a phase to analyse all the requirement of a system. The success of a project is highly dependent upon this phase. It shows that this is a key phase to design and develop a successful system.

Example:

For example if the developer wants to develop hotel management software, there are some questions which should come in his mind.

- What would be the total cost of the system?

- Can it facilitate the customer more than the current system?

- How it can minimize employee’s burden?

- Is it faster than current system?

- What kinds of new function would be available in new system?

- What are problems with current working system?

- What would be the outlook or front view of new system?

- Is it much user friendly than current system?

- What are problem of current system?

- Can company bear the financial expenses of the new system?

Making CV

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How to write a successful CV

What is a C.V.?
When should a CV be used?
What information should a CV include?
What makes a good CV?
How long should a CV be?
Tips on presentation
Fonts
Different Types of CV
Targeting your CV
Emailed CVs and Web CVs
Media CVs (separate page)
Academic CVs (separate page)
Example CVs and Covering Letters (separate page)
Further Help

What is a CV?

Curriculum Vitae: an outline of a person's educational and professional history, usually prepared for job applications (L, lit.: the course of one's life). Another name for a CV is a résumé.

A CV is the most flexible and convenient way to make applications. It conveys your personal details in the way that presents you in the best possible light. A CV is a marketing document in which you are marketing something: yourself! You need to "sell" your skills, abilities, qualifications and experience to employers. It can be used to make multiple applications to employers in a specific career area. For this reason, many large graduate recruiters will not accept CVs and instead use their own application form.

Often selectors read CVs outside working hours. They may have a pile of 50 CVs from which to select five interviewees. It's evening and they would rather be in the pub with friends. If your CV is hard work to read: unclear, badly laid out and containing irrelevant information, they will just just move on to the next CV.

Treat the selector like a child eating a meal. Chop your CV up into easily digestible morsels (bullets, short paragraphs and note form) and give it a clear logical layout, with just the relevant information to make it easy for the selector to read. If you do this, you will have a much greater chance of interview.

An application form is designed to bring out the essential information and personal qualities that the employer requires and does not allow you to gloss over your weaker points as a CV does. In addition, the time needed to fill out these forms is seen as a reflection of your commitment to the career.

There is no "one best way" to construct a CV; it is your document and can be structured as you wish within the basic framework below. It can be on paper or on-line or even on a T-shirt (a gimmicky approach that might work for "creative" jobs but not generally advised!).

When should a CV be used?

When an employer asks for applications to be received in this format
When an employer simply states "apply to ..." without specifying the format
When making speculative applications (when writing to an employer who has not advertised a vacancy but who you hope my have one)

What information should a CV include?

Personal details

Normally these would be your name, address, date of birth (although with age discrimination laws now in force this isn't essential), telephone number and email.

Education and qualifications

Some employers may spend as little as 45 seconds skimming a résumé before branding it “not of interest”, “maybe” or “of interest.

BI Business School

Your degree subject and university, plus A levels and GCSEs or equivalents. Mention grades unless poor!

Work experience

Use action words such as developed, planned and organised.
Even work in a shop, bar or restaurant will involve working in a team, providing a quality service to customers, and dealing tactfully with complaints. Don't mention the routine, non-people tasks(cleaning the tables) unless you are applying for a casual summer job in a restaurant or similar.
Try to relate the skills to the job. A finance job will involve numeracy, analytical and problem solving skills so focus on these whereas for a marketing role you would place a bit more more emphasis on persuading and negotiating skills.
"All of my work experiences have involved working within a team-based culture. This involved planning, organisation, co-ordination and commitment e.g., in retail, this ensured daily sales targets were met, a fair distribution of tasks and effective communication amongst all staff members."

Interests and achievements

Writing about your interests

Reading, cinema, stamp-collecting, embroidery

Suggests a solitary individual who doesn't get on with other people. This may not be true, but selectors will interpret the evidence they see before them.

Reading, cinema, travel, socialising with friends.

A little better. At least a suggestion that they can get on with other people.

Cinema: member of the University Film-Making Society
Travel: travelled through Europe by train this summer in a group of four people, visiting historic sites and practising my French and Italian
Reading: helped younger pupils with reading difficulties at school.

This could be the same individual as in the first example, but the impression is completely the opposite: an outgoing proactive individual who help others.

