Oil & Gas

What is Fusion Energy?

2015-10-27T23:54:00.003+04:00

Fusion energy is a potential source of power that involves harnessing the energy produced by nuclear fusion reactions. Fusion occurs when atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing a significant amount of energy in the process. This is the same process that powers the sun and other stars. In a fusion reaction, light elements like hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) are heated to extremely high temperatures (millions of degrees Celsius) and put under immense pressure. These extreme conditions cause the nuclei to overcome their natural repulsion and collide, fusing together to form a heavier nucleus. This fusion process releases tremendous amounts of energy, much more than what's released in typical chemical reactions like burning fossil fuels.
The potential advantages of fusion energy are substantial:

1. Abundant Fuel: The primary fuels for fusion, deuterium and lithium, are widely available in seawater and the Earth's crust, ensuring a nearly limitless supply.
2. Clean Energy: Fusion reactions don’t produce greenhouse gases or long-lived radioactive waste, making it a potentially cleaner energy source compared to fossil fuels and current nuclear fission technologies.
3. High Energy Output: Fusion reactions release vast amounts of energy from relatively small amounts of fuel.

However, achieving a sustainable and controllable fusion reaction has been a significant scientific challenge. Current experimental fusion reactors require more energy input to sustain the reaction than they produce, although significant progress has been made in recent years. Efforts to develop practical fusion power involve various experimental approaches, such as tokamaks (doughnut-shaped magnetic confinement devices), inertial confinement (using powerful lasers to compress and heat the fuel), and other innovative methods. Several countries and international collaborations have dedicated research programs aimed at eventually harnessing fusion energy as a viable and sustainable power source for the future.

What is Fracking?

2015-10-27T23:37:00.001+04:00

Fracking Explanation

Fracking: Hydraulic Fracturing

Fracking, short for hydraulic fracturing, is a method used to extract natural gas and oil from underground rock formations.

Process Overview:

Well Drilling: A well is drilled vertically or at an angle deep into the earth.
Horizontal Drilling: The drill may turn horizontally, accessing a larger area of the shale rock.
Fracturing the Rock: High-pressure mixture of water, sand, and chemicals is injected into the well, creating fractures in the rock.
Extraction: Released gas or oil flows back up the well to the surface for collection and processing.

Controversies:

Water Contamination: Concerns about potential groundwater contamination due to chemicals used in the process.
Air Pollution: Release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and methane into the air.
Earthquakes: Some areas have experienced increased seismic activity linked to fracking.
Resource Depletion and Climate Impact: Dependence on fossil fuels obtained through fracking can contribute to climate change.

Regulations and ongoing research aim to understand and mitigate the environmental impacts of fracking.

What Is Caisson Inspection ?

2015-10-25T21:33:00.001+04:00

Caisson Inspection

What is Caisson First?

Protective carbon steel vertical pipes on offshore platforms
Protect internal components including pumps, risers and discharge systems
1” wall thickness
15” to 60” diameter
20m – 90m in length
Up to 50 tonnes in weight
3 types of caissons:

Ø Pump

Ø Dump

Ø Carrier

Caisson Challenges

1. Caisson failures carry high risk of:

Dropped objects
Increased financial costs
Legal penalties
Environmental damage
Safety incidents
Platform shutdown

2. Difficult to get accurate and reliable inspection data at critical areas:

Topsides (above water)
Splash zone
Subsea (below water)

3. Many interfaces involved for projects:

Numerous client departments
Sub-contractors

Innovative Solution for Caisson Inspection

INTERNALLY deployed inspection tools
Three phased inspection
Visual camera inspection
Caisson cleaning using HPWJ *
Ultrasonic measurements of caisson wall
Topsides and subsea inspections in one go
Fully comprehensive data

Top 10 Oil and Gas companies based on net income (in billion U.S. dollars)-2015

2015-10-18T22:38:00.001+04:00

Top 10 Oil and Gas companies based on net income (in billion U.S. dollars)-2015

Advanced Online Desanding

2015-04-29T22:38:00.004+04:00

Advanced Online Desanding

Advanced online desanding refers to a sophisticated process used in various industries, such as oil and gas, mining, and wastewater treatment, to remove sand, solids, or other particulates from fluids.

This process employs advanced technologies and equipment to effectively separate and remove solids from fluid streams. It is often carried out continuously while the system is in operation, ensuring uninterrupted workflow.

