Industrial Automation

FIELD THEORY

2010-06-11T06:19:00.002-07:00

Course Objective: This presents a unified macroscopic theory of electromagnetic waves in accordance with the principle of special relativity from the point of view of the form in invariance of Maxwell’s equations and the constitutive relations. The topic includes the fundamental equations and boundary conditions, time harmonic fields, waves through space and media, reflection, transmission, guidance and resonance of electromagnetic waves, antenna theory and the various methods of flux plotting.

Syllabus:

Time varying fields and electromagnetic waves - Solution of Maxwell’s equations for charge free unbounded region – Uniform waves – Uniform plane waves – Characteristics – Wave impedance and propagation constant – Wave propagation in good dielectrics, conductors – Depth of penetration – Surface impedance of good conductor to sinusoidal currents – Polarization – Elliptic, Linear and Circular polarization.

Waves at boundary between two media – Wave incident normally on boundary between perfect dielectrics – Wave incident obliquely on boundary between perfect dielectrics – Wave polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence – Parallel polarization – Wave incident normally on perfect conductor – Oblique incidence – Brewster angle, Snell’s law.

Poynting Vector – Poynting Vector for a plane wave in a dielectric – Flow of direct current in cylindrical resistor – Co-axial cables – Instantaneous, Average and Complex poynting vector.

Guided waves – Essential conditions – Transverse electric waves – Transverse magnetic waves – Characteristics – TEM waves – Velocities of Propagation – TEM waves in co-axial cables and two wire transmission line – Attenuation factor for TE, TM and TEM waves.

Propagation characteristics of Radio waves – Electro-magnetic wave spectrum – Transmission path from transmitter to receiver – Ionosphere - Ionospheric investigation – Virtual height and critical frequency – Maximum usable frequency.

Eddy current problems – Calculation of Eddy current loss – Effect of saturation Flux plotting – Two Dimensional field plotting methods – Method of images – Multiple images – Image of point charge in conducting sphere – Graphical method of field mapping – experimental methods.

Text Books:

‘Electromagnetic field and waves’

– V V Sarwate

– Wiley Eastern, Second Edition

‘Engineering Electromagnetics’

– William H Hayt Jr.

– Tata McGraw Hill, Fifth Edition

References:

‘Electromagnetics with applications’

– KRAUS/ FLEISCH

– McGraw Hill Inter National, Fifth Edition

‘Electromagnetic waves and Radiating systems’

– E C Jordan

‘Electromagnetic fields’

– P V Gupta

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND REAL-TIME APPLICATIONS

2010-06-11T06:19:00.000-07:00

Course Objective: To give awareness about Embedded systems, microcontroller 8051 and its applications, Linux, Embedded Linux and other digital embedded applications

Syllabus:

Hardware

-Microprocessor basics. Terminology and principles. 8051 Microcontroller Architecture: Function and basic description of 8051components to include Special Function Registers (SFRs). Interfacing and address decoding techniques. Essential hardware for computer control, Interfacing, address decoding, analogue and digital input/output. input/output control A/D and D/A conversion, Interrupts, bus timing, serial and parallel communications. Bus timing, Interrupts Real-time systems.

Software

-Program creation, flow charting. Algorithms for embedded control. Structured programming, Data structures and types, Program classification. Computer control: Components of embedded control systems to include terminology and components. Discrete modelling for computer control. PID control in discrete form. Classification of programs, programs for sequential tasks, multitasking systems, real-time systems. Real World Interfacing – LCD, ADC, Sensors, Stepper motor, keyboard and DAC

LINUX

-Introduction to Linux operating Systems, Administering LINUX – root login, super user, administrative commands, configuring modules, working with file systems, Setting up and supporting users, Automating System tasks, Computer security Issues, Setting up a LAN in Linux,

Embedded Linux

-Real Time Operating System, System Architecture, selection of platform, booting linux, debugging. Interfacing- Asynchronous serial communication interfacing, parallel port interfacing, USB interfacing, Memory interfacing, Synchronous serial communication interfacing, System Integration.

Case studies involving digital control in embedded systems. Computer Simulations (MATLAB/SIMULINK), Embedded System Coding (The Real-Time Workshop Embedded Coder in MATLAB)

Text Books:

‘C and the 8051: programming for multitasking’

– SHULTZ, T. W

– Prentice-Hall, 1993

‘The 8051 Microcontrollers & Embedded Systems’

– MAZIDI

– Pearson Education Asia

‘Embedded LINUX’

– CRAIG HOLLABAUGH

– Pearson Education Asia

References:

‘The 8051 family of Microcontroller’

– BARNETT R H

– Prentice-Hall, 1995

‘The 8051 Microcontroller: architecture, programming, and applications’

– AYALA K J

– West Publishing, 1991

‘The 8051 Microcontroller: hardware, software and interfacing’

– STEWART J W.

– Regents/Prentice Hall, 1993

‘Programming and interfacing the 8051 Microcontroller’

– YERALAN S, AHLUWALIA A

– Addison-Wesley,1995

‘Matlab 6.1 - Reference Manual’

POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY

2010-06-11T06:18:00.001-07:00

Course Objective: To equip the engineers for operating power systems more effectively and reliably utilizing the resources in an optimal manner

Syllabus:

Concept of reliability, non-repairable components, hazard models, components with preventive maintenance, ideal repair and preventive maintenance, repairable components, normal repair and preventive maintenance.

