Engineer's Standpoint

The Story of Gog and Magog

2017-09-24T18:27:00.000-07:00

TV Patrol: 6 naitalang patay sa pananalasa ni 'Nona' sa N. Samar

2017-01-11T14:18:00.001-08:00

Typhoon Nona Aftermath - Laoang Northern Samar, December 14, 2015

2017-01-11T14:12:00.001-08:00

Secret Of The Pyramids - Part 2/2

2017-01-11T13:45:00.001-08:00

Published on July 22, 2007
Secrets of the Pyramids
Reporter: Tara Brown

Evacuation Center / Covered Court

2016-02-27T16:52:00.004-08:00

One of my project wherein I and Engr. Ray Ramilo worked together and hand in hand for the Structural Analysis and Design Calculation, preliminary design, final design. We are the contractor of this 22meter span x 33meter, using 10mmx4"x4" Angle Bars, 3mmx2"x8" C Shape Purlins... These STEEL TRUSSES was designed to withstand 280-300 KPH wind speed. TYPHOON NONA with WIND SPEED OF 280-320 KPH that hit Northern Samar on December 14, 2015 didn't destroy the roof framing and roofing while some structures in Northern Samar were severely destroyed, some partially damaged..

Las Navas Northern Samar Road Anomaly

2015-11-19T17:47:00.001-08:00

Brian Cox visits the world's biggest vacuum chamber - Human Universe: Ep...

2015-11-19T17:19:00.001-08:00

Northern Samar Gov. Jose Ong: We are not preventing anyone from running ...

2015-11-19T16:57:00.001-08:00

Bawal ang Pasaway kay Mareng Wennie

Northern Samar Gov. Ong, ipinaliwanag ang kaniyang 2014 SALN | Bawal ang Pasaway kay Mareng Wennie...

2015-11-19T16:50:00.001-08:00

My Fellow Nortehanon you may listen the interview of Mareng Wennie of the Governor of Northern Samar Jose Ong.

Deflection Control as per American Concrete Institute -ACI 435-1995

2015-01-25T04:17:00.004-08:00

1. Deflection Control provision as per ACI 435-1995- Reinforced Concrete One-way Flexural Members.

Table 2.2 -ACI 435-1978

Table 2-4 -ACI 435-1978

Table 2-5 -ACI 318-1989

2. Deflection of Two-Way Slab Systems;

a. Minimum thickness requirements; as per section 9.5 of ACI 318, is shown in Table 4.2, are based on experience gained over many years.

Table 4.2 Maximum Permissible computed deflection

FOX NEWS DISCUSSES THE COMING FOUR BLOOD MOON TETRAD PROPHECY (OCT 16, 2...

2014-12-13T21:41:00.001-08:00

History of Structural Steel, Design and Construction

2014-11-07T18:40:00.001-08:00

I will post about this topic soon..based on research, studies, reading of numerous books authored by Professor Charles G. Salmon, P.E., PhD., Professor William Segui, P.E., PhD., Professor Jack C. McCormac, P.E., PhD., Venancio I. Besavilla, C.E. Master in Management Engineering author of books, Philippines, daniel T. Li-Structural Engineer State of California, USA.

Industrial Arch Truss -Railway Station

Steel Construction Manual

Steel Column -Tube and Pipes by Daniel T. Li-Structural Engineer, USA

Steel Purlin by Daniel T. Li-Structural Engineer-California, USA

Steel Purlin Design -I developed this for my Design

Steel Angle Bars

Double Angle Capacity

Steel Truss using AISC 13th edition specifications

Philippine Construction and Design Magazine Issue No. 15

2014-10-31T11:57:00.000-07:00

Philippine Construction and Design Magazine Issue No. 15

Link : Philippine Construction and Design No. 15

Philippine Construction and Design Magazine No. 14

2014-10-31T01:54:00.000-07:00

Philippine Construction and Design

Link: Philippine Construction and Design No. 14

Super Tyhooon Haiyan (Yolanda) - Journey to Tacloban

2014-09-08T21:35:00.000-07:00

TACLOBAN before & after typhoon yolanda

2014-09-04T21:38:00.000-07:00

Documenting Super Typhoon Yolanda / Haiyan - The Backstory

2014-09-01T21:39:00.001-07:00

Published on November 28, 2013, by Mark Thomas- Earth Uncut TV:

Bohol 7.2M Earthquake October 15

2013-12-02T04:00:00.000-08:00

Published by Uling Cyril on October 14, 2013

7.2 Magnitude Earthquake and A Fall of Centuries Old Churches in the Philippines

2013-10-22T23:48:00.001-07:00

A 7.2 magnitude earthquake with epicenter at Carmen, Bohol, Philippines has destroyed and devastated a total of 10 Heritage Churches, treasures of the Philippine history and culture. This historic churches had stood for over 300 years before quake. They include:

Baclayon Church, Bohol
Dauis Church, Bohol
Dimiao Church, Bohol
Loboc Church, Bohol
Loon Church, Bohol
Loay Church, Bohol
Maribojoc Church, Bohol
Basilica Minore del Sto. Nino, Cebu
Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral, Cebu
St. Catherine's Church, Carcar, Cebu

According to Atty. Trixie Angeles NCCA legal consultant.

"These are declared National Cultural Treasures which is the highest recognition a country can bestow on cultural properties."

The extent of the damage to the centuries-old churches in Bohol are very bad in the aftermath of the 7.2 Magnitude quake that struck the island of Bohol on Tuesday, October 15, 2013.

A certain Rodel has told the UN volunteer that his son, parents, sister and brother were buried alive, trapped inside their collapsed home for over six hours. He lost four of his family members.

Loboc Chuch

The Church of our Lady of the Immaculate Conception in Baclayon is considered to be one of the oldest churches in the Philippines. The Baclayon church is one of the best preserved Jesuit-built churches in the region. It was built in 1717 and completed in 1727. While Loboc church is the second oldest church in Bohol, according to an article in Bohol.ph.

Highways and Bridges

Aerial View at Sagbayan Town

Damage Highway/Road

Loon Bridge

Cortes Bridge

City and Municipal Halls

Sagbayan Municipal Hall

Banaue Rice Terraces, Stairway to Heaven-Philippines

2013-02-11T00:54:00.000-08:00

This remarkable engineering works done by tribesmen of Ifugao province about 2,000 to 2,500 years ago carved from the hillsides. The tribes people done this with their bare hands, bare feet, stone chisels, wood tools, animal power. The rice terraces located approximately 1,500 meters (5000 ft.) above sea level and cover 10,000 plus square kilometers (about 4000 square miles) of mountainside, the terraces catches water from ancient irrigation system from the rain forest from above grounds.

The Banaue Rice Terraces started at the base of the mountain range and stretch on a thousand feet upward. If put end to end their total length would encircle half of the globe. Built approximately 2,000 years ago, the rice terraces manifest the engineering skill and ingenuity, diligence, perseverance of sturdy Ifugaos tribe people. Tribe people irrigated the terraces by means of mountain brooks, streams, springs connected and channeled into canals that run downward through hill to the terraces.

The Banaue Rice Terraces were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO only 17 years ago (1995) and is nearly part to the future of the tribes people.

The New 7 Wonders of Nature (Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park)

2013-01-07T00:30:00.000-08:00

The Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park is located about 50 kilometers (30 miles) north of the city of Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Philippines. The national park is located at St. Paul mountain range on the northern coast of the island. In 2010, a group of geologist and environmentalist discovered that the underground river has a second floor, which means that there are small waterfalls inside the cave, there is also a huge cave dome, measuring 300 meters above the underground river, incredible rock formations, large bats, a deep water hole in the river, more river channels, marine creatures. Deeper areas of the underground river are impossible to explore due to lack of oxygen. On January 28, 2012, Puerto Princesa underground river was chosen as one of the New7Wonders of Nature. pls. link to this web address.

New7Wonders of Nature Underground River

Underground River in Palawan

Stalactites at the Subterranean River

Secret of the Pyramids

2012-12-02T21:48:00.003-08:00

Uploaded by swiit on July 22, 2007

For 4,500 years, this magnificent structure has been the subject of studies by engineers, architects, and archaeologist.