Key Components and Methods:

Cyclonic Separation: Utilizing centrifugal forces to separate heavier particles from fluids.
Hydrocyclones: Specialized cyclonic separators designed for effective solids-liquid separation.
Advanced Filtration Systems: Using various filters, membranes, or screens to physically separate solids from fluids.
Real-time Monitoring and Control Systems: Incorporating sensors to assess solids levels and adjust the desanding process.
Automated Cleaning and Maintenance: Systems that automatically clean or remove accumulated solids from equipment.

Advanced online desanding is crucial in industries to prevent equipment damage, improve efficiency, and ensure product quality by removing abrasive particles from fluid streams.

What is Ultra-Ever Dry?

2013-10-17T17:03:00.000+04:00

By coincidence I watched this video of ever dry on youtube , and the first idea I got, that if this coating material is true, it is going to be a revolutionary innovation in the industry and especially in the oil & gas sector

Imaging tubes/pipes/boilers/ separators and all equipment in an industrial plant are without debris without corrosion without sludge, mud …

Definitely this will have a positive cost impact

I still not yet know what are the inconveniences or limitations of this coating or even what about the safety of this product on human being or materials

But it looks promising and a game changer

Have a look at this video and let me know what your experience with this product if you tried before

Most Important components in a refinery

2013-09-21T21:59:00.000+04:00

This is only a simple overview and further instruction will be needed to completely understand all aspects of a petroleum refinery.

How Refinery Work?

A petroleum refinery is a chemical plant that processes crude oil and produces several valuable products. A refinery contains many different types of units that perform a variety of different operations. The main goal is to take the undesirable components of the crude oil and upgrade them into more valuable products. Gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel are among the most valuable products, whereas fuel oils and lubricants are sometimes sold at a loss. Below is a list describing the different types of units found in a refinery, followed by a system overview from the beginning of the refining process to the end.

Refining Process Overview

The crude oil first enters the desalter to remove any salts that may corrode the processing units. From there, the desalted crude enters the atmospheric distillation unit. The separated components are as follows: light distillates, kerosene, light gas oil (diesel), heavy gas oil (fuel oils), and atmospheric residue.

The light distillates enter the light ends unit, where they are further separated into several more distinct components. The methane and ethane is captured and burned to provide heat for other processes. Propane and butane are first hydrotreated before being sold as LPG. The light straight run naphtha is sent to the gasoline blending pool and the heavy straight run naphtha is hydrotreated and then sent to the catalytic reform to produce high octane gasoline.

The straight run kerosene is hydrotreated before being sold as a final product, which is mostly jet fuel. The straight run diesel is also hydrotreated before being sold to the public.

Hydrotreating the diesel remains extremely important due to the increasing governmental restriction on its sulfur content. The heavy gas oil is either sold as low grade fuel oil or more often it is upgraded using fluid catalytic cracking to produce more desirable products.

The atmospheric residue is sent to vacuum distillation. The light vacuum gas oil is further refined using a visbreaker and then sold as a fuel oil. The heavy vacuum gas oil is hydrocracked to produce gasoline and other products. The vacuum residue is sent to a deasphalter, producing asphalt and a deasphalted oil, which is further treated to produce fuel oils, or to a coker.

Finally, various processes, such as the fluid catalytic cracker and coker provide the feedstocks for the alkylater.

What are the important units in a refinery?

Separation Units

These units take an incoming stream and separate it into different components. No chemical reactions occur in these units.

Desalter:

Ions in the crude oil will corrode the pipes in the refinery and may deactivate the catalysts. It is important to remove these salts from the crude before any other processes are started. The process involves forcing water into the crude oil feed stream. This pulls out the salts and prevents corrosion.

Atmospheric Distillation:

The distillation is performed at atmospheric pressures. The outputs of the distillation unit include light ends, kerosene, diesel, heavy gas oil, and atmospheric residue.

Vacuum Distillation:

This unit distills the atmospheric residue and produces light vacuum gas oil, heavy vacuum gas oil, and vacuum residue. The distillation occurs because the pressure inside of the unit is decreased to nearly zero, allowing the components
Light Ends Unit:

of the atmospheric residue to boil at a lower temperature.The light ends unit consists of many different fractionators that separate the different components of the light ends fraction from atmospheric distillation.

The separated components consist of methane and ethane, which are used for fuel to heat operations throughout the refinery; propane and butane, which are mixed and compressed to be sold as Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG); light straight run (lsr) naphtha (C5 and C6), which is used in gasoline pools; and heavy straight run (hsr) naphtha, which is used as a feed stock for the catalytic reformer.