System reliability, monotonic structures, reliability of series-parallel structures, the ‘r’ out of ‘n’ configuration, the decomposition methods, minimal tie and cut method, state space method of system representation, system of two independent components, two components with dependent failures, combining states, non-exponential repair times failure effects analysis, State enumeration method, application to non-repairable systems.

Other methods of system reliability, fault free analysis, Monte Carlo simulation, planning for reliability, outage definitions, construction of reliability models.

Generating capacity reserve evaluation, the generation model, the probability of capacity deficiency, the frequency and duration method, comparison of the reliability indices, generation expansion planning, uncertainties in generating unit failure rates and in load forecasts. Operating reserve evaluation, state space representation of generating units, rapid start and hot-reserve units, the security function approach.

Interconnected systems, two connected systems with independent loads, two connected system with correlated loads, more than two systems interconnected.

Bulk power system reliability, load flow analysis, DC load flow, the effect of variable system load, weather effects on transmission lines, the two-weather Markov model, common model failures, the evaluation of large system, Monte Carlo simulation.

Area supply system reliability, switching after faults, circuit breaker models, preventive maintenance, algorithms for failure effects analysis.

Distribution system reliability, radial system with perfect switching, radial systems with imperfect switching, a looped system.

References:

‘Reliability modeling in electric power systems’

– J. Endrenyi

– John Wiley & Sons

‘System reliability modeling and evaluation’

– Singh C. and Billiton R.

– Hutchinston, London, 1977

POWER SYSTEM MONITORING AND INSTRUMENTATION

2010-06-11T06:17:00.003-07:00

Course Objective: This course presents SCADA system, and Measuring Techniques

Syllabus:

Signal processing and conditioning, Transducers, Metering technology – An introduction to supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, Reliable operations basic functional requirements. Networking applied to power systems – Online load flow and security analysis – State estimation techniques, Automatic load frequency control, Modern trends in power system monitoring and control.

Equipment for measuring transients, Magnetic oscilographs, air-cored devices- Current transformer and Linear couplers-Sphere gaps measuring techniques and Surge testing- Differential measurements- Multi channel sequence timer-High frequency measurements, Recurrent surge techniques.

References:

‘SCADA: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition’

– Stwart A Boyer

– ISA Society, 2^nd Edition, 1999

‘Electrical Transients in Power Systems’

– Allan Greenwood

– Wiley Interscience, New York

POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

2010-06-11T06:17:00.001-07:00

Course Objective: Objective of the course is to introduce various advancements in the distribution systems

Syllabus:

Power System: General Concepts – Distribution of power – Management – systems study - Loads and Energy Forecasting: Power loads – Area Preliminary survey load forecasting – Regression analysis – Correlation analysis – Analysis of time series – Factors in power system loading – Technological forecasting – Sources of error

Planning, Design and Operation methodology: System calculations, Network elements – Distribution load flow: Radial systems, distribution systems with loops – fault studies – effect of abnormal loads, Voltage control – line circuits – harmonics- urban distribution – load variations – Ferro resonance – system losses – Energy management

Distribution automation: Distribution automation – Definitions – Project Planning – Communication, Sensors, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), Consumer Information systems (CIS), Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

Optimization of distribution systems: Introduction, Costing of Schemes, Typical network configurations – Long and Short term planning, network cost modelling, voltage levels – Synthesis of optimum line networks –Application of linear programming to network synthesis – Optimum Phase sequence – Economic loading of distribution transformers- Worst case loading of distribution transformers - System Reliability: Introduction – Definition – Failure – Probability Concepts – limitation of distribution systems- Power quality variations –Reliability Measurement- Power supply quality survey – Reliability aids - Consumer Services: Supply industry – Natural monopoly – Regulations – Standards – Consumer load requirements – Cost of Supply – load management – theft of power – Energy metering - Tariffs: Costing and Pricing, Classification of Tariffs - Grounding: Grounding system, Earth and Safety Earthing Schemes – Earth Testing

Overhead and Under Ground lines: Choice of system, Optimum design considerations – Design and construction of overhead lines – Underground System – Determination of cable rating – Stress grading – Thermo mechanical effects on cable systems – Causes of failure – Selection of cables – Systems fault location - System Over voltages: Causes – lightning – Protective Devices – Travelling waves – Protection schemes - Rural Supply: Rural system, Reliability – Faults and protection – fault locating – auto reclosers – Determination of rating of Induction motors

Power Capacitors: Reactive power – Series and shunt capacitors – system harmonics – HT shunt capacitor installation requirements – size of capacitors for power factor improvement – LT capacitors – Guide for operation of shunt capacitor

Insulation measurements: Insulation supervision, Insulation measurements: Destructive and Nondestructive tests – Transformer oil testing - System Protection: Time-current Characteristics – Fuses – Circuit Breakers – Additional Protection Equipment – Protective Relaying – Instrument Transformers – Unit Protection - System Maintenance: Successful Maintenance –Failures and Maintenance – Porcelain Insulator –Transformer oil maintenance – Transformer drying – Lighting systems - Electrical Services for Buildings: Standards, Electrical Installations – Consumer Power Supply arrangements- Switch gears – load estimation – Lighting design – Road lighting – Flood lighting – Automatic Fire alarm systems – Electrical Call bell services – Lightning protection