The Great Pyramid

2012-12-02T18:00:00.000-08:00

Posted by Biblestudents on November 17, 2006

The mystery of the Great Pyramid the magnificent structure in the ancient world and one of the 7 wonders in ancient times.

Reinforced Concrete Design

2012-07-14T19:07:00.001-07:00

What makes Unique of RC...?

It is a COMPOSITE MATERIAL...

It requires APPLICATION of more involved Principles of Mechanics...
Structural Design is iterative requiring both ANALYSIS and DESIGN DECISIONS aided by judgment and EXPERIENCE.
ACI 318 -the model code in the United States of America for guiding the design of RC members, look at Chapter 8.
NSCP Code -the code in the Philippines..conforms to the provisions of ACI 318 Code!!!

Important Material Properties...

Concrete Strength and Steel Strength...

28-day Compressive Strength, f'c: ACI 318 Code 2011 edition, Chapter 5.
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec: ACI 318 Code 2011 edition, Chapter 8.5
Strength property or yield strength, fy..
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel, Es: 29,000,000 psi --ACI 318 Code 2011 edition.

1. --Procedures on how to Design Reinforced Concrete Beams!!!

Concrete Beam Sizing..!

Determination of Beam Size (b x h)---USE Spreadsheet or Hand Calculation!!!

Concrete Beam Size (b x h) or (b x d), FORMULA:

Formula for Beam Sizing

Beam Section, Strain and Force Diagram

Equilibrium Equation or Neutral Axis Distance, c -- Quadratic for c

Rebars Determination..

Area of Steel (As) determination!!!

Strength Formula and Area of Steel (As)

Area Steel (As) Formula

rho formula

The ACI Code 10.3.3 to 10.3.5 limits on the Steel Ratio (rho):

rho maximum

rho balance

1.1 Minimum Beam Size for which Deflections are NOT LIKELY to be a Problem.
1.1.1 Set Neutral Axis distance, c =< 0.375cb....

FORMULA for Beams Size NOT LIKELY to HAVE DEFLECTION PROBLEMS

1.2 Arrangement of Rebars, Splicing points and splice length, development length, hooks requirement, and required Stirrups.

Design of Stirrups and Spacing

Stirrups Spacing Requirements per ACI Code

Structural Integrity Requirements for Perimeter Beam

Structural Integrity requirements for Interior Beams

ACI Standard Bar Details

Recommended Bar Details for Beams ACI 318-1999 to 2014
Design of Low-Rise Reinforced Concrete Buildings by David Fanella

2. --Procedures on how to Design Reinforced Concrete Columns!!!

Lateral Tie Design

ACI Standard Bar Detailing for Columns

ACI Columns Rebars splicing details

ACI Standard Bar Bending Diagram

Minimum Column Steel and Ties requirements

2.A.--Structural design for Column using Interaction Diagram.

Column Interaction Diagram

2.B.--Example of ACI Interaction Diagram.

Interaction Diagram-Rectangular Section-Courtesy of ACI

Interaction Diagram-Spiral/Circular Section-Courtesy of ACI

2.C.--Summary of Column detail Requirements.

Column Design Requirement

2.1 Strength Reduction Factor, phi =0.70 -applicable up through ACI 318-1999; they have been changed to phi =0.65, for compression members (columns and beams under compression controls) beginning with ACI 318-2002 Code, and continuing with the ACI 318-05 and 2008 up to present.

3.--Example: Design of Column using MS Spreadsheet.

Design of Column MS Spreadsheet page #1

Design of Column MS Spreadsheet page #2

Rectangular Beam Design Example:

Data:

Load and Span
Material Properties -f'c, fy

material strength

Simple Beam with uniform load and point load

Calculation #1

Calculation #2

Calculation #3

Calculation #4

Hence, in more than 20 years of my practice, reinforced concrete design needs an in depth STUDY, and RESEARCH; therefore, for the information of the DRAFTSMAN drawing and/or drafting ("pag GUHIT" in local dialect) a proposed project and then observing a design drawings are not enough to say that you will know every aspects of concrete design. Concrete Design and Analysis are more on CALCULATIONS and application of more PRINCIPLES of MECHANICS.