Keep this section short and to the point. As you grow older, your employment record will take precedence and interests will typically diminish greatly in length and importance.
Bullets can be used to separate interests into different types: sporting, creative etc.
Don't use the old boring cliches here: "socialising with friends".
Don't put many passive, solitary hobbies (reading, watching TV, stamp collecting) or you may be perceived as lacking people skills. If you do put these, than say what you read or watch: "I particularly enjoy Dickens, for the vivid insights you get into life in Victorian times".
Show a range of interests to avoid coming across as narrow : if everything centres around sport they may wonder if you could hold a conversation with a client who wasn't interested in sport.
Hobbies that are a little out of the ordinary can help you to stand out from the crowd: skydiving or mountaineering can show a sense of wanting to stretch yourself and an ability to rely on yourself in demanding situations
Any interests relevant to the job are worth mentioning: current affairs if you wish to be a journalist; a fantasy share portfolio such as Bullbearings if you want to work in finance.
Any evidence of leadership is important to mention: captain or coach of a sports team, course representative, chair of a student society, scout leader: "As captain of the school cricket team, I had to set a positive example, motivate and coach players and think on my feet when making bowling and field position changes, often in tense situations"
Anything showing evidence of employability skills such as teamworking, organising, planning, persuading, negotiating etc.

Skills

The usual ones to mention are languages (good conversational French, basic Spanish), computing (e.g. "good working knowledge of MS Access and Excel, plus basic web page design skills" and driving ("full current clean driving licence").
If you are a mature candidate or have lots of relevant skills to offer, a skills-based CV may work for you

References

Normally two referees are sufficient: one academic (perhaps your tutor or a project supervisor) and one from an employer (perhaps your last part-time or summer job). See our page on Choosing and Using Referees for more help with this.

How to download videos from facebook?

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When viewing a video on Facebook, simply add the word "down" just before "facebook.com" in the link in the address field of your browser. For example if you're watching this video:

http://www.facebook.com/video/video.php?v=70409658791

Just add the word "down" to look like this:

http://www.downfacebook.com/video/video.php?v=70409658791

Now just load that link into your browser (enter or click Go) and follow the instructions to download the video from Facebook.

Security Issues and Solutions in Web Applications

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1. Introduction:

This report is a complete briefing of security in web based information systems and ways to dealt with those security issues such as hacking, viruses and identity theft. The effects of these issues can put serious effects on the organisation. Information is the complied or processed form of data, which is used and managed by information systems and software. The main and foremost purpose of information processing is to use data for meaningful information such as customer order processing system.

A massive amount of information systems is working over the global world of internet technology, which are joining millions of computers over this global world to access and share sources between each other. These resources consist on images, videos, texts, emails, audio etc. Information technology is making easy to share stuff between heterogeneous to vast up their business. At the same time, there are multiple issues, which are coming because of security issues. There are number of issues which are creating problems with users security and their personal information, while sharity of information.

This report is a short glimpse of those issues and it would also talk about the ways to deal with those issues. The first part of the report is about different kinds of security problems that might influence an online web based application,. The second part is about competitive advantages between the firms and we will also discuss about product differentiation, cost leadership, niche marketing and marketing leadership in the sense of business. As today, most of the business has been transformed into web services, so, in order to compete with the growing competition, it is very essential to be aware of the problems in the market, and how to get away from them by staying in first row of champions.

Part 1:

1.1. Security in Web based Application:

Security is most important issue in any web based application. Web application is a kind of application which is providing services over internet or intranet , where all the computers in the network or internet are capable of accessing it. Security is most important issue with is discussed in any web application or desktop application. First of all, what is security? It is very essential to understand the meaning of security before deploying an online web based application.

Security is a set of rules and measure which are taken by an organisation to keep its data free and safe from illegal and unauthorized access. This illegal access could be an attack from hacker, malicious malware or viruses which are evolved by hackers over network and internet.

1.2. Problem with web based application:

There are innumerable problems with web based applications which might create security issues and problems for the organisation. A proper security measures against those threats can resolve these issues and can save the organisation from difficulties and problems. Firstly, we will talk about those problems and try to explore the ways to resolve the problem.

Risks:

Hacking:

Hackers can easily get in to your computer or web based application when an application is resided over internet or a network. They might take your users details, credit cards information, and can destroy or flood your database with junk data with the use of viruses and spams. The main reason of hacking is that hacker access your computer via ports.

How to resolve?

The best way to solve the problem of hacking is to use firewall which will block the ports and help to safeguard against illegal access to the network. Secondly, if the application is uploaded over internet, then you should select a server with well updated firewall.