Text Book:

1. ‘Electrical Power Distribution Systems’

– A.S.Prabla

– 4^th Edn, TMH, 1997

References:

1. ‘Electrical Power Distribution Engineering’

– Turan Gonen

– McGraw Hill, 1986

2. ‘Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering’

– Colin Bayliss

– Butterworth Heinemann, 1996

EHV AC/DC TRANSMISSION

2010-06-11T06:16:00.002-07:00

Course Objective: This course presents EHV ac-dc transmission system components, protection and insulation level for over voltages

Syllabus:

EHV DC Transmission

-converter circuits-single phase and three phase circuits-analysis of bridge converter-with and without overlap-grid control-features of control-actual control characteristics-constant minimum -ignition angle control-constant current control-extinction angle control-stability of control-harmonics-characteristics of harmonics-means of reducing harmonics-telephone interference-filters-single frequency and double frequency-tuned filters-DC harmonic filters-DC line oscillations and line dampers-over voltage protection-DC lightning arresters-DC circuit breakers -basic concepts types & characteristics-Ground return-current field in the earth near an electrode -buried electrode-two layer earth-three layer earth

EHV AC Transmission

-components of transmission system-voltage gradients of conductor-single and bundled conductor-corona effects-electrostatic field of EHV lines-biological effects-live wire maintenance-insulation coordination-insulation for power frequency-voltage-switching over voltage-lightning performance-calculation of line & ground parameters

References:

‘Direct Current Transmission Volume - I’

– E W Kimbark

– John Wiley – New York

‘EHV AC Transmission Engineering’

– Rakosh Das Begamudre

– New Age International (p) Ltd., 2^nd Edition, 1997

‘HVDC Power Transmission Systems’

– K R Padiyar

– Wiley Eastern Ltd.

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN POWER SYSTEMS

2010-06-11T06:16:00.000-07:00

Course Objective: Objective of the course is to introduce computer applications in analysis of power systems

Syllabus:

Elementary linear graph theory - Incidence and network matrices. Development of network matrices from Graph theoretic approach, Building algorithm for Bus impedance matrix, Modification of Z_Busmatrix due to changes in primitive network.

Power system components and their representation – Synchronous machine, transmission system, three phase power network.

Load Flow Studies: Overview of Gauss, Gauss- Seidel and Newton Raphson Methods, Decoupled Newton Load Flow, Fast Decoupled Load Flow, AC/DC load flow, Three phase Load Flow – Sparsity techniques – Triangular factorization – Optimal ordering – Optimal load flow in power Systems.

Incorporation of FACTS devices in Load Flow: Static Tap Changing, Phase Shifting (PS), Static Var Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

Short Circuit studies – Types of Faults – Short circuit study of a large power system – Algorithm for calculating system conditions after fault – three short circuit, three phase to ground , double line to ground, line to line and single line to ground fault – Short circuit studies using bus admittance matrix.

References:

‘Computer methods in Power system Analysis’

– Stagg and El Abiad

– McGraw Hill, 1968

‘Computer Aided Power System Analysis’

– G L Kusic

– Prentice Hall, 1986

‘Computer modeling of Electrical Power Systems’

– J Arriliga and N R Watson

– Wiley, 2001

‘Advanced Power Systems analysis and dynamics’

– L P Singh

– New Age Intl. Publishers, 1983

‘Modern Power system Analysis’

– I J Nagrath and D P Kothari

– Tata McGraw Hill, 1980

ADVANCED RELAYING AND PROTECTION

2010-06-11T06:15:00.001-07:00

Course Objective: To get an overall idea of different types of static relays and its applications, and about the modern techniques used in power system protection

Syllabus:

Introduction

-General introduction to Electromagnetic relays-Thermal relays-Static relays-Microprocessor based relays (Operating principle and type) – A review

Static relays

-merits and demerits-Comparators-Amplitude and Phase Comparators-Duality between Amplitude and phase Comparators

Over current protection

-Time current characteristic-Special characteristic-different types of static over current relays-Static over voltage and under voltage relays-Static directional relays

Distance protection scheme

-standard 3 zone protection-Types of static distance relays-impedance, reactance, Mho, quadrilateral, elliptical-Effect of arc resistance and power surges in the performance of distance relays-Pilot Relaying Scheme-wire pilot protection-carrier current protection

Microprocessor based protective relays

-Over current relay-Impedance relay-Directional relay-reactance relay-Basic protection scheme using microcomputers

Computer application to protected relays

-Digital computer-Digital simulation of power system disturbance-Digital simulation of distance relay during transients-On line and Off line application of digital computers to protection

Reliability and Protection

- Reliability-Redundancy-Continuous supervision and self-diagnosis-Automatic testing-Test methods for static relays-Maintenance and field testing of relays

Text Books:

‘Power system protection Static relays’

– T S Madhava Rao

– T M H, 1991

References:

‘Power system protection and switchgear’

– Badari Ram D N & Viswakarma

– TMH, 1999

‘The art and science of protective relays’