References:

Reinforced Concrete Design by Chu-Kia Wang and C. G. Salmon, 6th edition-1998;
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, ACI 318-2011, American Concrete Institute;
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, ACI 318-1963, 1971, 1977, 1995, 2002; 2005, 2008, 2011 editions;
NSCP Code, volume 1-Buildings and volume 2-Bridges, 5th edition-2001, 6th edition-2010, Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines;
ACI Design Handbook -ACI 318-2004;
ACI Detailing Manual 2004;
ACI Manual for Concrete Practice 2005 and 2008;
CRSI DESIGN HANDBOOK, 10th edition, 2008;
Design of Concrete Structures by Arthur H. Nilson, 12th edition -1997, 13th edition, 14th edition-2008;
Design of Reinforced Concrete by Jack C. McCormac, 3rd edition,-1993, 5th edition 2005; 7th edition;
Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics and Design, by Wight and Macgregor, 6th edition-2012,
Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals by Phil M. Ferguson, John E. Breen, James O. Jirsa, 5th edition -1988;
Building Design and Construction Handbook, by Frederick S. Merritt, Jonathan T. Ricketts, 6th edition -2002, McGraw-Hill International Edition.

Reference Books #1

RC Books#2

RC Books #3

History of Reinforced Concrete Design

2012-07-10T17:36:00.000-07:00

The average person thinks that concrete has been in common use for many centuries, but such is not the case. Although the Romans made cement – called Pozzolana – before Christ by mixing slaked lime with a volcanic ash from Mount Vesuvius and used it to make concrete for building, the art was lost during the Dark Ages 5th century -15th century A.D.) and was not revived until eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, an Architect/Engineer during the golden age of Caesar Augustus (around 25 BC). In his writings about 25 BC in Ten Books on Architecture distinguished types of aggregate appropriate for the preparation of lime mortars. For the use of structural members, he recommended pozzolana, which were volcanic sand from sandlike of Puteoli, brownish-yellow-gray in color near Naples and reddish brown at Rome. He specifies 1 part lime and 3 parts pozzolana for cements use in buildings. In his textbook, quite humbly titled "On the Origin of all Things", Vitruvius held forth on the fundamental behavior of building materials, and then presented his views about the nature of theory versus practice, Vitruvius suggestion that design engineers should have more construction experience, and vice versa.

Vitruvius expressed his feelings and complained that:

"The workmen are in a HURRY, the UNEDUCATED rather than the EDUCATED are in HIGHER FAVOR", "the architecture and engineering are professed by men, who have no knowledge even the carpenter's trade."

He wrote the textbook De Architectura libri decem (The Ten Books on Architecture), the only complete treatise in classical antiquity. It influenced deeply from the Early Renaissance onward, artists, architects, engineers, among them Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo (1475-1564).

Basilica at Fano Rome, design by Vitruvius -19 BC

In the mid-1800s, Joseph Lambot, in France constructed a small boat which he exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1854 and he received a patent in 1855 which shown a reinforced concrete beam and a column reinforced with four round iron bars. Another Frenchman, Francois Coignet, published a book in 1861, describing applications and many uses of reinforced concrete and acquired patent for reinforced concrete in 1855. In 1854, William B. Wilkinson of England took out a patent for a reinforced concrete FLOOR.

First reinforced concrete building designed by Francois Coignet in 1853

First reinforced concrete building Francois Coignet House built in 1853

Reinforced Concrete-Steel Detailing, Coignet System -1855 -1860

Joseph Monier, the owner of an important nursery in Paris deserves the credit for making the first practical use of reinforced concrete in 1867. He acquired first French patent in 1867 for iron reinforced concrete tubs, then followed by his pipes, tanks in 1868, flat flates in 1869, Bridges in 1873, stairways in 1875. In 1880-1881, he received German patent for railroads ties, water feeding troughs, circular flower pots, flat plates, and irrigation channels. He apparently had NO QUANTITATIVE KNOWLEDGE regarding its behavior or any method of making Design Calculations.