Deasphalter:

This unit takes the vacuum residue and pulls out all of the heavy particles leaving heavy gas oil that can be further refined or used as fuel oil, and asphalt, which is used in paving.

Dewaxer:

This unit precipitates long n-paraffins out of heavy vacuum gas oil creating lubricating oils that will withstand low temperatures without solidifying

Finishing Units

These units add the final touches before the product can be sold. Some chemical reactions may

occur, but none that significantly alter the final product. Blending: These units take a variety of streams and mix them to meet certain criteria and compositions.

Hydrotreater: Most crude oils today have a high sulfur content. Sulfur is a strong pollutant and must be removed to meet emission standards. Also, sulfur can deactivate catalysts in further refining units. Sulfur is removed by pumping hydrogen gas into any stream. The hydrogen reacts with a molecule and extracts the sulfur to produce hydrogen sulfide.

Conversion

These units change the composition of input streams through chemical reactions. In the reactors,

a low grade product is converted into a higher grade product.

Catalytic Reformer: This unit takes HSR naphtha and unsaturates the hydrocarbons to produce aromatic rings and other various olefins. These aromatic rings and olefins are used in premium gasolines because of their high octane numbers.

Catalytic Cracker:

This unit transforms heavy gas oil into light distillates, such as gasoline and LPG, as well as light cycle oil. The unit utilizes a catalyst to take long chain hydrocarbons and break (crack) them into shorter, more valuable hydrocarbons

Hydrocracker:

This unit performs the same operation as the catalytic cracker, but uses hydrogen gas instead of a catalyst to break long hydrocarbon chains into shorter ones. Also, the feedstock is light vacuum gas oil and the products are light and middle distillates.

Thermal Cracker:

This unit uses heat to break larger molecules into smaller ones, but is rarely used today.

Visbreaker:

This unit employs a mild version of thermal cracking to convert vacuum residue into light and middle distillates, fuel oil, and coke or heavy gas oil into slightly lighter fuel oil.

Alkylater:

This unit converts short olefins (ethylene, propylene, and butenes) and isobutane chains into branched C7 and C8 chains via strong acids and heat.

Delayed Coker:

This unit uses a very severe version of thermal cracking to convert vacuum residue into light and middle distillates, as well as coke.

This has only been a simple overview and further instruction will be needed to completely understand all aspects of a petroleum refinery.

Offshore platform from a bare patch of sea to a finished oil platform

2013-09-21T01:17:00.005+04:00

From a bare patch of sea to a finished oil platform ready to be sparked

Types of Offshore Platforms

1. Fixed Platforms

Fixed platforms are immobile structures attached to the seabed, commonly used in shallow waters. They include:

Jack-Up Rigs: Equipped with legs that can be raised or lowered to reach the seabed. They are often used for temporary drilling operations.
Gravity-Based Structures (GBS): Massive concrete or steel structures that use their weight to stay in place on the seabed.
Conductor Supported Platforms: Utilize long conductors driven into the seabed to provide stability and support for the platform.

2. Floating Platforms

Floating platforms are movable structures that operate in deeper waters. They include:

Semi-Submersible Platforms: Supported by buoyant columns or pontoons, partially submerged to reduce movement in rough seas.
Tension-Leg Platforms (TLPs): Anchored to the seabed using tensioned mooring lines, maintaining stability despite surface waves.
FPSOs (Floating Production Storage and Offloading): Used for oil and gas production, with storage facilities for processed hydrocarbons.
Spar Platforms: Tall and narrow structures that float vertically, anchored to the seabed by a mooring system.

3. Subsea Templates

Subsea templates are structures installed on the seabed to support wellheads and pipelines. They include:

Manifolds: Connect multiple wells to a single pipeline for fluid transportation.
Christmas Trees: Control systems installed on wellheads to regulate flow.
Subsea Processing Units: Equipment used for processing hydrocarbons on the seabed, eliminating the need for surface facilities.

TOP 10 FORKLIFT ACCIDENTS

2013-09-21T01:09:00.000+04:00

Top 10 Oil Consumption per Capita

2013-09-14T14:42:00.001+04:00

Top 10 Consumo de petróleo per cápita bar chart

Source: CIA World Factbook - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of January 1, 2012

See also:

The world’s Top 20 Oil Companies

TOP 10 Electricity Production per Country

How Combined Cycle Power Plant work (Video)

2013-09-13T15:16:00.001+04:00

A combined cycle power plant is defined as a plant that employs more than one thermodynamic cycle. An example is combining a gas turbine and a steam turbine in an electric generation plant. The heat lost during production of power from the gas turbine is used to drive the steam turbine.