– C R Mason

– Wiley Eastern

‘Switchgear Protection’

– M V Deshpande

– TMH, 1993

‘Power system protection. Volume- I , II & III edited by the Electricity Council’

– Mac Donald

ROBOTICS AND INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION

2010-06-11T06:14:00.003-07:00

Course Objective: Basic understanding of Robotics, Familiarity with the control aspects of Robots, Design and control of a Robot, Concepts of Automation

Syllabus:

Introduction

-Robots and automation-classification-specifications-notation-Direct Kinematics-Co-ordinate frames-rotations-Homogeneous coordinates-The Arm equation-Kinematic analysis of a typical Robot-examples-Inverse Kinematics problem-Tool configuration-Inverse kinematics of a typical Robot-examples-Workspace analysis and trajectory planning-Work envelope of different robots-The pick and place operation –Continuous path motion-interpolated motion-Straight line motion-Tool configuration Jacobian matrix and manipulator Jacobian-Manipulator Dynamics-Dynamic model of a robot using Lagrange’s Equation

Robot control

-The control problem-state equations-Single axis PID control-PD gravity control-Computed torque control-Variable Structure control-Impedance control

Robot Vision

-Robot applications-Characteristics-Robot cell design-Types of applications-material handling applications-Machine loading and unloading-spot welding-arc welding-spray painting

Mobile Robots and Control issues

-Industrial automation-General layout-general configuration of an automated flowline-conveyor systems-major features-types-Roller, State wheel, Belt, Chain and overhead trolley-Inspection station with feedback loops to up steam workstations-shop floor control-3 phases-order scheduling

References:

‘Fundamentals of Robotics-Analysis and Control’

– Robert J Schilling

– Pearson Education, Asia

‘Robotics and Image processing’

– Janakiraman P A

– Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1995

‘Automation, Production System, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing’

– Mikell P Grover

– Prentice-Hall India, 1992

‘Robotics Technology and Flexible Automation’

– S R Deb

– Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi

‘Modeling and Control of Robot manipulator’

– Lorenzo Sciavicco & Bruno Siciliano

– The McGraw Hill Companies

‘Robots and Manufacturing Automation’

– C Roy Asfahl

– John Wiley & Sons

‘Robots for Engineering’

– Yoran Kaen

– McGraw Hill

Prerequisite: Thorough understanding of Matrix and Vector algebra

GUIDANCE AND CONTROL OF MISSILES AND LAUNCH VEHICLES

2010-06-11T06:14:00.001-07:00

Course Objective: To give basic ideas underlying guidance laws of missiles and guidance and control aspects of launch vehicles

Syllabus:

History of guided missile for air defence applications. Classification of missiles- fundamentals of guidance Basic results in interception and avoidance Taxonomy of guidance laws, command and booming guidance, classical guidance laws – persuit, LOS, CLOS, BR, Proportional Navigation and its Variants like TPN, PPN, BPN and IPN. Modern guidance laws-guidance laws derived from optimal control. PPN with non–maneuvering and maneuvering torgets. Comparative study of guidance laws from the point of view of time, missdistance, launch boundaries, control effort and implementation difficulties.

Basic concepts of launch vehicle guidance, Explicit and Implicit guidance, Flat Earth guidance, Perturbation guidance, Velocity to be gained guidance concept, Delta guidance, Q guidance, Cross product steering, linear perturbation guidance, Open loop and Closed loop guidance.

References:

‘Tactical and strategic Missile guidance (2^nd edition)’

– Paul Zarchan

– AIAA, Inc. 1994

‘Test and Evaluation of the Tactical Missile’

– Eichblatt E J

– AIAA Inc, 1989

‘Modern Navigation, Guidance, and Control Processing’

– Ching-Fang-Lin

– Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N J, 1991

DIGITAL CONTROL OF AEROSPACE SYSTEMS

2010-06-11T06:13:00.002-07:00

Course Objective: To impart ideas of various techniques of digital autopilot design for aerospace vehicles

Syllabus:

Introduction; review of Z-transforms, Modified Z-transform, Controllability and Observability, Digital autopilots for aircrafts, missiles, launch vehicles, Classical controller design, Digital autopilot design via Pole placement and Eigen structure Assignment, Observers, PID control, Optimal control, Regulator and tracking systems, Kalman Filters, LQG / LTR, H₂ / H_µ and Robust controller design, Adaptive control, Design of Digital controller for Aircraft, Missiles, launch vehicles and spacecrafts.

References:

‘Digital Control of Dynamic Systems’

– Franklin G F, Powell J D and Worknann M L

– Addison – Werley 1990

‘The H_µ Control photolens’

– Stoorvogel A

– Prentice Hall, 1992

‘Linear Robot control’

– Green M, Liniebeer D

– Prentice-Hall, 1995

STOCHASTIC MODELING AND APPLICATIONS

2010-06-11T06:13:00.000-07:00

Course Objective: This course aims to give the students the basic concepts of stochastic modeling of linear and non-linear dynamic systems, their practical applications, and different approaches of stochastic systems analysis.