Viruses:

A virus is like a bug which might come to the network or computer in many ways. It can spread itself via email and by coping itself in to computer it could easily manipulate itself. A virus over internet can hang your web application by making it slower for other users of the application. It can spread by using flash media such as USB , memory card. Likewise, worm is also one common of computer viruses which are working in computer networks and security flaws and creating copies of itself over the network. These copies of worms start routing over the network in order to find security flaws on different computers linked with the network. Worms are basically more complex than Trojan horses, and a computer worm does not need a host program to be able to infect.

You can do your best to try and protect yourself against worm viruses by keeping up-to-date with regards to installing patches which are provided by operating systems and application vendors.

Email viruses are different types of viruses, which uses email messages to transport, and can automatically send itself to hundreds, and thousands of people depending on whose email address they victimize. There are certain basic rules that you can follow which will help you to avoid email viruses.

Some of them include never open any attachment unless you know the sender and you were expecting it. If you happen to receive a particular email message with an attachment from someone you don't know you should delete it immediately and never open it. Always use antivirus software and remember to constantly check f or updates.Always let someone know when you will be sending them an attachment in an email so that they can be expecting it; and always use spam filters to block unwanted and unrecognizable mail.

How to resolve?

The best way to deal with the problem of virus is to use a well updated antivirus such as Norton, Mcafee, AVG, Kaspersky etc. secondly, it is very important to scan USB flash media with some good antivirus.

Identity theft:

Identity theft is also one of the major security issues in computing and web based applications. It occurs when a hacker get in to the computer and steals the credit cards details to use it for illegal use. There are several malwares and malicious viruses which are designed and spread by the hackers over the internet to steal users credit/debit card’s details and email it back to hacker.

How to resolve?

In order to address this issue, the web based application should be very much secure and powerful against these attackers. The access to users accounts and their credit card’s detail should be enabled after proper authentication.

How to resolve security issues?

Using Firewalls:

Firewalls are programs that monitor data traffic which is incoming or outgoing on the network when a user is online. Effectively, installing a firewall can slow down the computer depending on what it does, and where it came from. The software needs to be configured to permit or deny communication with websites, as chosen by the user. In general, once configured, there is no real impact on the performance of websites, but it can take time to set up the relevant permissions between the site and the user’s computer.

So, by using efficient firewall on the computer can keep a strong eye on data traffic coming from clients. Likewise, in the same way there should be check and balance in firewall. For example, if a PC-client on the networking is sending excessive amount of data into database of a web application, then the firewall should be efficient enough to block that PC to keep illegal and dangerous access from the system.

SSL (Secure Socket Layer):

A popular implementation of public-key encryption is the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). Originally developed by Netscape, SSL is an Internet security protocol used by Internet browsers and Web servers to transmit sensitive information. SSL has become part of an overall security protocol known as Transport Layer Security (TLS).

HTTP:

Https is not a separate protocol, but refers to the combination of a normal HTTP interaction over an encrypted Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) connection. This ensures reasonable protection from eavesdroppers and man-in-the-middle attacks.

RSA Certificates:

A digital signature is basically a way to ensure that an electronic document (e-mail, spreadsheet, text file, etc.) is authentic. Authentic means that the user knows who created the document and you know that it has not been altered in any way since that person created it. Digital signatures rely on certain types of encryption to ensure authentication. Encryption is the process of taking all the data that one computer is sending to another and encoding it into a form that only the other computer will be able to decode. Authentication is the process of verifying that information is coming from a trusted source. These two processes work hand in hand for digital signatures.

Strong Passwords:

Passwords need to be on the website to prevent hacker from maliciously attempting to break into the website. Strong passwords use both letters, numbers, lower case and upper case so it is more difficult for someone to guess it.

Alternative Authentication Methods:

Other authentication methods include biometrics such as: Retinal scanners, fingerprint scanners, voice patterns, these can be used in addition to traditional password combinations to ensure extra security and authentication. The hardware for this is not yet available to the general public. Introduction This report will explain security measures that threaten an E-commerce web-site, such as hacking, viruses, and identity theft. The effects of these can have a serious impact on the organisation.

External Factors	Examples
Political	Political concerns affecting British Airways ranges from operating restrictions, route agreements, new government policies
Environmental	Environmental issues include restrictions on flight zones pollution, pressure to reduce carbon footprint.
Social	Social effects include employee staffing issues, disputes, unions’ pressures.
Technological	Technological advancement. Competitors advancing in technology on baggage handling, check-ins
Economic	Factors here include interest rates government interactions exchange rates, price wars, competition from low-fares airlines