Combined Power Plant Cycle

A combined power plant cycle integrates two different thermodynamic cycles, typically a gas turbine cycle and a steam turbine cycle, to maximize efficiency in generating electricity.

1. Gas Turbine Cycle

The gas turbine cycle operates as follows:

Compression: Air is drawn into the compressor and compressed, increasing its pressure and temperature.
Combustion: Fuel is injected and ignited in a combustion chamber, where it mixes with the compressed air and undergoes combustion, producing high-temperature, high-pressure gases.
Expansion: The hot gases expand through the turbine, driving it and producing mechanical work. This work is used to drive the compressor and often an electrical generator.
Exhaust: The exhaust gases, still at high temperature and pressure, exit the turbine.

2. Steam Turbine Cycle

The steam turbine cycle utilizes the waste heat from the gas turbine cycle to produce additional power:

Heat Recovery: The high-temperature exhaust gases from the gas turbine are used to generate steam by heating water in a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG).
Steam Expansion: The steam produced in the HRSG is directed to a steam turbine, where it expands, driving the turbine and generating additional mechanical work.
Electricity Generation: The steam turbine is coupled to an electrical generator, producing more electricity from the recovered heat.
Condensation: The steam, after expanding through the turbine, is condensed back into water and fed back into the HRSG to repeat the cycle.

By combining these cycles, a combined power plant maximizes efficiency by utilizing both the high-temperature exhaust gases from the gas turbine and the additional energy extracted from the steam turbine, resulting in higher overall electricity production compared to individual cycles.

What is Pipe Freezing?

2013-09-06T22:46:00.002+04:00

Pipe freezing products can save Installers a lot of time and effort when carrying out everyday installations and routine maintenance work. Having the confidence to freeze pipes is something that comes with time and a bit of hands-on experience.

When we can use Pipe freezing

When you require a blockage in your pipe, where a valve or other blocking device does not exist, Pipe freezing can be one of the best solutions. Also known as Line Freezing, Freeze Stops, and Freeze Plugging, Pipe Freezes are a non-intrusive method of developing temporary piping isolation. Pipe Freeze Plugs require no special welding or setup costs often associated with Line Stop Fittings. Internal piping fluid develops solid, dependable and workable freeze plugs.

Advantages of Pipe Freeze Isolation

Piping modifications performed without complete building or system drain downs

Save time & money. Avoid replacing costly chemically treated fluids

Avoid the possible disposal of waste water or toxic fluids

Pipe Freezes are a non-intrusive method of developing temporary piping isolations

Internal piping fluid develops solid, safe and workable freeze plugs

Types of Pipe

Steel pipe is the type most frequently plugged using this process. All types of metal pipes are easily Pipe Freezes. Almost all of the plastic pipes can also be serviced with Pipe Freezes, after taking a few special precautions. Even concrete, asbestos-cement and composite pipes can be worked.

Pipe Freeze Plugging can be performed on a many types of pipes, including:

Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Transite, Cast & Ductile Iron, Aluminum, Coated & Lined Pipe, Copper, Lead, Titanium, Vertical, Horizontal, Inclined, Out of Round

Fluids that can be Frozen

Water, Waste Water, Sewage, Chill Water, Slurries, Brine Solutions, Fuel Oils, Glycol Solutions, Hydrocarbons and Oils

What Is a LIXI Profiler System?

2013-09-06T01:22:00.000+04:00

The Profiler utilizes a Gadolinium-153 (a relatively low energy and low activity source), engineered detection technology and proprietary software to provide with unique tool for pipe inspection.

The Lixi Profiler is a rapid scanning tool for insulated and non-insulated piping systems, supported by a computer to display the density of the piping in terms of material thickness.

There is no need to costly removal and replacement of insulation, no need to clean and prepare the pipe surface.

There is no need to wait for film results, the results are produced in real time so the results are immediate.

No need to rope off the work area for radiation safety.