Syllabus:

Dynamic systems and their characteristics

-stochastic processes in dynamic systems-probability space-random variables-random processes-expectation-moments-characteristic functions-functional-canonic expansion-independent and conditional probabilities-

Random processes

-Brownian motion process-Gaussian process-Markov process-Wiener process-mean square calculus-second order process-Martingale

Stochastic integrals

-spectral and integral canonical representations- integral- differentials- stochastic calculus

General theory of stochastic systems and its applications

-methods of linear stochastic systems theory and applications-methods of general nonlinear stochastic systems theory and applications

References:

‘Stochastic Systems – Theory and Applications’

– V S Pugachev, I N Sinitsyn {Russian Academy of Sciences}

– World Scientific Publishing, 2002

‘Introduction to Stochastic Calculus with Applications’

– Fima C Klabaner

– Imperial College Press, 2001

‘Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Process’

– Papoulis Athanasios

– 2^nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984

‘Applied Optimal Control & Estimation’

– Frank L Lewis

– Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey , 1992

‘Stochastic Models, Estimation, and Control’

– Peter S Meybeck

– Volume 1 & 2, Academic Press, New York, 1982

‘Stochastic Process’

– Parzen E

– Holden Bay, San Francisco, 1962

‘Introduction to Stochastic Control Theory’

– Astrom K J

– Academic Press, New York, 1970

Prerequisite: First level course in control systems and probability theory

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL

2010-06-11T06:12:00.002-07:00

Course Objective: To impart ideas of distributed control and computer controlled industrial processes.

Syllabus:

Introduction to process dynamics- physical examples of first order process-first order systems in series-dynamic behavior of first and second order systems

Control valves and transmission lines, the dynamics and control of heat exchangers, level control, flow control, dynamics and control of distillation columns, Stability and control of chemical reactors, control of pH and blending process. Control modes: on-off, P, PI, PD, PID, Controller tuning

Advanced control techniques

-feed forward control, Cascade control, Ratio control, Adaptive control, Override control, Control of nonlinear process , Control of process with delay, Hierarchical control, Internal mode control, Model predictive control, Statistical process control.

Digital controllers

-effects of sampling-implementation of PID controller-stability and tuning-digital feed forward control

Computerized process control

-Programmable logic controllers, combinational and sequential logic controllers, Programmable logic devices, Logic controller design using programmable logic devices, Supervisory computer tasks and configurations, System integration with PLCs and computers

References:

‘Process Control’

– Peter Harriot

– Tata McGraw-Hill

‘Chemical process control’

– George Stephanopoulos

– Prentice-Hall of India

‘Process System analysis and Control’

– Donald R Coughnour

– McGraw-Hill, 1991

‘Process dynamics and control’

– D E Seborg, T F Edger

– John Wiley, 1989

‘Programmable Logic Devices and logic Controllers’

– Enrique Mandado, Jorge Marcos, Serafin A Perrez

– Prentice-Hall, 1996

‘Distributed Computer Control for Industrial Automation’

– Dobrivoje Popovic, Vijay P Bhatkar, Marcel Dekker

– INC, 1990

‘Handbook of Process Control’

– B.G.Liptak

– 1996

ESTIMATION THEORY

2010-06-11T06:12:00.000-07:00

Course Objective: The purpose of this course is to give students a background in stochastic system approach and the analysis. Stochastic optimal linear filter, prediction, and smoothing algorithms for discrete-time systems are the main focus.

Syllabus:

Elements of probability theory

-random variables-Gaussian distribution-stochastic processes-characterizations and properties-Gauss-Markov processes-Brownian motion process-Gauss-Markov models

Optimal estimation for discrete-time systems

-fundamental theorem of estimation-optimal prediction

Optimal filtering

-Weiner approach-continuous time Kalman Filter-properties and implementation-steady-state Kalman Filter-discrete-time Kalman Filter-implementation-sub-optimal steady-state Kalman Filter-Extended Kalman Filter-practical applications

Optimal smoothing

-optimal fixed-interval smoothing optimal fixed-point smoothing-optimal fixed-lag smoothing-stability-performance evaluation

References:

‘Stochastic Optimal Linear Estimation and Control’

– James S Meditch

– McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969

‘Lessons in Estimation Theory for Signal processing, Communication, and Control’

– Jerry M Mendel

– Prentice-Hall Inc, New Delhi, 1995

‘Kalman Filtering; Theory and Practice’

– Mohinder S Grewal, Angus P Andrews

– Prentice-Hall Inc, Englewood Cliffs, 1993

‘Optimal Control and Stochastic Estimation; Theory and Applications’

– Grimble M J, M A Johnson

– Wiley, New York, 1988

‘Stochastic Models, Estimation, and Control’

– Peter S Meybeck

– Volume 1 & 2, Academic Press, New York, 1982

‘Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Process’

– Papoulis Athanasios

– 2^nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984

‘Optimal Estimation’

– Frank L Lewis

– Wiley, New York, 1986

‘Stochastic Systems and State Estimation’

– Mcgarty J P

– John Wiley, New York, 1974

Prerequisite: Second level course in control systems

Allen bradley Specifications

2010-06-06T23:49:00.000-07:00

CPU Specifications:

CPU Selection:

Various Processor Available :

Memory Devices:

Programmable Logic Controllers Allen Bradley

2010-06-06T23:40:00.000-07:00

PLC Ranges Available

PICO
MircoLogix
SLC
PLC
Compact Logix
Flex Logix
Control Logix

Allen Bradley : SLC system

System Components:

    A modular-hardware SLC / 1746 control system at minimum consists of a processor module and I/O modules in a single 1746 chassis with a power supply. The 1746 power supply connects to the left end of each 1746 chassis. You can configure a system with one, two, or three local chassis, for a total of 30 local I/O or communication modules maximum. You connect multiple local chassis together with chassis interconnect cables to extend the backplane signal lines from one chassis to another.