Chazelet Pedestrian (footbridge), France built by Joseph Monier in 1875

Monier Reinforced Concrete System -1867

Reinforced Concrete -Monier System 1867

In the United States pioneering were made by Thaddeus Hyatt, who conducted experiments on reinforced concrete beams in 1850s. However, Hyatt experiments were unknown until 1877, when he published his works privately.

The first cast-in-place reinforced concrete structure in the United States is generally credited to the William Ward house in Port Chester, New York, built in 1870. Ernest L. Ransome, worked as head in San Francisco Concrete-Steel Company, seemingly used form of reinforced concrete in the early 1870s. He continued to increase the application of wire rope and hoop iron to many structures and was the first to use reinforced concrete and patent in 1884, the deformed (twisted bar). In 1890, Ernest L. Ransome built the Leland Stanford Junior Museum in San Francisco, a reinforced concrete building two stories high and 312ft (95m)long. Since that time, development of reinforced concrete in the United States has been rapid.

Leland Stanford Museum Design by Ernest L. Ransome, 1890-94

The Historic Rebars

During 1891-1894, various investigators in Europe published theories and test results; among them were Professor Moller (Germany), R. Wunsch, 1884 (Hungary -builder); Josef Melan, 1892 (Austria -professor/engineer); the German G. A. Wayss the first engineer who made theory, and furnish formulas and methods for design; Francois Hannebique, 1892 (France-contracting engineer) received patent in 1892 in Brussels, he first used reinforced concrete in 1879, in this he demonstrates the utility of stirrups to reinforce beams against SHEAR, and F. von Emperger (Hungary-structural engineer) and received patent in 1893, but practical use was less extensive than in United States, like C.A.P. Turner, Arthur Talbot, W.A. Slater, Arthur Lord.

Throughout the entire period 1850 -1900, relatively little was published, as the engineers working in the reinforced concrete field considered construction and computational methods as trade secrets.

Concrete-Steel Detailing methods, F. Hannebique System- 1892

Continuous Beams, F. Hannebique System -1892

Hannebique Sytem -1892

Footbridge designed by F. Hannebique-1905, Photo: Jacques Mossot

Dragon Bridge design by Prof. Melan -1901

GA Wayss and Prof. Emil Morsch, Test of Reinforcement in Beams

G.A. Wayss and Prof. Emil Morsch Test of Beams- Hannebique System

Prof. Moller System -1894

CAP Turner presentation of RC detailing

CAP Turner System

Test of Beam by Professor Arthur Talbot

One of the first publications that might be classified as a textbook was that of French engineer Armand Considere in 1899. Considere had been chief engineer with the Ponts et Chaussees in France.

In 1903, with the formation in the United States of a joint committee of representatives of all organizations interested in reinforced concrete, uniform applications of knowledge to design were initiated.

Experimental Research by A. Considere -1899

Bridge at Menier, design by Armand Considere built in 1906- Photo by Jacques Mossot

The earliest textbook in English was that of Frederick E. Turneaure and Maurer published in 1907 entitled “Principles of Reinforced Concrete Construction”. In the first decade of the twentieth century, progress in reinforced concrete was rapid. Extensive testing to determine beam behavior, compressive strength of concrete, and modulus of elasticity was conducted by Arthur N. Talbot at the University of Illinois, by Frederick E. Turneaure and Morton O. Withey at the University of Wisconsin, and by Bach in Germany, among others. In 1912 Ernest L. Ransome and Alexis Saurbrey co-authored published a book reinforced concrete.

Reinforcement of test Beams by Morton O. Withey

Test of Beams conducted by Prof. Talbot

First textbook by Frederick Turneaure

In 1906 major earthquake struck San Francisco, California having magnitude of 7.9, hence most engineers conducted research extensively and devised, revised methods of designs.

1906 San Francisco Earthquake, magnitude 7.9

From about 1916 to the mid - 1930s, research centered on axially loaded column behavior. In the late 1930s and 1940s, eccentrically loaded columns, footings, and the Ultimate Strength of beams received special attention.

With the interest in and understanding of the elastic methods of analysis in the early 1900s, the elastic Working Stress method (also called Allowable-Stress Design or straight-line design) was adopted almost universally by codes as the best for design.