The profiler can be used on the entire pipe, not just in spot area, faster, more completely,

Applications:

Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)

Internal Corrosion

External Corrosion

Weld Line Identification

Pipe blockage

Changes in pipe schedule

With the Lixi Profiler the data can be seen instantly on screen. Pipe inspection can be performed on large lengths of pipe and the statistics will scroll on the monitor. The data scrolls can be monitored as the pipe is being inspected and/or the data can be transferred to another computer so that it can be viewed at a later date.

NEW ASME Certification Mark

2013-09-02T23:16:00.002+04:00

Since January 1^st, 2013 ASME introduced a new Certification Mark which replaced the old Code Symbol Stamps

Below both versions for your reference and information

ASME BPV Code Section		Designator	Former Stamp	New
I	Rules for Construction of Power Boilers	S		S
I	Rules for Construction of Power Boilers, Assembly of Power Boilers	A		A
I	Rules for Construction of Power Boilers, Electric Boilers	E		E
I	Rules for Construction of Power Boilers, Miniature Boilers	M		M
I	Rules for Construction of Power Boilers, Pressure piping	PP		PP
I	Rules for Construction of Power Boilers, Pressure Relief Valves	V		V
IV	Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers, Heating Boilers, Cast Iron and Cast Aluminium	H		H
IV	Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers, Heating Boilers, except Cast Iron and Cast Aluminium	H		H
IV	Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers, Heating Boilers, Field Assembly	H		H
IV	Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers, Lined Portable Water Heaters	LWH		HLW
IV	Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers, Heating Boiler Safety Valves	HV		HV
VIII	Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels - Division One	U		U
VIII	Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels - Division Two Alternative Rules	U2		U2
VIII	Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels - Division Three Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels	U3		U3
VIII	Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels - Division One Miniature Pressure Vessels *	UM		UM
VIII	Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels - Division One Rupture Disk Devices	UD		UD
VIII	Rules for Construction of pressure Vessels - Division One Pressure Vessels, Safety Valves	UV		UV
VIII	Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels - Division Two Pressure Vessels, Safety Valves	UV		UV
VIII	Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels - Division Three High Pressure Vessels, Safety Valves	UV3		UV3
X	Fiber-reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels	RP		RP
XII	Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks	T		T
XII	Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks, Safety Valves	TV		TV
XII	Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks, Rupture Disk Devices	TD		TD

* Reviews after the first and second years of each 3 year period are performed by the AIA only / Only in conjunction with a valid U or S Certificate.

What is Pipeline Pigging?

2013-09-01T22:11:00.001+04:00

Pipeline Pigging

Pigging is a valuable service in the industry. It is completed to increase efficiency and avoid potential problems on existing pipelines, and to remove new construction debris to assist during hydrostatic testing.

Types of Pipeline Pigs

Although first used simply to clear the line, the purpose of pipeline pigging has evolved with the development of technologies. Utility pigs are inserted into the pipeline to remove unwanted materials, such as wax, from the line. Inline inspection pigs can also be used to examine the pipeline from the inside, and specialty pigs are used to plug the line or isolate certain areas of the line. Lastly, gel pigs are a liquid chemical pigging system.

Similar to cleaning your plumbing line, utility pigs are used to clean the pipeline of debris or seal the line. Debris can accumulate during construction, and the pipeline is pigged before production commences. Also, debris can build up on the pipeline, and the utility pig is used to scrape it away. Additionally, sealing pigs are used to remove liquids from the pipeline, as well as serve as an interface between two different products within a pipeline. Types of utility pigs include mandrel pigs, foam pigs, solid cast pigs and spherical pigs.

Intelligent pigging

Modern intelligent or 'smart' pigs are highly sophisticated instruments that include electronics and sensors that collect various forms of data during their trip through the pipeline. They vary in technology and complexity depending on the intended use and the manufacturer.

Non Destructive Testing on concrete structures

2013-08-29T22:29:00.001+04:00

The world’s Top 20 Oil Companies

2013-08-28T21:55:00.002+04:00

The following Forbes's 2012 ranking of the world's biggest is based on the combined volumes of oil and natural gas that these companies produce each day

1. Saudi Aramco - 12.5 million barrels per day

2. Gazprom - 9.7 million barrels per day

3. National Iranian Oil Co. - 6.4 million barrels per day

4. ExxonMobil - 5.3 million barrels per day

5. PetroChina - 4.4 million barrels per day

6. BP - 4.1 million barrels per day

7. Royal Dutch Shell - 3.9 million barrels per day

8. Pemex - 3.6 million barrels per day

9. Chevron - 3.5 million barrels per day

10. Kuwait Petroleum Corp. - 3.2 million barrels per day

11. Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. - 2.9 million barrels per day