    Choose the processor module with the on-board communication ports you need. You optionally add modules to provide additional communication ports for the processor. For I/O in locations remote from the processor, you must add an I/O scanner module for ControlNet, DeviceNet, or Universal Remote I/O port.

    Depending on the communication ports available on your particular SLC control system, you can select operator interfaces that are compatible with those particular ports.

Product Design : CPU

SLC 500 processors are available in a large range of forcible I/O (4096 inputs plus 4096 outputs maximum) and maximum user memory (1K instructions through 64K words). Several modular processors are capable of controlling remotely located I/O. By adding an I/O scanner module, you can use these processors to monitor/control these remotely located I/O across ControlNet, DeviceNet, and Universal Remote I/O links.

The 1746/1747 platform provides a modular-hardware system for maximum flexibility. SLC 500 processors are single-slot modules that you place into the left-most slot of a 1746 I/O chassis. For 1746 I/O in a location remote from the processor, the I/O adapter is a single-slot module that you place into the left-most slot of a 1746 I/O chassis.
    The 1746 I/O chassis are built for back-panel mounting. The 1746 I/O chassis is available in sizes of 4, 7, 10, or 13 module slots. The 1746 I/O modules are available in densities of a maximum of 32 I/O per module.
    You can configure a system with one, two, or three local chassis, for a total of 30 local I/O or communication modules maximum. You connect multiple local chassis together with chassis interconnect cables to extend the backplane signal lines from one chassis to another. This same 30-I/O-module limit applies to a chassis remote from the processor with an I/O adapter module in the first slot. Modules slide easily into chassis slots; no tools are required for module installation.
    For many modules, because you wire to a removable terminal block that unplugs from the module, you do not need to disconnect wiring to replace an I/O module.

Product Design : Chassis and I/O modules:

The 1746 I/O chassis are built for back-panel mounting. The 1746 I/O chassis is available in sizes of 4, 7, 10, or 13 module slots. The 1746 I/O modules are available in densities of a maximum of 32 I/O per module.
You can configure a system with one, two, or three local chassis, for a total of 30 local I/O or communication modules maximum. You connect multiple local chassis together with chassis interconnect cables to extend the backplane signal lines from one chassis to another. This same 30-I/O-module limit applies to a chassis remote from the processor with an I/O adapter module in the first slot.

Ge Fanuc PLC

2010-06-06T22:45:00.000-07:00

For over 17 years, Qualitrol International has been the company that GE Fanuc PLC users around the world have relied on for unparalleled service and GE Fanuc PLC products that work the first time and continue to work for years to come.
We have a multi-million dollar inventory of Remanufactured GE Fanuc PLC parts. We can ship out the part you are looking for today, anywhere in the world. We can also repair any GE Fanuc PLC part in-house with fast turnaround.
Click on the GE Fanuc PLC icons below to learn more about your GE Fanuc PLC. Be sure to visit our GE Fanuc Technical Support section for manuals, FAQs and other support items.

Series Six	Series 90-30	Series 90-70	Series One
Genius I/O IC660BBA021 IC660BBA024 IC660BBA026 IC660BBA101 IC660BBA104 IC660HHC005 IC660ELB922	Series Five	ProLoop	Field Control
Series One Jr	Series 90-20	Series Three	VersaMax

GE Fanuc Automation Versa Max Nano and Micro new expansion units

2010-06-06T21:58:00.000-07:00

If you want powerful control without the need for high-end systems, then the Versa Max Micro PLC is ideal. We cut the size, but not the functionality to give you a big-featured PLC in a compact package.

The new Versa Max Micro expansion units expand application solutions, reduce panel space, and lower cost. Versa Max Micro expansion units are now available with 28-point discrete I/O and analog I/O. Benefits of the new units include allowing the user to optimize size and minimize cost.
The 28-point expansion units enable the Versa Max Micro to support up to 140 I/O. Expansion units are available in 12VDC, 24VDC, or 120/240VAC power supplies and have a wide range on input and output voltages. There are eight new 28-point expansion units, which can be combined with the 14-point and analog expansion units.

The analog expansion units come with four differential analog inputs and two single-ended

analog outputs. These units are compatible with all micro CPUs (Firmware 2.0 or higher). Versa Max Micro supports up to 18 analog inputs and nine analog outputs. Requires Versa Pro 2.3 and above or Logic Developer 2.6 and above.

The Versa Max Family of Products

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The VersaMax family of products provides universally-distributed I/O that spans PLC and PC-based architectures. Designed for industrial and commercial automation, Versa Max I/O provides a common, flexible I/O structure for local and remote control applications. The VersaMax PLC provides big-PLC power with a full range of I/O and option modules.