Historic WSD Formula ACI, Prof. Taylor -1907 #1

Historic WSD Formula, ACI, Prof. Taylor -1907 #2

Historic Formula by F. Turneaure 1907 - #1

Ultimate Loads formula by Tuneaure 1907

Historic Formula by F. Turneaure and Maurer 1907 -#2

Historic Formula by F. Turneaure and Maurer 1907 - #3

Historic Formula by F. Turneaure and Maurer 1907 -#4

Historical Formula-Charles Whitney, published in 1921

The first modification of the elastic Working Stress method resulted from the study of axially loaded columns in the early 1930s. By 1940s, the design of axially loaded columns was based on Ultimate Strength.

Rectangular Stress block by Charles S. Whitney

In the 1930s, Charles S. Whitney an american civil engineer proposed the use of a rectangular compressive stress distribution to replace that an average stress of 0.85f’c is used with a rectangle of depth a = β1 x, determine so that a/2 = k*x. In 1942 Charles S. Whitney presented a paper emphasizing this fact and showing how a probable stress-strain curve with reasonable accuracy, a parabola be replaced with an artificial rectangular stress block.

Formula of stress block depth "a" and "c"

With the rectangular stress block simplification, the 1956 ACI-318 code added an appendix permitting Ultimate Strength Design (USD) as an alternate to Working Stress Design (WSD). The 1963 ACI-318 Code gave both methods equal standing.

Strength Design Stress by Charles S. Whitney

Strength Design, Flexure Formula for Beam Design

Rectangular Beam design Fig.1

Rectangular Beam Analysis Fig. 2

Since the mid-1950s, reinforced concrete design practice has made the transition from that based on elastic methods to the one based on strength.

Hence, in my standpoint, reinforced concrete design has been continuously studied for one hundred fifty years (150) and/or one and half century since it was invented by Joseph Monier in 1849. It is therefore ridiculous to say that working and drafting proposed projects in short period of time would suffice them to professed they know methods of design and processes. If the manager however, does not know something about THEORY OF DESIGN, then the OWNER is taking a great chances. They man in-charge should be an engineer.

References - All these Books below are on the shelves in my Personal Library for additional sources of background information:

American Concrete Institute (ACI) Manual of Concrete Practice six (6) volumes, 2004 to 2008;
American Concrete Institute (ACI) Design Handbook, Publication SP-17 (1997), 6th edition, Fifth Printing, re-approved February 2004;
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete -2002, 2005, 2008;
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete -1977;
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete -1963;
A Treatise on Concrete, Plain and Reinforced by Frederick W. Taylor and Sanford E. Thompson, 1st edition -1905, 2nd edition -1912, 3rd edition -1916;
Cyclopedia of Civil Engineering-American Technical School by Frederick Turneaure, 8 volumes -1908;
Cyclopedia of Construction (Radford); (carpentry, building and architecture. Based on the practical experience of a large staff of experts in actual construction works), volumes 1 to 12 -1909;
Cassell's Reinforced Concrete by Bernard E. Jones -1913;
Concrete Engineers Handbook by George A. Hool -1918;
Concrete Designer's Manual by Charles A. Whitney and George A. Hool -1921;
Concrete and Reinforced Concrete by W. Noble Twelvetrees -1922;
Concrete Steel by W. Noble Twelvetrees-1905;
Concrete Steel Buildings W. Noble Twelvetrees -1905;
Concrete -Steel Construction by Professor Emil Morsch -Authorized Translation from Third (1908) German edition by E. P. Goodrich, 3rd edition -1909 and 1910;
Concrete -Steel Construction by C. A. P. Turner and Henry T. Eddy, 1st edition -1909, 2nd edition -1914 and 3rd edition-1919;
Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Construction by Homer Reid, 1st edition 1907, 2nd edition 1908;
Concrete and Reinforced Concrete by Walter L. Webb and W. Herbert Gibson -1919;
Engineer's Pocketbook of Reinforced Concrete by E. Lee Heidenreich -1908;
Elementary Reinforced Concrete Building Design by Leonard C. Urquhart, 1st edition-1915;
Experimental Research for Reinforced Concrete by Armand Considere -1903;
Handbook on Reinforced Concrete by F. D. Warren -1906;
Handbook of Building Construction, volume 1 and 2, by George A. Hool, 2nd edition 1929;
Handbook of Cost and Data for Contractor's and Engineers by Halbert P. Gillette, member ASCE, 1,888 pages, 2nd edition -1920;
Johnson's Materials of Construction -A Treatise for Engineers on the Strength of Engineering Materials by John B. Johnson, 1st edition -1897, 841 pages, 2nd edition -1898, 3rd edition -1904, 4th edition -1907 and 1912, 884 pages;
Johnson's Materials of Construction by F. E. Turneaure, M.O. Withey, J. Aston, 5th edition -1919;
Plain and Reinforced Concrete Arches by Josef Melan -1st edition-1915, 2nd edition-1917;
Principles of Reinforced Concrete by Frederick E. Turneaure and Edward R. Maurer, 1st edition -1907, 2nd edition -1909, 3rd edition -1919;
Reinforced Concrete by Charles F. Marsh -1904;
Reinforced Concrete by A. W. Buel and C. S. Hill - 1904;
Reinforced Concrete in Europe by Albert L. Colby, July 1909;
Reinforced Concrete A Manual of Practice by E. McCullough -1908;
Reinforced Concrete by Frederick Rings-1910;
Reinforced Concrete by John P. Brooks-1911;
Reinforced Concrete for Buildings by Ernest l. Ransome and Alexis Saurbrey, 1912;
Reinforced Concrete and Construction by Henry Adams and Ernest R. Matthews-1911 and 1920;
Reinforced Concrete Design volume 1-Theory, by O. Faber and P. G. Bowie, 1st edition-1912, 2nd edition-1919;
Reinforced Concrete Design volume 2-Practice, by Oscar Faber and P. G. Bowie-1920;
Reinforced Concrete Construction -Fundamental Principles, volume 1, by George A. Hool- 1912;
Reinforced Concrete Construction -Retaining Walls and Buildings, volume 2, by George A. Hool-1913;
Reinforced Concrete Construction -Bridges and Culverts, volume 3, by George A. Hool -1916;
Steel and Reinforced Concrete in Buildings by Edward Godfrey -1911;
Structural Engineering- Concrete, Book 2, by Edward Godfrey -1908;
Structural Engineering- Steel Designing, Book 3, by Edward Godfrey -1913;
Kahn System of Reinforced Concrete by Trussed Concrete Steel Company, 5th edition -1913;
Test of Reinforced Concrete Beams by Arthur N. Talbot, Bulletin No. 1-1904;
Test of Reinforced Concrete Columns by Arthur N. Talbot and Arthur Lord, Bulletin No. 56-1912;
Test of Reinforced Concrete Buildings under Load by Arthur N. Talbot and W. A. Slater, Bulletin No. 64-1913;
Test of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slab Structures by Arthur N. Talbot and W. A. Slater-1912;
Reinforced Concrete Wall Footings and Column Footings, Bulletin No.67 by Arthur N. Talbot-1913;
Mechanics of Building Construction by Henry Adams- 1912;
Practical Reinforced Concrete Standards by Hiram B. Andrews -1908;
Moments and Stresses in Slabs -Proceedings of the American Concrete Institute, volume 17 by H. M. Westergaard and W. A. Slater -1921;
A History of Architectural Development-volumes 1, 2 and 3 by F. M. Simpson-1913;
Manual of Structural Design by Jack Singleton, 3rd edition -1947;
Design of Reinforced Concrete by Jack C. McCormac, 3rd edition-1993;
Design of Concrete Structures by A. H. Nilson, 10, 11, 12th edition-1997;
Design of Prestressed Concrete by Arthur H. Nilson, 2nd edition -1987;
Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals by P. Ferguson, J. Breen, J. Jirsa, 5th edition-1988;
Reinforced Concrete Design by C. K. Wang and C. G. Salmon, 6th edition-1998;
Building Design and Construction Handbook by Frederick S. Merritt and Jonathan T. Ricketts, 6th edition -2002.
Foundation Analysis and Design, 4th edition by Joseph E. Bowles -1988.

Relevant Web Sites: the following external links opens in new window, this site is not responsible its contents nor endorses it.