12. Sonatrach - 2.7 million barrels per day

13. Total - 2.7 million barrels per day

14. Petrobras - 2.6 million barrels per day

15. Rosneft - 2.6 million barrels per day

16. Iraqi Oil Ministry - 2.3 million barrels per day

17. Qatar Petroleum - 2.3 million barrels per day

18. Lukoil - 2.2 million barrels per day

19. Eni - 2.2 million barrels per day

20. Statoil - 2.1 million barrels per day

Four Scaffolding technicians died after an Electrical Shock

2013-08-27T00:46:00.000+04:00

Please share and show the attached video during your company or department or site HSE Meetings for awareness.

WHAT IS HYDROSTATIC TESTING?

2013-08-26T23:11:00.001+04:00

WHAT IS HYDROSTATIC TESTING?

Hydrostatic testing is the most common procedure used to qualify newly manufactured cylinders, spheres and tubes used for the transportation of dangerous goods.
Hydrostatic testing is also required periodically to re-qualify these pressure vessels for continued service.
During a hydrostatic test, a pressure vessel is placed inside a closed system, usually a test jacket filled with water, and a specified internal water pressure is applied to the container inside this closed system. The applied internal pressure causes an expansion of the container being tested, and the total and permanent expansion that the container undergoes are measured.
These volumetric expansion measurements, in conjunction with an internal and external visual inspection of the container, are used to determine if a pressure vessel is safe for continued use, or has suffered from a degradation in its structural integrity and must be condemned.
Some pressure vessels may be re-qualified by means of a proof-pressure test. This method, also known as a modified hydrostatic test, consists of subjecting a pressure vessel to a specified internal pressure and inspecting the pressurized container for leaks, bulges or other defects. This method is permitted only when the applicable regulations do not require the determination of volumetric expansion measurements (e.g. for certain types of low pressure cylinders such as those used on many portable fire extinguishers).

TOP 10 Electricity Production per Country

2013-08-25T21:39:00.001+04:00

Definition: This entry is the annual electricity generated expressed in kilowatt-hours
Source: CIA World Factbook

Top 10 Oil Consumption per country

2013-08-24T23:38:00.001+04:00

Definition: (bbl/day)= Barrels per day

Source: CIA World Factbook - this Info is accurate as of January 1, 2012

Top 10 Natural gas reserves by country

2013-08-24T01:03:00.000+04:00

Top 10 Oil production by contry

2013-08-24T00:52:00.000+04:00

*This entry is the total oil produced in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors.

Oil from the Air!

2013-08-17T00:36:00.001+04:00

This Refinery doesn’t need Oil!!

A technology that can make a significant impact in the energy world

Of course there are still much works to do especially to improve the quantity of energy needed to run the whole process

As the barrier to expansion is that the process uses lots of power. Much more energy is fed into the plant, in the form of electricity, than is extracted from it.

But this is the first step and its a good one

Bellow video about the subject

What is a Spray-type Deaerator?

2013-07-24T12:48:00.001+04:00

Here we will talk about Stork Deaerator for better understanding:

The Stork spray-type deaerator has been developed for application in conventional boiler systems, cogeneration plants and nuclear power plants. Based on the principles of deaerators for conventional power plants, we have developed special Stork spray-type deaerators for and connections to Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) installations.

The Stork spray-type deaerator provides a high degree of placing flexibility in the cold end of an HRSG. Using a Stork spray-type deaerator gives the system designer several options for connection to the system and in selecting the most suitable deaerating medium or media.

The Stork spray-type deaerator is especially suitable for this kind of application compared with tray-type deaerators, because of its ability to operate with steam/water mixtures, its greater flexibility with respect to fast load changes, its sliding pressure operation and the wider operating ranges.

Depending on customer preference and/or overall efficiency considerations, the Stork spray-type deaerator can be installed in various ways in the boiler system. The principal difference between the various possibilities is set by the choice of deaerating medium, such as:

•(LP) steam
•Pressurized hot water
•Steam-water mixtures

spray-type-deaerator

Typical operating ranges of deaerator

Pressure operating range (bar)	Temperature difference (°C) min./max.
0.2 < Po < 0.5	3 /30
0.5 < Po < 1	5 /50
Po > 1	8 / >100

For general information about the Stork spray type Deaerator, please view this video.

Copied from: Stork Technical Services web site