VersaMax I/O Stations with Network Interface Modules make it possible to add the flexibility of VersaMax I/O to other types of networks. VersaMax meets UL, CUL, CE, Class1 Zone 2 and Class I Division 2 requirements.

As a scaleable automation solution, VersaMax I/O combines compactness and modularity for greater ease of use. The 70-mm depth and small footprint of VersaMax I/O enables easy, convenient mounting as well as space- saving benefits. Modules can accommodate up to 32 points of I/O each.

The compact, modular VersaMax products feature DIN-rail mounting with up to eight I/O and option modules per “rack” and up to 8 racks per VersaMax PLC or VersaMax I/O Station system. Expansion racks can be located up to 750 meters from the main VersaMax PLC or VersaMax I/O Station rack.

Expansion racks can include any VersaMax I/O, option, or communications module.

VersaMax provides automatic addressing that can eliminate traditional configuration and the need for hand-held devices. Multiple field wiring termination options provide support for two, three, and four-wire devices.

For faster equipment repair and shorter Mean-Time-To-Repair, the hot insertion feature enables addition and replacement of I/O modules while a machine or process is running and without affecting field wiring.

VersaMax I/O may be remotely located. Remote I/O interfaces for Genius , Device Net, Profibus, and Ethernet are available.

Product Features:

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Versa Max Micro CPU Units:

Removable I/O terminal strips enable easy wiring and maintenance.
Serial ports support SNP (Series Ninety Protocol), Modbus Slave and Serial Read/Write.
RS-232 port and RS-485 port for master/slave and multi-drop applications are available.
Time and date stamping is accomplished using the Real Time Clock on 23/28 point models.
Complex applications that require large amounts of memory can easily fit into the standard 18Kbytes of memory for programs and 2K words (512 for 14-point CPU) of data storage.
(4) High Speed Counters and (4) PWM/Pulse Train Outputs (On DC models only)

VersaMax Discrete Expansion Units:

Removable I/O terminal strips
24VDC User power supply provided for sensors and operator interfaces
High Amperage 10 Amp outputs available

VersaMax Analog Expansion Units:

Four analog inputs support 0 to 10VDC, +/-10VDC, 0 to 20 mA, or 4 to 20 mA
Two analog outputs include 0 to 10VDC, 0 to 20 mA, or 4 to 20 mA

Application Benefits

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The wide range of communications options make the Versa Max Micro PLC ideal for SCADA, Modem, Pager, Bar Code Readers, and other ASCII serial devices.
Rugged construction, electrical and vibration standards designed into the product make it suitable for difficult applications.
Programming, troubleshooting and monitoring can be accomplished over modems, multi-drop RS-485 or Ethernet (optional VersaMax SE Ethernet interface).
VersaMax Micro is ideal for applications such as packaging, assembly, and testing.
Controlling your process is easy with the VersaMax Micro, using the powerful instruction set that includes PID, Floating Point Math and Subroutines.
Choose from a wide variety of expansion units (over 19 types) to maximize your application.
Panel layout is easy using the VersaMax Micro I/O expansion units. Connection cables come in 0.1, 0.5 and 1 meter, and the total length from PLC to last expansion unit is 2 meters.
GE Fanuc also offers a full line of operator interfaces to satisfy a wide range of applications.

Definition of Automation

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    Automation is basically the delegation of human control function to technical equipments for
1) Increasing Productivity
2) Increasing Quality
3) Reducing Cost
4) Increasing Safety in working conditions.

    Industrial automation is the use of robotic devices to complete manufacturing tasks. In this day and age of computers, industrial automation is becoming increasingly important in the manufacturing process because computerized or robotic machines are capable of handling repetitive tasks quickly and efficiently. Machines used in industrial automation are also capable of completing mundane tasks that are not desirable to workers. In addition, the company can save money because it does not need to pay for expensive benefits for this specialized machinery. There are both pros and cons for a company when it comes to industrial automation.
      On the plus side, with soaring healthcare costs, paid days off, vacation time, and other costly employee benefits, companies can save money with industrial automation. While robotic machinery can initially be extremely expensive, the loss of monthly wages for production workers leads to incredible savings for the company. While machinery used for industrial automation can break down, it does not happen often. If it does, only a handful of maintenance or computer engineers are needed to handle repairs and get lines running smoothly again.

History of Automation

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History of Automation
1) Manual Control
2) Pneumatic Control
3) Hard wired logic Control
4) Electronic Control using Logic Gates
5) Programmable Logic Controller
I) Manual Control
All the actions related to process control are taken by the operators
Drawbacks
1) Likely human errors and consequently its effect on quality of final product
2) The production, safety, energy consumption and usage of raw material are all subject to the correctness and accuracy of human action.
II) Pneumatic Control
1) Industrial automation, with its machine and process control, had its origin in the 1920s with the advent of "Pneumatic Controllers".
2) Actions were controlled by a simple manipulation of pneumatic valves, which in turn were controlled by relays and switches.
Drawbacks
1.Bulky and Complex System
2.Involves lot of rework to implement control logic
3.Longer project time
III) Hard wired logic control
1.The contactor and Relays together with hardware timers and counters were used in achieving the desired level of automation
Drawbacks
1.Bulky panels
2.Complex wiring
3.Longer project time
4.Difficult maintenance and troubleshooting
IV) Electronic Control using Logic Gates
1.In 1960s with the advent of electronics, the logic gates started replacing the relays and auxiliary contactors in the control circuits.
2.The hardware timers & counters were replaced by electronic timers
Advantages
1.Reduced space requirements
2.Energy saving
3.Less maintenance & greater reliability
Drawbacks
1.Changes in control logic not possible
2.More project time
V) Programmable Logic Controllers(PLC’s)
1.In 1970s with the coming of microprocessors and associated peripheral chips, the whole process of control and automation underwent a radical change.
2.Instead of achieving the desired control or automation through physical wiring of control devices, in PLC it is achieved through a program or say software.

automation The use of automatic machinery and systems, particularly those manufacturing or data-processing systems which require little or no human intervention in their normal operation. During the 19th century a number of machines such as looms and lathes became increasingly self-regulating. At the same time transfer-machines were developed, whereby a series of machine-tools, each doing one operation automatically, became linked in a continuous production line by pneumatic or hydraulic devices transferring components from one operation to the next. In addition to these technological advances in automation, the theory of ‘scientific management’, which was based on the early time-and-motion studies of Frederick Winslow Taylor in Philadelphia, USA, in the 1880s was designed by Taylor to enhance the efficiency and productivity of workers and machines. In the early 20th century, with the development of electrical devices and time-switches, more processes became automatically controlled, and a number of basic industries such as oil-refining, chemicals, and food-processing were increasingly automated. The development of computers after World War II enabled more sophisticated automation to be used in manufacturing industries, for example iron and steel.
The most familiar example of a highly automated system is perhaps an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products. Over the last few decades automation has evolved from the comparatively straightforward mechanization of tasks traditionally carried out by hand, through the introduction of complex automatic control systems, to the widespread automation of information collection and processing.

SCADA ( Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition System )

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Understanding SCADA
    It works like a supervisor who supervises the entire plant area ,if needed it also controls the process as well it converts the data segments for storing process values.i.e. level , pressure , switch positions , density , temperature, messages ,etc.
    From a distant place if we want to run the process i.e. starting , stopping , opening and closing of field instruments as well as logging the various values. Scada can do for you.
    Scada is not a 100% controller it is just a software which has to be linked with controllers. ultimately it has to connected to PLC / PID / DCS systems which in turn are connected to field instruments.
Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition Software:
Features of typical SCADA software
1) Dynamic representation                      2) Database connectivity
3) Device connectivity                            4) Alarms
5) Trends                                     6) Scripts
7) Security                                   8) Recipe Management
9) Networking
I) DYNAMIC REPRESENTATION
1.This feature explains about the representation of various symbols of field instruments which are present in tool library which can be utilized in Scada applications.
2.Scada is not dedicated to any specific industry hence its library is so large that u can use it for any industries available.
II) DATABASE CONNECTIVITY
1.Scada doesn’t has its own database just like microsoft has.Hence for storage it rely on databases available in the market.
2.It can be connected to VB , SQL ,EXCEL , or SAP.
III) DEVICE CONNECTIVITY
1.Scada is not a 100% controller.i.e.Scada alone can’t do any controlling .It has to be connected to controllers
2.Hence any scada can be connected to any PLC or DCS that are available in the market by using specific driver software.
IV) ALARMS
1.In the field area alarms are generated for warnings or to keep the process between certain limits.
2.Generally these alarms are implemented by indicating lamps or Hooters in field but Scada represents it with a format.
3.The format consists of date , time , status , priorities , many such elements which can be used for generation of reports.
V) TRENDS
1.These are also called as XY plotters or Data loggers. Basically it represents the values in wave formats .It is one of the important feature of Scada
2.It plots the value with reference to time.
3.Trend is subdivided into real time and historical trends.i.e.we can see the present values of the process as well past values and can be stored and records can be maintained for the same.
VI) SCRIPTS
1.It is the combination of logical operators which are written in a statement.
2.It is used to run the applications made or stimulate before final execution.
3.Various types of scripts make project execution simpler for programmer.
Windows Scripts:
    On Show: Executes on time when the window is initially shown.
    While Showing: Executes continuously at the specified frequency while the window is showing.
    On Hide: Executes on time when the window is hidden.
VII)       SECURITY
1.Every application has to be secured from unauthorized users by different security levels .
2.In SCADA this security can be given as a whole as well as individually.

VIII)    RECIPE MANAGEMENT
1.One of the finest feature of any scada .
2.It explains that we can maintain various recipes of different process and implement it on the process.
3.All the recipes are stored in a single server and it can be fetched by any client server from any area to run the process.

IX)       NETWORKING
1.It explains we can share SCADA applications on LAN or Internet as well exchange of data is possible.
2.Lot many Networking protocols are supported by Scada software.
3.Can be put on networking with other peripherals and processors with various networking topologies.

Some of the Leading SCADA Software

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1. Wonderware : InTouch

2. Intellution : Fix DMACS

3. Merz : Aspic

4. Allen Bradley : Rsview

5. Siemens : WinCC

6. GE Fanuc : Cimplicity

7. KPIT : ASTRA